a physical layer “infrastructure” …...3 broad range of new services and connectivity paradigms...

2

A P H Y S I C A L L AY E R “ I N F R A S T R U C T U R E ” P E R S P E C T I V E

Are You Ready for 5G?

Where are we today? 5G NR, Release 15

L1 Highlights & Implications

6 Key Measurement Challenges

and solution approaches

Are You Ready for 5G? 6 Key Challenges © Keysight Technologies 2018

3

B R O A D R A N G E O F N E W S E R V I C E S A N D C O N N E C T I V I T Y PA R A D I G M S

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)

• All data, all the time

• 2 billion people

on social media

Massive Machine Communication (mMTC)

• 30 billion “things” connected

• Low cost, low energy

Ultra Reliability and Low Latency (URLLC)

• Ultra high-reliability

• Ultra-low latency

Courtesy of METIS: 2014

Rel. 15 (Dec 2017)


4



• Lightning-fast downloads

• Augmented/Immersive Reality

• High-Speed Rail Connectivity

• High-Data for Connected Cars

• Really High-Def cat videos


• Smart Parking

• LTE V2X

• Massive Data Acquisition for farming, traffic management, light-rail, mobile or other geographically spread industries


• Navigation Aids for “Autonomous” vehicles

• Connected Sea-port (logistics)

• Remote emergency medical

• Augmented non-Emergency Medicine (Virtual house-call)


5



• 10-20 Gbps peak

• 100 Mbps whenever needed

• 10000x more traffic

• Macro and small cells

• Support for high mobility (500 km/h)

• Network energy saving by 100 times


• High density (105 to 106 per km2)

• Long range

• Low data rate (1 -100 kbps)

• M2M ultra low cost

• 10 years battery

• Asynchronous access


• Ultra responsive

• <1 ms air interface latency

• 5 ms E2E latency

• Ultra reliable (99.9999%)

• Low to medium data rates (50 kbps - 10 Mbps)

• High speed mobility

Courtesy of METIS: 2014

How to Achieve These Goals?

? ?


6



Where are we today? 5G NR, Release 15

Layer 1 Highlights6 Key Measurement Challenges



7

How to Achieve these Design Goals?

Are You Ready for 5G? 6 Key Challenges

• 10-20 Gbps peak

• 100 Mbps whenever needed

• 10000x more traffic

• Macro and small cells

• Support for high mobility (500 km/h)

• Network energy saving by 100 times

• Ultra responsive

• <1 ms air interface latency

• 5 ms E2E latency

• Ultra reliable (99.9999%)

• Low to medium data rates (50 kbps - 10 Mbps)

• High speed mobility

eMBB URLLC

✓ Low Latency

✓ Future-proofing✓ MIMO, mmW,

Beamforming

✓ Waveforms

& Frame Structure

© Keysight Technologies 2018

8

Low Latency

Mini-Slots

CBG Retransmissions

Front-Loaded DMRS

Future Proofing

Bandwidth Parts

Reduced Always-On Signals

Dynamic Relationship Between Channels

Waveform/Frame Structure

Scalable Numerology for Wideband

Numerology Multiplexing

Dynamic TDD

Millimeter Wave

Beam-Sweeping

Beam Management

Massive MIMO


9

LTE 5G New Radio

Maximum Bandwidth (per CC) 20 MHz50 MHz (@ 15 kHz), 100 MHz (@ 30 kHz),

200 MHz (@ 60 kHz), 400 MHz (@120 kHz)

Maximum CCs 5 (currently) 16 (allowed BW and CCs combinations TBD)

Subcarrier Spacing 15 kHz 2n · 15 kHz TDM and FDM multiplexing

Waveform CP-OFDM for DL; SC-FDMA for UL CP-OFDM for DL; CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL

Maximum Number of Subcarriers 1200 3300

Subframe Length 1 ms (moving to 0.5 ms) 1 ms

Latency (Air Interface) 10 ms (moving to 5 ms) 1 ms

Slot Length 7 symbols in 500 µs14 symbols (duration depends on subcarrier spacing)

2, 4 and 7 symbols for mini-slots

Channel Coding Turbo Code (data); TBCC (control) Polar Codes (control); LDPC (data)

Initial Access No initial beamforming Initial Beamforming req’d at mmW

MIMO 8x8 8x8

Reference signals UE Specific DMRS and Cell Specific RS Front-loaded DMRS (UE-specific)

Duplexing FDD, Static TDD FDD, Static TDD, Dynamic TDD


10

• Scalable subcarrier spacing

∆𝑓 = 2𝜇 · 15 𝑘𝐻𝑧

• Values for data• < 1 GHz: 15 kHz and 30 kHz

• 1-6 GHz: 15 kHz, 30 kHz and 60 kHz (optional)

• > 6 GHz: 60 kHz and 120 kHz

• Values for initial access• < 6 GHz: 15 kHz and 30 kHz


• Multiplexing different numerologies• TDM and/or FDM for downlink and uplink

WAV E F O R M , N U M E R O L O G Y A N D F R A M E S T R U C T U R E


TDM Numerology Multiplexing

FDM Numerology Multiplexing

12

0 k

Hz

15 kHz

SCS

30 kHz

SCS

30 kHz

SCS

60

kH

z

SC

S

60

kH

z

SC

S

60

kH

z

SC

S

60

kH

z

SC

S

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

1 m s

1 m s500 µs 250 µs 125 µs

1 m s

30 kHz SCS

60 kHz SCS

120 kHz SCS

15 kHz SCS

Sy

ste

m B

an

dw

idth


11


∆𝑓 = 2𝜇 · 15 𝑘𝐻𝑧











12

0 k

Hz

15 kHz

SCS

30 kHz

SCS

30 kHz

SCS

60

kH

z

SC

S

60

kH

z

SC

S

60

kH

z

SC

S

60

kH

z

SC

S

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

1 m s

1 m s500 µs 250 µs 125 µs

1 m s

30 kHz SCS

60 kHz SCS

120 kHz SCS

15 kHz SCS

Sy

ste

m B

an

dw

idth

Rel-15 NR UE is not mandated to support

multiple UL or DL channels,

with different numerologies,

at the same time,


12


∆𝑓 = 2𝜇 · 15 𝑘𝐻𝑧











12

0 k

Hz

15 kHz

SCS

30 kHz

SCS

30 kHz

SCS

60

kH

z

SC

S

60

kH

z

SC

S

60

kH

z

SC

S

60

kH

z

SC

S

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

12

0 k

Hz

1 m s

1 m s500 µs 250 µs 125 µs

1 m s

30 kHz SCS

60 kHz SCS

120 kHz SCS

15 kHz SCS

Sy

ste

m B

an

dw

idth

How to mitigate Phase Noise?

• Wider subcarrier spacings

• Phase Tracking Reference Signals (PTRS)


14

Subcarrier

Spacing / Slot

Length20 MHz 50 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 400 MHz

15 kHz1 ms

2048 FFT1320 sc (110 PRBs)

30.72 Msps

4096 FFT3300 sc (275 PRBs)

61.44 Msps

Not possible

> 275 PRBs

Not possible

> 275 PRBs

Not possible

> 275 PRBs

30 kHz500 µs

1024 FFT660 sc (55 PRBs)

30.72 Msps

2048 FFT1644 sc (137 PRBs)

61.44 Msps

4096 FFT3300 sc (275 PRBs)

122.88 Msps

Not possible

> 275 PRBs

Not possible

> 275 PRBs

60 kHz250 µs

512 FFT324 sc (27 PRBs)

30.72 Msps

1024 FFT816 sc (68 PRBs)

61.44 Msps

2048 FFT1644 sc (137 PRBs)

122.88 Msps

4096 FFT3300 sc (275 PRBs)

245.76 Msps

Not possible

> 275 PRBs

120 kHz125 µs

Not possible

< 20 PRBs

512 FFT408 sc (34 PRBs)

61.44 Msps

1024 FFT816 sc (68 PRBs)

122.88 Msps

2048 FFT1644 sc (137 PRBs)

245.76 Msps

4096 FFT3300 sc (275 PRBs)

491.52 Msps



• Minimum FFT size and sampling frequency as a function of CC bandwidth and subcarrier spacing

• The BWs selected in this table are examples and do not reflect current level of RAN1/RAN4 agreements

• Assumed 99% spectrum utilization ratio and PRBs of 12 subcarriers


15

The PSS, SSS and PBCH transmission define the minimum component carrier bandwidth:

Possible bandwidths (in MHz)

• Below 6 GHz : 5, 10, 20, 25, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 MHz

• Above 6 GHz : 50,100, 200, 400 MHz

I N I T I A L A C C E S S


> 6 GHz

120 kHz subcarrier spacing: 50 MHz


< 6GHz


30 kHz subcarrier spacing: 10 MHzMinimum bandwidth for LTE-NR coexistence


16

• Frame: 10 ms

• Subframe: Reference period of 1 ms

• Slot (slot based scheduling)

• Always 14 OFDM symbols* (special case Extended CP)

• One possible scheduling unit

• Slot aggregation allowed

• Slot length scales with the subcarrier spacing

• 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = Τ1𝑚𝑠2𝜇

• Mini-Slot (non-slot based scheduling)

• 7, 4 or 2 OFDM symbols

• Minimum scheduling unit



1 2 0

kHz

SLOT

1 4 sym

250 µs

6 0

kHz

SLOT

1 4 sym bols

500 µs

3 0

kHz

SLOT

1 4 sym bols

1 m s

1 5

kHz

1 m s

SUBFRAME

SL

OT

14

s

125 µs


17

Slots are numbered:

𝑛𝑠𝜇∈ 0,… , 𝑁𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡

𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒,𝜇− 1 within a subframe

𝑛𝑠,𝑓𝜇

∈ 0, … , 𝑁𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒,𝜇

− 1 within a frame



...

...

OFDM

Sym bol

Slot

Subfram e

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fram e

10 subfram es

10 m s

slot

symbN

,subframe

slotN

,frame

slotN1 m s


18

• Each symbol length (including CP) of 15 kHz equals the sum of the corresponding 2µ symbols of Fs

• Other than the first OS in every 0.5 ms, all OFDM symbols within 0.5 ms have the same size



OFDM Sym bol 6

5 6 7432105

3

5

4

5

5

5

2

5

1

5

0

4

9

4

8

OFDM Sym bol 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

15 kHz

60 kHz

4096416 288

24 25 26 27

. . .0 1 2 3

0.5 m sec

5 6 7432101

3

1

4

1

5

1

2

1

1

1

098120 kHz

4096544 288

10 2 3 12 13 1030 kHz

288 4096

288 4096320

352

OFDM Sym bol 1 OFDM Sym bol 0

...


19

Solution:

• NR has a more flexible Slot Structure

• A slot can be:• All downlink

• All uplink

• Mixed downlink and uplink

• Static, semi-static or dynamic

• Can be assymmetric for heavy DL or UL

• Slot aggregation is supported

• Data transmission can be scheduled to span

one or multiple slots



DL

UL

DL only

UL only

DL

UL Cont rol

DL Cont rol

UL

Mixed UL-DL


20Are You Ready for 5G? 6 Key Challenges

Low Latency

Mini-Slots

CBG Retransmissions

Front-Loaded DMRS

Future Proofing

Bandwidth Parts






Dynamic TDD

Millimeter Wave

Beam-Sweeping

Beam Management

Massive MIMO


21

Solution

• “Mini-slots” not tied to the frame structure.

• Freedom to “puncture” existing frame without waiting to be scheduled. (Or, can be scheduled.)

Use Cases

• Very low latency payloads (i.e. URLLC), which assume high priority

• Fine TDM granularity of scheduling for the same/different UEs within a slot

• Especially if TRxP uses beam-sweeping (e.g. above 6GHz)

• NR-LTE co-existence (e.g. using LTE MBSFN subframes for NR)

• Future-proofing: Forward compatibility towards unlicensed spectrum operation



22

Initial access is composed of the following physical channels and signals:• Downlink

• Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)

• Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)

• Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)

• Uplink• Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

PSS, SSS and PBCH are the only always-on signals in New Radio• Even they can be turned off by the network

P H Y S I C A L C H A N N E L S A N D S I G N A L S


More data capacity

Less pilot contamination


24

• Modulations:• CP-OFDM: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM

• DFT-s-OFDM: π/2-BPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM

• Uplink Transmission can be:• Grant-based (i.e. Grant delivered using DCI)

• Grant-free

• Type 1: Only based on RRC configuration without any L1 signaling

• Type 2: Based on RRC configuration and L1 signaling for activation/deactivation

P U S C H ( P H Y S I C A L U P L I N K S H A R E D C H A N N E L )


Good citizen? (Unlicensed band)

Urgency? (Low-latency)

✓ higher efficiency

✓ lower PAPR in UL



Low Latency

Mini-Slots

CBG Retransmissions

Front-Loaded DMRS

Future Proofing

Bandwidth Parts






Dynamic TDD

Millimeter Wave

Beam-Sweeping

Beam Management

Massive MIMO


26

New Technologies

• Beamforming, therefore

• Lots of channels

• Over the Air (non-connectorized test)

• Initial Access, Beam Management

• Channel state info, and coding

Why not Millimeter Wave before?

• Poor propagation, link budgets

• Poor DC-RF efficiency, dynamic range, noise

• Difficult signal routing, packaging, cabling

• Very wide bandwidths

S O L U T I O N : N E W S P E C T R U M AT M I L L I M E T E R WAV E


27

I N I T I A L A C C E S S P R O C E D U R E


Synchronization Signals

System Information

Basic information for all UEs

Beam-sweeping

transmission

Random Access Channel Single-beam or

Beam-sweeping

Beam-sweeping

reception

Random Access Response & System

Information

Required only for UEs after random access

Beam-sweeping

transmission

UE-specific

selected beam

Data and control channelsUE-specific

beamforming

TRxP-Wide Coverage

UE-Specific Coverage


28



Tim e

SS Block 1 SS Block 2 SS Block 3 SS Block 4 SS Block 5


29

• Full or partial Rx/Tx reciprocity at gNB or UE



TRxP

DL

SS Block 1

DL

SS Block 2

DL

SS Block 3

DL

SS Block 4

UE

X P

UL 1 UL 2 UL 3 UL 4

P

Rx PSS, SSS and PBCH PRACH Transm ission

Sam e Tx beam

direct ion as in

the DL Tx

beam

Mapping between DL SS Blocks and corresponding UL resources for

PRACH

...


30

< 6 GHz

Massive MIMO

mmWave

Beamforming

Deployment ScenarioMacro cells

High user mobility

Small cells

Low user mobility

MIMO Order Up to 8x8 Less MIMO order (typically 2x2)

Number of Simultaneous

Users

Tens of users

Large coverage area

A few users

Small coverage area

Main BenefitSpatial multiplexing

“Null-forming” for reduced interferenceBeamforming for single user

Channel Characteristics Rich multipath propagation A few propagation paths

Spectral Efficiency High, due to the spatial multiplexingLower spectral efficiency

(few users, high path loss)

Transceiver Digital transceiver Hybrid


M A S S I V E M I M O ( S U B - 6 G H Z ) V S . B E A M F O R M I N G ( 2 8 / 3 9 G H Z )



Low Latency

Mini-Slots

CBG Retransmissions

Front-Loaded DMRS

Future Proofing

Bandwidth Parts






Dynamic TDD

Millimeter Wave

Beam-Sweeping

Beam Management

Massive MIMO


32

• Solution: “Bandwidth Parts”

• Start with 1 aggregated spectrum band, and break into virtualized “Bandwidth Parts” (BWP)

• Each BWP has it’s own numerology

• Define several BWPs in a single band

• Can be dynamically activated/deactivated

• UE operation:

• Initial Access assumes a default BWP configuration

• Can be later re-scheduled to a different BWP with a different numerology

• Can be activated/deactivated with a Control signal, or just time out and revert to a default BWP

• UE only needs to work with 1 numerology at a time in Release 15.

• UE expects at least 1 DL BWP and 1 UL BWP part to be active • A UE can assume the Data and Control Channels use the same BWP

B A N D W I D T H PA R T S F O R D Y N A M I C F L E X I B I L I T Y


33

B A N D W I D T H PA R T S


1) Supporting reduced UE bandwidth capability

Overall carrier

BWP

2) Supporting reduced UE energy consumptionOverall carrier

BWP # 1

BWP # 2

3) Supporting FDM of different numerologiesOverall carrier

BWP # 1

(num erology # 1)

BWP # 2

(num erology # 2)

Contrast with 4G

Carrier Aggregation


34

B A N D W I D T H PA R T S


4) Supporting non-contiguous spectrum

Overall carrier

BWP # 1 BWP # 2

Som ething com pletely unknown

Overall carrier

BWP

Som ething new and not yet defined

?

5) Supporting forward compatibility

Each BWP has its own

• Numerology

• EVM & ACPR

• Activation/De-activation



“Understanding the 5G Physical Layer”Javier Campos

5G NR Physical Layer Architect

RAN1 Delegate for Keysight

http://www.microwavejournal.com/events/1730-understanding-the-5g-physical-layer

http://www.keysight.com/find/5G-insight


http://www.microwavejournal.com/events/1730-understanding-the-5g-physical-layer

37



Where are we today? 6 Key Measurement Challenges



5G NR, Release 15

L1 Highlights & Implications

38Are You Ready for 5G? 6 Key Challenges© Keysight Technologies 2018

1 2 3

4 5 6

5G NR waveforms

Fidelity, flexibility, mmW

Lots of Channels

MIMO/Beamforming

Life Beyond Connectors

Over-the-Air

Probing Across

Multiple Domains

RF

BB

eCPRI

NET

PHY Complexity

Cloud, Automation

Dynamic Behaviors

Network Emulation

Functional

KPI

RF / RRM

DVT

Protocol

R&D


Radio

Access

RemoteRadio

Head(s)

X

Fading

Beam /

M-MIMO

FRONTHAUL

……

BACKHAUL

Data Center

Cloud, Edge

Infrastructure has become

✓ Disaggregated

✓ Distributed

✓ Software-defined

✓ Cloud enabled

✓ COTS hardware

✓ Low CapEx, OpEx

Infrastructure had been:

ˣ Fixed, hard CapEx

ˣ High OpEx

ˣ Inflexible, dedicated resources

T H E S A M E T R E N D S A R E T R A N S F O R M I N G T E S T


Challenge #1 : 5G NR waveforms

• Generation/Analysis of NR compliant signals

• Making them accurately at 28/39 GHz

• Doing it in a way that can be

- virtualized,

- automated,

- reconfigured dynamically

40

P E R F O R M A N C E S C A L A B I L I T Y U P G R A D A B I L I T Y


• Highly configurable/scalable

expand to more channels, multi-function,

or just-enough performance

• Metrology-grade performance for mmW achieved in

modular

EVM, phase noise best-in-class

• Ease of use, self-calibrated, with easy APIs

http://videos.microwavejournal.com/video.mason/Keysight-

Demonstrates-the-Lates;Keysight


41

5 G S W A P P L I C AT I O N S D E D I C AT E D T O 5 G N R

• PHY layer structures for signal generation and

analysis, single carrier and multi-carrier

• Uplink and Downlink measurements based on

3GPP TS38 series Specification (standardization

ongoing)

• Ongoing proto-typing based on 3GPP TR/CR

proposals.

• Setup and results by physical channels and signals

• 5G NR personalities coming for

• Design & Simulation

• Signal Generation & Analysis

• Measurement personalities and toolkits

• Custom Solution API’s


42Are You Ready for 5G? 6 Key Challenges © Keysight Technologies 2018



Over-the-Air

Lots of Channels

MIMO/Beamforming

5G NR waveforms


Dynamic Behaviors

Network EmulationPHY Complexity

Cloud, Automation

Probing Across

Multiple Domains

RF

BB

eCPRI

NETFunctional

KPI

RF / RRM

DVT

Protocol

R&D



RemoteRadio

Head(s)

FRONTHAUL

……

BACKHAUL

Data Center

Cloud, Edge

Baseband, ~1 GHzConnectorized, Bus

RF/IFConnectorized, packaged

Beamforming, sub-6GHz, 28/39 GHzOver-the-Air

6 K E Y M E A S U R E M E N T C H A L L E N G E S

Challenges

• Sheer # of channels, equipment

• Alignments & flatness calibration process

• Virtualization: “1 Array” vs. “16 Channels”

• Connecting IP throughout R&D lifecycle


45

M U LT I - C H A N N E L C A L I B R AT I O N & T I M E A L I G N M E N T


Uncalibrated

8-channel T&M

Calibrated

8-channel T&M

Multiport filters,

manifolds/switches Reduce static measurement system errors 8x8 MIMO (TX, RX)

M9375A PXI VNA

Also

• Validate the Baseband separate from RF

• Take advantage of repetitive signal types

to reduce # measurement channels, cost© Keysight Technologies 2018

48© Keysight Technologies 2018

5G physical layer

Analysis & Visualization

Channel Model

Beam index feedback

[ V5G Downlink with 3GPP Channel Model ]

V5G_DL_TxBeamforming

EnvelopSig

weights

input

{V5G_DL_TxBeamforming}

V5G_DL_Src

xPDSCH_Sym_Tx

OFDMSignal

HARQ_bits

DataIn

SpecShapingAntNum=16

CI_StartPos=-3

CyclicInterval=6

WindowType=Tukey

SpectrumShapingType=TimeWindowing

{V5G_DL_Src@5G Advanced Modem Models}

HarqLogic

1 1 0 1 0

{DataPattern@Data Flow Models}

MIMO_3DChannel_RF

ClusterZoA=90 [ClusterZoA]

ClusterZoD=75 [ClusterZoD]

ClusterAoA=30 [ClusterAoA]

ClusterAoD=315 [ClusterAoD]

ClusterPowerindB=0 [ClusterPowerindB]

ClusterDelay=0 [ClusterDelay]

NumClusters=1 [NumClusters]

{3DChannel_5G}

V5G_DL_RxBeamforming

RxDigitalSig

RxBFWeights

EnvSigIn

{V5G_DL_RxBeamforming}

V5G_DL_Rcv

TBS

HARQ_Bits

SYNC_En

BeamIndex_Rx

BRSRP

BeamIndex_Tx

xPDSCH_Sym_Rx

ReceivedSig

{V5G_DL_Rcv@5G Advanced Modem Models}

NoiseDensity

{Delay@Data Flow Models}

V5G_DL_TxBeamManagement

Weights_Table

Weights

BI

{V5G_DL_TxBeamManagement@5G Advanced Modem Models}

V5G_DL_RxBeamManagement

Weights_Table

Weights

SYNC_En

BI_Rx

{V5G_DL_RxBeamManagement@5G Advanced Modem Models}




V5G_EVM

xPDSCH_Sym_Rx

xPDSCH_Sym_Tx

{V5G_EVM}

BeamAnalysis

{BeamAnalysis}

V5G_Throughput

TBS

CRCParity

{V5G_Throughput@5G Advanced Modem Models}

5G TF

5G NR

Source

mmW

Channel

UE

w/Beamform

HARQ


49

I N 4 - WAY S W I T C H I N G R X D I V E R S I T Y W I T H B E A M F O R M I N G

[ Fig1. Throughput: MCS3, Channel model: TR38.901 ]

Antenna 1

• Type: microstrip patch array

• Freq: 28Ghz

• # Element: 4

• Dual polarization

Antenna 2

• Type: dipole

• Freq: 28Ghz

• Cover area: left

Receive

diversity

Antenna 3

• Type: dipole

• Freq: 28Ghz

• Cover area: right

Antenna 4

• Type: dipole

• Freq: 28Ghz

• Cover area: bottom

11ad

Main, LB, MB, HB

WLAN1GPS

Origin(0,0,0)

RFIC

#1

RFIC

#2

RFIC

#4

RFIC

#3

© Keysight Technologies 2018Are You Ready for 5G? 6 Key Challenges

50

11ad

Main, LB, MB, HB

WLAN1GPS

Origin(0,0,0)

RFIC

#1

RFIC

#2

RFIC

#4

RFIC

#3


51

Increased side lobes


Nonlinear PA


Sidelobes

Increase +15dBc

Nonlinear vs. Linear

Is that ok?

Linear PA

• To what extent will

OTA spatial/sidelobe masks be

in the final Conformance docs?

• Even if not, should you

still characterize them?

52

8 X 8 A R R AY, X PA R A M E T E R D E V I C E


linear

compression

saturation

9W GaN PA, 24% CW efficiency

X-parameters @ 28 GHz

✓ Performance under realistic conditions

✓ Easy to simulate to get order of

magnitude

53

2 8 , 2 9 G H Z : I N T E R M O D B E A M S ( 8 X 8 A R R AY )


Main EIRP = 45dBm

IM3 EIRP = -3dBm



Over-the-Air (OTA)

Lots of Channels

MIMO/Beamforming

5G NR waveforms


Dynamic Behaviors


Cloud, Automation

Probing Across

Multiple Domains

RF

BB

eCPRI

NETFunctional

KPI

RF / RRM

DVT

Protocol

R&D


55



Challenges:

• High channel count, with tight

integration of ICs, packaging,

Antennas

• Components are very small for

probing or conducted test

• OTA tests introduce new air

interface challenges, like

calibration

• Sizes of measurement chambers

(sub-6 GHz, vs. mmW)


How do you calibrate

something you can’t touch?”

Where is the closest

measurement location,

yet still get a reliable result?

How much do I really need

to do (DVT vs. MFG)?”

56



✓ Real-world DUT environment

✓ Subject to higher path loss

✓ Antenna beam pattern characterization

✓ EIRP/TRP and EIS measurements

✓ Beamforming/beamsteering validation

✓ RF parametric tests (if S/N high enough)

✓ Can fit blocking sources

Compact Ranges

✓ Smaller footprint than Far-Field

✓ Lower path loss

✓ Antenna beam pattern characterization

✓ EIRP/TRP and EIS measurements

✓ Beamforming/beamsteering validation

✓ RF parametric tests

D

U

T

Chamber Absorber

Measurement

Distance = far field

≥2𝐷2

λ

Positioner

Probe

antenna

Direct Far-Field

Quiet

ZonePrecision

reflector



Over-the-Air

Lots of Channels

MIMO/Beamforming

5G NR waveforms


Dynamic Behaviors


Cloud, Automation

Probing Across

Multiple Domains

RF

BB

eCPRI

NETFunctional

KPI

RF / RRM

DVT

Protocol

R&D


58

CUeNB

Midhaul Backhaul

F R O N T H A U L A N D T H E E V O L U T I O N O F T H E R A N

UE

Phy

Mac

RLC

PDCP

RRH

CPRI

Dig IQ

Ethernet

MAC

IP

SCTP

STAP

Fronthaul Backhaul

Phy

CPRI

MAC

RLC

PDCP

Ethernet

MAC

IP

SCTP

STAP

Virtualize protocol

functions in pools

for cost reduction

Aggregate Real-time

Processing

Optimize Network

costs (performance,

latency)

PDN

GWDU

Function Splits


Challenges• Lightly “connectorized”

• Crosses vendors and domains

• How to find the Root Cause of a QoS issue?


59

CPRI

Physical

CPRI

Protocol

RF

Physical

Wireless

protocol

• Decode Vendors codewords

• Commands & management

• Network & topology measurements

• Tx & Rx characterization

• Signal integrity

• Health of optical interconnect

• RF over Network (VSA, X-apps)

• LTE Decoding (WLA) T

ransport

RF

Network

Monitoring

• Continuous control messages

• QoS monitoring

Netw

ork

IQ


• Waves

• Samples

• Packets

• Protocols

60

Exploit domain knowledge and data mining

principles to analyse control loops across

digital, RF and protocol domains

automatically;

For example:

Power Control

Physical layer retransmissions - HARQ

Others of interest for 5G would include:

Timing Advance, Antenna Steering, Beam

Forming, Sector Sweeping, etc.


Demo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ml_t0QJ8VnE

Protocol commands

From eNBUE

to lower power

Observed

UE behavior


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ml_t0QJ8VnE

61

Frame 990

Frame 985

Transmission failures

due to periodic

injected noise bursts


QoS: “Why is the

throughput low?”

HARQ re-transmissions

creating overhead that

reduce Throughput




Over-the-Air

Lots of Channels

MIMO/Beamforming

5G NR waveforms


Dynamic Behaviors


Cloud, Automation

Probing Across

Multiple Domains

RF

BB

eCPRI

NETFunctional

KPI

RF / RRM

DVT

Protocol

R&D


63

Challenges

• In R&D

• How do you validate for an incomplete standard that is evolving?

• How do you troubleshoot the root cause of an issue between RF, Baseband, and Protocol?

• In Design Validation

• Dynamic signaling needed for conformance, compliance procedures

• How to validate, PHY control, link adaption, beam management, etc

• Static waveforms (and non-signaling) :

Components, RF validation

• Dynamic/adaptive waveforms (reference radios) :

Baseband and Protocol validation



“Wireless Turing Test”

“Am I in a

real system?”


64

K E Y S I G H T 5 G N E T W O R K E M U L AT I O N S O L U T I O N S

Functional

KPI

RF / RRM

DVT

Protocol

R&D

5G Interactive R&D Solutions

Keysight 1st

Solutions

across the entire

device R&D

workflowMay’17 Sep’17 Future

Protocol

Conformance

Carrier

Acceptance

RF/ RRM

Conformance

5G Device Acceptance Solutions

Future Future Future


65

5G Protocol R&D ToolsetDec 2017

• Now 5G NR Ready

May 2017

- Sub-6GHz and mm-Wave

- Built-in Protocol State Machine with

Dynamic Control Points (DCP)

- Change L1/L2 parameters in

real-time, without programming

- Flexible automation

- Multiple result formats

- Dashboard results viewer

Are You Ready for 5G? 6 Key Challenges© Keysight Technologies 2018

66

5G RF DVT ToolsetDec 2017

• Now 5G NR Ready

Sep 2017

- 5GTF

- Sub-6GHz and mm-Wave

- Design verification and pre-

conformance suite

- Manual, semi and fully automatic

test campaigns with 5G Interactive

- Test case scripting

- Flexible parameter change

Are You Ready for 5G? 6 Key Challenges© Keysight Technologies 2018

67Optional Title of the Presentation


Over-the-Air

Lots of Channels

MIMO/Beamforming

5G NR waveforms


Dynamic Behaviors


Cloud, Automation

Probing Across

Multiple Domains

RF

BB

eCPRI

NETFunctional

KPI

RF / RRM

DVT

Protocol

R&D


68

Challenges

• 5G NR Standard Complexity• LTE-A has grown to 3500 pages. 5G?

• 10x Bandwidth. 1-100x Channels• If measurements were slow for LTE, now what?

• Flexibility, Ease of Automation• How to quickly develop apps, APIs?

• Compressed timeframes, cost envelopes• How to continue to evolve with the Industry, 3GPP

• How to transition from R&D DVT MFG volumes

• How to leverage Industry 4.0 technologies & approaches



Enablers

✓ Greater modularity (SW, API, HW)

✓ Ease of Automation

✓ Cloud acceleration

✓ Data Analytics

✓ Services and whole-enterprise approaches



EVM

ACP

15

ms

31ms 47.5 ms

15

ms

93ms

109.5 ms

263.5 ms

15

ms

15

ms

140ms

32 Mhz Sample Freq

0.012s Time Span

125 Mhz Sample Freq

0.040052s Time Span

LAN Transport

Acquire IQ Data

Measurement Calculation

Store to database

- - - - - - - -- -Reduced analysis time

using cloud acceleration


70

M U LT I P L E M E A S U R E M E N T S ( A C P R , E V M , S E M , P O W E R )


Type of Analysis Buffer Data Acquisition Transit Buffer Analysis Analysis

DB Update

Multiple 0 26 45 0 22 5

Timespan = 12 ms, Fs = 125 MHz

Single Measurement

73ms✓ ACP

Multiple

measurements:

98ms✓ ACP

✓ EVM

✓ SEM

✓ Pout


71

K S 8 4 0 0 A T E S T A U T O M AT I O N P L AT F O R M ( TA P )


• Fast execution and test flow analysis

• User interfaces

• GUI

• Command line interface

• API

• Modular “plug-in” software architecture

• Microsoft .NET test step development

Powerful Speed and Results Analytics

Create Custom GUIs Efficient Data Exploration


72

SPECTRUM VS. INPUT VOLTAGE

CONSTELLATION VS. TEST OPERATOR

FREQUENCY RESPONSE VS.

Software Revision AND Vin


M U LT I P L E M E A S U R E M E N T S ( A C P R , E V M , S E M , P O W E R )

Big Data

Insights

• Across org

• Across tools

• Processes

• Predictive


73

P R O D U C T D E V E L O P M E N T

V O L U M E P R O D U C T I O N

LAB BENCH MANUFACTURING SUPPORTI&VSIMULATION

DESIGN + LAB

AUTOMATION

D ATA AN ALY T I C S

FAC TO RY AU TO M AT I O N

T E S T AU TO M AT I O N

SUPPORT

AUTOMATION


Benefits:

✓ Throughput Acceleration

✓ Asset utilization

✓ Test Flexibility

✓ Correlated Workflows

74

Summary:

“Are You Ready for 5G?”


75

Low Latency

Mini-Slots

CBG Retransmissions

Front-Loaded DMRS

Future Proofing

Bandwidth Parts






Dynamic TDD

Millimeter Wave

Beam-Sweeping

Beam Management

Massive MIMO


K E Y T H E M E S : V I R T U A L I Z AT I O N , F L E X I B I L I T Y, C O M PAT I B I L I T Y

76

Low Latency

✓ Speed-to-Demod Result

✓ Priority & Services Levels

Future Proofing

✓Much of 5G NR still to come

✓ Laying the Groundwork for Rel 16+


✓Compatibility, Efficiency

✓Dynamic Reconfiguration

✓ “Virtualization”

Millimeter Wave

✓Tuning Layer 1 for Realities at mmW

✓Propagation, Devices, Noise


K E Y T H E M E S : V I R T U A L I Z AT I O N , F L E X I B I L I T Y, C O M PAT I B I L I T Y



Over-the-Air

Lots of Channels

MIMO/Beamforming

5G NR waveforms


Dynamic Behaviors


Cloud, Automation

Probing Across

Multiple Domains

RF

BB

eCPRI

NETFunctional

KPI

RF / RRM

DVT

Protocol

R&D


79

Ask your Keysight representative about solutions for • Flexible HW/SW Testbeds for 5G NR

• MIMO/Beamforming

• OTA testing

• Multi-domain probing (Fronthaul)

• Network Emulation

• Cloud-acceleration and analytics

http://www.keysight.com/find/5g-insights


a physical layer “infrastructure” …...3 broad range of new services and connectivity paradigms...

Documents