A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF THE CHIN LANGUAGE ( SIYIN DIALECT)

CONTAININGGRAMMARTICAL PRINCIPALS WITH NUMEROUS

EXERCISES AND A VOCABULARYBY

L.B. NAYLORASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT, BURMA FRONTIER SERVICE

RANGOONSUPDT,GOVT. PRINTING AND STATIONERY,BURMA

1925LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS.IN BURMA.

AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION PRESS RANGOONBISWAS & CO,30 LEWIS STREET,RANGOON.BRITISH BURMA PRESS BRACNH,RANGOON.

INTERNATIONAL BUDDHIST BOOK DEPOT.POST BOX NO.971.RANGOON.

MODEERN PUBLISHING HOUSE.LTD.RANGOON.RANGOON TIMES PRESS.RANGOON

THE BURMA BOOK CLUB.LTD.POST BOX NO.1068.RANGOON.MAUNG LU GALE. LAW BOOK DEPOT.42.AYO-O-GALE.MANDALAY.

BURMA PUBLISHING CO.71.UPPER MAIN ROAD.MOULMEIN.INDIA.

BUTTERWORTH & CO.(INDIA).LTD.CALCUTTA.S,K.LAHILI & CO..56. COLLEGE STREET,CALCUTTA.

W.NEWMAN & CO.CALCUTTA.THACKER.SPINK & CO.CALCUTTA NAD SIMLA.

D.B. TARAPOREVALA,SONS & CO.BOMBAY.THACKER & CO.LTD.BOMBAY.

HINGGINBOTHAM & CO.MADRAS.IN EUROPE.

THE PUBLICATIONS ARE OBTAINABLE EITHER DIRECT FROM THE OFFICE OF THE

HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR INDIA,42.GROSVENOR GARDDENS.LONDON.

S.W,1, OR THROUGH ANY BOOKSELLER.

CONTENTS.

Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... vForeword ... ... ... ... ... ... vii

PART IOrthographical Symbols ... ... ... ... 1

The Article ... ... ... ... ... 3Nouns ... ... ... ... ... 3

Adjectives ... ... ... ... ... 6Pronouns ... ... ... ... ... 10

verbs ... ... ... ... ... 12Adverbs ... ... ... ... ... 12

Prepositions ... ... ... ... ... 19interjections ... ... ... ... ... 19

PARTS IISimple Sentences ... ... ... ... 20

Sentences on Conjunctions and Relative Pro 24Weather and Seasons ... ... ... ... ... 28

Health ... .... ... ... ... 29Birth,Marriage,Death ... .... ... ... ... 30

Time ... ... ... ... ... 31House ... .... ... .... ... 33Tour ... .... ... ... ... 34

Fishing and Shooting ... .... ... ... ... 37cultivation ... ... ... ... ... 39

Chin legends ... ... ... ... ... 41PART III

Vocabulary .... ..... ..... .... 48

INTRODUCTIONTHERE are in the chin Hills two main language groups resulting

from the two streams of immigration in to the Hills.Surgeon-Major A.E.G. Newland years ago compiled a hand-book of the Lai

dialect, the larger of the southern group. But the only work done for the northern group is a small vocabulary by Captain Rundall

soon after the Annexation, in which he failed to distinguish between dialects. This book has been long out of print. Thus it is

most timely that a handbook should be produced for the northern group.

The Siyin is the official dialect of the Tiddim Subdivision. The Siyins are not the most numerous, but their language is the best known of any outside its own country. The Siyin, besides being the most progressive man in the Tiddim Subdivision, is also the

most widely travelled and he can be found in the most out-of-the-

way places engaged in trade. Thus he is known and his dialect widely understood. When it was decided to prepare a handbook for the northern group, Siyin was wisely chosen. As spoken the dialects appear to differ considerably, but a careful study shows

that many words are similar while the names of objects are almost identical. Again, there are certain rules which govern the

various dialectical changes in words and these are easily learned. Finally, the rules of grammar and syntax are practically the same.

Thus the officer, who masters Siyin, will find little difficulty in becoming proficient in allied dialects.

Mr. Naylor has been nine years in the Chin Hills, most of that time in Tiddim. He has been several years preparing this handbook. I

have read most of the manuscript and we have had many conferences on the subject matter. There is no question of the value ot this handbook, divided as it is into three sections, the Grammar. Note, Which are very full, the sentences, which are

conveniently classified according to subjects, and the Vocabulary, which contains about 2,500 words. Not only will this book prove valuable to Political Officers but also to the Officers of the Chin Units in the Indian Army and the Military Police. The inability of the Chin to explain the peculiarities of his language, makes this

handbook indispensable to those wishing to acquire the language, besides which it will be found to be a distinct

contribution to our knowledge of the Tibeto Burman Language.

REV,J.H. COPEAmerican Baptist Mission

Tiddim, Chin Hills,10th January 1924

FOREWORD.IN undertaking this handbook of Siyin, i have been actuated by

various motives. In the first instaance it was suggested to me by Sir Reginald Craddock, G.C.I.E., K.C.S.I., late Lieutenant- Governor of Burma, on the occasion of my presenting a deputation of Chin Chiefs at Government House, in 1919. Moreover, after living in

the Chin Hills for nine years, one cannot help realizing the growing sense of need, among the Chins themselves, for some

simple form of writing, especially since the formation of the Chin Battalion made intercommunication a necessity.

Now, although the Chins are ultimately the best persons to

commit their own sounds to writing, still, owing to the lack of education and other drawbacks, a pioneer attempt nesessarily

develops upon a foreigner. I therefore by no means look upon this handbook as a final authority but merely hope it may be a useful

starting point for future efforts.

It has been compiled very leisurely in the course of the last three years and revised several times, for even in villages only two or three miles apart, one finds slight differences and seeks in vain for a standard pronounciation. These differences, however, are after all, not vital and i have tried in each case to follow what

seemed to me form most commonly used.

I should like to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. H.F. Hertz,C.I.E., Imperial Police,retired, who kindly gave me

permission to use his Handbook of Kachin as a model. Futher, I should like to record how much i have been helped by frequent

discussions with the Rev. J.H. Cope of the American Baptist Mission, who has an intimate knowledge of the Chin social life and customs which are so closely bound up with the language

itself. Finally i have to record the untiring assistance i have received from my wife who has collaborated with me throughout

the compilation of this Handbook.

Tiddim, Chin Hills, L.B. Naylor.14th December 1923.

A PRACTICAL HANDBOOKOF THE CHIN LANGUAGE ( SIYIN DIALECT)

---------PART I.

ORTHOGRAPHICAL SYMBOLS.

Vowels. Examples.a= sound of "u" in sprung ... Iam, a roada= " 'a" far ... Iam, a dance.e= " "e" bet ... bek, only.e= " "ay" day ... de, want.i= " ' i" kick ... kik, again.i= " "ee" knee ... ni, two.o= " "o" mock ... vok, a pig.

o= " "o" no ... no, small.u= " "oo" look ... luk, six.u= " "o" too ... htu, affair.ai= " " ie" lie ... lai, a letter.au= " "ow" cow ... hkau, rope.oi= " "oy" coy ... koi, bent.aw= " "au" maul ... mawl, blunt.[Note - 'aw' is a lengthened form of the sound of ''o" in mock.]

CONSONANTS.b as in English. n as in English.d " ng "h " p "k " s "l " t "m " ("k," "l," "m," "p," and "t" as initial letters are often aspirated and in that case are represented thus:- 'hk," "hl,"

"hm," "hp," "ht,' )v and w as in English. At the beginning of the word they are very often interchangeable though "v" is the more commonly heard, cf. the imperative particle in "pai vun" or pai wun" go.y and z as in English. Iitially these two letters are interchangeable in most words and the more commonly heard in any particular case has been adopted cf. "zagn sak hi," "yawng sak hi," to annoy.

zh has no exact equivalent in English. It is a very soft, slight buzzing sound approximating to the "z" sound in English "azure" or the French "j," e.g. "zhi" a wife, "zhui" to follow.

ch a peculiar sound which has no equivalent in English. It occurs at the beginning of the word or syllable and may be followed by 'e" "i' or 'i". The nearest approximantion to it in English is the "ch" of "chip". To bring out, however, the peculiar value of the Siyin sound, change the "ch" into "ty" and compare the two- chip,tyip. The Siyin sound is midway between, ie. avery slightly sibilant "ch".

For the following reasons i have decided in favour of the 'ch' spelling :- (I) the combination 'ch" is already familiar to

Englishmen whereas "ty' (initial) is not. (II) The correcsponding equivalent in Kamhau, the other main dialect of the Northern Hills, is "sh" and the "ch" spelling seems to show more clearly the etymological kinship of the two, cf. Siyin "ching" and Kamhau "shing' wood.

Note:- A final consonant occasionally alters under the influence of the initial consonant of the following word or syllable,for the sake of euphony or facility of pronunciation, e.g. hong dong hi, to ask; hong dotchiangina, when asked. Nuam hi, to desire; nuapna, a desire. Man hi, to catch; amatpa, one who catches.

GRAMMAR.The following is an outline of the grammatical rules exemplified in the Siyin Dialect, but it should be noted from the outset that the tendency of the Chin mind is towards the utmost simplicity and provided that the meaning is clear, a good many of the grammatical distinctions notified, may be omitted in current speech.

THE ARTICLE.There is neither a definite nor indefinite article." The book" is translated "laibu" book; or the, demonstrative adjective "hi," "hishia," "this" or "hia," "hiashia," "that" may be used. "Hishia lai bu," this book."A" or "an" is rendered by the numerical hkat" one, e.g. " Laibu hkat," one book or a book.

NOUNS.Nouns are proper or common and have case, number and gender.The verbal root is occasionally used by itself as a noun, e.g. Lam hi. to dance; lam,a dance, tun hi, to wrap up; tun a parcel. But the more common form is obtained by the addition of the prefix "a" and a suffix of which three are in very frequent use- "pa" indicating the agent or doer of the action; "shia," the recipient of the result of the action or forming an abstract noun, e.g kap hi, to shoot; akappa, the person who shoots and akapshia (pron. akashia), the person shot. Hteam hi, to deceive; ahteampa, the deceiver, and ahteamshia, the person deceived. Chiem hi, to promise; chiemna, apromise. Maw hi, to be guilty; mawna, guilt. Kipan hi, begin; akipatna, beginning (notice change).

Note:- "pa" may also be used instead of "shia" in which case the "length" of the verbal root is slightly shortened in order to obviate confusion between the agent and the recipient. It is safer to use "shia."

CASE.There are no case endings, except "ina" for the nominative and even this is frequently omitted. The Dative, Locative, Ablative and Instrumental are indicated by prepositions placed after the noun as follows:-

Dative a= to (used with places and things).muna= to (used only with persons).Locative a= atsunga= inkunga= near, by.Ablative pan,pana= from.Instrumental taw = with, by means of.The Genitive and the Accusative take no case sign at all.Examples.Ui a tai hi. = The dog runs.Hi shia ching haw a vum hi. = The bark of the tree is black.Ama ching hkhat a hpuk yo hi. = He felled a tree.Na hkua a na chia in = Return to your village.Ama muna pai tan = Go to him.Dimlo a ke tam tu hi = I shall halt at Dimlo.Ama in sunga a om hi = He is in the house.Kema Dimlo pan hong chia hi = I have returned from Dimlo.Ama inhka kunga a ding hi = He stands at the door.Nam taw sat in = Cut it with a knife.Explanatory notes on above Examples.Ui, dog; a, he; tai (verb root), run; hi, sign of Present Indicative:Hishia,this; ching, wood; haw, bark; a, it; vom hi, is black (vum - adjective or verb root -hi. sign of Present Indicative).Ama, he; ching, tree; hkat, a or one; a,he;hpuk,(verb root),fell; yo hi, sign of Past Indicative.Na, your; khua, village;a ,to; na,you; chia (verb root), return; in, sign of Imperative.Ama,him; muna, to; pai (varb root); go; tan, sign of ImperativeDimlo a, at Dimlo; ke, i ; tam (verb root) halt; tu hi, sign of Future Indicative.

Ama, he

NUMBER.The plural is formed by the addition of "te" which, in the case of the Nominative, is inserted between the root and the ending "ina," e.g chingte, chingteina, trees.Nouns, used with numerals, collective, nouns and nouns expressing weight or measure omit the plural ending, e.g.-Mihing htum = three men.Shiel hun ni = two herd of mithun.Tangzik seau li = four baskets of millet.Mihing, men; htum, three.Shiel, mithun; hun, herd ; ni, two.Tangzik, millet; seau, basket; li , four.With names of animals and birds the "te" is also commonly omitted, e.g_Sai om ngawl hi. = There are no elephant.Vapi tam mama hi = Tragopan are very plentiful.Sai elephant; om (verb root), be; ngawl, not; hi, sign of Present Indicative.Vapi, tragopan; tam hi, are many (tam, adjective or verb root, hi, sign of Present Indicative) mama, very.

GENDER.Gender follows sex, the suffixes, "pa," "tang', "htal" and "bal" being used to denote males and "nu," 'pui" and "la" females. These are used as follows:-FeminineMasc. Mature. Immature.Human beings ... Pa Nu NuLarger wild animals ... Tang Pui LaSmaller wild animals ... Htal Pui LaDomestic animals ... Htal Pui LaBirds .... Bal Pui PuiFish Sex not distinguished.ExampleMaster = Topa Tonu TonuElephant = Saitang Saipui SaipuiBarking deer = Sahki htal Sakhi pui Sakhi laMithun = Shiel htal Shiel pui Shiel laPheasant = Valik bal Valik pui Valik pui.The following irregularities may be noted:-

Horse ..... Siphu pa Siphu nu Siphu nuSiphu tal Siphu pui Siphu laPig ..... Vok pa Vok pui Vok hkiel Vok htalFowl ...... Ak lui Ak pui Ak laAny of the above endings prefixed by the letter "a" man be used as seperate words to denote male or female. e.g-Sai na kap yo ziam? Ahtal hkat ke kap hi = Did you shoot an elephant? I shot a male.In some cases the masculine and feminine are denoted by different words, e.g. Tangval, bachelor; ngaknu, spinster; pasal, husband; zhi, wife.

ADJECTIVES.These are taken directly from the root of the verb and may be placed either before or after the noun; it before, they are prefixed by “a”.Examples.Mihing hpa = A good man.Ahpha mihing Hkwi naw-I htukAhtuk hkwi nawi = Sour milk.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.The comparison of adjective is denoted by “sang” “thar,” following the word with which the comparison is made, and “zaw” “more,” placed after the root of the verb.”Example.Hiashia in sang hishia a lien zaw hi. = This house is larger than that one.The superlative is made by adding “bil,” “very,” “most,” to the simple adjective.Example.Hishia a hpa bel hi = This is best.Alienbil chingkuang hong in = Open the largest box.The comparative pharse “as…as” is rendered as follows:-Hishial le hishia asauna ki bang hi. = This is as long as that.“Asauna,” a noun formed from “sau hi,” to be long.The phrase “not so … as” may be similarly translated thus:-Hishia le hiashia asauna ki bang ngawl hi. = This is not so long as that. (This and that are not the same length.)But this form is rarely used and the Chin would make an affirmative statement in preference (see comparative above). Hiashia hishia sang a tom zaw hi = That is shorter than this.

DEMONSTATIVE.The forms “hi” or hishia,” this and “hia” or “hiashia,” that are used for both singular and plural and may be placed either before or after the noun. In the latter case the adjective in the plural takes the “te” instead of the noun.Example.Hi (hishia) mihing= this man. Hi(hishia) mihing te = these men.Mihing hi (hishia) Mihing hi te (hishia te)

POSSIVE.Singular. Plural.Ke,kema … My Ko, koma … Our.Na, nang, nang ma … Your No, noma … YourAma … His,her,its Amate … TheirExamples.Ke sipu = My pony Ko sipute = Our ponies.Na laibu = Your book No laibute = Your books.Ama ui = His (her) dog Amate uite = Their dogs.

INTEROGATIVE.Bang? … what?Bangbang? … What kind of a?Koi, koishia ? … Which?Examples.Bang nasep na vawt ziam? = What work are you doing?Bangbang nasep na vawt ziam = What kind of work are you doing?Koishia laibu a de ziam? =Which book does he want?Koi hkua pan? = From which village?

INDEFINITE.Aheap ... SomeAtamAtampi ... Many,Avekpi ,Atheampo Avaikhua ... All.Adang ... Another, others.Examples.Ching aheap hong la tan = Bring some wood.Suang atam ke de hi = I want many stones.Mihing teampo sam in = Call all the men.Laibu adang hong pia tan = Give me the other (another) book.

Note :- With the above Indefinite Adjective the nouns drops tha plural sign.

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.Cardinal -1. Hkat 11. Sawm le hkat.2. Ni 12. Sawm le Ni3. Htum 19. Sawm le Kua.4. Li. 20. Kul ( sawm ni.)5. Nga 21. Sawm ni le hkat.6. Luk. 30. Sawm htum7. Sali. 100. Za hkat.8. Liet. 101. Za hkat le hkat.9. Kua. 111. Za le sawm le hkat.10. Sawm 200. Za ni.1000. Tul hkat.1923. Tul hkat le za kua le kul le htum.

NOTE :- "Kul," twenty and "toi hkat," are often used instead of the more regular forms of "sawm ni" and "za hkat."Ordinal._ There are no ordinal numbers, the cardinal form serving both purpose but " first" and "last" are expressed by "maisa" (before) and ' "nunghkakbil" (lit, most behind) and "next' by " azum".Examples.Amaisa pa hong pai tahen = Let the first man come.Azum sam in = Call the next.Anunghkakbil pa a kua ziam? = Who is the last man?

Distributive._ The distributive idea is expressed by "tek" or, "veu" following the cardinal number -one each = hkat tek, hkat veu, or hkat tek veu, e.g.

Amate dangka peak hkat tek (veu) pia in = Give them one rupee each. Similarly "two each," "ni tek," 'ni veu" " ni tek veu," " Every other" is " hkat hal,"; "Every other two," Every other three," " ni hal," htum hal," e.g, Ni hkat hal hong pai tan _ Come every two other day.

Fractions _ These are expressed by means of the word "hken," a " division" or ' seau" a "basket," except in the case of " a half"

which is translated by " alang" or "lang."

Examples.Hken htum sua hken hkat =1/3(one division out of three)Seau nga sunga seau ni =2/5 (two baskets in five)Alang hong pia tan = Give me half.Dai ni taw dai lang = 2 1/2 Miles.

PROUNOUNS.Any attributive adjective may be converted into a pronoun by the addition of "shia," e.g., "ano," little, " anoshia," a little one; " anoshiate,' little ones.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.Singular. Plural.Masc. and Fem. Masc. and Fem,Ke, kema ... I Koma,komate,kote ... WeNa,nang, nangma ... Thou(you) Noma,nomate,note ... You.Ama ... He,she,it Amate ... They.These follow the same rule as nouns, and, if used in the nominative case, take the ending "ina," especially if there is a personal object in the sentence and ambiguity might arise, e.g.Nangma ina ama na pia tu hi. = You will give it to him.Amateina patangno a sat hi = They beat the boy.

REFLEXTIVE.The reflextive pronoun is formed by placing "mama" after the personal pronoun, the latter being in most cases contracted as follows:-Singular. Plural.Kemama ... I myself Komama ... We ourselves.Nangmama ... You yourself Nomama ... You yourselves.Amama ... He himself Amatemama ... They themselves.The Burmese word (kodaing) (pron. "kodaing" in Chin) is very frequently used in place of "mama: in which case the longer form of the personal pronoun is employed, e.g. "kema kodaing," "nangma kodaing," etc.

POSSIVE.These are the same as the Personal Pronouns except that the shortened forms "ke" and "na" are not used.Examples.

Hishia nangma a hi hi. = This is yours.Ke ma ama sang a hpa zaw hi. = Mine is better than this.

DEMONSTRATIVE.Singular Plural.Hi, hishia ... This Hite, hishiate ... These.Hia, hiashia ... That Hiate, hiashiate ... Those.Examples.Hishia a hpa hi. = This is good.Hite bang la tan, hiashiate ke de bong. = Bring these, i don't want those.

INTERROGATIVE.Akua ? ... Who, whose, whom?Koishia ? ... Which?Abang? ... What?Abangbang? ... What kind?

These forms are used for both singular and plural.Examples.Akua om ziam? = Who is there?Hishia in akua ziam? = Whose house is this?Akua na mu ziam ? = Whom do you see?Koishia na de zaim ? = Which do you prefer?Abang na vawt ziam ? = What are you doing ?Sumvawt sunga abang bang na le ziam? = What kind of things did you buy in the bazaar?

RELATIVE.There are no relative pronouns, but the difficulty is over-come by means of a participial phrase ending in 'shia" e.g. A tai pa shia a ngilo hi ..... These man, who ran away, is a rascal.Inn a kang pa shia, Mete a tai yo hi ... The man, whose house was burnt, has migrated ( run away) to Manipur.Kema ke sat patangngote shia a hkua a a chia yo hi ... The boys, Whom i beat, have returned to their village.

INDEFINITE.These are the same as the Indefinite Adjectives.

VERBS.

There are no inflextions. The various tenses are distinguished buy the use of special words "hi" present, " yo hi' past, " tu hi" future. The "yo" and the "tu" are frequently omitted if the meaning is otherwise quite clear. There are no other Indicative tenses. In declining the verb, a double pronoun is used, first the full followed by the shortened form immediately in front of the verb, e.g., kema ke, nangma na, etc.

INDICATIVE PRESENT.Singular. Plural.Kema ke vawt hi ... I work Koma ke vawt hi. ... We workNangma na vawt hi ... You work Noma na vawt hi. ... You work.Ama a vawt hi. ... He work Amate a vawt hi. ... They work.The progressive form is expressed by "lai," "yet" or 'still," e.g., " Kema ke vawt lai hi," I am working.

INDICATIVE PAST.Singular Plural.Kema ke vawt yo hi. = I worked or have worked Koma ke vawt yo hi. = We worked or have worked.

INTERROGATION.This is expressed by "ziam" Placed at the ent of the sentence, the "hi" of the tense sign being dropped. The order of the words remains unchanged.Examples.Kema ke pai tu ziam? = Shall i go?Nang ma na vawt yo ziam? = Have you done it?Tuni amate hong hteng tu ziam/ = Will they arrive today?

CONDITIONAL.The conditional is made by "le" or "lete" "if", "bua le" or "lua lete," ( commonly pronounced "bale," balete,") "if not," placed after the verb, e.g.Nangma na pai le, kema zong ke pai tu hi. = If you go, i shall go too.Ama amunlangina hong pai bale, kema ke ngak ngawl tu hi. = If he does not come quickly i shall not wait.

IMPERATIVE.Singular Plural.Kema hong vawt sak tan = Let me work Koma hong vawt sak tan.

= Let us work.Vawt in = Work Vawt unVawt tan Vawt vo = Work,Vawt tavo Ama a vawt tahen = Let him work Amate a vawt tahen (or) tavo = Let them work.

NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE.Singular Plural.Vawt heakin = Do not work Vawt heakvun = Do not workVawt heakvoAma vawt heak hen = Do not let him work. Amate vawt heak hen = Do not let them work.

INDICATIVE FUTURE.Singular Plural.Kema ke vawt tu hi. = I shall work Koma ke vawt tu hi. = We shall work. etc.. etc..

NEGATION.In the foregoing Indicative tenses negation is expressed by "ngawl" placed after the verb root, e.g.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.Kema ke vawt ngawl hi. I do not work, or am not working. Koma ka vawt ngawl yo hi. We have not worked.The negative Past Indicative is very seldom used, the present form being used instead.

FUTURE INDICATIVEKema ke vawt ngawl tu hi. = I shall not work. Koma ka vawt ngawl tu hi. We shall not work.Here, too, the Present may be used instead, if the meaning is evident from the context."Bo" and "bong" are also negative words, but they can be used finally only, the tense signs "hi",' yo hi" and "tu hi" being dropped. They are more emphatic than " ngawl," e.g.," Hi bo" is stronger than " Hi ngawl hi," "It is not so."Kema ke vawt bo = I certainly shall not, or did not, do it.Ama hong pai ngawl hi, ke um hi. = I do not think he has ( or will ) come.Ama hong pai bong = He certainly has not come.

PARTICIPLES.There are no real participles, but the root of the verb followed by "shia" supplies the deficiency in both the present and past sense. " In a kang shia" may mean either the " burning house" or " the burnt house," but if a distinction between present and past is necessary,its is shown by the use of an adverb of time, e.g._Zeni in a kang shia = The house that was burnt yesterday.Tu laitak in a kang shia = The house now burning.The Perfect Participles are rendered by "zawkchiangina" (after) and "hangina" Because), e.g._An na huen zawkchiangina na pai hte tu hi. = Having cooked dinner you may go.Ka anasep ke man hangina, ke ki kom hi. = Having finished my work i am free.

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSES.The infinitive of Purpose is denoted by "tu" or "natu" following the verb root, eg. Ngasa shia natu, yingtungtunga ke pai nuam hi = I want to go out early in the morning to fish.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS.Transitive verbs are often formed Intransitives by aspirating the initial consonant, e.g.Kiem hi, to decrease (grow less); hkiem hi, to decrease (make less)Kawm hi, to collect ( come together); Hkawm hi, cellect (bring together).

VERBAL AFFIXES.There are a few in frequent use such as " hong," "kong," used before the verb root and "ku" and "shet" after the verb root, which have a definite influnce on the meaning of the simple verb:-"Hong" implies motion towards, e.g. Pai hi, to go; hong pai hi, to come."Kong" implies motion away from the speaker towards the person addressed, e.g.Kema-ina nangma kong pia tu hi. = I will give it to you.Kema-ina nangma kong sat tu hi. = I will beat you."ku" adds the meaning "secretly" to the verb as "pai hi" to go: "pai ku hi" to go secretly; za hi, to hear; "za ku hi, " to hear secretly. i.e. , overhear. " Tai hi" to run", tai ku hi" to run secretly,

to escape."Shet" implies completion of the action of the verb, e.g. "Man shet yo" its quite finished. " Amate she shet yo" they are all dead. "Amate pai shet yo" they have all gone.

VERB "TO BE.""To be" is translated by "om hi" if it means " to exist" other wise by hi hi," e.g.Sabwe tunga a om hi. ... It is on the table.Aval om ziam, om ngawl ziam? ... Are there any left, or not?Om bo. ... There are not any.Ama a hteng yo hi, hi ngawl ziam? ... He has arrived, has he not?A hi hi ... Yes,A hi bo. ... No.Hishia a hi le, a ma mawna a hi tu hi. .... If this is the case, it will be his fault.

VERB " TO HAVE""To have" may be translated by "ne hi" to possess or by the verb " om hi" to be and the dative of the possessor, e.g._Kema sipu hkat ke ne hi. ... I have (or possess) a pony.Ama muna nam hkat om hi. ... He has a knife (lit. There is a knife to him.)

AUXILIARY VERBS.Can ( be able) = "hte hi" after verb root.Ama vawt hte hi. = He can do it.Can ( know how to) = "he hi" following the infinitive of purpose.Ama vawt natu ahe hi. = He knows how to do it.Cause = "sak hi" after verb root.Ama vawt sak in = Cause him to do it.Dare = "nam hi" after verb root.Ama vawt nam bong = He dare not do it.Intend = "ngai sun hi" following infinitive of purpose.Ama a vawt natu a ngai sun hi. = He intends to do it.Must = "tu nu hi" after the verb root.Ama vawt tu ni hi = He must do it.Try = "kin vawt hi" or "ngai sun hi" after infinitive of purposeKe pai natu ke kin vawt hi. = I shall try to go.Ke vawt natu ke ngai sun hi. = I shall try to do it.Wish = "nuam hi" after verb root.Ama a vawt nuam hi = He wished to do it.

The following are also used after an infinitive of purpose:-Fit, suitable entitled to = Ki lom hi.Easy = ol hi.Difficult = haksa hi.Ready, etc. = ki toi hi.EXAMPLES.Hi pa hishia anasep vawt natu ki lom ngawl hi. = This man is not fit to do this work.Kampenpa anasep nga tu ama ki lom hi. = He is suitable for the post of interpreter.Nangma Kamtung man neak tu ki lom ngawl hi. = You are not entitled to (lit to eat)Chin Hills Allowance.Hishia vawt natu a ol hi. = This is easy to do.A pai natu ki toi hi. = Get ready to go.

ADVERBS.All adverbs except "kik" again, and the adverbs of negation "ngawl," "bong" "bo" and 'bua" precede the verb root.Kema hishia kidawmina ke vawt tu hi ... I will do this carefully.Laitaipa amanlanginna hong pai yo hi. .... The mail runner has come quickly.An we a koi in ... Put it underneath.

ADVERBS OF MANNER.The regular ending for adverbs of manner is "ina," though colloquially the "ina" is often droped, e.g. "damno," "damna-ina' "slowly."Most of the adverbs of manner are merely adjectives or verb roots with the "ina" added, e.g. " kidawm hi," to be careful; "kidawmina," carefully.

ADVERBS OF TIME.The following are in common use.Now ... Tumaina,Then ... Tuazawkchiangina.Before ... Ma ina,After ... Zawkchiangina.At once ... Tuma ma.Sometimes ... Hkat ve ve.Always ... Abangma hun.Never ... Abangmahunma.Again ... Nungsangchiangina.

for examples, see " Simple Sentences.

ADVERBS OF PLACE.Here = Hilai.There = Hialai.Above = atunga.Below =anwe aInside =AsungaOutside = apuasanga.Before =amai- aBehind = anungaEverywhere = munhkatpapo.For examples, see "Simple Sentence."

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.As with Adjectives "very" is translated by "bil," "bilbil" or "mama" and the ending "ina" may be either dropped or placed after the affix, e.g. "kidawmina" carefully; :kidawm mama" or "kidawm mama in a" "very" or "most carefully.

INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS.When? = Abanghunchiang?Where/ = Koilai?Whence? = Koilai pan?where? = Koilai a?How? = Koibang?How much? = Abangza?How many? = Abangza?Why? = Abanghangina?For examples, see "simple Sentences."

PREPOSITIONS.Preposition follow the noun or pronoun which they govern:-In,inside = SungaOut, outside = PuasangaTo(places, things)= ATo (persons) = munaFrom = PanWith = TawBy, near against =KungaOn, above = TungaUnder, below = Nwe-a

INTERJECTIONS.Some of the most common are as follows:-Annoyance = A, Hkaik, Tahkaik.Anxiety = E e e, Ai ai ai.Astonishment = Kallai, ka de.Fear = Hoi, he.Sorrow = Ahe, We we we.

A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK PART II

This is the site of my new house. Hishia kema in mun tak a hi hi. Site are very scarce in this village and i had to pay Rs. 150 for it. Hishia hkua in mun a haksa hangina hishia dang ka za le sawm nga taw ke le hi. We have put in the posts, and tomorrow relations are coming to fix the ridge pole, rafters and and doorstep. In hkuam ke nguel yo hi. yingchiang ka bete hong pai chiangina tungchi taw tukpi taw samkil taw hong tun tu hi. These are the planks for the flooring and walls. Hi chiang peakte shuet tu le pang tu a hi. These house wants rethat-ching. Hi in bi tak sa kik leang a hpa hi. We went to the Headman's house and sat in the sitting out place. Hausapa in a ke haw le inka tunga ke to hi. One of the women was weaving. Nume hkatina chiem tak hi. The others retired to the inner room and we did not see them, most of them are very shy. Nume adang in sunga a tum hangina ke mu bong, atamina azakta papet hi. Every house has one fire place. In shimina tap hkat tek a ne hi. The houses are very smoky but they seldom catch fire as there is a bamboo platform above the fire place to protect the thatch. In sunga me a hko mama hi, ahihangina in tawm ve tawm ve a kang ngawl shia, a bi a hukna ngap a ne hang hi. The sitting out place is generally built of teak, but the house itself of oak and pine. Atambilena inka dolching a daw hi, in hkuam shimching a put hi, le tak ching a pang hi. Some of the richer families own houses which, including teak planks, are worth five hundred rupees. Ahausa zaw hiet te inkadolchiang taw in taw dangka za nga a man hte hi. The front wall under the porch is hung with heads of animals, these include bison, saing, sambhur, gyi, pig, ghooral and serrow.

Mailim pang tunga salu atam a tak hi, salu sung pan zangshiel, tungshiel, sazuk, sahkhi,vok, satak, saza lu a ki hil hi. Underneath the house the livestock are kept, mithun and pigs; the fowls live in the verandah and the dogs and cats in the house. In nwe-a nganno,shiel le vok, a hkawi hi, ak mailim a hkawi hi, ui le ngeanngaw in sunga a hkawi hi. Indian corn and a few vegetables are grown in the compound. Huen sunga vaimim le ante a ching hi.

TOUR I am going on tour in the Sokte Tract tomorrow morning for ten days. Yingchiang Sokte ngam sunga ni sawm kuel ke haw tu hi. Let the mules be ready at 6:00 a.m sharp. Yingsung nai luk laitak la kitoi sa om hen. Tell the syce to take the ponies to the bridge and wait there for me.I will walk as far as the river as it is all down hill. Sipu chingpa na hil in, sipute le mateng ngak hen. Lam suk ahihangina ngun dong ke peangina ke pai tu hi. Where does that road lead to? Hiashia lam koilai suak ziam? The gradient is very steep;You must make some zig-zags here; it is not fit for mules. Lam suk le hi, tashia hangina- lam a kinkoi-ina na zhik tu hi; la a pai natu kilom ngawl hi. The surface is very rough too;dig out these stones and level it ove. Le a shia a hi komina, suangte na hto vun, atamkimin na vawt vun. Put in a drain under the rock there, and where it crosses the road cover it over with flat stones. Suangpi nwe pan hawklam vawt vun, hawklamshia lam tung santeng suangpeak taw na shin vun. If you do not drain the water away, the road will get washed away during the rains. Hawklam na vawt bale, tukchiangina tui a tai hangina, lam shia sak tu hi. What is that pile of stones? Hishia suang kol bang tu ziam? It is a boundary pillar. Ngamngi kenna hi. It is a long way to the river; let us take the short cuts if they are not too step. Ngun dong kawla papet hi; lam a suk tun le bele, lamban tawn tu

hi. Here are the headman and some of the elders waiting by the bridge. Le kunga- hausapa le vaihomte a heap a ngak hi. This is a very good bridge and you have built it at very little cost too. How much was it each house subscribed for the wire? Only four annas per house. Le a hpa mama hi. Adaw natu na vawtna shum tam bo ngawl hi. Chik hkau le natu in shimdang ka abangza na kia u ziam? In shim mat hkat tek bek ke kia u hi. Next time you should build the bridge wide enough to take loaded mules. Nungsangchiang chik le na vawt kik le la van pua a pai hte na azai in na vawt le hpa hi. How many houses are there in your village? Na hkua in bangza apa ni ziam? Have there been any migrations lately? Tu nai in a tai a om ziam?

Yes, three; the migrants wanted to cultivate "zo" fields ( on higher slopes) instead of "shim" (on lower slopes). Ahi hi, in htum shia shim lam sang zo lam lo hto nuam zaw hangina a tai hi. Have the villagers any petitions to make this time? Tu sunga hkuapuite htu sun nuam a om ziam? Yes, the forest reserve is too near; we want the boundary moved further back. Om hi; pi hkau na shia hkua taw ka nai le hangina, kin nuam hi. All right i will inspect it this evening. Hpa hi, tu ni tak ke en tu hi. Is the water supply sufficient? Tui na hkam u ziam? It is sufficient in the rains, but gets very scarce in the hot weather. Tuklai ina ki hkam hi, a hi hang kal lai ki hkam ngawl hi. Do not cut the three jungle above the source. Tui nak a ching kungte na hpuk heak vun. The bungalow is much improved; the wide verandah makes a great difference. Nidang sangina Mang in hpa zaw hi; mailim a zai hangina atampi a lamdang hi. I will have breakfast now and will try any cases afterwards, if there are any. Tuna ying an ke neak(ne) tu hi tua zawhchiangtu sun tu a om le ke sun tu hi.

What is wrong with that mule? La hiashia bang tat ziam? It is sore backed? Ama nungsang kok hi? Wash the wound and put this ointment on. A mema shil in, tuazawhchiang za hishia noi in. Tomorrow the mule must be led without a load. Yingchiangna van pua ngawl, na kai tu hi. We will have a look at the village before inspecting the reverse. Pi hkau kaina ke et (en) maina hkua sunga ke vak tu hi. The village is very dirty; unless it is kept clean the people cannot be healty. Hkua sung ki hwe hi achiang hto bale mihing a chidam hte ngawl hi. Have the water ducts cleaned too; they are very slimpy. Tui dot zong chiang hto sak in, tui dot sunga tui pan a tam hi. Show me the vaccination register. Shumpuk sut na laibu hong lak tan. How many non-caccinated children are there still? Shumpuk sun ngawl patangno abangza a om ziam? The vaccinator will be coming round next month, so have the others done then. Adechiang shumpuk sunpa hong pai tu hi, patangnote avek pi sun shet vun.

FISHING AND SHOOTING Are there any fish in this stream? Hilai lui sunga ngasa om ziam? There are none above the waterfall, there are some below. Tui teu tuak tungsanga om bo anwe-a om hi.

To-day i am going down stream as the pools up stream are small.

Tuni tangsang a ke pai tu hi, saksang tui li a no hang hi. In this stream the fish are small, but in the Manipui River they may be caught up to 4olbs. Tui hishia sunga ngasa a no hi; toahibale ngun tui sunga pawn sawm li dong a man htei hi.

The water is clear, bring my rod and line. Tui a chim hi, ke ngasa chiang taw hkau hong latan. Sometimes the villagers poison the stream by throwing in walnut leaves. Hkatveve hkuapuite'n nga ngu a deang a tui sunga ngasa a ngu shuk hi.

In this manner they kill the fish and when they come to the surface the villagers catch them. Tabang ngasa a htat hi, a hti chiang tui tunga a lamhi, a lamchiang hkuapuite na man hi. Sometimes the fish are caught by building a dam. Hkatveve ngoi dawina a man hi. Bring my gun, we will go out shooting. Kema htau hong la tan, savai tu na komate ke pai tu hi. Call the older hunter too, he is good at stalking. Savai hte a we pa hong sam tan sa team tu na ama a chiem bilbel hi. Is there any big game about here. Hilai-a sa lien a om ziam? There are deer, sambhur, saing, elephant, bear and tiger. Sahkhi, sazuk, zangshiel, tungshiel, sai, vompi, taw sahang om hi.

Have you seen any fresh tracks or droppings of serrow to-day? Tuni saza kawni toahibale a-eak na mu ziam? I heard a tiger last night and saw its tracks on the taungya road this morning. Zeni tak sahang khat ahawk ke za hi, tu ying lo lam a,a kawni ke mu hi. During the night the tiger killed two of our neigh-bours buffaloes. Zan lai chiang ke in pamte lawi ni sahangina a man hi.Order the young men to build a machan near the carcase; I want to sit up for the tiger this evening. Tangvalte htu pia in, lawi hti na nai a tetan daw hen; tu ni tak chiang ke pang nuam hi. Load my gun ( Chin gun) Kema htau htal in. Load my gun (breech-loader). Kema htau tang htal in. Two fellows skin the tiger carefully. Tangval ni sahang vun kidawmina hawk vun. Tomorrow morning early let all the villagers beat the jungle. Yingchiang hkuapuite tempo dui sunga sa hawl hen. We three will intercept and shoot the game down by the mouth of the stream. You go up an drive it towards us. Kote htum luan ka a, ke pang tu hi, note hka to vun, sa koma sang hong hawl vun. Keep quiet, a sambhur is coming. Tung heakin, sasuk hong pai hi.

It is hit but not dead, follow quickly. Hka hi, a hihang ahti balai,amanlangina zhui in. Cut it up; hang the meat up in the branch of that tree; we wil

distribute it when we come back. Sa sem in; hiashia chingbak tunga hkai in; ke chia chiangina ke hawm tu hi. Unload my gun (Chin) ... Ke htau ui hkua in. Breechloader .... Ke htau tang dawk in.

CULTIVATION. A taungya is worked for three or four years only allowed to lie fallowed to lie fallow for six years or longer and a new field is cut. Lo ching hkat kum htum, kum li bek a hto hi, toa zawkchiang kum luk tuahibale kum luk val lo a tul hangina a kul hi le dang lo tak a vawt hi. First the undergrowth in cut down, then the big trees are felled and the branches lopped off. When all this has been dried by the sun, it is burned. Anything left is collected into heaps and set fire to again. Amaisa lo a vat hi, a vat zawk chiang ching a hpuk hi, tua zawkchiang a sem hi. Hishia teampo ni sa a hko zawkchiang a hal hi. A hkang ngawl te mang a sep zawkchiang a hal kik hi. Millet, Indian corn and beans are now sown together. Tang a poi hi taw vaimim taw be taw a tu hi. Beside these the Chins grow pumpkins, sweet potatoes, yams, sulphur, black and other kinds of beans. Hishia sang Zo mihingte hmai, kaihtum, bal, ngatam, bili taw be nam chin a ching hi. If the rains are not propitious, the villagers may have to sow their crops two or three times. Ngua tui a hpa bale, hkuapuite anti ni ve htum ve a ching kik tu hi. When the crops are just above the ground the first weeding is done. Anti a po zawkchiang a solsat hi. When the crops are about a span high the second weeding takes place, and the third weeding when the ear is forming. Anti kap tan a pakchiang a ham bot hi le tangui laitak nu tual hi. While the crops are in the ear, a villager sits in a machan and pulls ropes attached to clappers to scare birds away. Tangui chiangina hkuapuite lo a hung hi. Vachim a hunna ngit ta hkan a tung hi. First the millet is reaped. the stalks are separated by treading on a sieve. The grain is then dried in the sun and stored in big baskets in the house.

Amaisabil tang a shik hi tuazawkchian ni a chil hi, a chil zawh chiang ni sa a hpo hi, a hpo zawkchiang in a bem sunga a koi hi. Before being pounded it is again dried in the sun. A shuk maina ni sa sunga a hpo kik hi. The Indian corn is then reaped and hung up from the roof of the house to dry. Tang a shik zawhchiang vaimim a la hi. In ching a, hko natu a hkai hi. After the Indian corn is reaped the stems are cleared away. Vaimim a la zawkchiang, lo ham a bot hi. Sweet potatoes are dug up, black beans are cut and other beans reaped. Kaihtum a to hi, bili a at hi le be anam dang a lo hi. This year for the second sowing, the Siyins had to buy the seed grain as owing to scarcity they had used up their stock for food. Tu kum Sizangte a ngil kiel a, anti a ne shet yo hangina, a ching kik natu anti nguel dang munpan a le hi.

SIYIN LEGENDS. The legend of the Siyin origin. Sizangte pien chilna tanghtu. In former times only the Shans lived in Nidang lai-ina Kawlpi ngam a Shan mihingte vive the Kalemyo Valley. a teang hi. Whilst they were living there (lit.at that Tualaitakina Mete mihing te in Kawlpi a shim hi. time) the Manipuries attacked Kalemyo. The Kalemyo people killed Hkang Ko, the Kawlpi mihingteina Mete Mangpa Hkang Ko shia a Chief of the Manipuries. htat hi. Because they killed the Chief, the Kale- Mangpa a htat komina Kawlpi mihing te a zo zaw hi. myo people won. The Manipur Chief's grave is still called Mete Mangpa htan shia tudongina "Hkang Ko Htan" "Hkang Ko's Grave" to the present day. a kina top lai hi. After that the Manipuries again attacked Tuazawkchiangina Mete mihingte Kawlpi hkua a shim Kalemyo. kik hi. Then the Kalemyo people were defeated Tashiachiangina Kawlpi mihing te a lil hi, abanghang because cholera broke out in the town. ziam i chi le Kawlpi hkua pulpi natna a tung hi.

Therefore the Manipuries won but they Tashiachiangina Mete mihingte azo hi, ahihangina did not administer ( the country). a uk ngawl hi. At that time a Burmese prince came from Tualaitakina Kawl Mangte hkat tangsangpanina hong below (Burma) and governed the town, pai to a, Kawlpi hkua a uk hi, tuazawk chiangina Kawlpi and afterwards built a wall all round the hkua akimkut a lupung a chiang hi. town. During this time the people of the Kale- Tualaitakina Kawlpi ngam sunga mihing teampo na aham Myo valley were forced to work very hard sa mama a seam sak hi. indeed. It is said that the fingers of the workers, Tualaitakina naseam mihingte a kutme ato tan shia kum which were accidently cut off, filled a hkat adim kinga a ti hi. basket. Therefore the people of Kalemyo, because Tashiahangina Kawlpi mihingte a ngim le chiangina tai they suffered too heavily, migrated mang hi. One group entered the Chin Hills by way Punglung ngam panina pawl hkat Kamtung a a ka hi. of Yasagyo. These crossed the Manipur Tate shia Zo Ngun kantan a, Dulien mite a hi hi. River and are now the Lushais. Later a group went up from the Kalemyo Tachiangina Kawlpi ngam panina pawl hkat a ka to hi. vicinity. These people camped on Kennedy Peak. Tua mihingte Tuam Vum muel tuanga a ngeak hi. Tu Up to the present time their cooking stones dongina a lung tu pu a om lai hi. are still there. From that mountain they searched for a Talai muel tungpanina a teang natu ngam hpatna a zong good place to settle. hi. Their Separation. A kikenna htu. From Kennedy Peak one party descended Pawl hkatina Tuam Vum muel panina Nawmkai tu lu a, via Nawndkai spur and settled

at Chimnue, a tuak suk a Saizang Chimnue hkua a, a teang hi. near Saiyan. Another group followed down the Htung spur Pawl hkatina Tuam Vum panin Muel Htung a zhui suk from Kennedy Peak and founded the village a, Zangpitam a, hkua hkat a sat hi. of Zangpitam. The reunion of the two people at Chimnue Pawl ni Chimnue a, a kingawm kik na htu. The people, who lived at Zangpitam, reunited Zangpitam a teang mihing te Chimnue hkua a ki with the people of Chimnue. ngawm hi. The People, who had lived at Zangpitam, said Tualaitakina Zangpitam a teang mihingteina Sizang that the Siyin country was good, but they re- ngam le hpa tu a sun hi,a hihangina talai hkua a, mained at Chimnue. a om tong hi. There were many clans living in that village. Talai hkua a nam tampi a teang hi. Therefore that village is given as the historical Tua hkua shia Zo mi pienna tanghkua a pia hi. birth place of the Chins. From that village they separated again. Talai hkua panina a kiken kik hi. The return to the Siyin Valley. Sizangte ngam chia kik na htu. One clan migrated from Chimnue to the mouth Chimnue hkua panina Natan ka a beta hkhat a tai suk of the Natan Lui,and lived there for a short hi. Talai hkua tawmve a teang hi. time. Because the people, who had lived at Zangpi- Zangpitam hkua a teang mihingina Sizang ngam hpa a ti tam, said the Siyin country was good, a party komina, pawl hkatina ngam vil hi. went to inspect. Those who went to inspect planted yams. Tualaitakina ngam viltein balte a tu hi. As the ground was rich, these yams grews enor- Tua Balte shia a le hpa akikomina bal pum a lien hi. mously. When they came to gather them, they had to Tua bal a lak chiang, molpum taw a kal hi: a puakchiangina

prize them up with a lever, and it took two men mihing ni-ina a zawng hi. to carry them. After that tha five brothers Ngengu, Vankok, Dai- Tuazawkchiangina Natan ka panina Ngengu, Vanglok, Dai- tong, Hinnung, and Nongzong followed up the Na- tong, Hinnung, Nongzong,unau nga ina Natan Lui a zhui to tan Lui from its mouth and founded Tuentak a, Tuentak hkua a sat hi. village. Whilst founding that village they held the "tual" Tua hkua sat laitakina Zo ngeinaina tual a bawl hi. sacrifice in accordance with Chin custom. The sacrificing priests prayed "Let there be peace Tualaitakina tualpui samteina "Ngengu hkua satna chiem in, in Ngengu, Vanglok, Daitong, Hinnung and Nong- "Vanglok hkua satna chiem in" " Daitong hkua satna chiem zong villages" (note, this is special sacrificial lang- in" Hinnung hkua satna chiem in" Nongzong hkua satna uage). chiem in" a ti-ina pui a sam hi. From that time to the present the Tuentak "Tual- Tualaitak kipan tudong Tuentak tual ki bawl tontung hi.bawl" is continueously made.Every year prayer is made in the name of these Kumshimina mihing nga shia taw pui a sam hi.five men.The descendants of the five Founders of Tuentak hkua sat mihing nga a suen htu.Tuentak.From the five men, Ngenngu, Vanlok, Daitong, Ngengu, Vanglok, Daitong, Hinnung le NongzongHinnung, and Nongzong, all the Siyin people mihing nga a suen shia Sizang mi teampo a hihi.have descended.Part of the Koset and Lope people are descended Ngengu suen shia Hkuasak kim hkat le Lopete a hihi.from Ngengu.Vanglok's descendents are the Toklaing, Bweman Vanglok suen shia Tuklai Bweman, Limkai mihing te a hihi.and Limhkai people.Hinnung's descendents are the Hualngams. Hinnung suente shia Hualngam mihingte a hihi.

Nongzong's are the Taukan people. Nongzong suen shia Taukan mihingte a hi hi.Daitong's descendents have died out. Daitong suen shia a mang hi.The origin of Nat Worship. Doi beak kipatna htu.When Ngengu's mother was ill and did not get Ngengu anu a chi a na hi, a dam hte ngawl chianginabetter she said "O Ngengu, take off the -"horns " Ngengu "aw, na shiel hki hkat va tong "in, shiel hkiof a mithun for if " I drink water from the "horns, sung tui ne "leang, ke chidam tu ke ki um "hi" ti ina aI believe that " I shall get well. sol hi.When thus ordered Ngengu went and took the A solchiangina, Ngengu a pai hi, a pute shiel hki hkathorns of a relation's mithun and gave his mother a la hi, shiel hki sunga au-ina tui a ne sak hi.water to drink from them.Then his mother became much better. Tachiangina a nu a chi a dam zaw hiet hi.He then borrowed a relation's mithun and Tachiangina a pute shiel hkat le toi-ina doi a bea hi.sacrificed it.His mother then became well. Tachiangina a nu a chidam hi.That is the origin of Siyin Nat sacrifices. Sizang mihingte a doi beakna kipatna htu a hihi.The lost writing. Lai mangna htu.The people who lived at Zangpitam, posse- Zangpitam a teangte Kawlpi pan a puak savun laibussed a leather book which they carried up hkat ne hi.from Kalemyo.That book was eaten up by a dog. Tua savun laibu shia ui-ina ne kong hi.Then the elder brother called his younger Tachiangina Kawlpi hkua a,a om a naupa, lai hil tubrother, who was living at Kalemyo, to teach ina a upa-ina a sam hi.them to read and write.At that time the Zangpitam people were cul- Tualaitakina Zangpitam hkua mihingteina Tavak zo naktivating the "Zo" fields at Tavak. lo a hto hi.In those fields were a water clapper and bird Tua lo lai a lo hunna-ina tui bung hkat, kawlhtang hkat,

and rat traps used for protecting the crops tangtil hkat taw lo a hun hi.(lit. fields).When the younger brother arrived from Kalemyo Kawl panna lai hil tu hong pai, a naupa ina a lo hunnaand saw the water clapper and the bird and rat tui bung. Kawlhtang, tangtil, a muchiangina " Hibangtetraps, he said " Whilst 'they can make these zong "a vawt hte a hi chiang, lai am "ngawl tu hi. hong" kinds of things, they 'cannot have forgetten theamna a " hi tu zam" a ti in Kawl hkua 'a a chia suk hi."their writing and they"must be diceiving me(and saying this) he returned to Kalemyo.Thus the Chins lost their script. Tachiangina Zo mihing a lai mang hi.