a phenetic analysis of korthalsia characters (analisis

, (2021), 18(1): 67-82

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Kontribusi penulis: FM: melakukan penelitian, analisis data, menyusun dan menulis karya tulis; HR: memberikan masukan selama penelitian, menyempurnakan karya tulis bidang taksonomi rotan dan sistematika penulisan; dan P: memberikan masukan selama penelitian, menyempurnakan karya tulis bidang taksonomi umum dan sistematika penulisan.

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67

A Phenetic Analysis of Korthalsia spp. in Sumatra Based on Morphological

Characters

(Analisis Fenetik Korthalsia spp. di Sumatra Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi)

Fadjri Maarif 1*, Himmah Rustiami2, and Priyanti1

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 95, Ciputat, Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15412. Telp: 021-7401925 2Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl.

Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Kab. Bogor 16911. Telp: 021-8765066

Info artikel: ABSTRACT

Keywords:

Calamoideae,

Korthalsia,

phenetic,

rattan,

Sumatra

Korthalsia (Blume) is a genus in the sub-family Calamoideae of the family Arecaceae.

Research on a phenetic study of Korthalsia in Sumatra has never been published. The

research was conducted to describe the specific characteristics of Korthalsia spp. in

Sumatra and analyze their morphological character and similarity with a phenetic analysis.

There were 85 herbarium specimens of Korthalsia deposited at the Herbarium Bogoriense

(BO). Twenty-four vegetative and six generative characters were observed. Scoring was

analyzed with a multinomial approach. The analysis was performed using the NTSys pc

2.02. The result showed that nine species of Korthalsia in Sumatra were distinguished based

on their ocrea types, leaflets shape, and rachillae. The phenogram showed a similarity

coefficient value of 0.53 for two main clusters, cluster A consisting of 4 species of

Korthalsia (K. debilis, K. paucijuga, K. rigida, and K. rostrata) and Cluster B consisting of

5 species (K. echinometra, K. flagellaris, K. laciniosa, K. hispida, and K. robusta).

Article history:

Received:

11 July 2020;

Revised:

18 Oktober 2020;

Accepted:

8 April 2021

1. Introduction

Calamoideae is a sub-family of

Arecaceae. According to Dransfield et al.

(2008), Calamoideae is divided into three

tribes (Eugeissoneae, Lepidocaryeae,

Calameae), including the rattans of

Malesian region. This sub-family consists

of nine genera, Calamus, Ceratolobus,

Daemonorops, Korthalsia, Myrialepis,

Plectocomia, Plectocomiopsis,

Pogonotium, and Retispatha. All of these

genera have a climbing habit, whether

solitary or clustered. Rattan is a spiny

palm with cirrus and/or flagella as a

climbing tool (Henderson & Pitopang,

2018) with a scaly and shiny fruit surface.

Rattan, such as Daemonorops,

Calamus, Korthalsia, Ceratolobus, and

Plectocomia is a non-timber forest

product widely used with a high

commercial value (Hidayat, Yoza, &

Budiani, 2017). It is commonly used as a

basic material for making ropes, baskets,

mats, and furniture. Rattan is a tropical

plant that is distributed in African and

Asian tropics, including Indonesia

(Dransfield, Tesoro, & Manokaran, 2002).

Indonesia is one of the largest producers

of rattan (Jasni, Damayanti, & Kalima,

2012). A 90% of rattan production in

Indonesia is from natural forests in

Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan

(Kalima & Jasni, 2015). Some species

have been cultivated in Kalimantan, such

as Calamus caesius, C. javensis, and C.

manan (Armayanti, Herawatiningsih, &

Tavita, 2016).

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https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2021.18.1.67-82

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Vol. 18 No. 1, Juni 2021 : 67-82

68

Korthalsia was firstly described by

Blume (1843). The taxonomic account of

the genus was published by Dransfield

(1980), Mattes et al. (1998), Mathew,

Krishnaraj, Mohandas, &

Lakshminarasimhan (2007), and Shahimi

et al. (2019). Korthalsia is one of the

genera with many species after Calamus

and Daemonorops, with 28 species being

found in Indonesia (Kusmana & Hikmat,

2015). Korthalsia is widespread in

Indochina, Myanmar, Andaman Island,

Southeast Asia (particularly in Sumatra

and Sulawesi), and New Guinea

(Dransfield et al., 2008). Sumatra is the

region for which 9 species of Korthalsia

are found, the third-highest species

diversity after Borneo and Malay

Peninsula (Shahimi et al., 2019).

Korthalsia is distinguishable among

other rattan genera based on its

morphological characters, ocrea, leaflet

shape, and rachillae. The stem of

Korthalsia, as of other rattans genera, is

spiny covered with leaf sheath and

indumentum without knee (Kalima &

Rustiami, 2018). The ocrea of Korthalsia

is distinct and various, distinguishing

Korthalsia from other rattan genera or

species. The ocrea can be tightly

sheathing, inflated, divergent, and fibrous

net-like ocrea. Generally, Korthalsia has

the shape of a rhomboid leaflet with

varying size and leaf sheath without knee.

A phenetic study of Korthalsia has

never been conducted. Besides, the study

of Korthalsia in Sumatra is poorly known,

including the number of species and the

similarity between species based on a

phenetic analysis approach. Therefore, a

study about Korthalsia in Sumatra is

needed to provide basic information and

the latest taxonomic status of Korthalsia

in Sumatra. This study aimed to record the

morphological variation of Korthalsia in

Sumatra and its taxonomic status based on

a phenetic approach.

2. Methodology

2.1. Plant Materials

Eighty-five collection-number

herbarium specimens of Korthalsia were

observed in this study. The specimmens

consisted of nine species, and those were:

K. debilis Blume, K. echinometra Becc.,

K. flagellaris Miq., K. hispida Becc., K.

laciniosa Mart., K. paucijuga Becc., K.

rigida Blume, K. robusta Blume, and K.

rostrata Blume. The specimens were

collected from Sumatra and deposited in

Herbarium Bogoriense (BO).

2.2. Method

Specimen images obtained directly

from the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) and

living plant images were obtained from

the Bogor Botanical Garden. The study

was conducted from December 2019 to

March 2020, using 85 collection numbers

of Korthalsia dried herbarium specimens

from Sumatra and virtual Kew Herbarium

specimens documented on the JSTOR

website (www.plants.jstor.org).

The morphological characters

examined are also based on various

publications of Dransfield (1979),

Dransfield (1980), Dransfield (1997), and

Barfod & Dransfield (2013). Thirty

morphometric characters were chosen for

phenetic study using cluster analysis

(Table 1). The term of botany followed the

terminology of Harris & Harris (2001).

Several morphometric characters and data

analyzed followed Rustiami, Mogea, &

Tjitrosoedirdjo (2011) and Syam,

Chikmawati, & Rustiami (2016). Phenetic

classification is conducted based on

similarity of taxa (Sneath & Sokal, 1973).

Phenetic classification started with

collecting measurement data on the

chosen characters, called the Operational

Taxonomic Unit (OTU). Scoring was

conducted binary or multi-state data.

Qualitative characters, i.e. ocrea types and

leaflets shape were coded as (absent = 1;

present = 2) and quantitative characters,

i.e high, diameter, length were characters

A Phenetic Analysis of Korthalsia spp. in Sumatra (Maarif, F., Rustiami, H., and Priyanti)

69

standardized to binary data that

represented OTU.

2.3. Data Analysis

The similarity of 9 species of

Korthalsia was analyzed using the NTSys

ver. 2.02 (Rohlf, 1997). Thirty

morphological characters were observed

arranged in a matrix. Scoring was

conducted as a multinomial using the

Unweighted Pair Group Method with

Aritmathic means (UPGMA) with the

Similarity for Qualitative Data

(SIMQUAL) procedure. The results of

these similarities were analyzed using the

Sequential Agglomerative Hierarchical

and Nested (SAHN) approach.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Morphological Characters

Korthalsia spp. has various

morphology characters and can be

distinguished from vegetative and

generative characters. The morphological

characters that distinguished this species

of Korthalsia from the other are ocrea,

leaflets, and inflorescences (Table 2).

Table 1. Morphological characters used in the cluster analysis.

No. Character No. Character

Vegetative Characters 16. Total leaflet on each side of rachis: < 20 (1),

≥ 20 (2)

1. Plant height: < 20 m (1), ≥ 20 m (2) 17. Petiole absent (1), present (2)

2. Stem diameter with sheath: < 1 cm (1), ≥

1 cm (2) 18. Leaflet length: < 20 cm (1), ≥ 20 cm (2)

3. Stem diameter without sheath: < 2 cm

(1), ≥ 2 cm (2) 19. Leaflet width: < 5 cm (1), ≥ 5 cm (2)

4. Type of ocrea: tightly sheathing (1),

inflated (2), divergent (3) 20. Leaf length: < 1 m (1), ≥ 1 m (2)

5. Ocrea length: < 10 cm (1), ≥ 10 cm (2) 21. Transverse veinlets present: absent (1),

present (2)

6. Ocrea spine present: absent (1), present

(2) 22. Petiole length: < 10 cm (1), ≥ 10 cm (2)

7. Spine length: < 2 cm (1), ≥ 2 cm (2) 23. Rachis length: < 50 cm (1), ≥ 50 cm (2)

8. Solitary or cluster spine: solitary (1),

clustering (2) 24. Cirrus length: < 1 m (1), ≥ 1 m (2)

9. Leaflet shape: rhomboid (1), lanceolate

(2), narrow lanceolate (3) Generative characters

10. Leaflet apices shape: acuminate (1),

acute (2) 25.

Inflorescence length: < 50 cm (1), ≥ 50 cm

(2)

11. Leaflet margins shape: praemorse (1),

entire (2) 26. Rachillae length: < 15 cm (1), ≥ 15 cm (2)

12. Leaflet bases shape: cuneate (1),

attenuate (2) 27. Rachillae diameter: < 1 cm (2), ≥ 1 cm (2)

13. Leaflet indumentum present: absent (1),

present (2) 28.

Fruit shape: globe-shaped (1), egg-shaped

(2)

14. Different color on leaflet surface:

different (1), same color (2) 29. Fruit length: < 2 cm (1), ≥ 2 cm (2)

15. Leaflet arrangement: alternate (1),

opposite (2) 30. Fruit diameter: < 1.5 cm (1), ≥ 1.5 cm (2)

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70

Table 2. Scoring of Korthalsia spp. in Sumatra based on morphological characters

No. Characters Species

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Plant height: < 20 m (1), ≥ 20 m (2) 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2

2. Stem diameter with sheath: < 1 cm (1), ≥ 1 cm (2) 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1

3. Stem diameter without sheath: < 2 cm (1), ≥ 2 cm (2) 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2

4. Type of ocrea: tightly sheathing (1), inflated (2),

divergent (3) 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 2

5. Ocrea length: < 10 cm (1), ≥ 10 cm (2) 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1

6. Ocrea spine present: absent (1), present (2) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

7. Spine length: < 2 cm (1), ≥ 2 cm (2) 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1

8. Solitary or cluster spine: solitary (1), clustering (2) 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9. Leaflet shape: rhomboid (1), lanceolate (2), narrow

lanceolate (3) 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1

10. Leaflet apices shape: acuminate (1), acute (2) 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

11. Leaflet margins shape: praemorse (1), entire (2) 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

12. Leaflet bases shape: cuneate (1), attenuate (2) 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

13. Leaflet indumentum present: absent (1), present (2) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

14. Different color on leaflet surface: different (1), same

color (2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

15. Leaflet arrangement: alternate (1), opposite (2) 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2

16. Total leaflet on each side of rachis: < 20 (1), ≥ 20 (2) 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

17. Petiole absent (1), present (2) 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

18. Leaflet length: < 20 cm (1), ≥ 20 cm (2) 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2

19. Leaflet width: < 5 cm (1), ≥ 5 cm (2) 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2

20. Leaf length: < 1 m (1), ≥ 1 m (2) 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2

21. Transverse veinlets present: absent (1), present (2) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

22. Petiole length: < 10 cm (1), ≥ 10 cm (2) 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2

23. Rachis length: < 50 cm (1), ≥ 50 cm (2) 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1

24. Cirrus length: < 1 m (1), ≥ 1 m (2) 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1

25. Inflorescence length: < 50 cm (1), ≥ 50 cm (2) 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1

26. Rachillae length: < 15 cm (1), ≥ 15 cm (2) 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2

27. Rachillae diameter: < 1 cm (2), ≥ 1 cm (2) 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1

28. Fruit shape: globe-shaped (1), egg-shaped (2) 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1

29. Fruit length: < 2 cm (1), ≥ 2 cm (2) 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1

30 Fruit diameter: < 1.5 cm (1), ≥ 1.5 cm (2) 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Remarks:

Species 1: Korthalsia debilis Species 6: Korthalsia paucijuga

Species 2: Korthalsia echinometra Species 7: Korthalsia rigida

Species 3: Korthalsia flagellaris Species 8: Korthalsia robusta

Species 4: Korthalsia hispida Species 9: Korthalsia rostrata

Species 5: Korthalsia lacinosia

Ocrea

The ocrea size of Korthalsia in Sumatra

ranged 0.5–50 cm. Ocrea of Korthalsia in

Sumatra has three variations, tightly

sheathing ocrea (K. debilis, K. flagellaris,

K. laciniosa, K. rigida, K. paucijuga),

inflated ocrea (K. echinometra, K.

rostrata), and divergent ocrea (K. hispida,

K. robusta) (Figure 1).

Leaflets

The leaflet size of Korthalsia in Sumatra

ranged 15 – 30 cm long. Leaflet' shape of

Korthalsia in Sumatra has three

variations. Those are rhomboid shape (K.

debilis, K. rigida, K. paucijuga, K.

laciniosa, K. robusta, K. rostrata),

lanceolate shape (K. flagellaris), and

narrow lanceolate shape (K. echinometra)

(Figure 2).


71

Inflorescence

The inflorescence size of Korthalsia in

Sumatra ranged 9 – 20 × 0.5 – 2 cm. The

inflorescence shape of Korthalsia in

Sumatra has three variations, thin, thick,

and very thick. The availability of

flowering specimens is still limited on

Korthalsia in Sumatra (BO) (Figure 3).

Figure 1. Ocrea types Korthalsia in Sumatra. A. Tightly sheathing ocrea (2569; BO). B.

Inflated ocrea (2566: BO). C. Divergent ocrea (8295; BO).

Figure 2. Leaflets shape of Korthalsia in Sumatra. A. Rhomboid shape (Cin 02 D; BO). B.

Lanceolate shape (2566; BO). C. Narrow lanceolate shape (NS 29; BO).

Figure 3. Inflorescences variation of Korthalsia in Sumatra. A. Thin rachillae (6722; BO).

B. Thick rachillae (7361; BO). C. Very thick rachillae (8295; BO).

Vol. 18 No. 1, Juni 2021 : 67-82

72

Based on the morphological characters

observed, the identification key to species

of Korthalsia in Sumatra was assigned.

Key to species of the Korthalsia in

Sumatra

1. a. Ocrea < 10 cm long …………….. 2

b. Ocrea > 10 cm long …………..... 5

2. a. Inflated ocrea …………. K. rostrata

b. Tightly sheathing ocrea ……….... 3

3. a. Leaf < 1 m long ………………… 4

b. Leaf > 1 m long ………… K.rigida

4. a. Stem diameter < 1 cm without ocrea

……………………… K. paucijuga

b. Stem diameter > 1 cm without ocrea

………………………….. K. debilis

5. a. Leaflet shape narrow lanceolate ….

……………………. K. echinometra

b. Leaflet shape rhomboid …………. 6

6. a. Inflorescence length > 50 cm ….... 7

b. Inflorescence < 50 cm …………... 8

7. a. < 20 leaflets each side of rachis …....

……………………….. K. laciniosa

b. > 20 leaflets each side of rachis …....

…………………….... K. flagellaris

8. a. Rachillae length > 15 cm ….............

……………………….… K. hispida

b. Rachillae length < 15 cm ….............

……………………….… K. robusta

3.2. Taxonomic Treatment

A total of nine species of Korthalsia

in Sumatra with different and

distinguishable characters were

recognized, i.e. K. debilis, K. echinometra,

K. flagellaris, K. hispida, K. laciniosa, K.

paucijuga, K. rigida, K. robusta, and K.

Rostrata.

1. Korthalsia debilis Blume, Rumphia

2: 169 (1843)

It can climb rattan to 20 m. Stem

with sheath 0.4 – 1.3 cm in diameter,

without sheath 0.8 – 1.7 cm in diameter.

Leaf 50 – 100 cm long including petiole,

rachis, and cirrus; sheath green with

solitary spines, spines 0.2 – 0.3 cm long;

ocrea 2 – 8 cm long, tightly sheathing, net-

like ocrea; petiole 2 – 7 cm long; cirrus 20

– 35 cm long; rachis 23 – 32 cm, grapnel

spines; 3 – 6 leaflets each side of rachis,

alternate regularly arranged, petiolules

present, rhomboid shape, 12 – 19 × 4 – 9

cm, leaflets green and grey greenish

undersurface, indumentum present, distal

margin praemorse, apices shape

acuminate, basis shape cuneate, transverse

veinlets present. Inflorescence branched;

rachillae 9 – 0.4 cm. Fruit not available.

Habitat. Primary forest, dipterocarp

forest. 19 - 1200 m altitude.

Distribution. Brunei Darussalam,

Kalimantan, Sarawak, Sumatra.

Vernacular name. Wae melandeng (Desa

Dendang, Sumatra Utara), rautan buai

(Belitung Timur), rautan dan (Belitung).

Uses. Furniture

Notes. K. debilis almost similar with K.

rigida, it has a rhomboid shape leaflet with

similar size, but K. rigida has broader

leaflets than K. debilis.

Specimens examined. Sumatra: Aceh,

Kutacane, Biak Mentelang, 450 m alt., 14

Feb 1980, J.P. Mogea 1997, sterile (BO);

Jambi, Bukit Barisan, 25 km from Penuh

river, 1.200 m alt., 30 Jul 1972, J.

Dransfield 2725, sterile (BO); Kepulauan

Bangka Belitung, Lasar Village,

Membalong, Belitung, 19-20 m alt., 16

Mar 2017, Deri Andayani DE 12D, sterile

(BO); Limbungan Village, Gantung,

Belitung, 11 m alt., 22 Mar 2017, Cinthia

Paramita Cin 02D, sterile (BO); South

Sumatra, Ranau Lake, Setumpau, 800-

900 m alt., 16 November 1983, J.J.

Afriastini 0803, sterile (BO); North

Sumatra, Dendang Village, Stabat,

Langkat, 55 m alt., 23 Mar 2011, Fitri V-

3 008, sterile (BO); Ulu Besitang, Tanjung

Pura, 50 m alt., 14 Aug 1971, J. Dransfield

& D. Saerudin 1844, sterile (BO).

2. Korthalsia echinometra Becc.,

Malesia 2: 66 (1884)

Synonym. Korthalsia angustifolia var.

gracilis Miq., Palm. Archip. Ind.: 16

(1868); Korthalsia horrida Becc., Malesia

2: 66 (1884).


with sheath 1.2 - 4 cm in diameter, without


73

sheath 0.8 – 2 cm in diameter. Leaf 1.2 –

2 m long including petiole, rachis, and

cirrus; sheath green with grey

indumentum, solitary triangular black

spines, spines to 6 cm long; ocrea 10 - 20

cm long, inflated ocrea; petiole 10 - 30 cm

long, covered brown indumentum; cirrus

0.5 – 1.2 m long; rachis 0.5 – 1 m, grapnel

spines; 11 – 20 leaflets each side of rachis,

opposite regularly arranged, petiolules

absent, narrowly lanceolate shape, 24.5 –

33 × 2 – 3 cm, leaflets green and grey

greenish undersurface, indumentum

present, distal margin entire, apices shape

acute, basis shape attenuate, transverse

veinlets present. Inflorescence 0.6 – 1.2 m

long, branched; 1 – 4 rachillae, rachillae

11 – 20 × 0.6 – 1.5 cm. Fruit oblong, 2 –

2.5 × 1.5 cm, covered vertical rows of red-

brownish.

Habitat. Primary forest, dipterocarp

forest. 3 - 800 m altitude.

Distribution. Brunei Darussalam, Malay

Peninsula, Sumatra.

Vernacular name. rotan udang (Riau),

rotan dangau (Mentawai), ketang cacing

(Aceh), ronga (Mentawai)

Uses. Basic materials of chairs.

Notes. K. echinometra is a very distinctive

species. It has a narrow lanceolate leaflet

and an inflated ocrea with long black

spines. The ocrea of K. echinometra is

inhabited by ants.


Sosor Village, Sub-district of Simpang

Kanan, Aceh Singkil, 5 m alt., 18 August

2013, Nasrianti Syam & M. Nasir Syam

NS29, sterile (BO); Bengkulu, Kepahiang

Nature Preserve, Sub-district of Curup,

Kepahiang Regency, 800 m alt., J.

Dransfield 1231, sterile (BO); Kepulauan

Bangka Belitung, Sub-district of Belinyu,

Bangka Regency, 9 November 1914, W.

Grashoff 79, sterile (BO); Riau, Sub-

district of Kuala Indragiri, Indragiri Hilir

Regency, 600 m alt., 27 April 1939, Dr. P.

Buwalda 6722, fruiting (BO); Sub-district

of Kuala Cenaku, Indragiri Hulu Regency,

3 m alt., 10 January 1940, Rapii

BB.31.244, fruiting (BO); West Sumatra,

Teiteibati National Park, Siberut Island,

100 m alt., July 1992, J.J. Afriastini 1901,

sterile (BO); Teitei Lemori, Madobag

Village, Sub-district of South Siberut,

Siberut Island, 100 m alt., 29 June 1993,

J.J. Afriatini & A. Adhikerana 2569,

fruiting (BO); South Sumatra, Ogan

Komering Ulu Regency, 80 m alt., 22

August 1915, W. Grashoff 572, flowering

(BO); Banyuasin Regency, 20 m alt., 11

October 1915, W. Grashoff 701, flowering

(BO); Palembang City, Sub-district of

Sematang Ulu, 150 m alt., 19 February

1915, W. Grashoff 197, sterile (BO);

North Sumatra, Sub-district of Ulu

Besitang, Tanjung Pura Regency, 50 m

alt., 15 August 1971, J. Dransfield & D.

Saerudin 1849, sterile (BO).

3. Korthalsia flagellaris Miq., Fl. Ned.

Ind., Eerste Bijv. 3: 591 (1861)

Synonym. Korthalsia rubiginosa Becc.,

Malesia 2: 72 (1884)


with sheath 2 – 4 cm in diameter, without

sheath 1.5 – 2.5 cm in diameter;

internodes 30 cm. Leaf 1.5 – 3 m long

including petiole, rachis, and cirrus,

smooth solitary spines; ocrea 10 – 30 cm

long, tightly sheathing ocrea, membranous

lateral; petiole 10 – 17 cm long; cirrus 0.5

– 1.5 m long; rachis 0.5 – 1.3 m, grapnel

spines; leaflets absent when juvenile,

distal margin of leaf rounded, the leaf will

develop into leaflets when mature; 8 – 20

leaflets each rachis, opposite regularly

arranged, petiolules present, lanceolate

shape, 30 – 40 × 3 – 4.5 cm, leaflets blue-

greenish and brownish undersurface,

indumentum present, distal margin

praemorse, apices shape acuminate, basis

shape attenuate, transverse veinlets

present. Inflorescence 75 cm long,

branched; rachillae 9 – 12 × 0.7 cm. Fruit

oblong, 2 × 1.2 cm, covered vertical rows

of brown.

Habitat. Peat swamp forest. 3 - 50 m

altitude.

Distribution. Brunei, Malay Peninsula,

Sumatra

Vol. 18 No. 1, Juni 2021 : 67-82

74

Vernacular name. Rotan dahan (Sumatra

Barat), rotan batu (Jambi), rautan bidai

(Belitung), wae den (Belitung).

Uses. Baskets.

Notes. K. flagellaris is a distinctive

species because it has a bluish-green

leaflet. The lanceolate leaflet shape with

praemorse margin is one of the distinctive

character of this species.

Specimens examined. Sumatra: Jambi, Berbak Wildlife Reserve, near Air Hitam

river, 4 m alt., 13 July 1972, J. Dransfield

2566, 2586, sterile (BO); Kepulauan

Bangka Belitung, Pebuar Village, Sub-

district of Jebus, Bangka Barat Regency,

43 m alt., 4 April 2011, Fitri V-3 021,

sterile (BO); Kembiri Village, Sub-district

of Membalong, Belitung Regency, 18 m

alt., 15 March 2017, Deri Andayani DE

08R, sterile (BO); Belitung, 1913, Heyne

2, sterile (BO); Sub-district of Belinyu,

Bangka Regency, 50 m alt., 25 September

1914, Grashoff 8, sterile (BO);

Kepulauan Riau, Singkep Island, Lingga

Regency, 40 m alt., 7 August 1919, H.A.B.

Bünnemeyer 7361, flowering (BO); Riau,

Bengkalis Regency, 3 m alt., 13

November 1919, Beguin 468, sterile (BO);

West Sumatra, 17 January 1935, Houtv.

J.H.de Haan 50, sterile (BO), 3 January

1935, Houtv. J.H. de Haan 16, sterile

(BO); South Sumatra, Banyuasin

Regency, 20 m alt., 16 November 1915,

Grashoff 825, sterile (BO); Palembang

City, 1914, Heyne 19, sterile (BO).

4. Korthalsia hispida Becc., Malesia 2:

71 (1884)



without sheath 0.8 – 1.5 cm in diameter;

internodes 10 – 20 cm. Leaf 1 – 1.8 m long

including petiole, rachis, and cirrus;

sheath light green with brown

indumentum, solitary triangular black

spines, spines 2 – 3 cm long; ocrea 17 – 25

× 3 – 5 cm, divergent ocrea, armed with 1

– 3 cm; petiole 14 – 20 cm long, covered

brown indumentum; cirrus 60 – 90 cm

long; rachis 0.3 – 1.5 m, grapnel spines; 5

– 8 leaflets each side of rachis, alternate

regularly arranged, petiolules present,

rhomboid shape, 16 – 19 × 5 – 8 cm,

leaflets light green and whitish

undersurface, indumentum present, distal

margin praemorse, apices shape

acuminate, basis shape cuneate, transverse

veinlets present. Inflorescence 30 – 50 cm

long, branched; 1 – 3 rachillae, rachillae

15 – 20 × 1 – 1.5 cm. Fruit round to

oblong, 1.8 – 2.2 × 0.6 – 0.9 cm, covered

vertical rows of red-brownish.

Habitat. Dipterocarp forest, near the

river, lowland hills. 5 - 400 m altitude.

Distribution. Borneo, Malay Peninsula,

Sumatra

Vernacular name. Ketang udang (Aceh)

Uses. Basic materials of chairs.

Notes. K. hispida and K. robusta are

indistinguishable species. This species has

a divergent ocrea and rhomboid shape

leaflet with a similar size. It can be

distinguished from generative characters,

rachillae length of both is different.


Sosor Village, Sub-district of Simpang

Kanan, Aceh Singkil Regency, 5 m alt., 18

August 2013, Nasrianti Syam & M. Nasir

Syam NS 28, sterile (BO); Bukit Plawi,

Sub-district of Peureulak, East Aceh

Regency, 30 m alt., April 1931,

Nainggolan s.n., sterile (BO); Jambi,

Kerinci Regency, Penuh river, 400 m alt.,

22 July 1972, J. Dransfield 2620,

flowering (BO).

5. Korthalsia laciniosa Mart., Hist. Nat.

Palm. III: 211 (1845)

Synonym. Korthalsia andamanensis

Becc., Malesia 2: 76 (1884); Korthalsia

grandis Ridl., Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 2:

217 (1907); Korthalsia scaphigera Kurz,

Forest Fl. Burma 2: 513 (1877);

Korthalsia teysmanii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind.,

Eerste Bijv.: 591 (1861); Korthalsia

wallichiifolia (Griff.) H. Wendl. in

O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem,

Palmiers: 248 (1878).


with sheath 3 – 7 cm in diameter, without


75

sheath 2 – 6 cm in diameter; internodes 30

cm. Leaf 2.5 m long including petiole,

rachis, and cirrus; sheath whitish with

indumentum, smooth solitary spines,

spines 0.6 cm long; ocrea 10 – 15 cm,

tightly sheathing ocrea, membranous;

petiole 6 – 8 cm long; cirrus 1.2 m long;

rachis 0.5 – 1.2 m, grapnel spines; 6 – 8

leaflets each side of rachis, opposite


rhomboid shape, 15 – 30 × 12 – 19 cm,

different color on surface, indumentum

present, distal margin praemorse, apices

shape acuminate, basis shape cuneate,

transverse veinlets present. Inflorescence

50 – 75 cm long, branched; rachillae 10 –

15 × 0.5 – 1 cm. Fruit oblong, 2 × 1.5 cm.

Habitat. Dipterocarp forest. 250 - 1000 m

alt.

Distribution. Andaman Island, Nicobar

Island, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina,

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, the

Philippines.

Vernacular name. Uwi dahanan

(Palembang).

Uses. Not recorded.

Specimens examined. Sumatra:

Lampung, Lampung, 914, Gusdorf 317,

311, sterile (BO); South Sumatra, Kelam

Hill, Curup Village, Sub-district of Tanah

Abang, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir

Regency, 1.000 m alt., 13 February 1971,

J. Dransfield 1244, sterile (BO); Sub-

district of Muaradua, Palembang City, 250

m alt., 1 June 1915, Grashoff 425,

flowering (BO); Palembang City, Sub-

district of Sematang Ulu, 150 m alt., 19

February 1915, Grashoff 199, flowering

(BO); North Sumatra, Lawang Hill, Sub-

district of Bahorok, Langkat Regency, 600

m alt., 27 February 1973, J. Dransfield

3367, sterile (BO).

6. Korthalsia paucijuga Becc., Ann.

Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(2): 121,

122 (1918)


with sheath 0.6 – 1 cm in diameter,

without sheath 0.5 cm in diameter;

internodes 10 cm. Leaf 80 cm long


smooth solitary spines, spines 0.1 cm

long; ocrea 0.5 – 1.5 cm, tightly sheathing

ocrea; petiole 1 – 3 cm long; cirrus 30 cm

long; rachis 50 cm, grapnel spines; 6 – 8

leaflets each side of rachis, opposite


rhomboid to lanceolate shape, 15 – 20 × 4

– 5.5 cm, different color on surface,



shape cuneate, transverse veinlets present.

Inflorescence 20 cm long, branched;

rachillae 8 × 0.4 cm. Fruit shapes round

to oblong, 1.2 × 1 cm.

Habitat. Peatland forest. 4 m altitude.

Distribution. Sumatra, Borneo

Vernacular name. Rotan tai ayam

(Sumatra Barat)

Uses. Not recorded.

Notes. K. paucijuga has any similar

characters with K. debilis, but the species

can be distinguished from the size of the

plant and stem diameter. K. paucijuga has

smaller stem diameter than K. debilis.

Specimens examined. Sumatra: Jambi,

Berbak Wildlife Reserve, near Air Hitam


2564, sterile (BO); West Sumatra, 16

January 1935, Houtv.J.H.de Haan 47,

sterile (BO).

7. Korthalsia rigida Blume, Rumphia 2:

167 (1843)

Synonym. Korthalsia ferox var. malayana

Becc. in J.D.Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 476

(1893); Korthalsia hallieriana Becc.,

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(2):

142 (1918); Korthalsia paludosa Furtado,

Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: 313 (1951);

Korthalsia polystachya Mart., Hist. Nat.

Palm. 3: 210 (1845).



without sheath 1 – 2 cm in diameter;



sheath green with whitish indumentum,

solitary triangular brown spines, spines

0.2 – 3 cm long; ocrea 16 – 50 × 3 – 7 cm,

Vol. 18 No. 1, Juni 2021 : 67-82

76

divergent ocrea; petiole 10 – 35 cm long;

cirrus 0.75 – 1.75 m long; rachis 0.65 –

1.35 m long, grapnel spines; 6 – 10 leaflets

each side of rachis, alternate regularly

arranged, petiolules present, rhomboid

shape, 9 – 15 × 6 – 8 cm, leaflets dark

green and whitish undersurface,



shape cuneate, transverse veinlets present.

Inflorescence 70 – 80 cm long, branched;

rachillae up to 10, rachillae 15 – 30 × 0.5

cm. Fruit round, 2 cm wide, covered

vertical of rows green brownish.

Habitat. Lowland hills, dipterocarp

forest, primary forest. 3 - 1300 m altitude.

Distribution. Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra,

Borneo, Palawan

Vernacular name. Rotan danan (Aceh),

rotan kubin (Sumatra Barat), rotan

belidang (Riau), rotan melandang

(Belitung).

Uses. Furniture

Specimens examined. Sumatra: Aceh, Kemiri Mountain, Aceh Southeast, 700 m

alt., 21 November 1975, J.P. Mogea 622,

sterile (BO); Gayo Luwes Regency, 744 m

alt., 2 November 1997, Pak Ikram Sangaji

& Sasha Barrow 25, sterile (BO);

Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Permis

Hill, Sub-district of Simpang Rimba,

South Bangka Regency, 207 m alt., 23

March 2011, Leg. ign. SHER 010, sterile

(BO); Sub-district of Belinyu, Bangka

Regency, 80 m alt., 30 October 1914, W.

Grashoff 60, sterile (BO); Sub-district of

Lubuk Besar, Bangka Regency, 20 m alt.,

26 August 1949, Kostermans & Anta 133,

flowering (BO); Belitung Regency, 1913,

Heyne 4, flowering (BO); Gunung

Permisan, Sub-district of Simpang Rimba,

South Bangka Regency, 300 m alt., H.A.B.

Bünnemeyer 2025, sterile (BO); Riau,

Sub-district of Kuala Cenaku, Indragiri

Hulu Regency, 3 m alt., 15 January 1919,

Rapii BB.31.267, BB.31.268, sterile

(BO); West Sumatra, Rimbo Panti

Nature Preserve, Sub-district of Panti,

Pasaman, 35 km to north from Lubuk

Sikaping, 200-500 m alt., 5 August 1999,

Nurainas N 1354, flowering (BO);

Talamau Mountain, Sub-district of Jorong

Bungo Tanjung, Pasaman, 20 June 2011,

H. Rustiami, A. Haryadi, M. Ardiyani, Y.

Santika, H. Handika, Wahyudi, & Daniel

HR 1854, sterile (BO); Muro Kulampi,

Sijunjung Regency, 400 m alt., 26

February 1974, J. Dransfield & J.P.

Mogea 3960, fruiting (BO); South

Sumatra, Musi Rawas Regency, 50 m

alt., 19 March 1916, W. Grashoff 1006,

sterile (BO); Ogan Komering Ulu

Regency, 80 m alt., 23 August 1915, W.

Grashoff 584, sterile (BO); Palembang,

Sub-district of Muaradua, 250 m alt., 12

June 1915, W. Grashoff 466, 30 July 1915,

W. Grashoff 552, sterile (BO); North

Sumatra, Lawang Hill, Sub-district of

Bahorok, Langkat Regency, 500 m alt., 17

February 1973, J. Dransfield 3199,

fruiting, 3201, sterile, 3202, flowering

(BO), 20 February 1973, J. Dransfield

3257, fruiting (BO); Sub-district of

Sibolangit, 400-550 m alt., 2 October

1927, J.A. Lorzing 12123, fruiting (BO);

Sibualbuali Mountain Madurana track,

Sipirok, 1.300 m alt., 20 May 1993, J.J.

Afriastini 2400, fruiting (BO).

8. Korthalsia robusta Blume, Rumphia

2: 170 (1843)

Synonym. Korthalsia macrocarpa Becc.,

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(2):

149 (1918); Korthalsia squarrosa Becc.,

Philipp. J. Sci., C 4: 620 (1909).


with sheath 2 – 3.5 cm in diameter,

without sheath 1.4 – 2 cm in diameter;



sheath green with brown indumentum,

solitary triangular black spines, spines 0.2

– 3 cm long; ocrea 4 – 6 cm, tightly

sheathing ocrea; petiole 10 – 25 cm long;

cirrus 0.75 – 1 m long; rachis 30 – 80 cm,

grapnel spines; 5 – 7 leaflets each side of

rachis, opposite regularly arranged,

petiolules present, rhomboid shape, 20 –

27 × 5 – 13 cm, leaflets dark green and

whitish undersurface, indumentum


77





16 × 1 – 1.2 cm. Fruit round, 1.8 – 2.3 ×

0.9 – 1.6 cm, covered vertical of rows

brownish.

Habitat. Lowland dipterocarp forest. 4 -

450 m altitude.

Distribution. Borneo, Philippine,

Sumatra.

Uses. Not recorded.

Notes. K. robusta and K. hispida have

divergent ocrea, and ants can inhabit it.

Specimens examined. Sumatra: Jambi,

Berbak Wildlife Reserve, near Air Hitam


2567, sterile (BO); Lampung, Sub-

district of Kota Agung, Tanggamus

Regency, 350-450 m alt., 9 May 1968, M.

Jacobs 8295, flowering (BO);

Karangberak village, Sub-district of

Pematang Sawah, Tanggamus Regency,

100 m alt., 20 February 1971, J.

Dransfield 1258, sterile (BO).

9. Korthalsia rostrata Blume, Rumphia

2: 168 (1843)

Synonym. Korthalsia lobbiana H.Wendl.,

Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 17: 174 (1859);

Korthalsia machadonis Ridl., Mat. Fl.

Malay. Penins. 2: 216 (1907); Korthalsia

scaphigera Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3(ed.

2): 211 (1845).



without sheath 0.4 – 0.9 cm in diameter;

internodes 10 - 12 cm. Leaf 0.4 – 1 m long


sheath green with brown indumentum,

solitary triangular brown-yellowish

spines, spines 0.1 – 0.4 cm long; ocrea 2.5

– 5 × 1.3 cm, inflated ocrea, brown, armed

with 0.2 – 0.5 cm; petiole 3 – 18 cm long;

cirrus 0.3 – 1.25 m long; rachis 0.25 – 1.45

m, grapnel spines; 3 – 7 leaflets each side

of rachis, opposite regularly arranged,

petiolules present, rhomboid shape, 11 –

20 × 5 – 10 cm, leaflets dark green and

whitish undersurface, indumentum





4, rachillae 8 – 18 × 0.5 – 0.8 cm, covered

brown indumentum. Fruit oblong, 2 – 2.5

× 1.2 – 1.7 cm, covered vertical of rows

brown.

Habitat. Lowland dipterocarp forest. 5 -

550 m altitude.

Distribution. Borneo, Malay Peninsula,

Sumatra, Singapore

Vernacular name. Rotan semut

(Bengkulu), wae semut (Riau), rotan

kawan (Aceh)

Uses. Baskets

Notes. K. rostrata has an inflated ocrea

like K. echinometra, but the ocrea of K.

rostrata is shorter than K. echinometra.

The ocrea of K. rostrata is inhabited by

ants.

Specimens examined. Sumatra: Aceh, Meulaboh City, West Aceh Regency, 73

m alt., 21 October 1997, Pak Ikram

Sangaji & Sasha Barow 6, sterile (BO);

Julok Rayeuk village, Sub-district of Indra

Makmur, East Aceh Regency, 100 m alt.,

May 1931, Nainggolan s.n., sterile (BO);

Simpang Kiri Mountain, Sub-district of

Simpang Kiri, Subulussalam, collected

from Kampung Adan, area Tangan-

Tangan, 23 October 1997, Pak Ikram

Sangaji & Sasha Barow 11, sterile (BO);

Bengkulu, Bukit Barisan Setalan National

Park, Kaur Tengah, South Bengkulu, 400

m alt., 17 November 1995, A. Keim 14,

fruiting (BO); Kepulauan Riau, Bakung

Island, Lingga, 5 m alt., 19 August 1919,

H.A.B. Bünnemeyer 7580, flowering

(BO); Lampung, Bukit Barisan Selatan

National Park, Kayongarang, Sukaraja

Village, Sub-district of Semaka, 550 m

alt., 27 August 2008, D. Arifiani, R.

Mahyuni & Sugianto DA902, sterile (BO);

Riau, Sub-district of Kuala Cenaku,

Indragiri Hulu Regency, 10 January 1940,

Rapii BB.31.249, BB.31.250, flowering

(BO); Belit Village, Sub-district of

Rambah, Rokan Hulu Regency, 65 m alt.,

14 March 2011, Fitri V-3 027, sterile

Vol. 18 No. 1, Juni 2021 : 67-82

78

(BO); West Sumatra, Sub-district of

Tapan, 39 km Penuh river street, 500 m

alt., 14 March 1974, J. Dransfield & J.P.

Mogea 4162, fruiting (BO); Muro

Kulampi, Sijunjung, 400 m alt., 26

February 1974, J. Dransfield & J.P.

Mogea JD.3957, sterile (BO); Rimbo

Panti Nature Preserve, Sub-district of

Panti, Pasaman, 35 km to north from

Lubuk Sikaping City, 200-500 m alt., 8

May 1999, Nurainas N 1355, sterile (BO);

South Sumatra, Banyuasin Regency, 20

m alt., 26 September 1915, W. Grashoff

634, flowering (BO); Palembang, 1914,

Heyne 22, flowering (BO); Musi Rawas

Regency, 100 m alt., 10 March 1916, W.

Grashoff 1003, flowering (BO); North

Sumatra, Landak river, Lawang hill, Sub-

district of Bahorok, Langkat, 250 m alt., 5

February 1980, H. Wiriadinata & Maskuri

669, fruiting (BO); 6 February 1980, H.

Wiriadinata & Maskuri 682, flowering

(BO); Sub-district of Ulu Besitang,

Tanjung Pura Regency, 50 m alt., 14

August 1971, J. Dransfield & D. Saerudin

1847, sterile (BO); Bukit Lawang, Sub-

district of Bahorok, Langkat, 550 m alt.,

17 February 1973, J. Dransfield 3204,

fruiting (BO).

3.3. Phenetic analysis

Phenogram formed 2 main cluster,

i.e. Cluster A consisting of 4 species (K.

debilis, K. paucijuga, K. rigida, K.

rostrata) and Cluster B consisting of 5

species (K. echinometra, K. flagellaris, K.

laciniosa, K. hispida, K. robusta) (Figure

4). Each species in the cluster was

associated based on their morphological

characters with a coefficient similarity of

0.53.

Cluster A was divided into two

subclusters with a coefficient similarity

value of 0.53. Korthalsia debilis, K.

paucijuga, K. rigida, and K. rostrata had

the same morphological character based

on the ocrea's length (< 10 cm). K. debilis,

K. paucijuga, and K. rigida had a tightly

sheathing ocrea shaped. In contrast, K.

rostrata had an inflated ocrea. Korthalsia

debilis and K. paucijuga had a similar

morphology character i.e, stem diameter <

2 cm with sheath, spine < 2 cm long,

solitary spine, leaf < 1 m long, petiolules

present, rachis < 50 cm long, cirrus < 1 m

long. Both species are almost

indistinguishable, but Korthalsia

paucijuga is smaller than K. debilis.

Cluster B was divided into two

subclusters with a coefficient similarity

value of 0.61. Group I consisted of only K.

echinometra. The character of K.

echinometra that distinguished this

species from other Korthalsia were

inflated ocrea (≥ 10 cm long), narrow

lanceolate leaflets, and petiolules absent.

Meanwhile, Group II that consisted of 4

species (K. flagellaris, K. laciniosa, K.

hispida, K. robusta) had similar

morphology i.e clustering rattan climbing

to ≥ 20 m, stem diameter ≥ 1 cm without

ocrea, ≥ 2 cm with sheath, ocrea ≥ 10 cm

long, leaf ≥ 1 m long, leaflet ≥ 20 cm long,

rachis ≥ 50 cm long.

Group II in Cluster B was divided

into two groups. The first group consisted

of K. flagellaris and K. laciniosa, while

the second group consisted of K. hispida

and K. robusta. The characters that

distinguished the first group from the

second group were ocrea types, spine

length, cirrus length, clustering rattan

climbing ≥ 20 m, and tightly sheathing

ocrea with ≥ 10 cm long. K. hispida and K.

robusta had similar characters, such as

stem diameter with ≥ 1 cm without ocrea,

inflated ocrea with ≥ 10 cm long, spine ≥

2 cm long. The research about K. hispida

and K. robusta needs to be reviewed

comprehensively, based on morphology

(generative characters) or molecular.

The study showed that K.

echinometra could easily be distinguished

from other species in the genus

Korthalsia. The species with the highest

percentage coefficient similarity (0.93)

are K. hispida and K. robusta.

The study also showed that

Korthalsia had varied morphological

characters that were distinguishable in


79

each species. Some species were

indistinguishable in some conditions, i.e

K. debilis, K. paucijuga, and K. rigida.

Dransfield (1980) explained that K. debilis

and K. rigida were undistinguishable if

observed from vegetative characters. In

this study, almost all of the specimens

from K. debilis, K. paucijuga, and K.

rigida were sterile. Korthalsia had a

unique character that could distinguish it

from another genus in Calamoideae.

Korthalsia does not have knees and has

rhomboid-shaped leaflets. Furthermore,

generative characters may be crucial to

identifying species rather than vegetative

characters, but in some species, the

characters can distinguish from the

vegetative ones.

Korthalsia was generally found at 3

- 1300 m altitude. Generally, rattan is

found in tropical areas at an altitude up to

3000 m above sea level with soil or rock

substrates, except in mangrove forest

areas (Dransfield et al., 2002). Certain

types were found in several numbers in

peatland forest areas or swamps. The

types of Korthalsia found in peat or

swamp forest areas included K. flagellaris

and K. paucijuga. These findings

supported previous research conducted by

Dransfield (1980), who stated that this

type grew in their habitat with peat or

swampland conditions.

Korthalsia was more common in

lowland forest and dipterocarp forest

habitats than other habitats. It was also

following the research conducted by

Watanabe & Suzuki (2008), who

discovered that Korthalsia rarely grew in

conditions, such as swamps or peat. Few

types of a rattan could live in inundated

soil conditions where the amount of water

is stagnant and very little, compared to

forest habitat dipterocarp (Dransfield,

1992). This is because the conditions

could complicate and inhibit drainage in

plants and inhibit the growth of the

seedlings underneath (Siebert, 1993).

Figure 4. A UPGMA diagram of Korthalsia spp. in Sumatra based on morphological

characters

4. Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1. Conclusion

There were nine species of

Korthalsia in Sumatra found in the

analysis of its morphological characters.

Each species was distinguishable based on

the shape and size variations of Korthalsia

in Sumatra. The key morphological

characters distinguishable among the

species included ocrea type, leaflets

shape, and inflorescences. The

phenogram showed Korthalsia formed

Vol. 18 No. 1, Juni 2021 : 67-82

80

two main clusters, i.e., Cluster A

consisting of 4 species and Cluster B

consisting of five species. The similarity

of Korthalsia in Sumatra showed that K.

echinometra had a coefficient similarity of

0.61. The closest similarity was found

between K. hispida and K. robusta with a

coefficient similarity of 0.93. The

distribution study of Korthalsia showed

that Korthalsia was distributed in Sumatra

with some variations of the total species in

each region. South Sumatra contained the

richest species number of Korthalsia with

6 out of 9 species in Sumatra.

4.2. Recommendation

Further research needs to be done

for Korthalsia in other phytogeographic

regions in Indonesia or Malesia. This

study can be a reference for taxonomic

researchers, and it can be the newest

taxonomic status of Korthalsia in

Sumatra. This study contained

identification keys and descriptions of the

species of Korthalsia in Sumatra that can

be used to facilitate the identification of

other species of Korthalsia. This study

can be used as basic information to

introduce the species of Korthalsia to

maintain the population in the natural

habitat.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the curators and staff

of Herbarium Bogoriense (BO),

Indonesian Institute of Science, to allow

access to the specimens. We thank the

individuals who contributed to this study.

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