a preliminary stratificational analysis of some … · building on lamb’s work in structural...

Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research

A PRELIMINARY STRATIFICATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOME DENYA (ALCAM 882)

MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTICSTRUCTURES

Lawrence Seguin

SIL

B.P. 1299

Yaoundé

Republic of Cameroon

October 1998

Table of Contents

1Introduction...................................... .......................................................ii

2Language Information.............................. ..............................................ii

2.1Name of Language.................................................................................ii2.2Language Classification, Genetic Affiliation, etc....................................ii2.3Number and Geographic Distribution of Speakers.................................ii2.4Dialects and Language Varieties...........................................................iii2.5Previous Work Done.............................................................................iii2.6This Research.......................................................................................iii

3The Stratified Model of Communication: An Overview ......................iv

3.1Stratal Levels.........................................................................................v3.2Constituents of Strata............................................................................23.2.1Morphemic Stratum............................................................................23.2.2Semantic Stratum...............................................................................43.3Kinds of Relationships...........................................................................63.3.1Tactic Relationships............................................................................63.3.2Realization Relationships...................................................................6

4Denya Morphemic Charts............................ ...........................................7

4.1How to Read a Morphemic Chart..........................................................74.1.1General Considerations......................................................................74.1.2Constituent Positions........................................................................104.1.3Semantic Stratum Relationships.......................................................104.2Constructions.......................................................................................114.2.1M-Adjective Word.............................................................................124.2.2M-Demonstrative Word.....................................................................154.2.3M-Numeral Word..............................................................................204.2.4M-Verb Word....................................................................................234.2.5M-Complex Verb Stem.....................................................................304.2.6M-Compound Verb Phrase...............................................................324.2.7M-Noun Word...................................................................................334.2.8Derived Noun Stem..........................................................................364.2.9M-Noun Phrase.................................................................................374.2.10M-Associative Noun Phrase...........................................................474.2.11M- Preposition Phrase....................................................................524.2.12M-Coordinate Phrase......................................................................574.2.13M-Imperative Clause.......................................................................594.2.14M-Clause........................................................................................674.2.15M-Sentence....................................................................................84

5Conclusion........................................ ....................................................93

appendix a: maps..................................................................................................95appendix b: semantic propositions illustrated in this analysis..............................97appendix c: denya texts.........................................................................................99appendix d: extract from abangma (1987) on verb modes.................................132

Table of Figures

Figure 1: The stratified model of communication.... .............................1

Figure 2: English M-Noun Phrase.................... .......................................3

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Figure 3:Denya M-Verb Word (partial)............... .....................................8

A PRELIMINARY STRATIFICATIONAL ANALYSISOF SOME DENYA (ALCAM 882) MORPHOLOGICAL

AND SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES

Lawrence Seguin

SIL Cameroon

October 1998

1INTRODUCTION

In this paper I present a preliminary description of 15 word and phrase constructionsin Denya, a language spoken in the South-West Province of theRepublic of Cameroon. Itis the result of analysis done between October 1996 and September 1998 on five textswritten in the Takamanda dialect, the standard written formof the language (the textsappear in Appendix C). The text data is augmented by data frompersonal language-learning sessions. The model used is Fleming’sstratified model of communication, alsoknown as thestratificational approach to communication analysisor stratificationalgrammar.

2LANGUAGE INFORMATION

2.1Name of LanguageAccording to bothEthnologue(Grimes 1992:186) and theAtlas administratif des

langues nationales du Cameroun(Breton and Fohtung 1991:121), the language is knownasDenya. Ethnologue also lists the following alternative names: Anyang, Anyan, Anyah,Eyan, Takamanda, Obonya, and Nyang.

2.2Language Classification, Genetic Affiliation, et c.Ethnologue(Grimes 1992:186) classifies Denya as Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo,

Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Broad Bantu, Mamfe. The classificationof Denya as Southern Bantoid is confirmed by Bendor-Samuel (1989:434). Breton andFohtung (1991:121) classify Denya as belonging to Nyang, a sub-branch of Wide Bantu(“bantou au sens large”).

2.3Number and Geographic Distribution of SpeakersAccording to Ethnologue(Grimes 1992:186), there are 11,200 speakers of Denya,

based on a 1982 estimate from SIL. There are undoubtedly morethan that today. Thelanguage is spoken in a total of 47 villages (Tyhurst and Tyhurst 1983) in Akwaya andMamfe Central Subdivisions, Manyu Division, South-West Province. Both a linguisticmap of Manyu Division and a dialect map of the Denya area appear in Appendix A.

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2.4Dialects and Language VarietiesAccording to Abangma (1987), there are distinct dialect differences among Denya

speakers, corresponding to such clans as Takamanda, Bitieku, Basho, and Kendem.Tyhurst and Tyhurst (1983) recognize four dialects—Takamanda, Basho, Bitieku, andBajwa—but do not include Kendem “because of the significantdifferences inmorphological forms that we found in the survey (e.g., noun prefixes and the verb prefixmarking infinitives)” (1983:40). Abangma maintains, however, that since he is able tocommunicate with Kendem friends of his “without too much loss of information”(1987:2), Kendem can be considered a Denya dialect.

The Takamanda variety has been chosen as the standard reference dialect forlanguage development.

2.5Previous Work DonePrior to Abangma’s research mentioned below, there appearsto have been very little

work done on Denya. James and Janis Tyhurst of SIL carried outlexicostatistical andsociolinguistic research on Denya as part of their broader study of the “Nyang”languages, including Kenyang (cf. Tyhurst 1983, Tyhurst 1984, Tyhurst and Tyhurst1983). They calculated cognate rates between the Nyang languages based on a 200-itemword list; sketched out noun classes and a phonology for a number of the varieties theystudied; and gathered sociolinguistic data that would helpboth in defining the dialects ofKenyang and Denya and in designing future mother tongue literacy programs.

Abangma’sModes in Denya Discourse(1987) appears to be the first major piece ofresearch providing an in-depth analysis of a significant aspect of the grammar of thelanguage. The intent of his work is “to account for the function of lower-levelgrammatical units, namely, verb forms, in the context of Denya discourse structure”(1987:4).

Abagma bases his work on an analysis of 35 tape-recorded oraltexts—15 narrative,eight procedural, six hortatory, and six expository—representing some 15 hours ofrecorded, freely spoken language. His study is divided as follows:

1. The modes, covering the structure of the verb, the indicative modesand the nonindicative modes;

2. Modes in different types of discourse: narrative, procedural,expository, and hortatory.

Abangma’s study provides insight into the specific and unique use of Denya modes orverb forms in grammatical structures above the sentence level. Accounting for howlanguages function at the discourse level is gaining recognition for the contribution it canmake to language development work. Its benefits are being seen especially in the area oftranslation from non-African languages, which have very different ways of using verbs.

Mbuagbaw has also produced a Denya alphabet and orthographystatement (1994)and a description of Denya tone orthography (1995).

2.6This ResearchAs previously stated, this paper contains a preliminary analysis of 15 different word

and phrase constructions in the Takamanda dialect of Denya,based on five texts fromAbangma’s research as well as my own personal language-learning and data-collectionefforts.

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The texts include two narrative, one procedural, one hortatory, and one expository, asfollows:

Narrative: Why an Elephant Always Dies Near a Stream (referred tohereinafter as Elephant and Stream)

Narrative: How Ø joøø æPrevented His Divorce (Nkpee’s Divorce)

Procedural: How to Make a Sleeping Mat (Sleeping Mat)

Expository: Ø faøSociety (Ngbe Society)

Hortatory: Always Do Your Work Well (Do Work Well)

In addition to presenting the structures in morphotactic charts, I touch upon otherareas of interest related to the various constructions, notably the very rich noun concordsystem.

I am especially indebted to Dr. Abangma for graciously allowing me to use hismaterial for my analysis. I also wish to express my appreciation to those members of theDenya community who have helped me with my imperfect efforts to learn their language,namely, Mr. TIKU Richard ABANG, Mr. TAMBE Sunday EYONG, and Mr. TAMBIRobinson TABI. Finally, a special word of gratitude must go to Pastor Gabriel BESONG,coordinator of the Denya Language Project for the Cameroon Association for BibleTranslation and Literacy (CABTAL). Besides helping me find the assistance I needed,Pastor Besong always had a kind word of encouragement to offer. So, to all of thesepeople I wish to say a hearty:

Cdæodæ,n æ 'S g`mj xnt (

1A Note about Transcription and Glossing

I have used the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for transcription, with thefollowing notable adaptations to the Denya orthography:

Symbol Used IPA

c τΣ

sh Σ

j δΖ

Note that the transcriptions are phonemic rather than phonetic. As for the glossing ofAbangma’s texts, I stayed as closely as possible to his glosses but took the liberty tomake it more detailed where I felt it might be helpful. I am open to correction, however.

I now continue with an overview of the stratified model of communication that I usedin the analysis.

3THE STRATIFIED MODEL OF COMMUNICATION: AN OVERVIEW

The stratified model of communication was developed by Fleming (1988, 1990),building on Lamb’s work in structural linguistics (Lamb 1966). This section, by giving anoverview of the stratificational approach, should help readers unfamiliar with the modelunderstand how I have applied it to a preliminary analysis ofDenya word and phrasestructures.

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3.1Stratal LevelsAccording to Fleming (1988:2), “The stratified communication model treats any

message as having a number of different kinds of organizational structures which form aconnected network when woven together to encode a communication act.” Theseorganizational structures are calledstrata. The model is diagrammed in Figure 1 onpage 1: meaning, or content, appears at the top, and expression appears at the bottom.Encoding a message involves moving from the top of the diagram to the bottom, whereasdecoding involves moving from the bottom of the diagram to the top.

Figure 1 shows that the strata are organized into 5 differentstratal levels. Except forthe expression level, they all have one stratum each. They are as follows:

1) The communication situation(abbreviated ‘CS’) includes anything in the “realworld” that determines the content of the message and how themessage iscommunicated. Associated with this stratum are thereferential realm, which refers toanything a communicator may want to talk about (e.g., language itself, real objects, orhypothetical objects); theculture of the situation (e.g., expected behaviour, commonbeliefs and associations); the social setting; and social relationships.

2) Thesemanticstratum (abbreviated ‘S’) is an abstract code that represents meaning.Fleming has organized the semantic stratum into various constructions such aspropositions and interpropositions (cf. section 3.2.2).

3) The morphemicstratum (abbreviated ‘M’) is the level that is organized intoconstructions similar to those found in conventional grammars of morphology and syntax.

4) The expressionlevel contains several strata through which communicationfindsovert expression:phonemic(‘P’), i.e., the phonological units of a language;prosodic(‘Pr’), i.e., pitch and intonation;kinesic (‘K’), i.e., gestures;graphemic (‘Gr’), i.e.,writing; gestemic (‘Ge’), i.e., sign language; and so on.

5) The level ofphysical phenomenaincludes sound waves, light waves, electricalimpulses, etc. Thetransmission channelis not a stratal levelper sebut includes thingslike the air, water, wires, radio, and telephone (Fleming 1988:3).

Any dynamic act of communication involves multiple strata being activated. Forexample, when a speaker points to a cat and says “cat,” the following is activated: 1) fromthe communication situation stratum, the concept of “cat” in the referential realm; 2) fromthe phonemic stratum, the sequence of three phonemes /k/ + /ae/ + /t/ realizedphonetically as [kaet]; and 3) from the Kinesic stratum, theact of raising one’s hand andextending one’s finger in the direction of the animal.

The strata do not act independently of one another but rathercome into activerelationship with one another. The ensuing relationships,calledrealization relationships,are further discussed in section 3.3.2. In Figure 1, the lines connecting the different stratashow many, though not all, of the possible ways in which strata are interconnected inhuman communication.

Note, however, that all the information in one stratum does not need to be related toall of the other strata. For example, in Labov’s study of Martha’s Vineyard speech, socialstatus in the communication situation was realized in part by how the vowels werepronounced on the phonemic stratum (Fleming 1988:6). Theredid not appear to be anyovert morphemic realization of social status in this case.

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Figure 1: The stratified model of communication(Source: Fleming 1988:5)

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3.2Constituents of StrataAs I mentioned above, strata are considered to be organizational structures; therefore,

each one has its own unique set of constituents. The minimal units are calledemes, e.g.,morpheme, sememe.1 The minimal units of a stratum may be combined to formconstructions, e.g., amorphemic Word, Phrase, or Clause; a semantic Proposition. Theminimal units that can be substituted within the same part ofa construction are groupedtogether and calleddistribution classes, e.g., morphemic noun, verb, preposition;semantic thing, action, mental process.(Note that the names of emes and distributionclasses are written in lower-case letters, whereas the names of constructions are writtenwith an initial upper-case letter.)

In the following discussion I will limit myself to the constituents of the two stratathat are the focus of this paper, that is, the morphemic and semantic strata.

3.2.1Morphemic Stratum

The minimal unit (or eme) of the morphemic stratum is themorpheme. Morphemescombine into larger constructions such as M-Words (e.g., M-Noun Word, M-Verb Word),M-Phrases (e.g., M-Noun Phrase, M-Verb Phrase, M-Preposition Phrase), M-Clauses,and M-Sentences. (The ‘M’ preceding the name of a construction, together with the initialcapital letter on the name itself, indicate a construction of the morphemic stratum.)

Morphemes can also be organized into distribution classes that correspond generallyto traditional grammatical categories such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.

2Constituents of a Morphemic Construction

A morphemic construction consists of two or more constituent positions and themorphemic distribution classes or constructions that filleach position. It is presented informula form. For example, Fleming (1988:273) proposes thefollowing for the EnglishM-Noun Phrase:

M-Noun Phrase = P5: adj,AdjP + P4:art,dmstr + P3n:adj,AdjP + P2:Clause + P1:noun,NP + Cn:noun,00 + F1n:PrepP + F2n:[1.that,wh_ 2.Clause],Clause-VW.F:ing

This reads as follows: “The morphemic Noun Phrase consists of a central constituentposition (C:) filled byn number of nouns or ‘00.’2 The first position preceding the C:position (P1:) is filled by a noun or Noun Phrase. The 2nd preceding position (P2:) isfilled by a Clause....The first position following the C: position (F1:) is filled byn numberof Preposition Phrases. The second following position (F2:) is filled by n number ofrelative clauses or participial clauses.” 3

3Morphemic Charts

The formula is accompanied by amorphemic chartthat contains both illustrative datafrom the language under investigation and realization relationships with the semanticstratum. Fleming proposes the chart (Figure 2, page 3) for the English M-Noun Phrase(Fleming 1988.273).

1 On the phonemic stratum the minimal unit is called afeaturebecause the notion ofphonemeas a combination offeatures is already widely recognized (Fleming 1988:6).

2 00 = Double-zero realization, which means that there is no overt realization of the semantic element on themorphemic stratum. Also, brace brackets ( ) means ‘or.’

3 [1.that,wh_ 2.Clause] refers to an English relative clause. Clause-VW.F:ing refers to an English participial clause.

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Figure 2: English M-Noun Phrase(Source: Fleming 1988:273)

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Note that examples can be used that do not fill every position. The important thing isto ensure that the overall selection of examples leaves every position filled, accounts forall the possible fillers of each position, and provides a mixture of both simple andcomplex utterances.

Section 4.1.3 explains how to read the semantic-to-morphemic realizationrelationships from a morphemic chart.

3.2.2Semantic Stratum

The minimal unit (oreme) of the semantic stratum is thesememe. Sememes can becombined to form semantic constructions such as S-Propositions, S-Interpropositions, S-Discourse, and S-Conversation Block. (The ‘S’ preceding the name of a proposition orinterproposition, together with the initial capital letter, indicate a construction of thesemantic stratum.)

Sememes can also be grouped into distribution classes such as thing, action,perception, mental process, psychological process, attribute (thing), and attribute (action).

Within the semantic stratum, Fleming proposes a number of propositions andinterpropositions that are grouped into different categories. These categories are:

3. Event propositions: S-Event (ACTIVITY), S-Event (EXPERIENCE),S-Event (COGNITION), S-Event (REACTION), etc.

4. Interparticipant propositions: S-Ownership, S-Containership, S-Kinship, etc.

5. Single participant propositions: S-Material Composition, S-Partitive,etc.

6. Quantity propositions: S-Count, S-Measurement, S-Proportion, etc.

7. Attribution propositions: S-Attribution

8. Classificatorial propositions: S-Classification (thing), S-Classification(action), S-Classification (expressive), etc.

9. Identificational propositions: S-Identification, S-Name, S-Specification

The full list of semantic propositions can be found in Fleming (1988). A list of thoseillustrated in this analysis is given in Appendix B.

4Constituents of a Semantic Construction

A semantic proposition generally consists of two or threeminimal constituents, eachconsisting of aconstituent functionand a filler . The following is an example of asemantic proposition formula (Fleming 1988:36):

S-Event (ACTIVITY) = AGENT:thing + ACTIVITY:action + PATIENT:thing

This formula reads as follows: “The semantic activity eventhas three minimalconstituents: the minimal semantic function of AGENT filled by a sememe belonging tothe ‘thing’ distribution class; plus the minimal semantic function of ACTIVITY filled bya sememe belonging to the ‘action’ distribution class; plusthe minimal semantic functionof PATIENT filled by a sememe belonging to the ‘thing’ distribution class.” (Note thatthe convention is to write the name of the construction with an initial upper-case letter;the semantic function in all upper-case letters; and the distribution class filler in all lower-case letters.)

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An example of an utterance corresponding to a S-Event (ACTIVITY) is, “The man hitthe dog.” In this case we would say “man” is the member of the distribution class “thing”that fills AGENT, “hit” is the member of the distribution class “action” that fillsACTIVITY, and “dog” is the member of the distribution class “thing” that fillsPATIENT. This can be expressed in terms of a formula, as follows:

S-Event (ACTIVITY) = AGENT:thing ⊃ man + ACTIVITY:action ⊃ hit + PATIENT:thing ⊃ dog

5Minimal and Additional Semantic Functions

The above formula illustrates a semantic proposition with its minimal constituentfunctions; i.e., AGENT, ACTIVITY, and PATIENT are considered the minimal functionsof S-Event (ACTIVITY). For this proposition to be ‘activated’ by a given morphemicconstruction, at least two of the functions must be realizedon the morphemic stratum;most frequently these are ACTIVITY plus either AGENT or PATIENT.

Some propositions have only two minimal functions, e.g., S-Attribution = ITEM:thing+ ATTRIBUTION:attribute. (An example of an S-Attribution is ‘the red book,’ whereITEM is filled by ‘book, ’ a member of the ‘thing’ class, and ATTRIBUTION is filled by‘red,’ a member of the ‘attribute’ class.) In this case, bothminimal functions need to berealized on a lower stratum for the proposition to be activated.

The minimal functions of a proposition can be expanded by what Fleming callsadditional functions (Fleming 1990:103). Common examples are S-SPATIALLOCATION, S-INSTRUMENT, and S-TENSE. Like minimal functions, additionalfunctions are written in all upper-case letters.

Realization of S-SPATIAL LOCATION can be found in an utterance such as “Theywent swimming at the city pool.” (Fleming 1988.153). This additional function expandsthe S-Event (ACTIVITY) realized by the utterance “They went swimming.”

If we return to our previous example of the S-Event (ACTIVITY) illustrated by theutterance “The man hit the dog,” it could be expanded with theadditional function of S-INSTRUMENT by adding “with the sandal.”

6Interpropositions

Two Propositions can come together to form aninterproposition, which Fleming(1988:179–181) divides into four types ofarrangements: S-Temporal Arrangement, S-Spatial Arrangement, S-Logical Arrangement, and S-SerialArrangement. Each of thefirst three are further divided intosimultaneousandsequentialarrangements; in addition,there is a contrast arrangement for S-Logical Arrangement.

An example of an interproposition is the sentence, “John went out to the gardencarrying his hoe and shovel” (Fleming 1988:182). It breaks down into two semanticactivity events, “John went out to the garden” and “carryinghis hoe and shovel.” Becausethe actions in the two events occur simultaneously, the semantic relationship is S-Temporal Arrangement (SIMULTANEOUS), the formula for which is as follows(Fleming 1988:182):

S-Temporal Arrangement (SIMULTANEOUS) =SIMUL A: Event, Interproposition + SIMUL B:Event, Interproposition

We can write the above example into the formula as follows:

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S-Temporal Arrangement (SIMULTANEOUS) =SIMUL A:[S-Event (ACTIVITY) = AGENT:John + ACTIVITY:go

+ SPAT LOC:garden] + SIMUL B:[S-Event (ACTIVITY) = AGENT:John

+ ACTIVITY:carry + PATIENT:hoe + shovel]

An example of a S-Temporal Arrangement (sequential) would be “John went to thegarden after picking up his hoe and shovel.” “John went to thegarden” would fill thefunction of SUBSEQUENT, and “after picking up his hoe and shovel” would fill thefunction of PRIOR.4

Other examples of interpropositions can be found in the charts for M-Complex VerbStem and M-Sentence in sections 4.2.5 and 4.2.15 respectively.

3.3Kinds of RelationshipsA major aim of a stratificational analysis is to describe a language both in terms of the

organizational structure of each stratum and in terms of therelationships between strata.These are known astactic and realization relationships respectively and are describedbelow.

3.3.1Tactic Relationships

Tactic relationshipsrefer to how emes of the same stratum are combined to formlarger units or constructions on that stratum; thus, they are intrastratal relationships. Forexample, on the morphemic stratum, morphemes may be combined to form a morphemicWord, Phrase, or Clause. On the phonemic stratum, features can be combined to formPhonemes, and Phonemes combined to form Syllables.

In this paper I focus on some of themorphotacticrelationships that are found in theDenya language. In other words, I wish to show how some of the different morphemicand syntactic constructions are put together.

3.3.2Realization Relationships

Realization relationships refer to how elements of one stratum relate to those ofanother stratum. They are, therefore, interstratal relationships.

Realization relationships can bedownwardor upward. Downward relationships arethose that relate upper-stratum elements to lower-stratumones (e.g., from the semantic tothe morphemic stratum, also calledS/M relationships). For example, in English S-Event(ACTIVITY) can be realized morphemically by a M-Clause, as in “The man hit the dog.”(Generally, semanticpropositions are realized by morphemicconstructions, andsemantic functions are realized bypositions in a morphemic construction (Cope1993:100). Exceptions to this rule will be pointed out in the chart descriptions.)

Upward relationships are those that relate lower-stratum elements to upper-stratumones (e.g., from morphemic to semantic, also calledM\S relationships). For example, inEnglish the M-Noun Phrase can realize a S-Attribution, as in “the red book.”

Like semantic and morphemic tactic relationships, realization relationships can bewritten in the form of a formula, as shown below:

4 ‘SIMULTANEOUS’ (in S-Temporal Arrangement (SIMULTANEOUS)) is written in all upper-case letters becauseit is a minimal function of the interproposition. ‘Sequential,’ on the other hand, is not a minimal function of S-Temporal Arrangement (sequential), the functions of whichare PRIOR and SUBSEQUENT; hence, it is written in alllower-case letters.

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Downward: S-Event (ACTIVITY) / M-Clause

‘The semantic activity event propositionis realized by the morphemic clauseconstruction.’ Alternatively, one can say, “The semantic activity event propositionactivates the morphemic clause construction.’Is realized by and activates aresynonymous.

Upward: M-Noun Phrase \ S-Attribution

‘The morphemic noun phrase constructionrealizes a semantic attributionproposition.’ Alternatively, one can say, “The morphemic noun phrase constructionisactivated by the semantic attribution proposition.”Realizesand is activated byaresynonymous.

Note the use of the forward slash (/) for downward realization, and of the backwardslash (\) for upward realization.

In this paper I illustrate some of the realization relationships between the morphemicand semantic strata in the Denya language, as shown in the morphemic charts insection 4.

7Alternate Realization

Although there are several types of interstratal realization relationships, a key one inthis model that I would like to briefly discuss is the one known asalternate realization;this occurs when an upper-level unit has more than one lower-level realization. Fleminggives an example from Garifuna, a Central American Carib language, in which S-TEMPORAL LOCATION can be realized morphemically eitherbeforethe verb (i.e., in aM-Clause.P position) or after the verb (in a M-Clause.F position) (1990:17). She writes:

The question that needs to be answered is WHY is one way to be selectedover another. This kind of information is crucial for adequate translationequivalence to be achieved. (1990:19)

The stratificational model does not admit free variation; rather, it seeks to discoverpragmatic explanations for the choice of one grammatical form over the other, such as,among other options, focus or topicalization.

Generally speaking, alternate realizations, as all other interstratal relationships, wouldbe dealt with comprehensively in a full stratificational analysis, including the writing ofS/M and M\S rules. This paper, on the other hand, focuses on morphotactic relationships.Nevertheless, I comment on interstratal relationships (including alternate realization)where they seem to be especially pertinent or illuminating.

4DENYA MORPHEMIC CHARTS

This section contains the charts for 15 different morphemicconstructions in Denya,illustrating a variety of morphological and syntactic structures.These represent only apreliminary analysis of limited data.Before presenting the charts in section 4.2, I willbriefly describe how to read a chart.

4.1How to Read a Morphemic Chart

4.1.1General Considerations

A morphemic chart shows the following:

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1) the order of constituent positions in the construction;

2) the morphemic distribution classes and/or constructions that can filleach position;

3) the semantic construction (proposition, interproposition) or functionthat is realized by (or activates) the morphemic construction as awhole; and

4) the semantic functions that are realized by (or activate) each positionin the morphemic construction.

Thus, the chart shows at a glance the tactic relationships ofthe morphemic stratum(items #1 and 2) as well as its realization relationships with the semantic stratum (items#3 and 4).

The charts given in this section pertain to both M-Words and M-Phrases. The maindistinction between a M-Word and a M-Phrase is that the former is an affixedconstruction and the latter is not.

A partial reproduction of the Denya M-Verb Word chart (Figure 3) will helpfamiliarize the reader with how to read the chart.

Figure 3:Denya M-Verb Word (partial)

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΙΤΕΜ(Αττβν) ≥ΑΣΠΕΧΤ ≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ ≥ΤΕΝΣΕ+ΝΕΓΑΤΙςΕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΜΕΜΒΕΡ ΑΓΕΝΤ ≥ΠΗΑΣΕ ≥Χλασσιφιχατιον(τηινγ) ≥ΛΟΓΙΧΑΛ_ΡΕΛΑΤΙΟΝ(ΠΡΙΟΡ)≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ≥ΝΕΓΑΤΕ∆ ≥ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ ≥ΠΡΙΟΡ(ΤΑ(σεθ)) ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΠΡΟΧΕΣΣΟΡ ≥ ≥ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ΤΕΝΣΕ ≥ΧΣ−ΙΝΤΕΝΤ ΤΕΝΣΕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΣΠΕΑΚΕΡ ≥ ≥ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΕΞΙΣΤΕΝΤΙΑΛ ≥ ≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ+ΧΗΑΝΓΕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΩΗΟΛΕ ≥ ≥Εξιστεντιαλ ΩΗΟΛΕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΕ∆≥ ≥Σπατιαλ_Λοχατιον(τηινγ)≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−ςερβ_Ωορδ= ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥µ−00 ≥ϖερβ_πρεφιξ≥ϖερβ_ροοτ ≥ϖερβ_συφφιξ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ϖερβ_πρεφιξ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΤΝΣ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Τηερε ψου ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 002≥αρε, αβουτ το≥≥ ≥—æ ≥ ≥,ixøæ ≥,fd∆ ≥ ≥λεαϖε φορ ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥ωηο:γο(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥φορειγν λανδσ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ονχε τηερε, ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 004≥ψου σηουλδ ≥≥ ≥—∆ ≥ ≥,ixø∆≥,fdæ≥ ≥αλωαψσ βε ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥γο(ΧΟΝ∆) ≥ΧΟΝ∆ ≥ ≥δοινγ ψουρ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωορκ (λιτ.: ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∋ιτ∋). ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΛΡΕΛΝ(ΠΡ) Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ιφ ψου µαρρψ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥α φορειγν ≥≥ ≥—∆ ≥ ≥,a`∆ ≥,fdæ ≥012β ≥ωοµαν... ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥µαρρψ(ΧΟΝ∆) ≥ΧΟΝ∆ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΧΣ−ΙΝΤ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Βε δοινγ ψουρ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥ωορκ ωελλ. ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥oxøæ ≥,mdæ ≥017β ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥δο(ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ) ≥ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥Σ−ΑΣΠ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε γαϖε ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥Μ−ϖπφξ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ανοτηερ λαω. ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−≥,exøæ ≥ ≥010 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥,l`∆ ≥πυτ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΡΕΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥Σ−ΠΗΣ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε φελλ ≥

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≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥Μ−ϖπφξ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ασλεεπ. ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−≥,aøækd∆ ≥ ≥013 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥,k`æ ≥σλεεπ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΙΝΧΕΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ) ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΧΣΡ Μ−ϖπφξ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΓ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥∀Ηαϖε ψου ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ηεαρδ?∀ ≥≥ ≥—¿ ≥ ≥,vtæ ≥ ≥011 ≥ ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥ηεαρ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΤΝΣ+ΝΕΓ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Νοβοδψ ωιλλ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 009≥θυεστιον ψου.≥≥ ≥`æ ≥ ≥,fÕ◊Õ◊ ≥,fdæ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ασκ(ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−ςερβ_Ωορδ= ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΠΡΟΧΕΣΣ) ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ+ΧΗΝΓ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηισ βυττοχκσ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ωερε ρεδ. ≥≥ ≥tæ ≥ ≥,fø∆kdæ ≥ ≥014 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Π:Χ8 ≥ ≥βεχοµε:ρεδ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Τηε φαρµ ωασ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ρεαλλψ βιγ. ≥≥ ≥øæ ≥ ≥,œø∆ æ ≥ ≥005 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ5 ≥ ≥βιγ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χλασσιφιχατιον(τηινγ) ≥Σ−ΜΕΜ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−Χλσσφν(τη) Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥Øfaø ισ αν ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥οργανιζατιον ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥ ≥,kt∆ ≥ ≥002 ≥... ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ? ≥ ≥ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εξιστεντιαλ ≥Σ−ΕΞΣΤΛ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−Εξστλ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥∀Τηερε ισ νο ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ωατερ...∀ ≥≥ ≥l`æ ≥ ≥,kt*MDF ≥ ≥021 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ6α ≥ ≥ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σπατιαλ_Λοχατιον(τηινγ)≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ∆ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛοχ(τη) Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Χραβ ωασ τηεν≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ιν α σµαλλ ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥ ≥,kt∆ ≥ ≥010 ≥στρεαµ. ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ≥Σ−ΑΤΗΡ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΗΡ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΧΣ−ΙΝΤ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ψου δαρε νοτ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥µαρρψ α ≥≥ ≥—æ ≥ ≥,j`∆ ≥,fdæ ≥012α ≥φορειγν ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥δαρε:νοτ(ΝΕΓ:ΙΜΠ) ≥ΝΕΓ:ΙΜΠ ≥ ≥ωοµαν... ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΤΕΝΣΕ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΤΝΣ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥Τηε βοψ ωασ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΑΤΑ 010≥γιϖινγ ηισ ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥ ≥−a—æ ≥ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥πιγ φοοδ. ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥9Α) ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΩΗΟΛΕ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥Μ−ϖπφξ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Α ηυσβανδ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ωηο δοεσ νοτ ≥≥ ≥`æ ≥,k`æ ≥,ktæ*MDF ≥ ≥031 ≥ηαϖε ρεδ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ΡΕΛ:ΝΕΓ ≥ισ(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥βυττοχκσ... ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

4.1.2Constituent Positions

The starting point for reading the M-Verb Word chart will be the cell “M-VerbWord =,” located just below the upper left-hand corner of the chart.

Reading across, we can see the relative order of the constituent positions of the M-Verb Word as well as the morphemic distribution class that fills each position. Thus,based on available data, I tentatively posit that a M-Verb Word consists of fourconstituent positions: a) a central (C:) position filled bya verb root; b) a first positionpreceding the central position (P1:), filled by a verb prefix; c) a second position precedingthe central position (P2:), also filled by a verb prefix; andd) one position following thecentral constituent (F:), filled by a verb suffix.

4.1.3Semantic Stratum Relationships

Reading down the left-hand column now, we can see that the M-Verb Word in Denyarealizes (or is activated by) the following semantic propositions and functions (accordingto this preliminary analysis):

S-Event (ACTIVITY) S-Event (COGNITION)

S-Event (EXPRESSION) S-Event (PROCESS)

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S-Attribution S-Existential

S-Classification(thing) S-AUTHORIZER

S-Spatial Location(thing) S-Partitive.WHOLE

S-TENSE

The complete chart can be found in section ; fuller data may add to this list. To theright of each proposition in the chart is an illustrative utterance. Again, as with theEnglish M-Noun Phrase, each constituent position does not need to be filled in a givenexample.

At the top of each constituent position in the morphemic chart are listed the semanticfunctions that are realized by that position. Thus, VW.P2 (the second position precedingthe central constituent position of the M-Verb Word) is activated by the followingsemantic functions:

S-Classification (thing).MEMBER

S-Event (ACTIVITY).AGENT

S-Event (COGNITION).PROCESSOR

S-Event (EXPRESSION).SPEAKER

S-Event (PROCESS).ITEM

S-Existential.EXISTENTIAL

S-Spatial Location (thing).SPATIAL LOCATED

S-AUTHORIZER

S-Partitive.WHOLE

To the left of the full stop is the name of the semantic proposition of which thefunction is part; to the right of the full stop is the name of the constituent function itself.(The exception is S-AUTHORIZER, which is not part of any proposition but is anadditional function that can expand a proposition.)

Within each cell of the chart, the semantic function realized in that position for thatutterance is shown, as well as the morphemic distribution class or construction filling thatposition. Where I have not been able to identify either of these, I have put a doublequestion mark (??).

4.2ConstructionsI now present the charts for 15 different morphological and syntactic constructions in

Denya. (N.B.: Because of the computer program I used for producing the charts, hyphensare put on M-Word roots instead of prefixes.)

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4.2.1M-Adjective Word

The formula and chart for the M-Adjective Word are as follows:M-Adjective Word = P:adjective prefix + C:adjective root

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΙΤΕΜ(Αττβν) ≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΤΟΤΑΛ(Προπρν) ≥ΠΡΟΠΟΡΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Αδϕεχτιϖε_Ωορδ=≥Π: ≥Χ: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥αδϕεχτιϖε_πρεφιξ≥αδϕεχτιϖε_ροοτ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Προπορτιον ≥Σ−ΤΤΛ Μ−αδϕπφξ ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΠΡΝ Μ−αδϕρτ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥(τηε) ωηολε ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ≥(οργανιζατιον) ≥≥ ≥ld∆ ≥,jn∆ ≥006 ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ9 ≥αλλ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−αδϕπφξ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−αδϕρτ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ≥(Τηεψ αρε)ρεδ. ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ≥ ≥≥ ≥t∆ ≥,føækdæ ≥045 ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ8 ≥ρεδ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

Observations:

1) S-Attribution and S-Proportion are the only two semanticpropositions observed todate activating this construction.

2) The prefix in P agrees in class with the head of the M-Noun Phrase. The M-Adjective Word occurs in the M-Noun Phrase.F2 position activated by S-Attribution.ATTRIBUTION and S-Proportion.TOTAL (cf. section 4.2.9).

3) The adjective roots,jn ∆ ‘all/whole,’ ,fø æk dæ ‘red/ripe,’and,fÕ ◊k dæ ‘black’ illustrate theagreement of the the M-Adjective Word with the class of the head noun, as shown inTable 1. (These forms were elicited as a paradigm and should be verified in natural textand/or speech.)

Table 1:M-adjective prefix Agreement

Class Prefix Head Noun ,jn∆ ‘all/whole’ ,fÕ◊kdæ‘black’ ,føækdæ‘red/ripe’

1 ld∆- œ ∆fvø∆s‘book’ ld∆jn ∆ ld∆f Õ◊kdæ ld∆føækdæ

œ ∆j—æ‘cup’ ld∆jn ∆ ld∆f Õ◊kdæ ld∆føækdæ

2 ` æ- a —∆j` æo` ∆‘coins’ ` æjn ∆

a —∆m ∆fvø∆s‘books’ ` æjn ∆ ` ∆f Õ◊kdæ ` ∆føækdæ

3 ld∆- ø∆k` ∆‘hat’ ld∆jn ∆ ld∆f Õ◊kdæ ld∆føækdæ

ø∆r ` ¿ ‘cutlass’ ld∆jn ∆ ld∆f Õ◊kdæ ld∆føækdæ

4 c d∆- c d∆k` ∆‘hats’ c d∆jn ∆ c d∆f Õ◊kdæ c d∆føækdæ

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c d∆r ` ¿‘cutlasses’ c d∆jn ∆ c d∆f Õ◊kdæ c d∆føækdæ

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Class Prefix Head Noun ,jn∆ ‘all/whole’ ,fÕ◊kdæ‘black’ ,føækdæ‘red/ripe’

5 m d∆, m d∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸ‘egg’ m d∆jn ∆ m d∆f Õ◊kdæ m d∆føækdæ

m d∆jn ∆ ‘package’ m d∆œjn ∆5 m d∆f Õ◊kdæ m d∆føækdæ

6 ` æ, l` ∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸ‘eggs’ ` æjn ∆ ` ∆f Õ◊kdæ ` ∆føækdæ

l` ∆jn ∆‘packages’ ` æjn ∆ ` ∆f Õ◊kdæ ` ∆føækdæ

6a l` ∆m ` ¿‘water’ l` ∆jn ∆ l` ∆f Õ◊kdæ l` ∆føækdæ

l` ∆vd¿‘oil’ l` ∆jn ∆ l` ∆føækdæ

7 fd∆- fd∆a ` æfdæœ ∆fvø∆s‘paper’ fd∆jn ∆ fd∆f Õ◊kdæ fd∆føækdæ

fd∆m —æfdæœ ∆fvø∆s ‘pen’ fd∆jn ∆ fd∆f Õ◊kdæ fd∆føækdæ

fd∆jv` ∆‘plantains’ fd∆føækdæ

8 t ∆- t ∆m —æœ ∆fvø∆s‘pens’ t ∆jn ∆ t ∆f Õ◊kdæ t ∆føækdæ

t ∆a ` æœ ∆fvø∆s‘paper (pl.)’ t ∆jn ∆ t ∆f Õ◊kdæ t ∆føækdæ

9 ld∆- œ ∆œld∆‘goat’ ld∆jn ∆ ld∆f Õ◊kdæ ld∆føækdæ

ld∆r g t ∆‘elephant’ ld∆jn ∆

10 ø∆- œ ∆œld∆‘goats’ ø∆jn ∆ ø∆f Õ◊kdæ ø∆føækdæ

ld∆r g t ∆ ‘elephants’ ø∆jn ∆

4) M-Adjective Words appear to be relatively few in number inDenya. There are anumber of invariable adjectives (i.e., having no class prefix), as in the followingexamples:

a —¿b`æb`æ ‘other people’ (Do Work Well 002)lt ¿jo`∆ ‘ important person’ (Do Work Well 005)lt ¿e—∆ ‘some person’ (Do Work Well 009)l –l—¿c—æ—æ ‘much wine’ (Do Work Well 016b)t ∆k` ∆bt∆t∆ ‘ red buttocks’ (Nkpee’s Divorce 014)

5) Both variable colour adjectives (i.e. M-Adjective Wordstaking class agreement)and invariable ones can occur in a M-Clause with a copular verb or in a M-Noun Phrasecontaining a verbless relative clause. (The fact that theseare adjectives andnot verbs isseen in the absence of a subject concord marker (SCM).)

Below are examples of copular clauses containing both variable and invariable colouradjectives:

1) ø ∆k` ∆ d∆vd¿ ø æ, kt æ otæotæ (invariable)hat this:3 3S:3-to:be white

‘this hat is white’

2) œ∆j—æ ` ∆xÕ ` ∆, kt ∆ øæjv—∆ (invariable)cup this:1 3S:1-to:be yellow

‘this cup is yellow’

5 The insertion of the,œ, may be for euphony purposes, in order to avoid sequences suchas md ∆j n∆ md ∆j n∆ or, if

reduplicated, md ∆j n∆md ∆j n∆,md ∆j n∆-

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3) l` ∆k` ∆ r dæ a —¿œjo ø ¿ l` æ, kt ∆ l`∆føækdæ l`∆føækdæ (M-Adjective Word)bottom our PL-nkpee 3p-to:be red red

‘The buttocks of us Nkpee are red.’

The following are examples of both types of colour adjectives occurring in a verblessrelative clause:

4) œ∆f vø ∆s ` ∆xÕ lø∆mcn∆ (invariable)book REL:1 green

‘a green book’

5) ø ∆k` ∆ ø ∆vdæ otæotæ (invariable)hat REL:3 white

‘a white hat’

6) œ∆f vø ∆s ` ∆xÕ ld∆føækdæ (variable)book REL:1 red

‘a red book’

6) I found two other invariable adjectives that also take therelative marker,e—∆ andb` æ,both meaning ‘other,’ e.g.:

7) ` ∆œjo ` æœjo ` æ` ∆xÕ e—∆ ‘pan REL:1 other’ ‘the other pan’a —∆œf vø ∆s` ∆a Õ◊e—∆ ‘books REL:2 other’ ‘the other books’f d∆ix` ¿kn ∆ø ∆xÕ◊f dæe—∆ ‘sweet:potato REL:7 other’ ‘the other sweet potato’t ∆m n æœ∆f vø ∆sø ∆a Õ◊e—∆ ‘pens REL:8 other’ ‘the other pens’

(Source: Language learning notes)

8) ld∆m —∆ xÕ b`æ ‘husband REL:1 other’ ‘another husband’

(Source: NKPEE’S DIVORCE 042)

Note in observation 4) above that bothe—∆ and b` æ (in its reduplicated formb` æb` æ) canoccur directly after the head noun, without the relative marker.

8Summary

To summarize, true adjectives seems to be few in number in Denya. They can bevariable, in that they contain a concord prefix, or invariable. Both types can occur in anoun phrase, a stative clause, or a verbless relative clause. The adjectives found to dateare as follows:

Table 2: Denya Adjectives

Variable(with cl. 1 prefix)

Invariable

ld∆jn ∆ ‘all/whole’ e—∆ ‘other’ o t æo t æ ‘white’

ld∆f Õ◊kdæ ‘black’ b` æ' b` æ( ‘other’ ø æjv—∆ ‘yellow’

ld∆f ø ækdæ ‘red’/‘ripe’ jo ` ∆ ‘big’ lø ∆m c n ∆ ‘unripe’

c —æ—æ ‘much’ m ∆r g xø ∆ ‘green’

bt ∆t ∆ ‘red’

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4.2.2M-Demonstrative Word

The formula and chart for the M-Demonstrative Word are as follows:M-Demonstrative Word = C:demonstrative root + Fn:00, demonstrative suffix

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΣΠΕΧΙΦΙΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΠΡΟΞΙΜΙΤΨ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−∆εµονστρατιϖε_Ωορδ=≥Χ: ≥Φ:−ν ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥δεµονστρατιϖε_ροοτ≥δεµονστρατιϖε_συφφιξ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥µ−00 ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΠΡΟΞΙΜΙΤΨ ≥Σ−ΣΠΝ Μ−δεµρτ ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΞ Μ−δεµσφξ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥τηατ (στονε) ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ ≥≥ ≥mÕ md∆ ≥,la—∆ ≥016 ≥ ≥≥ ≥τηισ:Χ5 ≥φαρ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΠΡΟΞΙΜΙΤΨ ≥Σ−ΣΠΝ Μ−δεµρτ ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΞ Μ−δεµσφξ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥τηατ (ωατερ) ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ ≥≥ ≥lÕ ≥,la—∆ ≥021 ≥ ≥≥ ≥τηισ:Χ6α ≥φαρ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΠΡΟΞΙΜΙΤΨ ≥Σ−ΣΠΝ Μ−δεµρτ ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΞ Μ−µ−00 ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥τηισ (ωοµαν) ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ 016≥ ≥≥ ≥xÕ ≥00 ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥xÕ ≥00 ≥9Α) ≥ ≥≥ ≥δετ:Χ1 ≥00 ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΠΡΟΞΙΜΙΤΨ ≥Σ−ΣΠΝ Μ−δεµρτ ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΞ Μ−δεµσφξ ≥ΣΛΕΕΠΙΝΓ≥τηατ(µατεριαλ)≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΜΑΤ 007 ≥ ≥≥ ≥xÕ◊ ≥,la—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥τηισ:Χ10 ≥φαρ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

Observations:

1) Both the construction itself and the F position are activated by S-PROXIMITY, inkeeping with Cope’s fifth guideline of activation:

If a construction has two positions and if an unlinked function activates oneof those positions and if a linked function activates the other position, then theconstruction is probably activated by the linked function. (1993:107)

S-PROXIMITY is considered a linked function, and S-SPECIFICATION an unlinked one(Cope 1993:106–7). The M-Demonstrative Word most often fills the M-Noun Phrase.F3position realizing S-Specification.SPECIFICATION (cf. section 4.2.9).

2) The M-demonstrative root can stand alone—in which case itmeans ‘this’—or itcan take one of three suffixes:,m` » ‘this (emphasized),’,la—∆ ‘that,’ or ,la—∆mdæ ‘that overthere.’ I posit that F is iterative on the assumption (to be tested) that,la—∆ and ,mdæ aredifferent morphemes.

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3) The root agrees in class with the noun it modifies. This differs from otherconstuctions such as the M-Numeral Word and M-Adjective Word, in which agreementoccurs with the prefix. Moreover, classes 4, 5, and 7 seem to have an optional associativemarker (AM); this is further discussed in note 4 below. Table 3 below illustrates thisagreement.

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Table 3:Class agreement of M-Demonstrative Word

Class Head Noun ‘this’ (+em-phasized)

‘that’ ‘that over there’

1 œ ∆fvø∆s ‘book’ ' ` ∆( xÕ ' m ` »( ' ` ∆( xÕ la —∆ ' ` ∆( xÕ la —∆m dæ

ld∆m c dæ ‘woman’ ' ` ∆( xÕ ' m ` »( ' ` ∆( xÕ la —∆ ' ` ∆( xÕ la —∆m dæ

2 a —∆m ∆fvø∆s ‘books’ ' ` æ(a Õ◊' m ` »( ' ` æ(a Õ◊la —∆ ' ` æ(a Õ◊la —∆m dæ

` ∆m c dæ ‘women’ ' ` æ(a Õ◊' m ` »( ' ` æ(a Õ◊la —∆ ' ` æ(a Õ◊la —∆m dæ

3 ø∆k` ∆ ‘hat’ ' ø∆(vdæ' m ` »( ' ø∆(vdæla —∆ ' ø∆(vdæla —∆m dæ.vt æla —∆m dæ

ø∆st ∆ ‘ear’ ' ø∆(vdæ' m ` »( ' ø∆(vdæla —∆ ' ø∆(vdæla —∆m dæ

4 c d∆k` ∆ ‘hats’ ' ø∆(sÕ◊q dm ` ».' ø∆(sÕ◊' m ` »(

' ø∆(sÕ◊q dæla —∆.' ø∆(sÕ◊la —∆

' ø∆(sÕ◊q dæla —∆m dæ.' ø∆(sÕ◊la —∆m dæ

c d∆eø∆q ` »ld∆ ‘glasses’ ' ø∆(sÕ◊q dm ` ».' ø∆(sÕ◊' m ` »(

' ø∆(sÕ◊q dæla —∆.' ø∆(sÕ◊la —∆

' ø∆(sÕ◊q dæla —∆m dæ.' ø∆(sÕ◊la —∆m dæ

5 m d∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸ ‘egg’ ' ø∆(m Õ◊m dæm ` ».' ø∆(m Õ◊' m ` »(

' ø∆(m Õ◊m dæla —∆ ' ø∆(m Õ◊m dæla —∆m dæ

m øæœøæm dæ ‘tooth’ ' ø∆(m Õ◊m dæm ` ».' ø∆(m Õ◊' m ` »(

' ø∆(m Õ◊m dæla —∆ ' ø∆(m Õ◊m dæla —∆m dæ

6 l` ∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸ ‘eggs’ ' ` ∆( xÕ◊' m ` »( ' ` ∆( xÕ◊la —∆ ' ` ∆( xÕ◊la —∆m dæ

l` æœøæm dæ ‘teeth’ ' ` ∆( xÕ◊' m ` »( ' ` ∆( xÕ◊la —∆ ' ` ∆( xÕ◊la —∆m dæ

6a l` ∆m ` ¿ ‘water’ ' ` ∆(lÕ◊' m ` »( ' ` ∆(lÕ◊la —∆ ' ` ∆(lÕ◊la —∆m dæ

l` ∆vd¿ ‘oil’ ' ` ∆(lÕ◊' m ` »( ' ` ∆(lÕ◊la —∆ ' ` ∆(lÕ◊la —∆m dæ

7 fd∆ix` ¿kn ∆ ‘sweetpotato’

' ø∆( xÕ◊' m ` »(.' ø∆( xÕ◊fdæm ` »

' ø∆( xÕ◊la —∆.' ø∆( xÕ◊fdæla —∆

' ø∆( xÕ◊la —∆m dæ.' ø∆( xÕ◊fdæla —∆m dæ

fdæa ` ∆ ‘bag’ ' ø∆( xÕ◊' m ` »(.' ø∆( xÕ◊fdæm ` »

' ø∆( xÕ◊la —∆.' ø∆( xÕ◊fdæla —∆

' ø∆( xÕ◊la —∆m dæ.' ø∆( xÕ◊fdæla —∆m dæ

8 t ∆ix` ¿kn ∆ ‘sweetpotatoes’

' ø∆(a Õ◊' m ` »( ' ø∆(a Õ◊la —∆ ' ø∆(a Õ◊la —∆m dæ

t æa ` ∆ ‘bags’ ' ø∆(a Õ◊' m ` »( ' ø∆(a Õ◊la —∆ ' ø∆(a Õ◊la —∆m dæ

9 œ ∆œld∆ ‘goat’ ' ` ∆( xÕ ' m ` »( ' ` ∆( xÕ la —∆ ' ` ∆( xÕ la —∆m dæ

ld∆r d∆ ‘monkey’ ' ` ∆( xÕ ' m ` »( ' ` ∆( xÕ la —∆ ' ` ∆( xÕ la —∆m dæ

10 œ ∆œld∆ ‘goats’ ' ø∆( xÕ◊' m ` »( ' ø∆( xÕ◊la —∆ ' ø∆( xÕ◊la —∆m d∆

ld∆r d∆ ‘monkeys’ ' ø∆( xÕ◊' m ` »( ' ø∆( xÕ◊la —∆ ' ø∆( xÕ◊la —∆m d∆

9 Notes on Table 3:A. In Table 3 I have included a selection of inanimate and animate objects

as well as body parts to show there does not appear to be differentsets of M-Demonstrative Words for these different categories ofnouns.

B. In the gloss of ‘this,’ ,m` » seems to be used for emphasis. For example,the utterance ‘this woman’ may be ld∆mcdæ` ∆xÕ or ld∆mcdæ` ∆xÕ m` ».

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When I was eliciting data, the emphasized form tended to appearwhen there was a this/that contrast.

C. The vowels in parentheses tend to be elided when the M-DemonstrativeWord occurs in a M-Noun Phrase, especially in normal speech. Innone of the above data was the final vowel of the head noun elided.Note that examples in the chart from Abangma’s texts do not havethe initial vowel.

D. In classes 4, 5 and 7, there are two possible forms, one with whatappears to be an M-associative marker (,q dæ for class 4, ,m dæfor class5, and -f dæ for class 7) affixed to the root (i.e. ø ∆sÕ◊q dæ+ø ∆m Õ◊m dæ+ø ∆xÕ◊f dæ) andone form without the AM. Note, however, that these forms must takea PROXIMITY suffix, otherwise they are not grammatical (cf.examples below). If there is no PROXIMITY suffix, then only theform without the AM is the correct one.

Class 4: ) c d∆k` ø ∆sÕ◊q dæ‘these hats’ (Correct: c d∆k` ∆ø ∆sÕ◊orø ∆sÕ◊m ` »orø ∆sÕ◊q dæm ` »)

Class 5: ) m d∆jn ∆ø ∆m Õ◊m dæ‘this package’ (Correct: m d∆jn ∆ø ∆m Õ◊orø ∆m Õ◊m ` »orø ∆m Õ◊m dæm ` »)

Class 7: ) f d∆ix` ¿kn ∆ø ∆xÕ◊f dæ‘this sweet potato’ (Correct: f d∆ix` ¿kn ∆ø ∆xÕ◊orø ∆xÕ◊m ` »orø ∆xÕ◊f dæm ` »)

E. I would consider these AM affixes to be morphotacticallydetermined, i.e., they are required by the specific construction buthave empty realization with respect to the semantic stratum (Fleming1988:286—further discussed in section on the M-Associative NounPhrase).

4) The forms with,la—∆ ‘far’ can be used anaphorically, i.e., to refer to informationthat has already been given. Note the following example froma text on preparing fufu(from language-learning notes):

9) Ld∆m c dæ ` ∆, k—∆ l` ¿m , iÕ◊f dæ, r dæ m ∆bg Õ ` ∆xÕ◊ ` æ, jv—∆woman 3s-begin(NonPst) to-turn-? corn REL:9 3s-grind(RelPst)

‘The woman begins to turn the fufu that she has ground.’

@ û, m dæq dæ, f dæ+ ` ∆, sø ∆m d∆ l`∆m`¿ m dæ ld∆vø ∆3s-finish-Cond 3s-keep(NonPst) water LOC pot

‘Once finished, she puts water in the pot.’ (‘water’ = new information)

@ ¶, f Õ kÕ l`∆m`¿ lÕ la—∆ m æm n æ l` æ, a ø æ3s-wait(NonPst) water that:6a so:that 3s-boil(RelNonPst?)

‘She waits for that water to boil.’ (‘that water’ = given information)

Another example can be seen from Elephant and Stream 015-016:10) ` ∆, jv—∆m dæ l` ¿ m ∆m xÕ ` ∆, ix` ∆ m∆s`¿

3s-arrive(Pst) child stream 3s-step:on(Pst) stone

‘He arrived at a small stream and stepped on a stone.’ (‘stone’ = new information)

m d∆f Õ æ ` ∆, f ÕŸ ` ∆, jd∆crab 3s-ask(Pst) 3s-say(Pst)

‘Crab asked:’

m ∆c dæ lt æ ` æ, ix` ∆, kdæ m∆s`¿ mÕ md∆la—∆>what person 3s-step:on-RelNonPst stone that:5

‘Who stepped on that stone?’ (‘that stone’ = given information)

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I have not come across any examples yet where the M-Demonstrative Word is usedcataphorically, i.e., to refer to information given ahead.

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4.2.3M-Numeral Word

The formula and chart for M-Numeral Word are as follows:M-Numeral Word = P:numeral prefix + C:numeral root

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΧΟΥΝΤΕ∆ ≥ΝΥΜΒΕΡ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Νυµεραλ_Ωορδ=≥Π: ≥Χ: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥νυµεραλ_πρεφιξ ≥νυµεραλ_ροοτ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χουντ ≥Σ−ΧΝΤ∆ Μ−νυµπφξ≥Σ−ΝΥΜ Μ−νυµρτ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥σαµε ρανκ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥ ≥≥ ≥fd∆ ≥,l`∆ ≥005 ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ7 ≥ονε ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χουντ ≥Σ−ΧΝΤ∆ Μ−νυµπφξ≥Σ−ΝΥΜ Μ−νυµρτ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥τωο εγγσ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ 001≥ ≥≥ ≥`æ ≥,odæ æ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ6 ≥τωο ≥5Α) ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

Observations:

1) The M-Numeral Word realizes a S-Count proposition, consisting of S-COUNTED:thing and S-NUMBER:numeral.

2) As with the M-Adjective Word (cf. section 4.2.1), the rootremains constant whilethe prefix varies according to the class of the head noun, which the M-Adjective Wordfollows. Table 4 below compares forms for singular classes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 with oneanother and plural classes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 with one another (class 6a is for mass nouns andtherefore is not included).

Table 4:M-Numeral Word

Class Head Noun Prefix -l`∆‘one’ -oøææ æ ‘two’ -køæ ‘three’ -mÕÃ ‘four’ -s`»‘five’

1 j` æo` ∆‘coin’ ` ∆-, ` ∆l` ∆ -- -- -- --

œ ∆fvø∆s ‘book’ ` ∆-, ` ∆l` ∆ -- -- -- --

2 a —∆j` æo` ∆ ‘coins’ ` æ- -- ` æoøææ æ ` ækøæ ` æm ÕÃ ` æs` »

a —∆œ ∆fvø∆s‘books’ ` æ- -- ` æoøæ æ ` ækøæ ` æm ÕÃ ` æs` »

3 ø∆k` ∆‘hat’ øæ- øæl` » -- -- -- --

ø∆r ` ¿‘cutlass’ øæ- øæl` » -- -- -- --

4 c d∆k` ∆‘hats’ c d∆- -- c dæoøæ æ c dækøæ c dæm ÕÃ c dæs` »

c d∆r ` ¿ ‘cutlasses’ c d∆- -- c dæoøæ æ c dækøæ c dæm ÕÃ c dæs` »

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5 m d∆m jv` m bÕŸ ‘egg’ m dæ- m dæl` » -- -- -- --

m d∆jn ∆‘package’ m dæ, m dæl` » -- -- -- --

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Class Head Noun Prefix -l`∆‘one’ -oøææ æ ‘two’ -køæ ‘three’ -mÕÃ ‘four’ -s`»‘five’

6 l` ∆m jv` m bÕŸ ‘eggs’ ` æ- -- ` æoøæ æ ` ækøæ ` æm ÕÃ ` æs` »

l` ∆jn ∆‘packages’ ` æ, -- ` æoøæ æ ` ækøæ ` æm ÕÃ ` æs` »

7 fd∆a ` æfdæœ ∆fvø∆s‘leaf-of-book’(‘paper’)

fdæ- fdæl` » -- -- -- --

fd∆m n æfdæœ ∆fvø∆s‘stick-of-book’(‘pen’)

fdæ- fdæl` » -- -- -- --

8 t ∆a ` æœ ∆fvø∆s ‘leaves-book’ (‘paper’)

n æ- -- n æoøæ æ n ækøæ n æm ÕÃ n æs` »

t ∆m n æœ ∆fvø∆s ‘sticks-book’ (‘pens’)

n æ- -- n æoøæ æ n ækøæ n æm ÕÃ n æs` »

9 œ ∆œld∆ ‘goat’ ` ∆-, ` ∆l` ∆ -- -- -- --

ld∆r g t ∆ ‘elephant’ ` ∆- ` ∆l` ∆ -- -- -- --

10 œ ∆œld∆ ‘goats’ æ*øæ -- øæoøæ æ øækøæ øæm ÕÃ øæs` »

ld∆r g t ∆ ‘elephants’ æ*øæ -- øæoøæ æ øækøæ øæm ÕÃ øæs` »

10 Note on Table 4:In class 10, there is a H tone that replaces the L tone on the M-noun root(possible H-spread). This phenomenon has not been observed with any ofthe other classes. Compare:

œ∆œld∆` ∆l` ∆‘one goat’ vs. œ∆œldæø æoø æ æ‘two goats’

ld∆rgt∆` ∆l` ∆‘one elephant’ vs. ld∆rgtæø æoø æ æ‘two elephants’

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4.2.4M-Verb Word

The formula and chart for the M-Verb Word are as follows:M-Verb Word = P2:m-00, verb prefix + P1:verb prefix + C:verb root + F1:verb suffix

To facilitate reading, the semantic propositions and functions in the left column arelisted alphabetically and according to type, as follows: 1) Event propositions first;2) other propositions; and 3) functions.∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ ≥ΝΕΓΑΤΕ∆ ≥Αττριβυτιον ≥ΧΣ−ΙΝΤΕΝΤ ΤΕΝΣΕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΙΤΕΜ(Αττβν) ≥ΑΣΠΕΧΤ ≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ ≥ΤΕΝΣΕ+ΝΕΓΑΤΙςΕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΜΕΜΒΕΡ ΑΓΕΝΤ ≥ΠΗΑΣΕ ≥Χλασσιφιχατιον(τηινγ) ≥ΛΟΓΙΧΑΛ_ΡΕΛΑΤΙΟΝ(ΠΡΙΟΡ)≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ≥ ≥ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ ≥ΠΡΙΟΡ(ΤΑ(σεθ)) ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΠΡΟΧΕΣΣΟΡ ≥ ≥ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ΤΕΝΣΕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΣΠΕΑΚΕΡ ≥ ≥ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΕΞΙΣΤΕΝΤΙΑΛ ≥ ≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ+ΧΗΑΝΓΕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΟΩΝΕΡ ΩΗΟΛΕ ≥ ≥Εξιστεντιαλ ΟΩΝΕΡ ΩΗΟΛΕ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΕ∆≥ ≥Σπατιαλ_Λοχατιον(τηινγ)≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−ςερβ_Ωορδ= ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥µ−00 ≥ϖερβ_πρεφιξ≥ϖερβ_ροοτ ≥ϖερβ_συφφιξ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ϖερβ_πρεφιξ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Νεγβο, χοµε ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 001≥ηερε, σιτ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥bv—æ ≥ ≥ ≥δοων; Ι ηαϖε ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥bv—æ ≥ ≥ ≥σοµετηινγ το ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥χοµε(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) ≥ ≥ ≥τελλ ψου. ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΤΝΣ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Τηερε ψου ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 002≥αρε, αβουτ το≥≥ ≥—æ ≥ ≥,ixøæ ≥,fd∆ ≥ ≥λεαϖε φορ ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥ωηο:γο(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥φορειγν λανδσ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωηερε νονε οφ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ουρ πεοπλε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥αρε. ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ονχε τηερε, ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 004≥ψου σηουλδ ≥≥ ≥—∆ ≥ ≥,ixø∆≥,fdæ≥ ≥αλωαψσ βε ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥γο(ΧΟΝ∆) ≥ΧΟΝ∆ ≥ ≥δοινγ ψουρ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωορκ (λιτ.: ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∋ιτ∋). ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΛΡΕΛΝ(ΠΡ) Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ιφ ψου µαρρψ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥α φορειγν ≥≥ ≥—∆ ≥ ≥,a`∆ ≥,fdæ ≥012β ≥ωοµαν, ψου ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥µαρρψ(ΧΟΝ∆) ≥ΧΟΝ∆ ≥ ≥ρεµαιν α ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥στρανγερ ιν ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ψουρ οων ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥λανδ. ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΧΣ−ΙΝΤ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Σταψ ωελλ; βε≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥δοινγ ψουρ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥oxøæ ≥,mdæ ≥017β ≥ωορκ ωελλ. ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥δο(ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ) ≥ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ ≥ ≥Τηατ ισ αλλ Ι≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ηαδ το σαψ. ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥Σ−ΑΣΠ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε γαϖε ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥Μ−ϖπφξ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ανοτηερ λαω ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−≥,exøæ ≥ ≥010 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥,l`∆ ≥πυτ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΡΕΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥Σ−ΠΗΣ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε φελλ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥Μ−ϖπφξ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ασλεεπ ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−≥,aøækd∆ ≥ ≥013 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥,k`æ ≥σλεεπ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΙΝΧΕΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ) ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΧΣΡ Μ−ϖπφξ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΓ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥∀Ηαϖε ψου ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ηεαρδ?∀ ≥≥ ≥—¿ ≥ ≥,vtæ ≥ ≥011 ≥ ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥ηεαρ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥

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℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ) ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΧΣΡ Μ−µ−00≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΓ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Τηερε ψου ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 002≥αρε (λιτ.: ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥føæ ≥ ≥ ≥∀σεε ψου∀ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥føæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥σεε(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−ςερβ_Ωορδ= ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΤΝΣ+ΝΕΓ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Νοβοδψ ωιλλ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 009≥θυεστιον ψου.≥≥ ≥`æ ≥ ≥,fÕ◊Õ◊ ≥,fdæ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ασκ(ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΠΡΟΧΕΣΣ) ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ+ΧΗΝΓ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηισ βυττοχκσ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ωερε ρεδ. ≥≥ ≥tæ ≥ ≥,fø∆kdæ ≥ ≥014 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Π:Χ8 ≥ ≥βεχοµε:ρεδ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Τηε φαρµ ωασ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ρεαλλψ βιγ. ≥≥ ≥øæ ≥ ≥,œø∆ æ ≥ ≥005 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ5 ≥ ≥βιγ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−Αττβν Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Σηε ρεµαινεδ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ϖερψ µοοδψ. ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥ ≥,k`∆ ≥ ≥020 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ρεµαιν(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χλασσιφιχατιον(τηινγ) ≥Σ−ΜΕΜ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−Χλσσφν(τη) Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥Øfaø ισ αν ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥οργανιζατιον.≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥ ≥,kt∆ ≥ ≥002 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ? ≥ ≥ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εξιστεντιαλ ≥Σ−ΕΞΣΤΛ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−Εξστλ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥∀Τηερε ισ νο ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ωατερ φορ ≥≥ ≥l`æ ≥ ≥,kt*MDF ≥ ≥021 ≥ηιµ...∀ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ6α ≥ ≥ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σπατιαλ_Λοχατιον(τηινγ)≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ∆ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛοχ(τη) Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Χραβ ωασ τηεν≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ιν α σµαλλ ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥ ≥,kt∆ ≥ ≥010 ≥στρεαµ. ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ≥Σ−ΑΤΗΡ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΗΡ Μ−ϖρτ ≥Σ−ΧΣ−ΙΝΤ Μ−ϖσφξ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥∆αρε νοτ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥µαρρψ α ≥≥ ≥—æ ≥ ≥,j`∆ ≥,fdæ ≥012α ≥φορειγν ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥δαρε:νοτ(ΝΕΓ:ΙΜΠ) ≥ΝΕΓ:ΙΜΠ ≥ ≥ωοµαν. ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΟΩΝΕΡ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝΡ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝΡ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Øjoøøæηαδ νο ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥χοϖερ ον ηισ ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥ ≥,ktæ*MDF ≥ ≥016 ≥βυττοχκσ. ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ισ:νοτ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΤΕΝΣΕ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΤΝΣ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥Τηε βοψ ωασ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΑΤΑ 010≥γιϖινγ ηισ ≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥ ≥−a—æ ≥ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥πιγ φοοδ. ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥9Α) ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΩΗΟΛΕ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Øjoøøæ ηαδ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ρεδ βυττοχκσ.≥≥ ≥`∆ ≥ ≥,kt∆ ≥ ≥014 ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΩΗΟΛΕ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ϖπφξ ≥Σ−ΝΕΓΤ∆ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥...α ηυσβανδ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥Μ−ϖπφξ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ωηο δοεσ νοτ ≥≥ ≥`æ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−≥,ktæ*MDF ≥ ≥031 ≥ηαϖε ρεδ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥,k`æ ≥ισ(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥βυττοχκσ... ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΡΕΛ:ΝΕΓ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

Observations:

1) The above reflects Abangma’s proposal for the structure of the verb in Denya, asfollows (1987:12):

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+ Tone ___ ____ _________ _____+ S6 + Affix 2 +Verb stem (Vs) + Affix 1

(+ Stem 1 + Stem 2)

Abangma writes:

The diagram shows that a Denya verb consists of an obligatoryverb stemwith a specific tone pattern and the following elements: an obligatory subjectivalconcord morpheme with a particular tone pattern (+ S); optionally one of the baseaffixes (+Affix 1), which must also have a tone pattern; and optionallyone of theaspect affixes (+Affix 2) with a characteristic tone. Instead of a single stem, aconstruction may contain two stems.

Abangma provides a very complete description of Denya modes, tenses, and aspectsin his book, pages 10–27 of which are reproduced in Appendix D. A fuller discussion ofthe subject concord morpheme (SCM) follows these observations.

2) The M-Verb Word most commonly realizes semantic propositions, but can also beactivated by semantic functions such as S-AUTHORIZER, S-OWNER, and S-WHOLE.In these cases, the P2 position realizes the semantic function filler (generally S-thing),whereas C is activated by the semantic function itself (signalled by a verb, oftentimes acopular verb).

3) The chart also illustrates examples ofcomposite realizationof a semantic unit. Incomposite realization, a semantic unit activates two morphemic units at once, such aswith S-Attribution, S-Classification (thing), S-Existential, S-Spatial Location (thing), S-Partitive.WHOLE, S-Ownership.OWNER, and S-AUTHORIZER; these all activate boththe M-Verb Word construction and the M-Verb Word.C position. The C position is mostoften filled by the copular verb ,k t‘to be,’ which “signals” the proposition in question.

4) Except for S-Existential, each of the propositions illustrated in the M-Verb Wordchart has two minimal functions, only one of which activatesa M-Verb Word position;the other function is realized by a M-Clause position.

Take, for example, S-Spatial Location (thing) inElephant and Stream 010(cf. M-Verb Word chart, p. 24). This proposition consists of S-SPATIAL LOCATED:thing⊃‘Crab’ plus S-SPATIAL LOCATION:thing⊃ ‘small stream.’ In the M-Verb Word chart,only one of these functions has a realization, namely, SPATIAL LOCATED in the P2position (filled by ` ∆ ‘3s,’ referring to ‘Crab’). In the M-Clause chart (cf. 4.2.14, p. 68),however, both functions are realized: S-SPATIAL LOCATED ina P position, and S-SPATIAL LOCATION in a F position.

11Subject Concord Morpheme (SCM)

About the subject concord morpheme (SCM) Abangma writes:

The subject concord morpheme is an important part of the verb. Though inthe second person it is absent in the imperative7, it is an obligatory element for allother verb forms. The choice of a particular kind of mode affix and a tone patterngives the mode its form. (Abangma 1987:12)

6 Abangma says that theSCM is obligatory, but the +symbol here implies it is optional. This may be a typographicalerror.

7 Nevertheless, I have found that the subject concord morpheme (SCM) is very common in imperative forms. For

example, common leave-takings are — æ,j øæ od æqd æ,n ‘You-go well-oh!’ and cd æ,aøæk d æ,n ‘You(pl.)-sleep (well) oh!’

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The SCM agrees with the class of the subject of the M-Clause. If the subject has 00realization—cf. M-Clause, section —then theSCM agrees with the class of the understoodsubject.

The first and second person SCM’s are as follows (Abangma 1987:16):

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Table 5:1st and 2nd Person SCM's

SG. PL.

1st œ, c d,

2nd —, ø ∆m xt æ, c d,7

The tone on the aboveSCM’s can change depending on the mode of the verb, as thetable below shows (Abangma 1987:16, 23):

Table 6:Tone Changes on 1st and 2nd Person SCM's

Past (‘killed’) NonPast(‘kills/is killing’)

Negative Imperative(‘should not kill’)

1st sg. œ, œ¿, v` æ œ∆, v` ∆, m d∆ œæ, v` ∆, f dæ

2nd sg.—, —¿, v` æ —∆, v` ∆, m d∆ —æ, v` ∆, f dæ

1st pl. c d, c d¿, v` æ c d∆, v` ∆, m d∆ c dæ, v` ∆, f dæ

2nd pl. ø ∆m xt æ, c d, ø ∆m xt æ, c d¿, v` æ ø ∆m xt æ, c d∆, v` ∆, m d∆ ø ∆m xt æ, c dæ, v` ∆, f dæ

The set of third personSCM’s is as follows (from Abangma 1987:16 and personal dataelicitation):

Table 7: 3rd Person SCM's

Class 1 ` ∆, 6a l` ∆,

2 ` æ, 7 f dæ,

3 ø æ, 8 t æ,

4 c dæ, 9 ` ∆,

5 m dæ, 10 ø æ,

6 ` æ,

This set ofSCM’s appears to be valid for transitive, intransitive, and copular verbs.Like the 1st and 2nd personSCM’s, the tone on the class 1SCM varies depending on theverb mode, as the example below shows (Abangma 1987:16, 21):

11) `∆, v` æ ‘he killed’ (low)`¿, v` ∆, v—æ ‘he didn’t kill’ (low-high)`æ, k` æ, v` ∆, v—æ ‘he who didn’t kill’ (high)

This contrasts with the class 2 SCM, whose tone remains high, e.g.:

12) ` æ, v` æ ‘they killed’(high)` æ, v` ∆, v—æ ‘they didn’t kill’(high)

Tone changes need to be investigated on the other 3rd person SCM’s.

8 ø∆mxtæ ‘you (pl.),’ rather than a part of the SCM, seems to be a clause-level pronoun; its use is optional, as in the

leave-takingcd æ,aøæk d æ,n or ø∆mxtæ cd æ,aøæk d æ,n ‘You (pl.)-sleep (well) oh!’ It is most likely required for emphasis orfor disambiguation with ‘we,’ whose SCM is the same.

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12Possibility of M-Verb Phrase

The M-Verb Word chart as it now stands may be subject to change, in one of twoways: either it could be expanded to include one or two more columns; or a M-VerbPhrase construction could be proposed that incorporates the M-Verb Word. This is due tothe presence of a certain number of morphemes (either indicating focus or realizing S-TENSE, S-ASPECT, or CS-ATTITUDE) that may either be phonological words oradditional suffixes (other than those proposed by Abangma). These morphemes are:k dæ, afocus marker; m xÕ ◊ø ∆ ‘Future’/‘later’; lø æ ‘already’; rd» ‘no longer’; m` ∆ ‘from thebeginning’;l–a—∆ ‘like:that’/’certainly.’ Some examples of their use are given below, withthe potential M-Verb Phrase in bold type:

13) m ` ∆m ` ∆ œ¿,jv—∆ løænow 1s-beg(Pst) already

‘I have appeased you often enough.’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 030)

14) a ` ¿ a Õ◊ø `æ,i—æ—æ,fdæ mxÕ◊ø∆ rd» c dæm x` æchildren your 3p-speak-NegNonPst Fut no:longer Denya

‘Your children will no longer speak Denya.’ (DO WORK WELL 012c)

15) œ∆f a ø ∆ `∆,kt∆ kdæ t ∆j` ∆ ` ∆m c d∆Ngbe:society 3s-is FOC organization men

‘The Ngbe society is an organization for men.’ (NGBE SOCIETY 001)

16) m d∆f Õ æ `∆,kt∆ l–a—∆ l` ¿ m ∆m xÕ crab 3s-is certainly child stream

‘Crab was in a small stream.’ (ELEPHANT & STREAM 010)

In his description of the Kenyang verb phrase, Snider (1993)uses tone patternconsiderations to make the affix/phonological word distinction. If there is tone spreadfrom the verb root to the morpheme in question, then it is likely that it is an affix to theM-Verb Word; otherwise, it is probably a separate phonological word, and a M-VerbPhrase will need to be proposed. Further research on this is required.

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4.2.5M-Complex Verb Stem

The formula and chart for the M-Complex Verb Stem are as follows:M-Complex Verb Stem = C:Verb Word + F:verb root

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΠΡΙΟΡ(ΛΑ(σεθ)) ≥ΣΥΒΣΕΘΥΕΝΤ(ΛΑ(σεθ))≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Χοµπλεξ_ςερβ_Στεµ= ≥Χ: ≥Φ: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥ςερβ_Ωορδ ≥ϖερβ_ροοτ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ)≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−ςΩ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−ϖρτ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ιτ ισ ωηιτε≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 003≥µαν∋σ ωορκ ≥≥ ≥—æ ≥−oxøæ ≥ ≥ψου αρε ≥≥ ≥2Σ ≥µακε(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥γοινγ το ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥δο. ≥≥ ≥−ixøæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ωηο:γο(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ)≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥−fd∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ)≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−ςΩ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Παπα Ελε− ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥πηαντ σεντ ≥≥ ≥`∆,ixø∆≥,bvøæ ≥013 ≥∆υικερ το ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 γο(ΠΣΤ) ≥φετχη(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥γο ανδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥φετχη σοµε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωατερ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ)≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−ςΩ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Γο ανδ τελλ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ηιµ. ≥≥ ≥00 bnæ ≥−f`æqdæ ≥021 ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 γο(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) ≥τελλ(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ)≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−ςΩ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Øjoøøæ χαµε ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ουτ φαρ ≥≥ ≥`∆,ixø∆≥−s`æmd∆ ≥033α ≥αηεαδ. ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 γο(ΠΣΤ) ≥χοµε:ουτ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ)≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−ςΩ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−ϖρτ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Øjoøøæ αγαιν≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥τοοκ α βυση≥≥ ≥`∆,l`∆,ixøæ≥−r—æ ≥038α ≥πατη... ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ΡΕΠ γο(ΠΣΤ) ≥χυτ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

Observations:

1) I am using Abangma’s term for this construction, having adapted the structure heproposes to a stratificational chart. About the M-Complex Verb Stem he writes:

A complex verb stem (CVS) consists of two roots. These are called verbs inseries, serial verbs, verbal combinations, or strings of verbs. (...) Only two verbsin the language can combine with other verbs to form a serial verb construction.(In such a combination only the first verb is inflected.) Thetwo verbs arebv—æ

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‘come’ and ixø .bn æ ‘go.’ In the ixø .bn æ variants, ixø is used in nonimperativesentences while bn æ is used only in imperatives. (1987:13-14)

The meaning conveyed is ‘come and/to X’ and ‘go and/to X.’ Semantically, the secondverb expresses the purpose of the first (1987:14); this is why I propose that thisconstruction realizes a S-Logical Arrangement interproposition, where the verb in the Cposition is the prior condition of the verb in the F position.

2) Abangma calls these rootsStem 1 andStem 2 (1987:12). Because only the firstverb is inflected, I propose that the C position is filled by the inflected M-Verb Word andthe F position by the uninflected M-verb root. (The M-Verb Word is more fully discussedin section 4.2.4.)

Moreover, Stem 2 (the M-verb root in the F position) has a specific tone patterndepending on whether it is mono- or disyllabic. Abangma writes:

The first verb carries low tone, while the second, if monosyllabic, may haveeither high or low tone depending on the tone of the verb, i.e., it carries thelexical tone.9 A disyllabic second root morpheme carries a high tone on the firstsyllable and low tone on the second syllable.10 (1987:13)

Note in the examples in the chart that uninflected Stem 2 is glossed with the sametense/aspect as the inflected Stem 1, even though generally its form is invariable.

3) The M-Complex Verb Stem occurs in the C position (or “verb”slot) of the M-Clause and M-Imperative Clause.

9 Lexical tone is that which occurs on the simple verb stem in the past tense, e.g., H onfx æ ‘split’ ( ∆fx æ ‘he split’) but L

on rø∆ ‘receive’ ( ∆rø∆ ‘he received’). The chart gives examples of monosyllabic verb roots in the F position that take Htone, but unfortunately I have not been able to find examplesof L-tone verbs in the F position, either in Abangma’s dataor my own data.

10 The lexical tone (i.e. past-tense tone) for disyllabic verbs is L-H, e.g.s ∆md æ ‘go out’ ( ∆s ∆md æ ‘he went out’), ed ∆qd æ ‘remove’

( ∆ed ∆qd æ ‘he removed’) (1987:15).g æqd æ ‘tell’ in the chart (Elephant & Stream 021) seems to be a counterexample, but theH-H melody is probably due to the imperative meaning, just as b næ ‘go’ also carries H tone indicative of imperative.

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4.2.6M-Compound Verb Phrase

The formula and chart for the M-Compound Verb Phrase are as follows:M-Compound Verb Phrase = C:Verb Word + F:Verb Word

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΤΕΝΣΕ ≥ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Χοµπουνδ_ςερβ_Πηρασε=≥Χ: ≥Φ: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥ςερβ_Ωορδ ≥ςερβ_Ωορδ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΤΕΝΣΕ ≥Σ−ΤΝΣ Μ−ςΩ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥Τηε βοψ ωασ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ 010≥γιϖινγ ηισ ≥≥ ≥`∆a—æ≥`∆bxø∆fd∆ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥πιγ φοοδ. ≥≥ ≥`∆,a—æ≥`∆,bxø∆,fd∆≥9Α) ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ΠΣΤ ≥3Σ:Χ1 γιϖε ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΤΕΝΣΕ ≥Σ−ΤΝΣ Μ−ςΩ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥Τηε συν ωασ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ 011≥σηινινγ. ≥≥ ≥øæa—æ ≥øæsxd»≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥øæ,a—æ≥øæ,sxd»≥9Α) ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ? ΠΣΤ ≥3Σ:Χ? σηινε ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

Observations:

1) This construction differs from the M-Complex Verb Stem (section 4.2.5) in that itis composed of two M-Verb Words rather than a M-Verb Word plusa M-verb root. Inboth parts of the construction the SCM agrees with the subject noun of the M-Clause.

2) I suggest that this construction is activated by the additional function of S-TENSE,in keeping with Cope’s fourth guideline of activation:

If a construction has two positions and if a minimal functionactivates one ofthose positions and if an additional function activates theother position, then theconstruction is probably activated by the additional function. (Cope 1993:105)

S-ACTIVITY is considered a minimal function of S-Event (ACTIVITY), and S-TENSEan additional function expanding the constituents of the S-Event (ACTIVITY)proposition.

3) It is possible that a M-Compound Verb Phrase can be formed using othermorphemes thana—æ ‘PAST.’ A similar construction in Kenyang uses at least two possiblemorphemes, m` ‘œ ‘COMPLETIVE’ and oø ∆s ‘again’ (Seguin 1997:19).

4.2.7M-Noun Word

The formula and chart for the M-Noun Word are as follows:M-Noun Word = P2:noun prefix + P1:noun prefix + C:noun root

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΠΛΥΡΑΛΙΤΨ ≥ΧΛΑΣΣ ≥ΜΕΜΒΕΡ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΙΤΕΜ(Πλ) ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Νουν_Ωορδ= ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥νουν_πρεφιξ ≥νουν_πρεφιξ≥νουν_ροοτ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χλασσιφιχατιον(τηινγ)≥ ≥Σ−ΧΛΣΣ ≥Σ−ΜΕΜ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥ϖιλλαγεσ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Μ−νπφξ ≥Μ−νρτ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 002≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l`∆ ≥−k—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ6 ≥ϖιλλαγε ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Πλυραλιτψ ≥Σ−ΠΛ Μ−νπφξ ≥Σ−ΧΛΣΣ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥τωο ωηιτε ≥≥Χλασσιφιχατιον(τηινγ)≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥Μ−νπφξ ≥Σ−ΜΕΜ ≥∆ΑΤΑ 003≥σηιρτσ ≥≥ ≥a—∆ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−≥Μ−νρτ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥a—∆ ≥œ∆ ≥−−−−−−−−−≥7Β) ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΠΛ:Χ2 ≥Χ1 ≥−jt» ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥σηιρτ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

See observation 3) below for a brief discussion on the P2 position.

Observations:

1) It appears that the relationship between the noun prefix and the noun root is that ofS-CLASS and S-MEMBER, i.e., the prefix is the class and the noun root is the specificmember of that class. This realizes a S-Classification(thing) proposition.

2) Mbuagbaw (1997) proposes the following noun classes for Denya (I list only someof his examples):

Table 8:Noun Classes

Class Prefix Example Gloss

1 M,+ld,+/ l –, ev` ∆ ‘chief’

/ , m ∆sø ∆ ‘father’

ld∆, c d∆' ld∆, m c d∆( ‘man’

2 `, ` ∆, ev` ∆ ‘chiefs’

` ∆, m c d∆ ‘men’

3 ø, ø ∆, r ` ¿ ‘cutlass’

ø ∆, sø ∆ ‘duiker’

4 cd, c d∆, r ` ¿ ‘cutlasses’

c d∆, sø ∆ ‘duikers’

Class Prefix Example Gloss

5 ld,+md, ld∆, jo n ∆ ‘head’

m d∆, jn ∆ ‘parcel’

6 l`, l` ∆, jo n ∆ ‘heads’

l` ∆, jn ∆ ‘parcels’

6a l`, l` ∆, m ` ¿ ‘water’

l` ∆, vd¿ ‘oil’

7 fd, f dæ, a ` ∆ ‘bag’

f d∆, o t æ ‘house’

8 t,+n, t æ, a ` ∆ ‘bags’

n ∆, œn ∆œn ∆ ‘caterpillars’

9 M,+ld, œ∆, œld∆ ‘goat’

ld∆, r d∆ ‘monkey’

10 M,+ld, œ∆, œld∆ ‘goats’

ld∆, r d∆ ‘monkeys’

3) A certain number of class 1 nouns form the plural, not by replacing the class 1prefix with a class 2 or other class prefix, but by adding a plural prefix a—∆,00. This makesit a class 2 noun, as seen in the agreement of other concord elements (subject concordmarker, M-Adjective Word, M-Demonstrative Word; see the relevant sections). Inaddition to the example in the chart, there is the following::

Singular Plural

œ∆f vø ∆s ‘book’ a —∆, œ∆f vø ∆s ‘books’

` ∆œjo ` æœjo ` æ ‘pan’ a —∆, ` ∆œjo ` æœjo ` æ ‘pans’

11 It is possible, however, that theœ, in œ∆fv ø∆s ‘book’ or œ∆j t∆ ‘shirt’ (cf. chart) is not a prefix at all but rather part of the

root, as Mbuagbaw proposes form∆s ø∆ ‘father’ in Table 8; consequently, these words would have a zero (0) prefix. This isworth investigating and, if proved valid, would reduce the number of columns in the M-Noun Word chart by one.

4.2.8Derived Noun Stem

In addition to the various M-Word constructions described to this point, I wish topresent at least one instance I have found of a derived stem. In stratificational theory, onedistinction between a M-Word construction and a derived stem is that affixation of aderived stem can result in a change of grammatical category,whereas affixation of a M-Word does not (Cope 1994:62).

The following examples show how a noun stem can be derived from a verb root. Theresulting derived stem refers to the performer of a given action. When combined with afollowing noun, this process is very productive of compoundnouns. Note that stems arenot charted; it is sufficient to write the order of occurrence down (Cope 1994:64).

Derived noun stem

1.ldæM, (class 1 nominalizing prefix) + 2. verb root

examples: ldæM, *jv— æ ‘grind’ m ∆bÕ ‘corn’<ldæœjv—æ, m ∆bÕ ‘grinder of corn’

ldæM, *v` ∆m dæ‘kills’ ld∆r g t ¿‘fish’ = ldæœv` ∆m dæ, ld∆r g t ¿‘fisherman’

1. ∆M, (class 2 nominalizing prefix) + 2. verb root

examples: ` æM, * ix` ¿kdæ‘make(NonPst)’ t ∆r —æ‘mud’ = ` æm ix` ¿kdæ, t ∆r —æ ‘makers of mud’

4.2.9M-Noun Phrase

The formula for the M-Noun Phrase is as follows:M-Noun Phrase = P:Demonstrative Word + C:00, noun root, Noun Word, Associative

Noun Phrase + F1:pronoun(his) + F2:adjective, Adjective Word,[1.l` ¿M,2.Clause], [1.relative 2.Clause] + F3:Demonstrative Word,Numeral Word + F4:Preposition Phrase

The chart is on pages 40–44, with a discussion of possessive adjectives following.

Observations:

1) It appears that the number of positions allowed to modify the head noun (Cposition) is limited. NON-TEXT DATA 002 (fd∆m—æfdæ,œ∆fv ø ∆s x` æ d∆xÕ ◊fdæk ` ∆ fdæl` » ‘pen mythat-remains one’), elicited during language learning, isthe example with the mostmodifiers. Examples from Abangma’s texts, on the other hand, allow for one or at mosttwo modifiers. Therefore, it may be that for stylistic reasons Denya restricts the size ofthe M-Noun Phrase and instead uses other devices outside of the M-Noun Phrase tomodify, such as M-Verb Words in separate M-Clauses.

2) SLEEPING MAT 008 and 013 illustrate headless Noun Phrases, where 00 replacesthe Noun Word that would normally fill the C position (what Fleming callsdouble-zerorealization). In both cases the noun is modified by a verbless relative clause(characteristic of colour adjectives, cf. 4.2.1) and either a M-Numeral Word or a M-Demonstrative Word.

3) There are no examples of both a M-Numeral Word and a M-Demonstrative Wordmodifying a noun, such as in the English noun phrase ‘those two eggs.’ If such were tooccur, by virtue of their morphemic similarity (both M-Words consisting of a root with aclass prefix) I would propose putting both in F3 and making that column iterative. If theyalways occur in the same order (i.e. M-Numeral Word first, followed by the M-Demonstrative Word, or vice-versa), their semantic realizates (listed at the top of thecolumn) would be ordered (cf. Fleming 1990:275)—i.e., 1. COUNT 2.SPECIFICATION,or 1. SPECIFICATION 2.COUNT. If their order varied, no indication of ordering wouldbe included.

4) The chart contains several examples ofportmanteau realization, i.e., where asingle morphemic unit is activated by more than one semanticunit at the same time.Specifically, these are:

S-Count + S-Ownership NON-TEXT DATA 001 and 002

S-Specification + S-Spatial Location (thing) NON-TEXT DATA 016

S-Attribution + S-Specification SLEEPING MAT 008

S-Attribution + S-Count SLEEPING MAT 013

These examples show that portmanteau realization occurs when there are severalmodifiers in the Noun Phrase. Undoubtedly many more combinations are possible.

5) NKPEE’S DIVORCE 018 ( ∆xÕ ld∆mcdæ ‘the woman,’ S-Specification) is the onlyexample found to date of a modifier preceding the head noun.` ∆xÕ , glossed ‘the’ byAbangma, may very well be a M-Demonstrative Word, which normally occursafter thehead noun (cf. other examples of S-Specification). This alternate realization ofSPECIFICATION in the P rather than the F3 position is likely the result of discourse

considerations needing investigation, e.g. focus or topic. (See discussion of alternaterealization in section 3.3.2.)

6) I am uncertain which semantic proposition is illustratedby the first example in thechart (from DO WORK WELL 001); possibly it is S-Event (EXPRESSION), with S-COMMUNIQUE activating the C position and S-EXPRESSION the F2 position.Nevertheless, I thought it worthwhile to include it to show that the head noun can bemodified by an infinitive clause ([1.l` ¿M, 2. Clause]). Infinitive clauses are discussedmore thoroughly in section on the M-Clause.

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΣΠΕΧΙΦΙΧΑΤΙΟΝ≥ΙΤΕΜ(Αττβν) ΧΟΥΝΤΕ∆ ≥ΡΕΦΕΡΕΝΤ(ΡΑΝΚ+)(Κινσπ)≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ Ι∆ΕΝΤΙΦΙΕΡ ΠΡΟΠΟΡΤΙΟΝ ≥ΝΥΜΒΕΡ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ(τηινγ)≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Ι∆ΕΝΤΙΦΙΕ∆ ≥ΟΩΝΕΡ ΩΗΟΛΕ ≥ΘΥΑΝΤΙΤΨ ΣΠΕΧΙΦΙΧΑΤΙΟΝ ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ? ≥ΣΠΕΧΙΦΙΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΡΕΦΕΡΕΝΤ(ΡΑΝΚ−)(Κινσπ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΟΩΝΕ∆ ΠΑΡΤ ΤΟΤΑΛ(Προπρν)≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΘΥΑΝΤΙΦΙΕ∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΕ∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΣΠΕΧΙΦΙΕ∆ ΧΟΜΜΥΝΙΘΥΕ? ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Νουν_Πηρασε= ≥Π: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Φ2: ≥Φ3: ≥Φ4: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥∆εµ_Ωορδ ≥µ−00 νουν_ροοτ ≥προνουν(ηισ) ≥αδϕεχτιϖε Αδϕεχτιϖε_Ωορδ [1.l`¿M,1-Χλ] ≥∆εµονστρατιϖε_Ωορδ≥Πρεποσιτιον_Πηρασε ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Ασσοχιατιϖε_ΝΠ Νουν_Ωορδ≥ ≥[1.ρελατιϖε 2.Χλαυσε] ≥Νυµεραλ_Ωορδ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σ−Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΣΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΜΜ? Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ? Μ−[1.l`¿M,1-Χλ] ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥α λιττλε σοµε−≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 001≥τηινγ το σαψ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ø∆jøæjøæld∆b—æ≥ ≥l`¿mi—¿≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ø∆,jøæjøæld∆,b—æ≥ ≥l`¿m,i—¿≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ3 λιττλε Χ? −τηινγ ≥ ≥το σαψ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−αδϕ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥ρεδ βυττοχκσ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥t∆k`∆≥ ≥bt∆t∆≥ ≥ ≥014 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥t∆,k`∆≥ ≥bt∆t∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ8 βοττοµ ≥ ≥ρεδ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χουντ ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΝΤ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΝΥΜ Μ−ΝυµΩ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥σαµε ρανκ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥fd∆e—¿≥ ≥ ≥fd∆l`∆≥ ≥005 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥fd∆,e—¿≥ ≥ ≥fd∆,l`∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ7 κινδ/τψπε ≥ ≥ ≥Χ7 ονε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Ιδεντιφιχατιον ≥ ≥Σ−Ι∆Φ∆ Μ−ΑσσοχΝΠ ≥ ≥Σ−Ι∆ΦΡ Μ−[1.ρελ 2.Χλ] ≥ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Ελεπηαντ ωασ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ανγρψ, ωιτη ≥≥ ≥ ≥fd∆kt∆fd∆œ∆j`∆kd∆≥ ≥xÕ◊fdæktæ≥ ≥ ≥023 ≥τηε πεππερ ≥≥ ≥ ≥fd∆,kt∆fd∆œ∆,j`∆kd∆≥ ≥xÕ◊fdæ,ktæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥στιλλ παινινγ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ7 ποωερ ΑΜ Χ? πεππερ ≥ ≥ΡΕΛ:Χ7 Χ7 ωηο:ισ(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ηιµ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥l–a—∆iÕ ld∆s—¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥l–a—∆iÕ ld∆,s—¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥λικε:τηατ 3Σ:Χ9 Χ5 ηεαρτ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Κινσηιπ ≥ ≥Σ−ΡΕΦ(−) Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΡΕΦ(+) Μ−προ(ηισ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥ψουρ χηιλδρεν ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥a`¿≥aÕ◊ø∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥012χ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥a,`¿≥aÕ◊ø∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ2 −χηιλδρεν ≥2Σ:Χ2 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗

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⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Οωνερσηιπ ≥ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝΡ Μ−προ(ηισ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥ηισ φαρµ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆j—¿≥vt¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥004 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆,j—¿≥vt¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ? φαρµ ≥3Σ:Χ? ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Νουν_Πηρασε= ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Φ2: ≥Φ3: ≥Φ4: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Παρτιτιϖε ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−προ(ηισ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥ψουρ ηεαρτ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 006≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆s—¿≥vÕ øæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆,s—¿≥vÕ øæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ? ηεαρτ ≥2Σ:Χ? ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Προπορτιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΤΤΛ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΠΡΝ Μ−ΑδϕΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥τηε εντιρε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥Νγβε σοχιετψ ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆faø∆≥ ≥ld∆jn∆≥ ≥ ≥006 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆,faø∆≥ ≥ld∆,jn∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ? Øfaø:σοχιετψ ≥ ≥Χ? αλλ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Θυαντιφιχατιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΘΥΑΝ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΘΥΑΝΨ Μ−αδϕ ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥µυχη ωινε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l–l—¿≥ ≥c—æ—æ≥ ≥ ≥016β ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l–,l—¿≥ ≥c—æ—æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ6α ωινε ≥ ≥µυχη ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σπεχιφιχατιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΝ Μ−αδϕ ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥σοµεβοδψ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 009≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥lt¿≥ ≥e—∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l,t¿≥ ≥e—∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 −περσον ≥ ≥σοµε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σπεχιφιχατιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΝ Μ−∆εµΩ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥τηατ στονε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥m∆s`¿≥ ≥ ≥mÕ md∆la—∆ ≥ ≥016 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥m∆,s`¿≥ ≥ ≥mÕ md∆,la—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 στονε ≥ ≥ ≥τηισ:Χ5 τηατ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σπεχιφιχατιον ≥Σ−ΣΠΝ Μ−∆εµΩ ≥Σ−ΣΠ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥τηε ωοµαν ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥`∆xÕ ≥ld∆mcdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥018 ≥ ≥≥ ≥`∆xÕ ≥ld∆,mcdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥τηε:Χ1 ≥Χ1 ωοµαν ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χουντ Οωνερσηιπ ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΝΤ∆ Σ−ΟΩΝ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝΡ Μ−προ(ηισ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΝΥΜ Μ−ΝυµΩ ≥ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥µψ τωο εγγσ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΑΤΑ 001≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l`∆œjv`∆mbÕ◊ ≥x`æ≥ ≥`æodæ æ≥ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l`∆,œjv`∆mbÕ◊≥x`æ≥ ≥`æ,odæ æ≥ ≥5Α) ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ6 εγγ ≥1Σ:Χ6 ≥ ≥Χ6 τωο ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Οωνερσηιπ Χουντ ≥ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝ∆ Σ−ΧΝΤ∆ Μ−ΑσσοχΝΠ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝΡ Μ−προ(ηισ) ≥Σ−?? Μ−[1.ρελ 2.Χλ] ≥Σ−ΝΥΜ Μ−ΝυµΩ ≥ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥Μψ ονε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΑΤΑ 002≥ρεµαινινγ πεν ≥

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≥ ≥ ≥fd∆mnæfd»mfvø∆s≥x`æ≥d∆xÕ◊fdæk`∆≥fdæl`»≥ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥fd∆,mnæ,fdæm∆,fvø∆s≥x`æ≥d∆xÕ◊,fdæ,k`∆≥fdæ,l`»≥ ≥5Β) ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ7 στιχκ Χ7 Χ1 βοοκ ≥1Σ:Χ7 ≥ΡΕΛ:Χ7 3Σ:Χ7 ρεµαιν ≥Χ7 ονε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Νουν_Πηρασε= ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Φ2: ≥Φ3: ≥Φ4: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σπεχιφιχατιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠ∆ Σ−ΣΛΟΧ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΝ Μ−∆εµΩ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧΝ Μ−ΠρεπΠ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥τηισ ωοµαν ιν ≥≥Σπατιαλ_Λοχατιον(τηινγ)≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ 016≥τηε βαχκ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆mcdæ≥ ≥ ≥xÕ //≥mdæld∆rn∆≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆,mcdæ≥ ≥ ≥xÕ //≥mdæld∆,rn∆≥9Α) ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 ωοµαν ≥ ≥ ≥δετ:Χ1 00 ≥ΛΟΧ Χ? βαχκ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−[1.ρελ 2.Χλ] ≥Σ−ΣΠΝ Μ−∆εµΩ ≥ ≥ΣΛΕΕΠΙΝΓ≥τηοσε ρεδ ονεσ≥≥Σπεχιφιχατιον ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΜΑΤ 008 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ø∆xÕ◊ld∆føækdæ≥xÕ la—∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ø∆xÕ◊ld∆,føækdæ≥xÕ ,la—∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ΡΕΛ?:Χ10 Χ10 ρεδ ≥τηισ:Χ10? φαρ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χουντ Αττριβυτιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΝΤ∆ Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−[1.ρελ 2.Χλ] ≥Σ−ΝΥΜ Μ−ΝυµΩ ≥ ≥ΣΛΕΕΠΙΝΓ≥τωο ωηιτε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΜΑΤ 013 ≥ονεσ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ø∆aÕ◊onæonæ≥tæoøæ æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ø∆aÕ◊onæonæ≥tæ,oøæ æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ΡΕΛ:Χ8 ωηιτε ≥Χ8 τωο ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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13Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives (M-pronoun(him)) filling F1 agree with the class of the headnoun. The full set of possessive adjectives is as follows:

Table 9:Possessive adjectives

Class Noun 1 sg. ‘my’ 2 sg.‘your’

3 sg. ‘his/her/its’

1 pl.‘our’

2 pl.‘your’

3 pl. ‘their’

1 œ ∆fvø∆s‘book’ ` ∆v` ∆ ` æv Õ◊øæ ` ∆vt ¿ ` ∆vt ∆r dæ ` ∆vt ∆m xt æ ' ` ∆vt ∆(a v—æ

` ∆œjo` æœjo` æ‘pan’

` ∆v` ∆ ` æv Õ◊øæ ` ∆vt ¿ ` ∆vt ∆r dæ ` ∆vt ∆m xt æ ' ` ∆vt ∆(a v—æ

2 a —∆œ ∆fvø∆s‘books’

` ∆a ` » ` ∆a Õ◊øæ ` ∆a ÕŸ ` ∆a Õ r dæ ` ∆a Õ m xt æ ' ` ∆a Õ (a v—æ

a —∆` ∆œjo` æœjo` æ‘pans’

` ∆a ` » ` ∆a Õ◊øæ ` ∆a ÕŸ ` ∆a Õ r dæ ` ∆a Õ m xt æ ' ` ∆a Õ (a v—æ

3 ø∆k` ∆‘hat’ ø∆v` » ø∆v Õ◊øæ ø∆vt ¿ ø∆vt ∆r dæ ø∆vt ∆m xt æ ' ø∆vt ∆(a v—æ

ø∆st ∆‘ear’ ø∆v` » ø∆v Õ◊øæ ø∆vt ¿ -- -- --

ø∆r ` ¿‘cutlass’ ø∆v` » ø∆v Õ◊øæ ø∆vt ¿ ø∆vt ∆r dæ ø∆vt ∆m xt æ ' ø∆vt ∆(a v—æ

4 c d∆k` ∆‘hats’ ø∆s` » øæsxø¿ ø∆sÕŸ ø∆sÕ ' q d∆(r dæ ø∆sÕ q d∆m xt æ ' ø∆sÕ q d∆(a v—æ

c d∆r ` ¿‘cutlasses’ ø∆s` » ø∆sxø¿ ø∆sÕŸ ø∆sÕ ' q d∆(r dæ ø∆sÕ q d∆m xt æ ' ø∆sÕ q d∆(a v—æ

5 m d∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸ‘egg’

ø∆m ` » ø∆m xø¿ ø∆m ÕŸ ø∆m Õ m d∆r dæ ø∆m Õ m d∆m xt æ

' ø∆m Õ m d∆(a v—æ

m øæœøæm dæ‘tooth’ ø∆m ` » ø∆m xø¿ ø∆m ÕŸ -- -- --

m d∆jn ∆‘package’ ø∆m ` » ø∆m xø¿ ø∆m ÕŸ ø∆m Õ m d∆r dæ ø∆m Õ m d∆m xt æ

' ø∆m Õ m d∆(a v—æ

6 l` ∆œjv` ∆m bÕŸ‘eggs’

` ∆x` » ` ∆ixø¿ ` ∆iÕŸ ` ∆xÕ r dæ ` ∆xÕ m xt æ ' ` ∆xÕ (a v—æ

l` æœø∆m dæ‘teeth’ ` ∆x` » ` ∆ixø¿ ` ∆iÕŸ ` ∆xÕ r dæ ` ∆xÕ m xt æ ' ` ∆xÕ (a v—æ

l` ∆jn ∆‘package’ ` ∆x` » ` ∆ixø¿ ` ∆iÕŸ ` ∆xÕ r dæ ` ∆xÕ m xt æ ' ` ∆xÕ (a v—æ

6a l` ∆m ` ¿‘water’ ` ∆l` » ` ∆lxø¿ ` ∆lÕŸ ` ∆lÕ r dæ ` ∆lÕ m xt æ ' ` ∆lÕ (a v—æ

l` ∆vd¿‘oil’ ` ∆l` » ` ∆lxø¿ ` ∆lÕŸ ` ∆lÕ r dæ ` ∆lÕ m xt æ ' ` ∆lÕ (a v—æ

7 fd∆ix` ¿kn ∆‘sweetpotato’

ø∆x` » ø∆ixø¿ ø∆iÕŸ ø∆xÕ r dæ fd∆m xt æ.ø∆xÕ m xt æ

' ø∆xÕ fd∆(a v—æ.' ø∆xÕ (a v—æ

fdæa ` ∆‘bag’ ø∆x` » ø∆ixø¿ ø∆iÕŸ ø∆xÕ r dæ fdæm xt æ.ø∆iÕ m xt æ

fdæa v—æ.' ø∆xÕ fd∆(a v—æ.' ø∆xÕ (a v—æ

fd∆k—æfdæ-ø∆a v—∆‘arm’

ø∆x` » ø∆ixø¿ ø∆iÕŸ -- -- --

8 t ∆ix` ¿kn ∆‘sweetpotatoes’

ø∆a ` » ø∆a xø¿ ø∆a Õ◊ ø∆a Õ r dæ ø∆a Õ m xt æ ' ø∆a Õ (a v—æ

t æa ` ∆‘bags’ ø∆a ` » ø∆a xø¿ ø∆a Õ◊ ø∆a Õ r dæ ø∆a Õ m xt æ ' ø∆a Õ (a v—æ

n ∆kn æ-` ∆ln ∆‘arms’ ø∆a ` » ø∆a xø¿ ø∆a Õ◊ ø∆a Õ r dæ ø∆m xt æ.ø∆a Õ m xt æ

' ø∆a Õ (a v—æ

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Class Noun 1 sg. ‘my’ 2 sg.‘your’

3 sg. ‘his/her/its’

1 pl.‘our’

2 pl.‘your’

3 pl. ‘their’

9 œ ∆œld∆‘goat’ ` ∆v` ∆ ` ∆v Õ◊øæ ` ∆vt ¿ ` ∆vt ∆r dæ ` ∆vt ∆m xt æ ' ` ∆vt ∆(a v—æ

ld∆r d∆‘monkey’ ` ∆v` ∆ ` ∆v Õ◊øæ ` ∆vt ¿ ` ∆vt ∆r dæ ` ∆vt ∆m xt æ ' ` ∆vt ∆(a v—æ

10 œ ∆œld∆‘goats’ ø∆x` » ø∆ixø¿ ø∆iÕŸ ø∆xÕ r dæ ø∆xÕ m xt æ ø∆xÕ a v—æ

ld∆r d∆‘monkeys’

ø∆x` » ø∆ixø¿ ø∆iÕŸ ø∆xÕ r dæ ø∆xÕ m xt æ ø∆xÕ a v—æ

14 Notes on Table 9:E. The M-possessive adjective follows the head noun. For all the forms

above elision of the initial vowel generally takes place in normalspeech; this results in tone changes which I have not attempted toaccount for here.

F. The 3rd person plural form can be a v—∆alone or a v—∆ with the concordprefix. The exception is class 10, where the full, prefixed form isrequired in order to disambiguate between the identical class 9(singular) and class 10 (plural) forms.

G. The forms f dæm xt æ‘ your’ and f dæa v—∆‘their’ for class 7 are unusual; f dæisoften present with class 7 concord elements, but it is interesting thatwe do not see the forms c dæm xt æ.c dæa v—∆ andm dæm xt æ.m dæa v—∆for classes 4and 5 respectively. Further research is needed on these particularforms.

H. Where applicable, I have included parts of the body to show that theredoes not appear to be a difference between alienable and inalienablepossession. I would note, however, that in the case of parts of thebody the possessive adjective is not always required, e.g.:

17) ln ∆ ld∆jo n æ l –ld∆put head down

‘Put (your) head down.’

18) v—æ n ∆r g t ∆tie face

‘Tie (your) face.’ = ‘Frown.’

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4.2.10M-Associative Noun Phrase

The formula and chart for the M-Associative Noun Phrase are as follows:M-Associative Noun Phrase = C:Noun Word + F1:associative marker, 00 +

F2:Noun Phrase, Noun Word, Associative Noun Phrase

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΡΕΦΕΡΕΝΤ ΑΣΣΟΧΙΑΤΕ∆_Α ≥0 ≥ΙΝΣΤΙΤΥΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΧΛΑΣΣ ΧΟΝΤΑΙΝΕΡ ≥ ≥ΑΣΣΟΧΙΑΤΕ∆_Β ΜΕΜΒΕΡ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΠΟΣΙΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ΧΟΝΤΕΝΤ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΡΕΦΕΡΕΝΤ(ΡΑΝΚ−)(Κινσπ) ≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΠΑΡΤ ≥ ≥ΡΕΦΕΡΕΝΤ(ΡΑΝΚ+)(Κινσπ) ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΡΕΦΕΡΕΝΤ(ΡΑΝΚ−)(ΣοχΡελ)≥ ≥ΩΗΟΛΕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΡΕΦΕΡΕΝΤ(ΡΑΝΚ+)(ΣοχΡελ)≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Ασσοχιατιϖε_ΝΠ= ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Φ2: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥Νουν_Ωορδ ≥ασσοχιατιϖε_µαρκερ≥Νουν_Πηρασε Νουν_Ωορδ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥µ−00 ≥Ασσοχιατιϖε_ΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Κινσηιπ ≥Σ−ΡΕΦ(−) Μ−ΝΩ ≥Μ−µ−00 ≥Σ−ΡΕΦ(+) Μ−ΝΩ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥ωιφε οφ α ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 007≥περσον ≥≥ ≥ld∆mcdæ ≥00 ≥lt¿ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ld∆,mcdæ≥00 ≥l,t¿≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ1 ωοµαν ≥00 ≥Χ1 περσον ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Παρτιτιϖε ≥Σ−ΠΡΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Μ−αµ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ΝΩ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥χαρχασσ οφ α≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 008≥γοατ ≥≥ ≥fd∆œjv—æ ≥fd∆ ≥œ–œld∆ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥fd∆,œjv—æ≥fdæ≥œ–,œld∆≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ7 χαρχασσ ≥ΑΜ ≥Χ9 γοατ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σοχιαλ_Ρελατιονσηιπ ≥Σ−ΡΕΦ(−) Μ−ΝΩ ≥Μ−µ−00 ≥Σ−ΡΕΦ(+) Μ−ΝΠ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥στρανγερ το ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥ψουρ ϖιλλαγε≥≥ ≥ld∆œjø¿ ≥00 ≥ld∆k—∆vÕ øæ ≥012β ≥ ≥≥ ≥ld∆,œjø¿≥00 ≥ld∆,k—∆vÕ øæ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ1 στρανγερ ≥00 ≥Χ5 ϖιλλαγε 2Σ:Χ5 ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ + ≥Σ−ΣΠΟΣ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Μ−µ−00 ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΑσσοχΝΠ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥βανκ οφ α ≥≥ ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ ΠΟΣΙΤΙΟΝ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥σµαλλ στρεαµ≥≥ ≥l–a`∆kd∆≥00 ≥l`¿m∆mxÕ ≥025 ≥ ≥≥ ≥l–,a`∆kd∆≥00 ≥l,`¿m∆,mxÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ5 σιδε ≥00 ≥Χ1 χηιλδ Χ? στρεαµ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αφφιλιατιον ≥Σ−ΡΕΦ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Μ−µ−00 ≥Σ−ΙΝΣΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥µεµβερ οφ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥τηε Νγβε ≥≥ ≥lt¿ ≥00 ≥œ∆faø∆ ≥011 ≥σοχιετψ ≥≥ ≥l,t¿≥00 ≥œ∆,faø∆≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ1 περσον ≥00 ≥Χ? Øfaø9σοχιετψ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χονταινερσηιπ ≥Σ−ΧΟΝΤΡ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Μ−µ−00 ≥Σ−ΧΟΝΤΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥α παν οφ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ 004≥φοοδ ≥≥ ≥`∆œjo`æœjo`æ≥00 ≥ld∆mxø¿ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥`∆,œjo`æœjo`æ≥00 ≥ld∆,mxø¿≥6Β) ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ1 παν ≥00 ≥Χ? φοοδ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Ασσοχιατιον ≥Σ−ΑΣΣ∆_Α Μ−ΝΩ ≥Μ−αµ ≥Σ−ΑΣΣ∆_Β Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥µορταρ φορ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ 006≥φυφυ ≥≥ ≥fdæ,jtæ≥fdæ ≥ø∆a`æ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ7 µορταρ ≥ΑΜ ≥ø∆,a`æ≥6Α) ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ3 φυφυ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χλασσιφιχατιον(τηινγ)≥Σ−ΧΛΣΣ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Μ−αµ ≥Σ−ΜΕΜ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥βανανα ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ 007≥ ≥≥ ≥t∆,k—∆≥Uû ≥l`∆m`æm`æ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ8 φινγερ ≥ΑΜ ≥l`∆,m`æm`æ≥7Α) ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ? βανανα ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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Observations:

1) The M-Associative Noun Phrase (ANP) results from the combination of twonominal constructions (N1 + N2). In Denya, N1 + N2 are connected by an associativemarker (AM), which is determined by the class of N1. Table 10 below provides examples:

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Table 10:M-Associative Noun Phrase

Class AM N1 N2 Resulting ANP

1 / / ld∆m c dæ ‘woman’ lt ¿‘person’ ld∆m c dælt ¿‘a person’s wife’

l–ev` ∆‘chief’ œ ∆fa ø∆‘secret society’ l–ev` ∆œ ∆fa ø∆‘chief of the secret society’

2 Uû a —∆œ ∆fvø∆‘books’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ a —∆m ∆fvø æm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s books’

a ` ¿ ‘children’ m ∆m xÕ ‘stream’ a ` ¿m ∆m xÕ ‘small streams’

3 / / øæjon ældæ‘bottle’ l` ∆m ` ¿‘water’ øæjon ældæl` ∆m ` ¿‘bottle of water’

ø∆jøæjøæ‘littleness’ l` ∆v` ældæ‘quarrel’ ø∆jøæjøæl` ∆v` ældæ‘a small quarrel’

4 c dæ-->q dæ.V__V

c d∆m —∆‘bicycle’ m ∆sø∆vø∆‘my father’ c d∆m —∆qdæm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s bicycle’

c d∆s—¿‘axes’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ c d∆s—æqdæm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s axes’

5 m dæ m d∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸ‘egg’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ m d∆m jv` ∆m bÕ◊mdæm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s egg’

m d∆jn ∆‘package’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ m d∆jn ∆mdæm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s package’

6 Uû l` ∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸ‘eggs’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ l` ∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s eggs’

l` ∆jn ∆‘packages’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ l` ∆jnæm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s packages’

6a NO DATA

7 fdæ fd∆œjv—æ‘carcass’ œ ∆œld∆‘goat’ fd∆œjv—æfdæœ ∆œld∆‘carcass of a goat’

fd∆a —∆‘sleeping mat’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ fd∆a —æfdæm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s sleeping mat’

8 Uû t ∆k—∆‘fingers’ a ` ∆m ` æm ` ∆‘banana’ t ∆k—æa ` ∆m ` æm ` ∆‘fingers of bananas’

t ∆œjv—æ‘carcasses’ œ ∆œld∆‘goats’ t ∆œjv—æœ ∆œld∆‘carcasses of goats’

9 / / œ ∆œld∆‘goat’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ œ ∆œld∆m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s goat’

ld∆r g t ∆‘elephant’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ ld∆r g t ∆m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s elephant’

10 Uû œ ∆œld∆‘goats’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆ ‘my father’ œ ∆œldæm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s goats’

ld∆r g t ∆‘elephants’ m ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’ ld∆r gtæm ∆sø∆v` ∆‘my father’s elephants’

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Singular classes 1, 3, and 9 have no overtAM (what I have marked as 00 in the table).However, plural classes 2, 6, 8, and 10 have a H-toneAM which spreads onto thepreceding low tone of N1.

2) The M\S realization relationship for the F1 position may be an example ofemptyrealization, in which a lower-stratum unit does not have an upper-stratum realizate. TheAM may be what Fleming calls amorphotactically determined morpheme, i.e., one thatis required by the specific construction (Fleming 1988:286). This is how Fleminganalyzes English ‘Z, and I feel it is a plausible analysis for the DenyaAM for the timebeing.

3) The M-Associative Noun Phrase is very productive of compound words in Denya.Note the following examples (from the draft Denya-English lexicon):

19) f d∆o t æ f dæ œ∆f vø ∆shouse AM:7 book

‘house of book’ = ‘school’

20) c d∆e—¿ q dæ t ∆f n ¿brain AM:4 bones

‘brain of bones’ = ‘marrow’

21) m d∆ld» m dæ ld∆r g t ∆sickenss AM:5 elephant

‘sickness of elephant’ = ‘elephantiasis’

22) f d∆j` æq dæ f dæ ld∆jv—∆cage AM:7 fowl

‘cage of fowl’ = ‘motor vehicle’

4) It appears a M-Associative Noun Phrase can also be formed by connecting N1 andN2 with a relative marker. However, although it was one of my informants who providedme with these forms, he felt that the forms with theAM were generally more natural.Nevertheless, I give a few examples in Table 11 (next page) for information purposes,with the understanding that their role needs further investigation.

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Table 11: Relativizers in ANP's

Class Example Gloss

1 No data

2 a —∆œ∆f vø ∆`∆aÕ◊m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘books of my father’

a —∆` ∆œjo ` æœjo ` æ`∆aÕ◊m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘pans of my father’

3 ø æjo n ældæø∆vdæl` ∆m ` ¿ ‘bottle for water’

4 c d∆m —∆ø∆sÕ◊'qdæ(m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘bicycle of my father’

c d∆s—¿ø∆sÕ◊'qdæ(m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘axes of my father’

5 m d∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸø∆mÕ◊mdæm ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘egg of my father’

m d∆jn ∆ø∆mÕ◊mdæm ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘package of my father’

6 l` ∆m jv` ∆m bÕŸ`∆xÕ◊m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘eggs of my father’

l` ∆∆jn ∆`∆xÕ◊m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘packages of my father’

6a No data

7 f d∆œjv—æø∆xÕ◊fdæœ∆œld∆ ‘carcass of goat’

f d∆r ` æø∆xÕ◊fdæm ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘basket of my father’

8 t ∆r ` æø∆aÕ◊m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘baskets of my father’

t ∆a —∆ø∆aÕ◊m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘sleeping mats of myfather’

9 ld∆r g t ∆`∆xÕ m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘elephant of my father’

œ∆œld∆`∆xÕ m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘goat of my father’

10 ld∆r g t ∆ø∆xÕ◊m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘elephants of my father’

œ∆œld∆ø∆xÕ◊m ∆sø ∆v` ∆ ‘goats of my father’

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4.2.11M- Preposition Phrase

The formula and chart for the M-Preposition Phrase are as follows:M-Preposition Phrase = C:preposition + F:pronoun(him), Noun Word, Noun Phrase,

Associative Noun Phrase

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΟΩΝΕ∆ ΙΝΣΤΡΥΜΕΝΤ ≥ΟΩΝΕ∆ ΙΝΣΤΡΥΜΕΝΤ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΑΧΧΟΜΠΑΝΙΜΕΝΤ(ΑΓΕΝΤ) ≥ΑΧΧΟΜΠΑΝΙΜΕΝΤ(ΑΓΕΝΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΤΕΜΠΟΡΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΤΕΜΠΟΡΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Α∆∆ΡΕΣΣΕΕ ≥Α∆∆ΡΕΣΣΕΕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ(τηινγ)≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ(τηινγ)≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Πρεποσιτιον_Πηρασε= ≥Χ: ≥Φ: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥πρεποσιτιον ≥προνουν(ηιµ) Ασσοχ_ΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Νουν_Πηρασε Νουν_Ωορδ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΑΧΧΟΜΠΑΝΙΜΕΝΤ(ΑΓΕΝΤ) ≥Σ−ΑΧΧΟΜΠ(ΑΓ) Μ−πρεπ ≥Σ−ΑΧΧΟΜΠ(ΑΓ) Μ−προ(ηιµ)≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥∆ο νοτ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥χαρρψ α ≥≥ ≥md∆ ≥øævtæ ≥010 ≥λαµπ αλονγ.≥≥ ≥md∆ ≥ø∆vtæ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ωιτη ≥3Σ:Χ5 ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Α∆∆ΡΕΣΣΕΕ ≥Σ−Α∆∆Ρ Μ−πρεπ ≥Σ−Α∆∆Ρ Μ−προ(ηιµ) ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ωηατ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 013≥λανγυαγε ≥≥ ≥md∆≥d∆av—æ ≥ ≥χαν ωε υσε ≥≥ ≥md∆ ≥d∆av—æ ≥ ≥ωιτη τηεµ ≥≥ ≥το ≥3Π:Χ2 ≥ ≥τηεν? ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΙΝΣΤΡΥΜΕΝΤ ≥Σ−ΙΝΣΤΡ Μ−πρεπ ≥Σ−ΙΝΣΤΡ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΑΒΑΝΓΜΑ ≥Ηε ρεµαινεδ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥(1987: ≥α διγγερ οφ≥≥ ≥md∆ ≥ld∆mn∆ ≥29) ≥τηε εαρτη ≥≥ ≥md∆ ≥ld∆,mn∆ ≥ ≥ωιτη ηισ ≥≥ ≥ωιτη ≥Χ? µουτη ≥ ≥µουτη. ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΟΩΝΕ∆ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝ∆ Μ−πρεπ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε ηαδ νο ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥χοϖερ ≥≥ ≥md∆ ≥m∆cd¿ ≥016 ≥ον ηισ ≥≥ ≥md∆ ≥m∆,cd¿ ≥ ≥βυττοχκσ. ≥≥ ≥ωιτη ≥Χ? χλοτη ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ12 ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−πρεπ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΑσσοχΝΠ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Παπα ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥Ελεπηαντ ≥≥ ≥mdæ ≥l`¿m∆mxÕ ≥013 ≥σεντ ∆υικερ≥≥ ≥mdæ ≥l,`¿m∆,mxÕ ≥ ≥το γο ανδ ≥≥ ≥ΛΟΧ ≥Χ1 χηιλδ Χ5 στρεαµ ≥ ≥φετχη ωατερ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥φροµ τηε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥στρεαµ. ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ(τηινγ)≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧΝ Μ−πρεπ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧΝ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥Τηισ ωοµαν ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ 016≥ιν τηε βαχκ≥≥ ≥mdæ ≥ld∆rn∆ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ισ ≥≥ ≥mdæ ≥ld∆,rn∆ ≥9Α) ≥λαυγηινγ. ≥

12

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≥ ≥ΛΟΧ ≥Χ? βαχκ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΤΕΜΠΟΡΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥Σ−ΤΛΟΧ Μ−πρεπ ≥Σ−ΤΛΟΧ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ασ σηε ωεντ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ιν ατ ≥≥ ≥md∆ ≥t∆kt¿ ≥015 ≥νιγητ, σηε ≥≥ ≥md∆ ≥t∆,kt¿ ≥ ≥χαρριεδ α ≥≥ ≥ατ ≥Χ8 νιγητ ≥ ≥λαµπ. ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

Observations:

There appear to be only two true prepositions in Denya:mdæ ‘LOCATIVE’and md∆‘with.’ I have two observations to make regarding these prepositions: first of all, they“signal” a semantic function rather than fill it; and secondly, the occurrence ofmdæ‘LOCATIVE’ appears to be optional when it is followed by a M-Noun Word referring toa specific position or direction. I describe these briefly below.

15Preposition “Signalling” a Semantic Function

The semantic realizates listed above the C and F positions show that each function isrealized byboth positions in the M-Preposition Phrase. There is, however, adifferencebetween the two positions.

Let us take S-ACCOMPANIMENT (AGENT) as an example. According to Fleming(1988:164), this function is filled by a member of the distribution class ‘thing.’ In view ofthis, I would propose thatø ∆v t æ ‘3rd person sg.,’ being a ‘thing’ (specifically, a lamp) isthe filler of this function.Md∆ ‘with,’ on the other hand, is not a ‘thing’; rather, it seems to“signal” the presence of S-ACCOMPANIMENT (AGENT). Therefore, to distinguish thetwo, I propose thatmd∆ “signals” the S-ACCOMPANIMENT (AGENT)functionandø ∆v t æthe S-ACCOMPANIMENT (AGENT)filler . The same applies for the other six functionsoccurring in the chart, i.e.:

FUNCTION filler

S-ADDRESSEE m d∆ ‘to’ d∆a v—æ ‘them’ (ourchildren)

S-INSTRUMENT m d∆‘with’ ld∆m n ∆‘mouth’

S-OWNED m d∆ ‘with’ m ∆c d¿‘cloth’

S-SPATIAL LOCATION m dæ ‘LOCATIVE’ l` ¿m ∆m xÕ ‘stream’

S-SPATIAL LOCN (thing) m dæ‘LOCATIVE’ ld∆r n ∆‘back’

S-TEMPORAL LOCATION m d∆‘at’ t ∆kt ¿‘night’

16

17Optional Use of mdæwith Positional and Directional Morphemes

When a morpheme is added to indicate some sort of spatial position or spatialdirection, the morphememdæ sometimes appears and sometimes does not appear. When itappears, the construction is a M-Preposition Phrase (with an embedded nominalconstruction); when it does not appear, it is a M-Associative Noun Phrase. I have not yetdetermined what conditions its use or non-use; however, examples are given below of

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utterances containing the positionals/directionalsl–lt ∆ ‘in/into,’ l–e` ¿ ‘on top of,’ m ∆s d¿‘under,’ andl–ld∆ ‘ground/down,’ and whether or not they occur withmdæ. These are allnatural utterances elicited during language-learning activities. I look at each one in its useas a spatial positional and a spatial directional. (00 marks the position wheremdæ wouldotherwise appear.)

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A.l–lt∆‘inside’

POSITION:23) f d∆m —æ f dæ œ∆f vø ∆s f dæ, kt æ mdæ l –lt ∆ ln ∆jv` ∆ (m dæpresent)

stick AM book it-is LOC inside box

‘The pen is inside the box.’

DIRECTION:24) edæq dæ f d∆m —æ f dæ œ∆f vø ∆s // l –lt ∆ ln ∆jv` ∆ (m dæabsent)

remove stick AM book 00 inside box

‘Take the pen out of the box.’

25) a —æ ` ∆œjo ` æœjo ` æ —æ, a Õ◊kdæ mdæ l –lt ∆ ` ∆xÕ e—∆ (m dæpresent)pick pan you-keep LOC inside other.one

‘Take the pan and put it inside the other one.’

B. l–e`¿‘on top of/surface’

POSITION:26) f d∆m —æ f dæ œ∆f vø ∆s f dæ, kt æ mdæ l –e` ¿ ln ∆jv` ∆ (m dæpresent)

stock AM book it-is LOC on.top.of box

‘The pen is on top of the box.’

27) ln ∆jv` ∆ ø æ, kt æ // l –e` ¿ f d∆kt æ—æ (m dæabsent)box it-is 00 on.top.of chair

‘The box is on top of the chair.’

DIRECTION:28) bn æ, iv—ækdæ mdæ l –e` ¿ t ∆jv—æ (m dæpresent)

go-sit LOC on.top.of bed

‘Go and sit on the bed.’

29) a —æ œ∆f vø ∆s —æ, a Õ◊kdæ // l –e` ¿ ln ∆jv` ∆ (m dæabsent)pick book you-keep 00 on.top.of box

‘Take the book and put it on top of the box.’

30) edæq dæ f d∆ix` ¿kn ∆ mdæ l –e` ¿ œ∆f ` ∆ (m dæpresent)remove sweet.potato LOC knife

‘Take the sweet potato off of the knife.’

C. m∆sd¿‘under’

POSITION:31) ln ∆jv` ∆ ø æ, kt æ // m ∆sd¿ t ∆jv—æ (m dæabsent)

box it-is 00 under bed

‘The box is under the bed.’

DIRECTION:32) a —æ ` ∆œjo ` æœjo ` æ —æ, a Õ◊kdæ // m ∆sd¿ f d∆kt æ—æ f dæ ld∆m xø ∆ (m dæabsent)

pick pan you-keep 00 under chair AM food

‘Take the pan and put it under the table.’

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D. l–ld∆ ‘ground/down’

POSITION: No data.

DIRECTION:33) l` ∆, edæq dæ ` æj` æq ` ∆ —æ, a Õ◊kdæ mdæ l –ld∆ (m dæ oresent)

again-remove blade you-keep LOC down

‘Take the blade off again and put it down.’

34) —æ, a Õ◊kdæ // l –ld∆ (m dæabsent)you-keep 00 down

‘Put it down.’

I went through all of these utterances with a different speaker than the one whooriginally provided them, insertingmdæ where it did not appear and taking it out where itdid appear. This particular speaker found each one acceptable. Nevertheless, I feel somefurther study is needed to determine whethermdæ can truly be added or dropped “at awhim,” so to speak.

I did come across one pair of utterances (elicited during a “total physical response”exercise) where the presence ofmdæ, at first glance, seemed to change the meaningsignificantly. They were:

35) jdæq dæld∆r n ∆ ‘Come back.’

jdæq dæm dæld∆r n ∆ ‘Bend backwards.’

However, when I asked the speaker who gave me these utterances about this apparentdifference in meaning, he said that both utterances can haveboth meanings. In otherwords, the presence of mdædoes not really change anything.

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4.2.12M-Coordinate Phrase

The formula and chart for the M-Coordinate Phrase are as follows:M-Coordinate Phrase = P:pronoun(he), [1.conjunction2.Clause], Noun Phrase + C:m d∆ +

F1:m æsn æ + F2: pronoun(he), [1.conjunction 2.Clause], Noun Phrase

∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΧΟΟΡ∆ΙΝΑΤΕ_Α ≥ΧΟΟΡ∆ΙΝΑΤΕ_Β≥ ≥ΧΟΟΡ∆ΙΝΑΤΕ_Β ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Χοορδινατε_Πηρασε=≥Π: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Φ2: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥προνουν(ηε),ΝΠ ≥md∆ ≥mæsnæ≥προνουν(ηε), ΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥[1.χονϕ 2.Χλαυσε] ≥ ≥ ≥[1.χονϕ2.Χλαυσε] ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χοορδινατιον ≥Σ−ΧΟΟΡ∆_Α ≥Σ−ΧΟΟΡ∆_Β ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΟΡ∆_Β ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ≥Βοτη οφ ≥≥ ≥Μ−προ(ηε) ≥Μ−χονϕ ≥ ≥Μ−προ(ηε) ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ≥τηεµ ωερε ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥005 ≥λιϖινγ ≥≥ ≥ø∆av—æ ≥md∆ ≥ ≥iÕ ≥ ≥τογετηερ. ≥≥ ≥ø∆av—æ≥md∆ ≥ ≥iÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Π:Χ2 ≥ανδ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χοορδινατιον ≥Σ−ΧΟΟΡ∆_Α ≥Σ−ΧΟΟΡ∆_Β ≥Μ−αδϖ ≥Σ−ΧΟΟΡ∆_Β ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ≥Τηατ ισ ωηψ≥≥ ≥Μ−[1.mæmnæ2.Χλ] ≥Μ−χονϕ ≥−−−−−−≥Μ−[1.mæmnæ 2.Χλ] ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ≥ιτ ισ σαιδ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−≥mæsnæ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥049 ≥τηατ αλλ ≥≥ ≥mæmnæl ∆k ∆≥md∆ ≥mæsnæ≥mæmnæqd∆ex æ≥ ≥&œjoøøæ& ≥≥ ≥mæmnæl ∆,k ∆ ≥md∆ ≥αλσο ≥mæmnæcd,ex æ ≥ ≥ηαϖε ρεδ ≥≥ ≥ηοω Χ6α βοττοµ ≥ανδ ≥ ≥ηοω Χ4? χυννινγ ≥ ≥βυττοχκσ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ανδ τηατ ≥≥ ≥a—∆œæjoø¿ ≥ ≥ ≥qdæov—∆ ≥ ≥χλεϖερνεσσ ≥≥ ≥a—∆,œ∆,joø¿≥ ≥ ≥cdæ,ov—∆ ≥ ≥ισ µορε ≥≥ ≥ΠΛ Χ1 µονκεψ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ4? µορε(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥τηαν ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥στρενγτη. ≥≥ ≥l æktæ ≥ ≥ ≥t∆sn∆-≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥l æ,ktæ ≥ ≥ ≥t∆,sn∆≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥3Σ:Χ6α ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥Χ8 στρενγτη ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥l æl » ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥l æ,l » ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χοορδινατιον ≥Σ−ΧΟΟΡ∆_Α ≥Σ−ΧΟΟΡ∆_Β ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΟΡ∆_Β ≥ΛΑΝΓ. ≥Τηισ µαν ≥≥ ≥Μ−ΝΠ ≥Μ−χονϕ ≥ ≥Μ−ΝΠ ≥ΛΕΑΡΝ. ≥ανδ ηισ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΑΤΑ ≥ωιφε ≥≥ ≥ld∆mcd∆xÕ m ∆≥md∆ ≥ ≥ld∆mcdævt∆≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ld∆,mcd∆xÕ m ∆≥md∆ ≥ ≥ld∆,mcdævt∆≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ1 µαν τηισ:Χ1 ≥ανδ ≥ ≥Χ1 ωοµαν ηισ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

Observations:

1) Undoubtedly much more than the above distribution classes (M-pronoun, M-[1.conjunction 2.Clause], M-Noun Phrase) can be coordinated, but further research isneeded.

2) I would like to see if there are more examples with m æs n æ‘also’ in the F1 position.

3) Nkpee’s Divorce 049is actually an example of the coordination of two complementclauses and not two independent clauses. See alsoNgbe Society 004, where complementclauses introduced byi xø ¿ ‘even if’ are coordinated; in this case,i xø ¿ is understood in theclause following the coordinating conjunction.

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Generally, a succession of independent clauses is strung together without the benefitof a conjunction, as shown by example (36) below fromElephant and Stream 007(theclauses are separated by a double bar):

37) ld∆r g t ∆ ` ∆, sxø ¿ ld∆m xø ¿ ` ∆, bxø ¿ ` ∆, jdæ ` æ, m xø æelephant 3s-prepare(Pst) food || 3s-give(Pst) || 3s-say(Pst) 3p-eat(ImpImm)

‘Elephant prepared food. He gave it (to people) and asked them to eat.’

Such examples can be seen throughout Abangma’s texts in Appendix C. Where thecoordinating conjunctionmd∆ connects two independent clauses, it seems to be signallingareturn to the mainline of the text after some sort of digression (cf. Elephant and Stream006 and 011; Nkpee’s Divorce 004, 015, and 022; and Do Work Well 010). In many ofthese cases md∆means ‘but’ or ‘however.’

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4.2.13M-Imperative Clause

The formula for M-Imperative Clause are as follows:M-Imperative Clause = C:Complex Verb Stem, Verb Word + F1:adverb +

F2:pronoun(him), Noun Word + F3:adverb

The chart is found on pages 60-65. A discussion of different imperative-formingstrategies, other than the M-Imperative Clause, follows the chart.

Observations:

1) There may not really be an emic difference between the M-Imperative Clause andthe “ordinary” M-Clause (cf. section 4.2.14), so that the two constructions can possiblybe combined. The two differences that have led me to propose aseparate construction atthis stage of the analysis are the following:

10. The C position is the first position of the chart; there is no P positionfor a subject, as the subject is understood much as it is in English.In Do Work Well 001, the addressee’s name, Negbo, introduces thecommand but as a sort of vocative independent of the ImperativeClause itself. (Abangma, in fact, sets the name off with a comma.)

11. There are fewer positions overall, probably due to the nature ofimperatives (short statements of command).

2) Note that the Verb Word filling the C position has a 00 morphemic realization ofthe AGENT, PROCESSOR, and SPEAKER corresponding to theSCM used in non-imperative modes. Although Abangma (1987:12) contends that the SCM is absent in thesecond person in the imperative (1987:12), I have found examples of its use in imperativeforms (cf. footnote 7, p. 27).

3) It is possible that the M-Imperative Clause realizes other semantic eventpropositions in addition to Event (ACTIVITY), Event (COGNITION), and Event(EXPRESSION).

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ ≥?? ≥ΠΑΤΙΕΝΤ ≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ)≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ΠΗΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΝ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Α∆∆ΡΕΣΣΕΕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Ιµπερατιϖε_Χλαυσε=≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Φ2: ≥Φ3: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥Χοµπλεξ_ςερβ_Στεµ ≥αδϖερβ≥προνουν(ηιµ)≥αδϖερβ Νουν_Ωορδ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ςερβ_Ωορδ ≥ ≥Νουν_Ωορδ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−αδϖ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Χοµε ηερε. ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 001≥ ≥≥ ≥//bv—æ≥ ≥ ≥vÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥//bv—æ≥ ≥ ≥vÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 χοµε(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) ≥ ≥ ≥τηισ:ωαψ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ(ΑΧΤ) Μ−αδϖ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Γο ωελλ. ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥ ≥≥ ≥//jø∆≥ ≥ ≥od∆qd∆≥017α ≥ ≥≥ ≥//jø∆≥ ≥ ≥od∆qd∆≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ωαλκ(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) ≥ ≥ ≥ωελλ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥Σ−?? ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ(ΑΧΤ) Μ−αδϖ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Βε δοινγ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Μ−αδϖ ≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥017β ≥ψουρ ωορκ ≥

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≥ ≥//oxøæfdæ02≥mæsnæ ≥t∆s—¿≥b æmb æ≥ ≥ωελλ. ≥≥ ≥//oxøæ,mdæ≥mæsnæ≥t∆,s—¿≥b æmb æ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 δο(ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ) ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ ≥αλσο ≥Χ8 ωορκ ≥ωελλ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

13 In the first line (thetext line) the suffix ,fd æ is the allomorph of the morpheme,md æ ‘Anytime Imperative’ used with the verboxøæ ‘do.’ Three verb suffixes have allomorphs, namely,,fd ∆ ‘NonPast,’,md æ ‘Relative Past,’ and,md æ ‘Anytime Imperative.’ In presenting the charts I use the allomorph in the text line and the morpheme it derives from in themorpheme breakdown line (cf.also Nkpee’s Divorce 043 on the next page). Abangma’s discussion of verb modes in Appendix D provides details.

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Ιµπερατιϖε_Χλαυσε=≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Φ2: ≥Φ3: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Κνοχκ ατ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥τηε δοορ. ≥≥ ≥//cn∆≥ ≥ld∆mnælaÕ ≥ ≥007 ≥ ≥≥ ≥//cn∆≥ ≥ld∆,mnælaÕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 κνοχκ(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) ≥ ≥Χ5 δοορ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ρεµαιν ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥στανδινγ. ≥≥ ≥∀00 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥043 ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥søæmdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥søæ,mdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥στανδ(ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ) ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Λιφτ υπ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ψουρ εψεσ. ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆ld∆ ≥l–e ¿ ≥043 ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆ld∆≥l–,e ¿ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥εψεσ(Χ2) ≥Χ? ωαψ:υπ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥avøæøæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥avøæ,mdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥λιφτ(ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ) ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗

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⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Ιµπερατιϖε_Χλαυσε=≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Φ2: ≥Φ3: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ) ≥Σ−ΧΟΓ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΗΕΝ ≥Σ−?? Μ−αδϖ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Τηερε ψου ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥Μ−προ(ηιµ) ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 002≥αρε (λιτ.: ≥≥ ≥//føæ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−≥l–a—∆≥ ≥∀Σεε ψου ≥≥ ≥//føæ≥ ≥v—∆≥l–a—∆≥ ≥λικε τηατ.∀≥≥ ≥00 σεε(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) ≥ ≥v—∆≥λικε:τηατ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ ≥ ≥Σ−Α∆∆Ρ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Γο ανδ τελλ≥≥ ≥Μ−ΧοµπςΣ ≥ ≥Μ−προ(ηιµ) ≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ηιµ. ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥021 ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥iÕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥iÕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥bnæf æqdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥bnæ,f æqdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥γο(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) τελλ(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ)≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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18Other Imperative-Forming Strategies

In my language-learning exercises I have come across four other imperative-formingstrategies in Denya, which have the effect of mitigating thecommand or request. Theyare as follows:

I. on ældæmd∆ ‘Help me with’ + noun

J. œ∆jø ∆k d∆fd∆m æmn æ‘I wish that’ + Clause

K. m æmdæv —∆ld∆mn ∆‘I beg you (with) mouth’ + Clause

L. Addition of 2s SCM —, ‘you’

A. On ældæmd∆‘Help me with’ + noun

This is a softened form of bxø æld∆‘give me,’ e.g.:38) o n æ ldæ m d∆ f d∆m —æf dæ, œ∆f vø ∆s ixø ¿

help me with pen your

‘Help me with your pen.’ (i.e. ‘Please give me your pen.’)

B. Ø jø ∆k d∆fd∆m æmn æ ‘I wish that’ + Clause

This corresponds to the English ‘I would like you to…,’ e.g.:39) œ∆, jø ∆kd∆, f d∆ m æm n æ —æ, o n æ ldæ m d∆ l` ∆œjv` ∆m bÕŸ ixø ¿

1s-wish-NonPst so:that you-help me with egg your

‘I wish that you help me with your egg.’ (i.e. ‘Please give me your egg.’)

C. Mmdæv —∆ld∆mn ∆‘I beg you (with) mouth’ + Clause

In this construction I observed a pause between the two clauses, e.g.:40) m ∆, m dæ v—∆ ld∆m n ∆+ bv—æ, iv—ækdæ j` ∆

1s-beg you mouth, come-sit down

‘I beg you (with mouth), come and sit down.’ (i.e. ‘Please come and sit down.’)

D. @cch s h nm of 2s SCM —, ‘you’

Although Abangma contends that theSCM is absent in the 2nd person in theimperative, several examples in section 4.2.11 show that the 2nd person singularSCM —,can occur in imperatives, either on the main verb in the clause (example 41) or on thesecond verb in a double imperative construction (example 42). The addition of theSCM

seems to soften the command.

19First-Person Plural Imperative

The first-person plural imperative is formed with theSCM cdæ, ‘1p’ (H tone) attachedto the verb, e.g.:

43) c dæ, m xt æ l` ∆m ` ¿1p-drink(Imp) water

‘Let’s drink water.’

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44) c dæ, m xø æ ld∆m xø ¿1p-eat(Imp) food

‘Let’s eat.’

Compare (45) with the following example in the NonPast (Present) mode:46) c d∆, m xø ∆, ø ∆ ld∆m xø ¿

1p-eat-NonPst food

‘We are eating.’

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4.2.14M-Clause

The formula for the M-Clause is as follows:M-Clause = P3n:adverb, Noun Word, Noun Phrase, Preposition Phrase + P2:00,

pronoun(he), Noun Word, Noun Phrase, Coordinate Phrase + P1:adverb +C:Verb Word, Complex Verb Stem, Compound Verb Phrase + F1n:adverb +F2n:pronoun(him), Noun Word, Noun Phrase, Associative Noun Phrase+F3n:adverb + F4n:Noun Phrase, Noun Word, Preposition Phrase

The chart follows on pages 68–76. Besides some general observations on the M-Clause chart, I wish to touch upon a number of aspects of the Denya clause in general. Itherefore divide this section into two parts: A. Observations (before the chart); and B.General Clause Considerations (after the chart).

A. Observations

The M-Clause chart is, of course, a preliminary analysis and, after a more completestudy, may actually prove to be more or less complex than whatis seen here.Nevertheless, it should still provide an adequate overall view of Denya clause structure,reflecting a basic subject-verb-object (SVO) word order and showing how constituentsother than subject-verb-object fit into the overall scheme.

Relating these categories of subject-verb-object to a stratificational morphemic chart,I propose that the P2 position is the “subject” slot, the C position the “verb” slot, and theF2 position the “object” slot.

The chart starts on the the next page.

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΤΕΜΠΟΡΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΙΤΕΜ(Αττβν) ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ(τηινγ)≥Αττριβυτιον ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ ≥ΣΠΑΤ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ ΧΛΑΣΣ ΠΑΤΙΕΝΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ)≥ΜΕΜΒΕΡ ΑΓΕΝΤ ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ≥ ≥Χλασσιφιχατιον(τηινγ) ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ΡΕΧΙΠΙΕΝΤ(ΠΑΤΙΕΝΤ) ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ)≥ΑΧΧΟΜΠΑΝΙΜΕΝΤ(ΑΓΕΝΤ)≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΠΑΤΙΕΝΤ ΒΕΝΕΦΙΧΙΑΡΨ ≥ΠΡΟΧΕΣΣΟΡ ΣΠΕΑΚΕΡ ≥ ≥ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ ΑΤΤΡΙΒΥΤΙΟΝ+ΧΗΑΝΓΕ Εξιστεντιαλ ≥ ≥ΠΗΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΝ Α∆∆ΡΕΣΣΕΕ ΧΟΜΜΥΝΙΘΥΕ ≥ΤΕΜΠΟΡΑΛ_∆ΥΡΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΕΞΙΣΤΕΝΤΙΑΛ Ι∆ΕΝΤΙΦΙΕ∆ ≥ ≥ΟΩΝΕΡ ΩΗΟΛΕ Σπατιαλ_Λοχατιον(τηινγ) ≥ ≥ΒΕΝΕΦΙΧΙΑΡΨ ΟΩΝΕ∆ ΠΑΡΤ ≥ΤΕΜΠΟΡΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΤΕΜΠΟΡΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΟΩΝΕΡ ΩΗΟΛΕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΙΟΝ(τηινγ) ≥ΑΣΠΕΧΤ ≥Α∆∆ΡΕΣΣΕΕ ΟΩΝΕ∆ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ΣΠΑΤΙΑΛ_ΛΟΧΑΤΕ∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Χλαυσε= ≥Π3:−ν ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1:−ν ≥Φ2:−ν ≥Φ3:−ν ≥Φ4:−ν ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥αδϖερβ Νουν_Πηρασε ≥µ−00 προνουν(ηε) ≥αδϖερβ ≥Χοµπλεξ_ςερβ_Στεµ Χοµπουνδ_ςερβ_Πηρασε ςερβ_Ωορδ ≥αδϖερβ ≥προνουν(ηιµ) Ασσοχιατιϖε_ΝΠ Νουν_Πηρασε ≥αδϖερβ ≥Νουν_Πηρασε ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Νουν_Ωορδ ≥Χοορδινατε_Π Νουν_Πηρασε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Νουν_Ωορδ ≥ ≥Νουν_Ωορδ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Πρεποσιτιον_Πηρασε ≥Νουν_Ωορδ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Πρεποσιτιον_Πηρασε ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΑσσοχΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ψου αρε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 002≥λεαϖινγ φορ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥—æixøæø∆≥ ≥l ∆k—∆a—¿b æb æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥φορειγν ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥—æ,ixøæ,fd∆≥ ≥l ∆,k—∆a,t¿b æb æ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥λανδσ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥2Σ ωηο:γο(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥Χ6 ϖιλλαγε Χ2 περσον οτηερ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−αδϖ ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−προ(ηιµ) ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ονχε τηερε, ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 004≥ψου σηουλδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥—∆oxø∆ø∆≥vÕ øæ ≥tæaÕ◊. ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥αλωαψσ βε ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥—∆,oxø∆,fd∆ ≥vÕ øæ ≥tæaÕ◊≥ ≥ ≥ ≥δοινγ ψουρ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥2Σ δο(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥τηερε ≥3Π:Χ8 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωορκ (λιτ.: ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∋ιτ∋). ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−?? Μ−αδϖ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Τηεψ ωεντ ανδ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥διδ χλεαρ α ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ æs—æ≥ ≥ld∆j—¿≥m∆snæ≥ ≥005 ≥βιγ φαρµ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ æ,s—æ ≥ ≥ld∆,j—¿≥m∆snæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Π:Χ2 χλεαρ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ5 φαρµ ≥αλσο ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−?? Μ−αδϖ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆ld¿≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆ld¿≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥µυχη ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Ελεπηαντ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥πρεπαρεδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆rgt∆ ≥ ≥ ∆sxø¿≥ ≥ld∆mxø¿≥ ≥ ≥007 ≥φοοδ. Ηε γαϖε≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆,rgt∆≥ ≥ ∆,sxø¿≥ ≥ld∆,mxø¿≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ιτ (το ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ9 ελεπηαντ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ9 πρεπαρε(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ5 φοοδ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥πεοπλε) ανδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ασκεδ τηεµ το≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥εατ. ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−Τ∆ΥΡ Μ−αδϖ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Τηεψ ατε α ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥λοτ οφ φοοδ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ æmxøæ≥ ≥ld∆mxø¿≥j æ-j æj æ-≥ ≥008 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ æ,mxøæ≥ ≥ld∆,mxø¿ ≥j æ-j æj æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Π:Χ2 εατ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ5 φοοδ ≥φορ:λονγ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ΧοµπςΣ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΠρεπΠ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥(Ηαϖινγ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥εατεν), Παπα ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆ixø∆bvøæ≥ ≥l ∆m ¿≥ ≥mdæl ¿≥013 ≥Ελεπηαντ σεντ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,ixø∆,bvøæ ≥ ≥l ∆,m ¿ ≥ ≥mdæl, ¿ ≥ ≥∆υικερ το γο ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 γο(ΠΣΤ) φετχη(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ6α ωατερ ≥ ≥ΛΟΧ Χ1 χηιλδ ≥ ≥ανδ φετχη ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωατερ φροµ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥m∆mxÕ - ≥ ≥τηε στρεαµ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥m∆,mxÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 στρεαµ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ(ΑΧΤ) Μ−αδϖ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΠρεπΠ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Ωιτη α ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥νον−στοπ ρυν,≥≥ ≥f æsø∆kdæ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆jv—æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥mdæl ¿≥024α ≥ηε αρριϖεδ ατ≥≥ ≥f æsø∆kdæ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,jv—æ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥mdæl, ¿ ≥ ≥τηε σµαλλ ≥≥ ≥ρυννινγ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ9 αρριϖε(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΛΟΧ Χ1 χηιλδ ≥ ≥στρεαµ. ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ(ΑΧΤ) Μ−αδϖ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥m∆mxÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥m∆,mxÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥f æsø∆kdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 στρεαµ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥f æsø∆kdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ρυννινγ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−αδϖ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΑσσοχΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Ατ τηατ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥µοµεντ ηε ≥

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≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆fanæ≥ø∆eÕ ≥l–a ∆kd∆l ¿m∆mxÕ -≥ ≥ ≥025 ≥φελλ αν διεδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,fanæ ≥ø∆eÕ ≥l–,a ∆kd∆l, ¿m∆,mxÕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥τηερε ατ τηε ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ9 διε(ΠΣΤ) ≥τηερε ≥Χ5 σιδε Χ1 χηιλδ Χ5 στρεαµ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥βανκ οφ τηε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥σµαλλ στρεαµ.≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−αδϖ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥...ωε ωουλδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥σπενδ τηε ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥cd∆aø∆kd∆fd∆ ≥e ∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥012 ≥ωηολε δαψ ανδ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥cd∆,aø∆kd∆,fd∆ ≥e ∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥νιγητ ηερε. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥1Π σλεεπ(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ηερε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ΧοορδΠ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Βοτη οφ τηεµ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ωερε λιϖινγ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ø∆av—æmd∆iÕ ≥ ≥ æaø∆kd∆fd∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥005 ≥τογετηερ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ø∆av—æmd∆iÕ ≥ ≥ æ,aø∆kd∆,fd∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥3Π:Χ2 ανδ 3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥3Π:Χ2 σλεεπ(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Χλαυσε= ≥Π3:−ν ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1:−ν ≥Φ2:−ν ≥Φ3:−ν ≥Φ4:−ν ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥Σ−ΤΛΟΧ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ΧοµπςΣ ≥ ≥Σ−ΡΕΧΙΠ(ΠΑΤ) Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ονε δαψ, ηε ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥γαϖε ηερ σοµε≥≥ ≥tæiÕ æ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆bv—∆exøæ≥ ≥ld∆mcdævt¿≥ ≥ ≥006 ≥λαωσ. ≥≥ ≥tæ,iÕ æ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,bv—∆,exøæ ≥ ≥ld∆,mcdævt¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ8 µορνινγ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 χοµε(ΠΣΤ) πυτ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ1 ωοµαν 3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥l ∆aøæ- ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥l ∆,aøæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ6 λαω ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΤΛΟΧ Μ−ΠρεπΠ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Σηε ωεντ ιν ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ατ νιγητ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆joø∆md∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆t∆kt¿≥015 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,joø∆,fd∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆t∆,kt¿ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 εντερ(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΛΟΧ Χ8 νιγητ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ΧοµπςΣ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Σηε ωεντ ανδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥σλεπτ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆ixø∆aøækd∆. ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥019 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,ixø∆,aøækd∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 γο(ΠΣΤ) σλεεπ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−προ(ηε) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ι αµ γοινγ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥αωαψ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆≥ ≥m∆ixø∆ø∆. ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥022 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆ ≥ ≥m∆,ixø∆,fd∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥1Σ ≥ ≥1Σ γο(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΧΟΜΠ(ΑΓ) Μ−ΠρεπΠ≥ΣΛΕΕΠΙΝΓ≥Ι ωουλδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΜΑΤ 001 ≥χαρρψ ιτ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥m¿bv—æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆øæiÕ◊≥ ≥ηοµε. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥m¿,bv—æ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆øæiÕ◊ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥1Σ χοµε(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωιτη 3Σ:Χ10 ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥l–lt∆- ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥l–,lt∆ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ? ηουσε ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ(ΑΧΤ) Μ−αδϖ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Øjoøøæ χαµε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥δοων ϖερψ ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆joø¿≥ ≥ ∆rgt∆kdæ≥ ≥ ≥v æv æv æ≥ ≥038α ≥θυιχκλψ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆,joø¿ ≥ ≥ ∆,rgt∆kdæ ≥ ≥ ≥v æv æv æ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 µονκεψ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 χοµε:δοων(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥θυιχκλψ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ΧοµπςΣ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Gdχαµε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ουτ αηεαδ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆ixø∆s æmd∆≥ ≥l–aø∆ ≥ ≥ ≥038α ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,ixø∆,s æmd∆ ≥ ≥l–,aø∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 γο(ΠΣΤ) χοµε:ουτ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ? φροντ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΑΤ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε τοοκ οφφ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥τηε χοϖερ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆en∆≥ ≥m∆cd¿≥ ≥t∆k ∆ ≥044 ≥φροµ ηισ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,en∆ ≥ ≥m∆,cd¿ ≥ ≥t∆,k ∆ ≥ ≥βυττοχκσ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 τακε:οφφ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ5 χλοτη ≥ ≥Χ8 βοττοµ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΓ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΧΤ Μ−ςΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥Τηε συν ωασ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΑΤΑ 011≥σηινινγ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥œl–œlø¿≥ ≥øæa—æøæsxd»≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥œl–,œlø¿≥ ≥øæ,a—æøæ,sxd» ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥9Α) ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ? συν ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ? ΠΣΤ 3Σ:? σηινε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΧΣΡ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΓ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΗΕΝ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Τηε ωιφε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥φοργοτ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆mcdæ≥ ≥ ∆iÕŸ≥ ≥m∆sd∆≥ ≥ ≥015 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆,mcdæ ≥ ≥ ∆,iÕŸ ≥ ≥m∆,sd∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 ωοµαν ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 φοργετ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ? τηουγητ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡΟΧΣΡ Μ−προ(ηε) ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΓ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ι κνοω (ιτ). ≥

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≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆≥ ≥œ¿j ¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥021 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆ ≥ ≥œ¿,j ¿≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥1Σ ≥ ≥1Σ κνοω(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−Α∆∆Ρ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηισ ωιφε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥γρεετεδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆mcdæ≥ ≥ ∆s ∆ldæ≥ ≥œ∆joø¿≥ ≥ ≥034 ≥Øjoøøæ-≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆,mcdæ ≥ ≥ ∆,s ∆ldæ ≥ ≥œ∆,joø¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 ωοµαν ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 γρεετ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ1 µονκεψ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥Σ−ΤΛΟΧ Μ−αδϖ ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ι ηαϖε απ− ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥πεασεδ ψου ≥≥ ≥m ∆m ∆≥00 ≥ ≥œ¿jv—∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥030 ≥(οφτεν ≥≥ ≥m ∆m ∆≥00 ≥ ≥œ¿,jv—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ενουγη). ≥≥ ≥νοω ≥00 ≥ ≥1Σ βεγ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Χλαυσε= ≥Π3:−ν ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1:−ν ≥Φ2:−ν ≥Φ3:−ν ≥Φ4:−ν ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−ΝΠ ≥Μ−αδϖ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥Τηεσε ωοµεν ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΑΤΑ 017≥αρε αλσο ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ∆mcdæaÕ m »≥m∆snæ≥ æiv æmd∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥(ΤΑΠΕ ≥λαυγηινγ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ∆,mcdæaÕ ,m »≥m∆snæ≥ æ,iv æ,md∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥9Α) ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ2 ωοµαν δετ:Χ2 ΝΕΑΡ ≥αλσο ≥3Π:Χ2 λαυγη(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−Α∆∆Ρ Μ−προ(ηιµ) ≥ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Χραβ ασκεδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ηιµ... ≥≥ ≥ ≥md∆fÕ æ≥ ≥ ∆fÕŸ≥ ≥iÕ ≥ ≥ ≥018 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥md∆,fÕ æ ≥ ≥ ∆,fÕŸ ≥ ≥iÕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 χραβ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ασκ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−Α∆∆Ρ Μ−ΠρεπΠ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Χραβ σαιδ, ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥το ηιµ... ≥≥ ≥ ≥md∆fÕ æ≥ ≥ ∆jdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆iÕ ≥020α ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥md∆,fÕ æ ≥ ≥ ∆,jdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆iÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 χραβ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 σαψ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥το 3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−Α∆∆Ρ Μ−προ(ηιµ) ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Νοβοδψ ωιλλ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 009≥θυεστιον ψου.≥≥ ≥ ≥lt¿e—∆≥ ≥ æfÕ◊Õ◊fdæ≥ ≥v—∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l,t¿e—∆ ≥ ≥ æ,fÕ◊Õ◊,fdæ ≥ ≥v—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 −περσον σοµε ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ασκ(ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΜΘΥΕ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ψουρ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥χηιλδρεν ωιλλ≥≥ ≥ ≥a ¿aÕ◊ø∆≥ ≥ æ,i—æ—æ,fdæ≥ ≥cdæmx æ. ≥ ≥ ≥012χ ≥νο λονγερ ≥≥ ≥ ≥a, ¿aÕ◊ø∆ ≥ ≥3Π:Χ2 σπεακ(ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥cdæ,mx æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥σπεακ ∆ενψα. ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ2 −χηιλδρεν 2Σ:Χ2 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ4 ∆ενψα:λανγυαγε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΜΘΥΕ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥Σ−Α∆∆Ρ Μ−ΠρεπΠ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ωηατ λανγυαγε≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΩΕΛΛ 013≥χαν ωε υσε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ø∆rdæaÕ◊m ∆≥ ≥cd∆i—∆—∆fd∆≥ ≥m∆cdæld∆i—¿≥ ≥mdæd∆av—æ. ≥ ≥ωιτη τηεµ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ø∆rdæaÕ◊,m ∆ ≥ ≥cd∆,i—∆—∆,fd∆ ≥ ≥m∆cdæld∆,i—¿ ≥ ≥mdæd∆av—æ ≥ ≥τηεν? ≥≥ ≥ ≥1Π τηισ:Χ2 νεαρ ≥ ≥1Π σπεακ(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ωηατ Χ? λανγυαγε ≥ ≥το 3Π:Χ2 ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΕΞΠΡΕΣΣΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΠΚΡ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΠΣΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΟΜΘΥΕ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΤΛΟΧ Μ−αδϖ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥(Ιφ) Ι ωερε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥το ρεχουντ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥œ∆f ∆qd∆fd∆≥ ≥qd∆jn∆≥eÕ ≥ ≥012 ≥εϖερψτηινγ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥œ∆,f ∆qd∆,fd∆ ≥ ≥cd∆,jn∆ ≥eÕ ≥ ≥ ≥(αβουτ τηισ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥1Σ τελλ(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥Χ4 αλλ ≥τοδαψ ≥ ≥ ≥οργανιζα− ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥τιον)... ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΠΡΟΧΕΣΣ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ+ΧΗΝΓ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΒΕΝ Μ−προ(ηιµ) ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε ηαδ ρεδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥βυττοχκσ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥t∆k ∆≥ ≥tæfø∆kdæ≥ ≥iÕ . ≥ ≥ ≥014 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥t∆,k ∆ ≥ ≥tæ,fø∆kdæ ≥ ≥iÕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ8 βοττοµ ≥ ≥3Π:Χ8 βεχοµε:ρεδ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΠΡΟΧΕΣΣ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ+ΧΗΝΓ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΣΛΕΕΠΙΝΓ≥(Τηε µατερ− ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΜΑΤ 003 ≥αλ) βεχοµεσ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥øæjoø∆ æ. ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωηιτε. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥øæ,joø∆ æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Π:Χ10 ωηιτεν(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΠΡΟΧΕΣΣ) ≥Σ−ΒΕΝ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ+ΧΗΝΓ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Øjoøøæ&r≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥βυττοχκσ ηαϖε≥≥ ≥œ∆joø¿≥t∆k ∆≥ ≥tæ,fø∆kdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥035 ≥βεχοµε ρεδ. ≥≥ ≥œ∆,joø¿ ≥t∆,k ∆ ≥ ≥3Π:Χ8 βεχοµε:ρεδ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ1 µονκεψ ≥Χ8 βοττοµ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΠρεπΠ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥Σ−Αττβν Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥Ιν τηισ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥οργανιζατιον,≥≥ ≥mdæœ∆faø∆≥a—¿≥ ≥ æo—æ≥ ≥fd∆e—¿fd∆l ∆≥ ≥ ≥005 ≥νοτ εϖερψβοδψ≥≥ ≥mdæœ∆,faø∆ ≥a,t¿ ≥ ≥ æ,o—æ ≥ ≥fd∆,e—¿fd∆,l ∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ισ οφ τηε ≥≥ ≥ΛΟΧ Χ? Øfaø:σοχιετψ ≥Χ2 περσον ≥ ≥3Π:Χ2 ισ:νοτ(ΑΤΤΡ:ΝΕΓ) ≥ ≥Χ7 κινδ/τψπε Χ7 ονε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥σαµε ρανκ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ∆jn∆ ∆jn∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥

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≥ ≥ ≥ ∆,jn∆, ∆,jn∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ2 αλλ Χ2 αλλ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Τηε φαρµ ωασ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ρεαλλψ βιγ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆j—¿≥ ≥øæœø∆ æ. ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥005 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ld∆,j—¿ ≥ ≥øæ,œø∆ æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 φαρµ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ5 βιγ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Χλαυσε= ≥Π3:−ν ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1:−ν ≥Φ2:−ν ≥Φ3:−ν ≥Φ4:−ν ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥Σ−ΤΛΟΧ Μ−ΝΩ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−Αττβν Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−ΑδϕΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Τηε φολλοωινγ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥µορνινγ σηε ≥≥ ≥tæiÕ◊ æfdæ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆k ∆≥ ≥fd∆edæqdæ ≥ ≥ ≥020 ≥ρεµαινεδ ϖερψ≥≥ ≥tæ,iÕ◊ æfdæ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,k ∆ ≥ ≥fd∆edæqdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥µοοδψ. ≥≥ ≥Χ8 φολλοωινγ:µορνινγ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ρεµαιν(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥µοοδψ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−ΑδϕΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥fd∆edæqdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥fd∆edæqdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥µοοδψ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−προ(ηε) ≥Μ−αδϖ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε αλσο βε− ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥χαµε τιρεδ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥iÕ ≥m∆sn∆≥ ∆ov ∆. ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥028 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥iÕ ≥m∆sn∆ ≥ ∆,ov ∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ≥αλσο ≥3Σ:Χ1 τιρε(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥Σ−Αττβν Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−αδϕ ≥ ≥ ≥ΣΛΕΕΠΙΝΓ≥Τηε µατεριαλ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΜΑΤ 007 ≥βεχοµεσ ρεδ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆jnæxÕ◊la—∆≥ ≥øæk ∆≥ ≥bt∆t∆- ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆,jnæxÕ◊,la—∆≥ ≥øæ,k ∆ ≥ ≥bt∆t∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ10 ρεεδ τηισ:Χ10 φαρ ≥ ≥3Π:Χ10 ρεµαιν(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ρεδ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Αττριβυτιον ≥ ≥Σ−ΙΤΜ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−Αττβν Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΤΒΝ Μ−ΑδϕΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥(Τηε βυτ− ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥τοχκσ) αρε ≥≥ ≥ ≥∀00 ≥ ≥tæktæ≥ ≥t∆føækdæ- ≥ ≥ ≥045 ≥ρεδ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥tæ,ktæ ≥ ≥t∆,føækdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥Χ8 ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥Χ8 ρεδ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χλασσιφιχατιον(τηινγ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΜΕΜ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−Χλσσφν(τη) Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΧΛΣΣ Μ−ΑσσοχΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥Øfaø ισ αν ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥οργανιζατιον ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆faø∆≥ ≥ ∆kt∆≥ ≥t∆j ∆ ∆mcd∆≥ ≥ ≥001 ≥φορ µεν. ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆,faø∆ ≥ ≥ ∆,kt∆ ≥ ≥t∆,j ∆ ∆,mcd∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ? Øfaø:σοχιετψ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ? ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥Χ8 οργανιζατιον Χ2 µαν ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εξιστεντιαλ ≥ ≥Σ−ΕΞΣΤΛ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥Σ−Εξστλ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Τηερε ισ νο ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ωατερ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥l ∆m ¿lÕ la—∆≥ ≥l æo—æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥021 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l ∆,m ¿lÕ ,la—∆≥ ≥l æ,kt*MDF ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ6α ωατερ τηισ:Χ6α φαρ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ6α ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Οωνερσηιπ ≥ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝΡ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝΡ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝ∆ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥Ιτ ηασ λαωσ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥ωηιχη µακε ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆vÕ ∆≥ ≥l ∆aøæxÕ◊≥ ≥ ≥003 ≥τηε ϖιλλαγε ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ ∆,vÕ ∆ ≥ ≥l ∆,aøæxÕ◊ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥γο ωελλ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥Χ? ηαϖε(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥Χ6 λαω ΡΕΛ:Χ6 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ æoxøæø∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ æ,oxøæ,fd∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Π:Χ6 µακε(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ld∆k—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ld∆,k—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 ϖιλλαγε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥øæjøæmd∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥øæ,jøæ,fd∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ5 µοϖε(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥b æmb æ- ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥b æmb æ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωελλ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Οωνερσηιπ ≥ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝΡ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝΡ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΟΩΝ∆ Μ−ΠρεπΠ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Øjoøøæηαδ νο ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥χοϖερ ον ηισ ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆joø¿≥ ≥ ∆o—ærd»≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆m∆cd¿≥016 ≥βυττοχκσ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆,joø¿ ≥ ≥ ∆,ktæ*MDF,rd» ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥md∆m∆,cd¿ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 µονκεψ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ισ:νοτ(ΑΤΤΡ) νο:λονγερ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωιτη Χ5 χλοτη ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥t∆k ∆-≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥t∆,k ∆ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ8 βοττοµ ≥ ≥ ≥

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℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Παρτιτιϖε ≥ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡΤ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Øjoøøæ ηαδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ρεδ βυττοχκσ,≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆joø¿≥ ≥ ∆kt∆≥ ≥t∆k ∆bt∆t∆≥ ≥ ≥014 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥œ∆,joø¿ ≥ ≥ ∆,kt∆ ≥ ≥t∆,k ∆bt∆t∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 µονκεψ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ηαϖε(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥Χ8 βοττοµ ρεδ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Παρτιτιϖε ≥ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡΤ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ψου ηαϖε ρεδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥βυττοχκσ... ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥—∆kt∆≥ ≥t∆k ∆bt∆t∆≥ ≥ ≥021 ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥—∆,kt∆ ≥ ≥t∆,k ∆bt∆t∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥2Σ ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥Χ8 βοττοµ ρεδ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Χλαυσε= ≥Π3:−ν ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1:−ν ≥Φ2:−ν ≥Φ3:−ν ≥Φ4:−ν ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Παρτιτιϖε ≥ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΩΗΛ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡΤ Μ−ΝΠ ≥ ≥Μ−ΠρεπΠ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε δοεσ νοτ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ηαϖε ρεδ βυτ−≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ æk æo—æ≥ ≥t∆k ∆bt∆t∆≥ ≥ø∆jdæld∆ ≥031 ≥τοχκσ λικε ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥ æ,k æ,ktæ*MDF ≥ ≥t∆,k ∆bt∆t∆ ≥ ≥ø∆jdæld∆≥ ≥µε. ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ΡΕΛ:ΝΕΓ ηαϖε(ΡΕΛ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥Χ8 βοττοµ ρεδ ≥ ≥λικε 1Σ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σπατιαλ_Λοχατιον(τηινγ)≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ∆ Μ−ΝΠ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧΝ Μ−αδϖ ≥Σ−ΣΛοχ(τη) Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Νονε οφ ουρ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 002≥πεοπλε αρε ≥≥ ≥ ≥lt¿rd∆≥vÕ øæ≥ æo—æ. ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥τηερε. ≥≥ ≥ ≥l,t¿rd∆ ≥vÕ øæ ≥ æ,kt*MDF≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 περσον 1Π:Χ1 ≥τηερε ≥3Σ:Χ1 ισ:νοτ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Σπατιαλ_Λοχατιον(τηινγ)≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧ∆ Μ−ΝΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛοχ(τη) Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΛΟΧΝ Μ−ΑσσοχΝΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Χραβ ωασ τηεν≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥ιν α σµαλλ ≥≥ ≥ ≥md∆fÕ æ≥ ≥ ∆kt∆≥ ≥l ¿m∆mxÕ -≥ ≥ ≥010 ≥στρεαµ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥md∆,fÕ æ ≥ ≥ ∆,kt∆ ≥ ≥l, ¿m∆,mxÕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 χραβ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥Χ1 χηιλδ Χ5 στρεαµ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΗΡ Μ−µ−00 ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΗΡ Μ−ςΩ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ψου ωον∋τ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥αλλοω (µε το ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥—æj ∆ldæfdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥021 ≥κνοω τηατ ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥—æ,j ∆ldæ,fdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ψουρ βυττοχκσ≥≥ ≥ ≥00 ≥ ≥2Σ αλλοω(ΝΕΓ:ΙΜΠ) ΝΕΓ:ΙΜΠ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥αρε ρεδ. ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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B. General Clause Considerations

In this section I wish to briefly consider the following aspects of clauses in Denya:

12. Basic Word Order

13. Transitivity

14. Copular Verb k t ∆15. Infinitive Clauses

16. Adverbial Clauses

17. Relative Clauses

18. Double-Zero vs. Pronoun Filler of Subject Slot

201. Basic Word Order

Referring to Greenberg’s (1963) classification, Denya is an SVO language; in otherwords, the basic constituent order for declarative clausesis subject first, verb second, andobject third. There are some departures from this order, such as when the object is frontedas in examples (47) and (48) below; such fronting, however, is generally marked bymd∆Áwhat Abangma glosses as ‘that’ and I have decided to callfocus. The resultingconstruction could very well be a cleft construction. (Notethat in the two examples belowthe verb is in the relative mode.)

O S V

49) t ∆s—¿ ld∆j` æk` æ md∆ —æ, ixø æ, ø ∆, o xø æwork white:man FOC 2s-go-RelNonPst-do

‘It is white man’s work you are going to do.’ (DO WORK WELL 003)

O S V

50) ø ∆xÕ◊f dæ l –a —∆ md∆ ` æ, jt æ, t ∆ f d∆a n ∆ l` ∆m r ` æthis:C7 far FOC 3p-call-RelNonPst mat design

‘That is what is called a sleeping mat with a design.’ (SLEEPING MAT 014)

212. Transitivity

The chart shows that Denya has both transitive and intransitive clauses. There doesnot appear to be any special marking to distinguish them, neither in the basic word order,nor in the structure of the M-Verb Word, nor in the SCM.

The two examples below from the same text show the same verbm xø æ ‘eat’ being usedboth intransitively and transitively respectively.

S V51) ` ∆, jdæ ` æ, m xø æ

3s-say(Pst) 3p-eat(ImpImm)

‘He told them to eat.’ (ELEPHANT & STREAM 007)

S V O52) ` æ, m xø æ ld∆m xø ¿ j` æj` æj` æ

3p-eat(Pst) food for:long

‘They ate a lot of food.’ (ELEPHANT & STREAM 008)

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223. Copular Verb kt∆

There is a copular verbk t ∆ ‘to be’ (negative formo—æ) signalling a number of semanticpropositions and functions, e.g.:

S-Attribution:53) tæ,ktæ t ∆f ø ækdæ

3p-are red

‘They (i.e. buttocks) are red.’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 045)

S-Classification:54) œ∆f a ø ∆ œ∆f a ø ∆ `∆,kt∆ kdæ t ∆j` ∆ ` ∆m c d∆

ngbe ngbe 3s-is foc organization men

‘The Ngbe society is an organization for men.’ (NGBE SOCIETY 001)

S-Existential:55) l` ∆m ` ¿ l Õ la —∆ l`æ,o—æ

water that 3s-is:not

‘There is no water.’ (ELEPHANT & STREAM 021)

S-Ownership.OWNER:56) œ∆jo ø ¿ `∆,o—æ r d» m d∆ m ∆c d¿ t ∆k` ∆

œjoøøæ 3s-is no:longer with cloth buttocks

‘Mjoøøæhad no cover on his buttocks.’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 016)

S-Partitive.WHOLE:57) œjo ø ¿ `∆,kt∆ t ∆k` ∆ bt ∆t ∆

œjoøøæ 3s-is buttocks red

‘Mjoøøæhas red buttocks.’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 014)

S-Spatial Location (thing):58) m d∆f Õ æ `∆,kt∆ l –a —∆ l` ¿ m ∆m xÕ

crab 3s-is certainly child stream

‘Crab was then in a small stream.’ (ELEPHANT & STREAM 010)

234. Infinitive Clauses

The infinitive clause in Denya is introduced byl` ¿M, ‘to,’ with ,M, being ahomorganic nasal that assimilates to the initial consonantof the verb root. The infinitivemarker is attached directly to the verb root, and the SCM does not appear.

l` ¿m , in ∆‘to weave’ (assimilating to alveopalatal)

l` ¿œ, f ` ∆q dæ‘to tell’ (assimilating to velar)

This type of clause can be joined with an independent clause to form a M-Sentence(cf. 4.2.15), e.g.:

59) ` ∆, jt ∆kdæ l`¿m,ixø ∆3s-leave(pst) || to-go

‘She left to go.’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 032)

60) ` ∆, k—∆ l`¿m,iÕ ø∆a`æ3s-begin || to-turn fufu

‘She begins to turn fufu.’ (LANGUAGE LEARNING, TAPE 8B)

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Note the following example, which is identical to (61) but with a NonPast suffix,fd∆on the verb in the infinitive clause:

62) ` ∆, k—∆l` ¿m , iÕ ,fd∆ø ∆a ` æ ‘She begins to turn fufu.’

Infinitival clauses can also modify the head noun of a M-Noun Phrase (cf. 4.2.9), e.g.:63) l –a ` ¿ l`¿m,fn∆ md∆ ld∆mn∆

place to-dig with mouth

‘a digger of the earth with his mouth’ (Abangma 1987:29)

64) ø ∆jø æjø æ ld∆b—æ l`¿m,i—¿littleness thing to-say

‘something to say’ (DO WORK WELL 001)

Besidesk —∆ ‘begin,’ other verbs that commonly take infinitival clausecomplements arejø ∆k dæ ‘want’and mø ∆qdæ‘finish,’ e.g.:

65) f dæa dæf dæ ld∆m c d∆ `æ,møæqdæ l` ¿œ, jv—æ m ∆bÕ iÕ when man 3s-finish(Pst) to-grind corn her

‘When the man finished grinding her corn...’ (LANGUAGE LEARNING TAPE 7B)

66) ld∆m c dæ `∆,jø∆kd∆,fd∆ l` ¿m , m ` ∆ l` ∆vd¿woman 3s-want-NonPst to-buy oil

‘The woman wants to buy oil.’ (LANGUAGE LEARNING TAPE 7A)

245. Adverbial Clauses

A number of conjunctions are used to introduce adverbial clauses, including:

• concessive ixø ¿‘even if’

• purpose m æm n æ‘so that’

• manner l –l xø ∆jdæ‘as if’

• conditional l –a —∆f dæ‘if’

• time œ∆j` ∆m d∆ .m ∆c ø ∆q d∆‘as’; f dæa dæf dæ‘when’

These always occur at the beginning of clauses and have a subordinating effect onthem. Clauses so introduced join with independent clauses to form M-Sentences realizingvarious semantic interpropositions and functions (cf. 4.2.15). Except for the fact thatadverbial clauses cannot stand alone, they appear to resemble regular clauses in everyrespect.

Adverbial clauses occur before or after the main clause. Before the main clause wefind concessive clauses introduced byi xø ¿ ‘even if,’ conditional clauses byl–a—∆fdæ ‘if,’and time clauses byfdæadæfdæ ‘when.’ After the main clause we find purpose clausesintroduced bym æmn æ ‘so that,’ manner clauses byl–lxø ∆jdæ ‘as if,’ and time clauses byœ∆j` ∆md∆.m ∆cø ∆qd∆‘as.’ (See examples under M-Sentence, section 4.2.15.)

256. Relative Clauses

Relative clauses are formed by a relative marker plus a M-Clause. The relativemarkers are as follows:

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Table 12: Denya Relative Markers

Class 1 ` ∆xÕ Class 6a ` ∆l Õ◊

2 ` ∆a Õ 7 ø ∆xÕ◊' f dæ(

3 ø ∆vdæ 8 ø ∆a Õ◊

4 ø ∆sÕ◊' q dæ( 9 ` ∆xÕ

5 ø ∆m dæ 10 ø æxÕ◊

6 ` ∆xÕ

Based on Keenan’s criteria (1985:149–52), the Denya relative markers are likerelative pronouns, in two regards: 1) they agree in class with the head noun the relativeclause modifies; and 2) they are identical to the basic demonstrative roots used in thelanguage (cf. section 4.2.2). This comparison is reinforced by the fact that thedemonstrative forms to which the relative markers correspond can functionindependently, although normally when combined with the suffix ,la—∆‘far,’ e.g.:

67) ø∆xÕ◊fdæ,la—∆ m d∆ ` æ, jt æ, t ∆ f d∆a n ∆ l` ∆m r ` æthis:C7-far FOC 3p-call-RelNonPst mat design

‘That is what is called a sleeping mat with a design.’ (SLEEPING MAT 014)

In another regard, however, the relative markers in Denya are not like relativepronouns in that it does not appear possible to relativize indirect objects, objects ofprepositions, or possessors. From this standpoint Denya ismore characteristic oflanguages using agapping strategy (Keenan 1985:153). For further discussion, seeExtent of Relativization below.

A. Position of the Relative Clause in the M-Noun Phrase

The relative clause follows the noun that it modifies, e.g.:N RelCl

68) t ∆j` æ a Õ◊ t æ, jvxø », f d∆ ld∆k—∆organization || REL:C8 3p-who:make:good-NonPst village

‘an organization that works for the good of the village’ (NGBE SOCIETY 002)

N RelCl69) ld∆m —∆ xÕ ` æ, kt æ t ∆k` ∆ bt ∆t ∆

husband || REL:C1 3s-is buttocks red

‘a husband who has red buttocks’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 025)

B. Constituent Structure

The relative clause is introduced by the relative marker. Its constituent structure doesnot seem to differ in any significant way from an ordinary clause (apart from certain M-Verb Word markings, see discussion below); it can take many constituents and be eitherquite short, as in the two examples above, or longer, as in the two examples below:

N RelCl70) lt ¿ xÕ ` æ, sxø », f d∆ ld∆m xø ¿ ` æ, bxø », f d∆ ld∆r g t ∆

person || REL:C1 3s-cook-RelNonPst food 3s-give-RelNonPst elephant

‘the person who cooks food (and) gives it to Elephant’ (ELEPHANT & STREAM 011)

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N RelCl71) ` æs` æ ld∆r g t ∆ xÕ ` æ, m xø ∆, ø æ ld∆m xø ¿ ` æ, m xn ∆, ldæ ld∆

father || elephant REL:C9 3s-eat-RelPst food 3s-refuse-RelPst me

‘Papa Elephant who ate food (and) refused me (some).’ (ELEPHANT & STREAM 020)

Note that where two clauses are relativized and modify the same head noun, there isno conjunction between the two clauses and the relativizer is not repeated.

C. Extent of Relativization

Keenan and Comrie (cf. Keenan 1985:147) have proposed an Accessibility Hierarchyfor evaluating the extent of relativization possible in languages, as follows:

Subject > Direct Object > Indirect Object > Object of Pre- or Postposition > Possessor

Positions to the left are considered to be more likely to be relativized than those to theright.

As far as Denya is concerned, the data reveal that the most frequent objects ofrelativization are the subject and the direct object of the relative clause. I have not yetcome across instances of relativization of indirect objects, objects of prepositions, orpossessors. However, I have found one example of apart of a M-Associative NounPhrase (ANP), realizing S-SPATIAL LOCATION, being shifted into head noun position,as follows:

72) —æ, jvø æq dæ l –e` ¿ `∆œjo`æœjo`æ `∆xÕ e—∆ ` ∆xÕ f d∆ix` ¿kn ∆ f dæ, kt æ l–lt∆2s-cover on pan other REL:C1 sweet:potato3s-is inside

‘Cover (it) on the other pan which there is a sweet potato inside.’(LANGUAGE LEARNING TAPE 7B)

The result in (73) is a gapped relative clause in which the part of the ANP realizing S-SPATIAL POSITION (l–lt ∆ ‘inside’) remains in the relative clause, and the partrealizing S-SPATIAL LOCATION ( ∆œjo` æœjo` æ ` ∆xÕ e—∆ ‘other pan’( is moved to the headnoun position. Given this, we could possibly fit LocationANP’s after Direct Objects in thehierarchy. Further research is needed, however, to determine how extensive thisparticular relativization strategy is with spatial location constructions.

D. Headless Relative Clauses

There are also instances of headless relative clauses, generally translating the ideaexpressed by the English ‘the _____ one.’ This particular construction occurs only whenthe head noun is understood.

74) œ∆, f x` ∆, f dæ // ø∆xÕ◊ on∆odæ1s-split-Cond 00 REL white

‘Having split the white ones (i.e. œ∆jn ∆‘reeds’)’ (SLEEPING MAT 008)

00 is the head of the M-Noun Phrase modified by the relative clause ø ∆xÕ ◊ on ∆odæ. Therelative clause can be followed by a M-Demonstrative Word ora M-Numeral Word, as in(75) and (76) below respectively:

77) l ¿, a —æ / / ø ∆xÕ◊ ld∆f ø ækdæ xÕ la—∆ (M-Demonstrative Word)I-take(Pst) 00 REL:C10 red that

‘I take the red ones (i.e. œ∆jn ∆‘reeds’).’ (SLEEPING MAT 008)

78) / / ø ∆a Õ◊ o n æo n æ tæoøæ æ (M-Numeral Word)00 REL:C8 white two

‘two white ones (i.e. t ∆a ` æ ‘bands’)’ (SLEEPING MAT 013)

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It is frequent for colour adjectives to occur in verbless relative clauses (cf. M-NounPhrase, section 4.2.9).

E. Special Markings

Abangma (1987) distinguishes between relative and non-relative modes. Relativemodes differ from non-relative modes in that they tend to take a different tone pattern onthe SCM, the verb root, and the suffixes, as well as a different set ofverb suffixes. Thefour relative modes described by Abangma arerelative indicative past, relativeindicative nonpast, negative relative past, andnegative relative nonpast. The relevantdiscussion from Abangma (1987:19–22) is reproduced in Appendix D.

26

277. Double-Zero vs. Pronoun Filler of Subject Slot

The chart shows that the M-Clause.P2 position, corresponding to the subject of theM-Clause, can be filled by any sort of nominal construction,i.e., M-Noun Word, M-NounPhrase, M-Coordinate Noun Phrase, and M-pronoun (he). There is also double-zerorealization, wherein the filler of the semantic function being realized (e.g. S-AGENT:thing) does not have a morphemic realization, and themorphemic positionactivated has no filler at all. In practical terms, this means that the M-Clause appears tobe subjectless.

Double-zero realization is very common in Denya clauses andoccurs when thesubject of the M-Clause has already been made explicit at a prior point in the discourse,e.g.:

79) ld∆r g t ∆` ∆, sxø ¿ld∆m xø ¿ Elephant he-prepared food

00 ∆, bxø ¿ 00 he-gave

00 ∆, jdæ 00 he-said (ELEPHANT & STREAM 007)

The apparent lack of a clause-level subject is made up for by the presence of theSCM

in the M-Verb Word. Practically speaking, therefore, the utterance is not “subjectless.”

And yet, there can also be an overt pronoun (M-pronoun) filling the P2 slot and actingas subject. This appears to serve to emphasize or to disambiguate between participants,and its use is probably dictated by discourse-level considerations, which have yet to beinvestigated. Note the use of the subject pronoun plus theSCM in the following twoexamples:

80) ld∆ m∆, ixø ∆, ø ∆I 1s-go-NonPst

‘I am going.’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 022)

81) iÕ m ∆sn ∆ ` ∆, o v` ∆he also 3s-tire(Pst)

‘He also was tired.’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 028)

The two examples below, taken from adjacent utterances in the same text, illustratethe use of the pronounld∆ ‘I’ in one utterance and its absence in another, almostidentical one:

82) m æm n æ —æ, j` ∆ldæ, f dæ ld∆ œ¿, j` ¿so:that 2s-allow-not || I 1s-know(Pst)

‘so that you should not allow (that) I know (about it)’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 021)

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83) m d∆ m ∆it ¿ // œ¿, j` ¿ xø æbut yesterday || 00 I-know(Pst) then

‘But yesterday I learned of it.’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 022)

In the M-Clause.F2 position (the object slot) pronouns are much more frequent;therefore, their presence appears to be much more necessaryfor clear participantreference. (Their much more frequent occurrence may be because the object is notmarked in the M-Verb Word.) However, there can also be a 00 filler in the objectposition, as the following examples from language learning notes show:

84) a —æ t ∆m t æ, t ∆j` æ ø ∆a Õ◊ a t æl Õ kd∆ —æ, bv—æ, a Õ◊kdæ // e` »pick shoes REL:C8 brown 2s-come-keep 00 here

‘Pick up the brown shoes, come and put (them) here.’

85) —∆, bv—æ, bt æm dæ // m dæ ` ∆a Õ◊e—æ2s-come-join 00 LOC others

‘Come and put (them) together with the others.’

The subject and direct object pronouns in Denya are:

SG. PL.

1st ld∆ ø ∆r dæ

2nd v—∆ ø ∆m xt æ

3rd14 iÕ ' bk-0 ( ø ∆a v—æ' bk-1 (

Pronouns can be combined into a coordinate construction, asin the followingexamples:

86) ø∆av—æ md∆ iÕ ` æ, a ø ∆kd∆, f d∆they and he 3p-sleep-NonPst

‘Both of them were living together.’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 005)

87) m d∆ ø∆rdæ md∆ v—∆ m d∆a ` ∆ m dæ, a xø æand we and you marriage 3s-finish(Pst)

‘Our marriage is finished!’ (NKPEE’S DIVORCE 022)

The above two examples also illustrate the use of plural pronouns when only a singleparticipant is being referred to, i.e., ‘they and he’ meaning ‘she and he,’ and ‘we andyou’ meaning ‘you and I .’

14 The 3rd person pronouns in the chart are for classes 1 and 2 only. Research needs to be done for classes 3-10.

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4.2.15M-Sentence

The formula for the M-Sentence is as follows:

M-Sentence = P2:Clause-f dæ + P1:[1. ixø ¿+ f dæa dæf dæ2. Clause] + C:Clause, ImperativeClause + F:Clause, [1.l` ¿M,2.Clause], [1. m æm n æ+œ∆j` ∆m d∆+l –l xø ∆jdæ2.Clause]

The chart is found on pages 86–92.

Observations:

1) As the chart shows, a M-Sentence generally consists either of one or twodependent clauses plus an independent clause, or of two independent clauses. In bothcases, the clauses have a semantic relationship with each other:

• two independent clauses

The most common of this type of combination is the S-ConversationBlock, in which the S-QUOTATIVE activates the M-Sentence.Cposition and S-QUOTATION the M-Sentence.F position.

It can also be activated by an additional function expanding a semanticproposition. An example of this is Nkpee’s Divorce 021 (p. 92), inwhich the additional function of S-AUTHORIZER activates the Cposition, and S-Event (COGNITION) the F position.

Finally, this type of M-Sentence can be activated by semantic Eventpropositions, e.g., S-Event (REACTION) (p. 92), in which the Cposition is activated by S-REACTION and the F position by AFFECT.AFFECT, in turn, is filled by the S-Event (ACTIVITY) proposition, apossibility allowed by Fleming (1988:66).

• dependent clause + independent clause

The dependent clause may be introduced: a) by a conjunction (e.g., i xø ¿‘even if+’ m æmn æ ‘so that,’œ∆j` ∆md∆.m ∆cø ∆qd∆ ‘as,’ l–lxø ∆jdæ ‘as if,’ andl–a—∆fdæ‘if’), in which case the M-Verb Word is fully inflected; or b)by the infinitive l` ¿M,‘to,’ in which case the verb does not contain theSCM. The dependent clause may also contain a M-Verb Word with thesubordinating suffix -fdæ marking either a conditional relationship or aprior temporal relationship—what I have called a Clause-fdæ. Generally the dependent + independent clause combination is activatedby S-Temporal Arrangement or S-Logical Arrangement interproposi-tions, although it can also realize the S-Comparison (PROPOSITION)interproposition, the additional function of S-PHASE expanding S-Event (ACTIVITY), and, quite possibly, other additional functionsexpanding semantic propositions.

Although all the M-Sentences shown in the chart as being activated by the S-LogicalArrangement (sequential) proposition have the same basic semantic difference betweentheir constituent clauses (i.e., S-PRIOR and S-SUBSEQUENT), elements of theCommunication Situation (CS) stratum help further define this relationship (cf. Fleming1988:192–3). Thus, the addition of CS-ADAPTATION to S-PRIOR(LA(seq)) in DoWork Well 009establishes aconcessiverelationship. Therefore, for each S-LogicalArrangment (sequential) in the chart, I indicate the type oflogical relationship in

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parentheses in the leftmost column, and the additional CS realizate in either the S-PRIORor the S-SUBSEQUENT column, as appropriate.

2) Ngbe Society 011(p. 90) provides two examples ofportmanteau realization,which exists when an element on the morphemic stratum simultaneously has tworealizates on the semantic stratum. In the first case, the M-Sentence as a whole realizesboth S-Temporal Arrangement (sequential) and S-Logical Arrangement (sequential).Secondly, the M-Sentence.C position realizes both S-TA(sequential).SUBSEQUENT andS-LA (sequential).SUBSEQUENT. These portmanteau realizations stem from the factthat this particular M-Sentence contains two dependent clauses, each one of which has itsown semantic relationship to the final independent one.

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ ≥ΠΡΙΟΡ(ΤΑ(σεθ)) ≥ΠΡΙΟΡ(ΤΑ(σεθ)) ≥ΡΕΦΕΡΕΝΧΕ_ΠΡΟΠΟΣΙΤΙΟΝ ΘΥΟΤΑΤΙςΕ ≥ΧΟΜΠΑΡΕ∆_ΠΡΟΠΟΣΙΤΙΟΝ ΘΥΟΤΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ΠΡΙΟΡ(ΛΑ(σεθ)) ≥ΠΡΙΟΡ(ΛΑ(σεθ)) ≥ΠΗΑΣΕ ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ΡΕΑΧΤΙΟΝ ≥Εϖεντ(ΑΧΤΙςΙΤΨ) Εϖεντ(ΧΟΓΝΙΤΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ + ΧΣ−ΠΡΕΡΕΘΥΙΣΙΤΕ ≥ + ΧΣ−Α∆ΑΠΤΑΤΙΟΝ ≥ΠΡΙΟΡ(ΛΑ(σεθ)) ΣΥΒΣΕΘΥΕΝΤ(ΛΑ(σεθ))≥ΣΥΒΣΕΘΥΕΝΤ(ΛΑ(σεθ)) + ΧΣ−ΙΝΤΕΝΤΙΟΝΑΛΙΤΨ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΣΙΜΥΛΤΑΝΕΟΥΣ_Α(ΤΑ(ΣΙΜΥΛ)) ≥ΣΙΜΥΛΤΑΝΕΟΥΣ_Β(ΤΑ(ΣΙΜΥΛ)) ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΣΥΒΣΕΘΥΕΝΤ(ΤΑ(σεθ)) ≥ΑΦΦΕΧΤ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Μ−Σεντενχε= ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ ≥Χλαυσε_fdæ ≥[1.ixø¿+fdæadæfdæ ≥Χλαυσε Ιµπερατιϖε_Χλαυσε ≥Χλαυσε [1.l`¿M,1-Bk\ [1.mæmnæ+œ∆j`∆md∆+ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ 2.Χλαυσε] ≥ ≥l–lxø∆jdæ2.Χλ] Χλαυσε ∀ ∀ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χοµπαρισον(ΠΡΟΠΟΣΙΤΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΡΕΦ_ΠΡΟΠΝ Μ−Χλ ≥Σ−ΧΟΜΠ_ΠΡΟΠΝ Μ−[1.l–lxø∆jdæ 2.Χλ] ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Ηε χλιµβεδ α ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ταλλ παλµ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆kdæjø∆≥l–lxø∆jdæ`∆jø∆kd∆ ≥038β ≥τρεε. Ηε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆,kdæ,jø∆ ≥l–lxø∆jdæ`∆,jø∆,fd∆≥ ≥σταρτεδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ΙΝΧΕΠ χυτ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ασ:ιφ 3Σ:Χ1 χυτ(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥χυττινγ. Ηε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωασ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥t∆vt∆—æ- ≥ ≥πρετενδινγ το≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥t∆,vt∆—æ ≥ ≥χυτ παλµ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χονϖερσατιον_Βλοχκ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΘΥΟΤς Μ−Χλ ≥Σ−ΘΥΟΤΝ Μ−Χλ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥Χραβ τολδ ηιµ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥το πυτ α λοτ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆jdæ ≥`æexøæœ∆j`∆kd∆c—¿. ≥012 ≥οφ πεππερ (ιν≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆,jdæ≥`æ,exøæœ∆,j`∆kd∆c—¿ ≥ ≥τηε φοοδ). ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 σαψ(ΠΣΤ) ≥3Σ:Χ1 πυτ(ΙΜΠ:ΙΜΜ) Χ? πεππερ µυχη ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Χονϖερσατιον_Βλοχκ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΘΥΟΤς Μ−Χλ ≥Σ−ΘΥΟΤΝ Μ−Χλ∀ ∀ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥∆υικερ σαιδ, ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥∀Ι, ∆υικερ, ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ø∆sø∆`∆jdæ≥!kdæld∆ø∆sø∆md∆≥017 ≥στεππεδ ον ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ø∆,sø∆`∆,jdæ≥kdæld∆ø∆,sø∆md∆ ≥ ≥τηατ στονε.∀ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ3 δυικερ 3Σ:Χ1 σαψ(ΠΣΤ) ≥ιτ:ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) 1Σ Χ3 δυικερ τηατ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥mæix`∆kdæl–a—æ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥mæ,ix`∆,mdæl–a—æ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥1Σ ωηο:στεπ:ον(ΡΕΛ:ΠΣΤ) ΡΕΛ:ΠΣΤ λικε ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥m∆s`¿mÕ md∆la—∆!- ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥m∆,s`¿mÕ md∆,la—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 στονε τηισ:Χ5 φαρ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡ + ΧΣ−Α∆ΑΠΤΑΤΙΟΝ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−Χλ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ιφ ψου χλαιµ ≥≥ (χονχεσσιϖε) ≥ ≥Μ−[1.ϕψø¿1-Bk\ ≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ 009≥ιτ, νοβοδψ ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ ≥ωιλλ θυεστιον≥≥ ≥ ≥ixø¿—¿jo`æ≥lt¿e—∆≥ ≥ ≥ψου. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ixø¿—¿,jo`æ≥l,t¿e—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥εϖεν:ιφ 2Σ −χαρρψ(ΠΣΤ)≥Χ1 −περσον σοµε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`æfÕ◊Õ◊fdæ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥

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≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`æ,fÕ◊Õ◊,fdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ασκ(ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΕΓ:ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥v—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥v—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥2Σ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Σεντενχε= ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ) ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−Χλ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ + ΧΣ−ΙΝΤΕΝΤΙΟΝΑΛΙΤΨ ≥ΕΛΕΠΗΑΝΤ≥ ≥≥ (πυρποσε) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Μ−[1.mæmnæ2.Χλ] ≥& ΣΤΡΕΑΜ≥(Ηαϖινγ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥013 ≥εατεν), Παπα ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`æs`æld∆rgt∆≥mæmnæ`∆ixø∆bvøæ≥ ≥Ελεπηαντ σεντ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`æ,s`æld∆,rgt∆ ≥mæmnæ`∆,ixø∆,bvøæ ≥ ≥∆υικερ το γο ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 φατηερ Χ9 ελεπηαντ ≥σο:τηατ 3Σ:Χ1 γο(ΠΣΤ) φετχη(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ανδ φετχη ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωατερ φροµ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆s—æø∆sø∆≥l`∆m`¿mdæl`¿m∆mxÕ - ≥ ≥τηε στρεαµ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆,s—æø∆,sø∆ ≥l`∆,m`¿mdæl,`¿m∆,mxÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 σενδ(ΠΣΤ) Χ3 δυικερ ≥Χ6α ωατερ ΛΟΧ Χ1 χηιλδ Χ5 στρεαµ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ) ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−Χλαυσε−fdæ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−Χλ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥ ≥≥ (χονδιτιοναλ) ≥+ ΧΣ−ΠΡΕΡΕΘΥΙΣΙΤΕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥Ιφ ψου µαρρψ ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥012β ≥α φορειγν ≥≥ ≥—∆a`∆fdæ ≥ ≥—¿k`∆ld∆œjø¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ωοµαν, ψου ≥≥ ≥—∆,a`∆,fdæ≥ ≥—¿,k`∆ld∆,œjø¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ρεµαιν α ≥≥ ≥2Σ µαρρψ(ΧΟΝ∆) ΧΟΝ∆ ≥ ≥2Σ ρεµαιν(ΠΣΤ) Χ1 στρανγερ ≥ ≥ ≥στρανγερ ιν ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ψουρ οων ≥≥ ≥ld∆mcdæ ≥ ≥ld∆k—∆vÕ øæ ≥ ≥ ≥λανδ. ≥≥ ≥ld∆,mcdæ ≥ ≥ld∆,k—∆vÕ øæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ1 ωοµαν ≥ ≥Χ? ϖιλλαγε 2Σ:Χ? ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ld∆k—∆b`æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ld∆,k—∆b`æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ5 ϖιλλαγε ανοτηερ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ) ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−Χλ−fdæ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−Χλ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥ ≥≥ (χονδιτιοναλ) ≥+ ΧΣ−ΠΡΕΡΕΘΥΙΣΙΤΕ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥ιφ Ι ωερε το ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥012 ≥δεχιδε το ≥≥ ≥m∆i—∆—∆fdæmæmnæ≥ ≥cd∆aø∆kd∆fd∆e`∆≥≥ ≥ρεχουντ ≥≥ ≥m∆,i—∆—∆,fdæmæmnæ≥≥cd∆,aø∆kd∆,fd∆e`∆ ≥ ≥ ≥εϖερψτηινγ ≥≥ ≥1Σ σαψ ΧΟΝ∆ τηατ ≥ ≥1Π σλεεπ(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ηερε ≥ ≥ ≥αβουτ ιτ, ωε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ωουλδ σπενδ ≥≥ ≥œ∆f`∆qd∆fd∆≥ ≥eÕ ≥ ≥ ≥τηε ωηολε δαψ≥≥ ≥œ∆,f`∆qd∆,fd∆ ≥ ≥eÕ ≥ ≥ ≥ανδ νιγητ ≥≥ ≥1Σ τελλ ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥τοδαψ ≥ ≥ ≥ηερε τοδαψ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥qd∆jn∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥cd∆,jn∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ4 αλλ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ) ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−Χλ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ + ΧΣ−ΙΝΤΕΝΤΙΟΝΑΛΙΤΨ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥ ≥≥ (πυρποσε) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥[1.l`¿M,2.Χλ] ≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥Τηε ωιφε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥032 ≥χολλεχτεδ ηερ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆jt∆kdæ≥l`¿œixø∆≥ ≥τηινγσ ανδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆,jt∆kdæ ≥l`¿œ,ixø∆≥ ≥λεφτ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 λεαϖε(ΠΣΤ) ≥το γο(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ ≥

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ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Σεντενχε= ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Τεµποραλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ) ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−Χλ−γε ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−ΙµπΧλ ≥ ≥∆Ο ΩΟΡΚ ≥Ονχε τηερε, ≥≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΩΕΛΛ ≥βε δοινγ ψουρ≥≥ ≥—∆ixø∆fdæ≥ ≥oxøæfdæt∆s—¿≥ ≥016α ≥ωορκ ωελλ... ≥≥ ≥—∆,ixø∆,fdæ04≥ ≥oxøæ,mdæt∆,s—¿ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥2Σ γο(ΧΟΝ∆) ΧΟΝ∆ ≥ ≥δο(ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ) ΙΜΠ:ΑΝΨΤ Χ8 ωορκ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥aÕ◊ø∆b`æmb`æ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥aÕ◊ø∆b`æmb`æ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥2Σ:Χ8 ωελλ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Τεµποραλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ) ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−[0-fdæadæfdæ2.Χλ]≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−Χλ ≥ ≥ΝΟΝ−ΤΕΞΤ≥Ωηεν τηε ≥≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥∆ΑΤΑ ≥βεγινσ το ≥≥ ≥ ≥fdæadæfdæl`∆m`¿ ≥`æed∆qdæfdæms—∆≥ ≥ΤΑΠΕ 8Β ≥βοιλ, σηε ≥≥ ≥ ≥fdæadæfdæl`∆,m`¿ ≥`æ,ed∆qdæfdæ,ms—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ρεµοϖεσ ηαλφ.≥≥ ≥ ≥ωηεν Χ6α ωατερ ≥3Σ:Χ1 ρεµοϖε(ΠΣΤ) Χ7 ηαλφ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥lÕ la—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥lÕ ,la—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥τηισ:Χ6α τηατ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l`æadæfdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥l`æ,adæ,fdæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ6α βοιλ ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Τεµποραλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ) ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−Χλ−γε ≥Σ−ΠΡ Μ−[1.ixø¿ 2.Χλ] ≥Σ−ΣΥΒ Σ−ΣΥΒ Μ−Χλ ≥ ≥ΝΓΒΕ ≥Ονχε ψου αρε ≥≥Λογιχαλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(σεθυεντιαλ) ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ ≥ΣΟΧΙΕΤΨ ≥α µεµβερ, ≥≥ ≥—∆aø∆fdæ≥ixø¿05 ≥—∆joø∆md∆vÕ øæ≥ ≥011 ≥ωηερεϖερ ψου ≥≥ ≥—∆,aø∆,fdæ ≥ixø¿ ≥—∆,joø∆,fd∆vÕ øæ ≥ ≥ ≥γο, ιφ τηε ≥≥ ≥2Σ ισ(ΧΟΝ∆) ΧΟΝ∆ ≥εϖεν:ιφ ≥2Σ εντερ(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ τηερε ≥ ≥ ≥οργανιζατιον ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥εξιστσ τηερε,≥≥ ≥løælt¿≥—æixø∆øæ≥qd∆stæ-≥ ≥ ≥ψου αρε ≥≥ ≥løæl,t¿≥—æ,ixø∆,mdæ≥cd∆,stæ≥ ≥ ≥αδµιττεδ ≥≥ ≥αλρεαδψ Χ1 περσον ≥2Σ γο(ΡΕΛ:ΠΣΤ) ΡΕΛ:ΠΣΤ≥Χ4 νοτηινγ ≥ ≥ ≥φρεελψ το ιτ.≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥œ∆faø∆≥m∆cdæld∆k—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥œ∆,faø∆ ≥m∆cdæld∆,k—∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥Χ? Øfaø:σοχιετψ ≥ωηατ Χ5 ϖιλλαγε ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ø∆vÕ◊œ∆faø∆≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ø∆vÕ◊ œ∆,faø∆ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥

15 Abangma calls this mode Conditional (COND), although in this case it really reflects a prior temporal relationship to the main clause.16 I have my doubts thatixø¿ ‘even if’ here is really marking a concessive. Given the English free translation, ‘wherever you go,’ it may involve whatLongacre calls auniversal quantifier

(1983:104) in a concessive margin. Longacre gives examplesof this from Philippine languages, where ‘even if,’ introducing the concessive margin, combines with an interrogativepronoun toindicate the universal quantifier. The example in the chartcann be considered similar in thatixø¿ ‘even if’ introduces the concessive margin andm∆cd ∆ ld ∆k— ∆ ‘what village’ is the interrogativephrase.

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≥ ≥ ≥ΡΕΛ:Χ3?B>Øfaø ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥`æktæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥`æ,ktæ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ? ισ(ΑΤΤΡ) ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥Μ−Σεντενχε= ≥Π2: ≥Π1: ≥Χ: ≥Φ1: ≥Ρεφ ≥Φρεε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Τρανσλατιον ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Τεµποραλ_Αρρανγεµεντ(ΣΙΜΥΛΤΑΝΕΟΥΣ)≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΣΙΜΥΛΑ Μ−Χλ ≥Σ−ΣΙΜΥΛΒ Μ−[1.œ∆j`∆md∆ 2.Χλ] ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Τηε ωιφε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥σηουλδ (νοτ)≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ld∆mcdæ`∆føæ≥œ∆j`∆md∆t∆k`∆≥014 ≥σεε τηατ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ld∆,mcdæ`∆,føæ ≥œ∆j`∆md∆t∆,k`∆ ≥ ≥Mjoøøæηαδ ρεδ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ1 ωοµαν 3Σ:Χ1 σεε(ΠΣΤ) ≥ασ Χ8 βοττοµ ≥ ≥βυττοχκσ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥tæfø∆kdæiÕ - ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥tæ,fø∆kdæiÕ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Π:Χ8 βεχοµε:ρεδ(ΑΤΤΡ) 3Σ:Χ1 ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥ΑΥΤΗΟΡΙΖΕΡ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΑΤΗΡ Μ−Χλ ≥Σ−Εϖτ(ΧΟΓ) Μ−Χλ ≥ΝΚΠΕΕ∋Σ ≥Σηε σαιδ, ∀Σο≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥∆ΙςΟΡΧΕ ≥ψου ηαϖε ρεδ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥—æj`∆ldæfdæ≥ld∆œ¿j`¿-≥021 ≥βυττοχκσ τηατ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥—æ,j`∆ldæ,fdæ ≥ld∆œ¿,j`¿ ≥ ≥ψου ηαϖε βεεν≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥2Σ αλλοω(ΝΕΓ:ΙΜΠ) ΝΕΓ:ΙΜΠ ≥1Σ 1Σ κνοω(ΠΣΤ) ≥ ≥ηιδινγ φροµ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥µε.∀ ≥∨⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℜ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗↵≥ΠΗΑΣΕ ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΠΗΣ Μ−Χλ ≥Σ−Εϖ(ΑΧΤ) Μ−[1.l`¿M, 2.Χλ] ≥ΛΑΝΓ. ≥Σηε βεγινσ το≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΛΕΑΡΝΙΝΓ≥στιρ τηε ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆k—∆≥l`¿miÕ ø∆a`æ≥ ≥φυφυ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥`∆,k—∆ ≥l`¿m,iÕ ø∆,a`æ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥3Σ:Χ1 βεγιν(ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ) ≥το τυρν Χ3 φυφυ ≥ ≥ ≥℘⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊕⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗×≥Εϖεντ(ΡΕΑΧΤΙΟΝ) ≥ ≥ ≥Σ−ΡΧΤΝ Μ−Χλ ≥Σ−ΑΦΦΕΧΤ Μ−[1.mæmnæ 2.Χλ] ≥ΛΑΝΓ. ≥Ι ωαντ ψου το≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−≥ΛΕΑΡΝΙΝΓ≥ηελπ µε ωιτη≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥œ∆jø∆kd∆fd∆≥mæmnæ—æo—æld∆md∆≥ ≥ψουρ εγγ. ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥œ∆,jø∆kd∆,fd∆ ≥mæmnæ—æ,o—æld∆md∆ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥1Σ ωαντ ΝΟΝ:ΠΣΤ ≥τηατ 2σ ηελπ µε ωιτη ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥l`∆œjv`∆mbÕŸixø¿ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥l`∆,œjv`∆mbÕŸixø¿ ≥ ≥ ≥≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥Χ5 εγγ ψουρ ≥ ≥ ≥ℵ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗ℑ⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗∧

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5CONCLUSION

This paper has presented a preliminary stratificational analysis of a number ofmorphological and syntactic constructions in Denya. As work continues, this analysis willbe fleshed out to include at least the following:

19. S/M realization formulae;

20. M\S realization formulae;

21. a semantic dictionary; and

22. a morphemic dictionary.

A full stratificational analysis would also include a comprehensive account of thetactic relationships within all the strata described in section 3.1, as well as the realizationrelationships among all strata.

REFERENCES

Abangma, Samson Negbo. 1987.Modes in Denya Discourse.Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.:Summer Institute of Linguistics; and Arlington, Texas, U.S.A.: University ofTexas at Arlington.

Bendor-Samuel, John, ed. 1989.The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification andDescription of Africa’s Largest Language Family.Lanham, Maryland, U.S.A.:University Press of America.

Breton, Roland and Bikia Fohtung. 1991.Atlas administratif des langues nationales duCameroun. Paris: ACCT and Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA and CREA.

Denya-English Lexicon (in progress).

Cope, Bev. 1993.ChASM: Charting Analysis of Semantics and Morphemics, v.0.08.Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Cope, Pamela. 1994.Introductory Grammar: A Stratificational Approach.Dallas, Texas,U.S.A.: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Fleming, Ilah. 1988.Communication Analysis: A Stratificational Approach.Volume II.Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

----------. 1990. Communication Analysis: A Stratificational Approach.Volume I.Prepublication draft.

Grimes, Barbara F., ed. 1992.Ethnologue: Languages of the World.12th edition. Dallas,Texas, U.S.A.: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Lamb, Sydney M. 1966.Outline of Stratificational Grammar.Revised edition.Washington, D.C., U.S.A.: Georgetown University Press.

Longacre, Robert E. 1983. The Grammar of Discourse. New York: Plenum Press.

Keenan, Edward L. 1985.Relative Clauses.In Shopen, Timothy, ed. 1985.LangugeTypology and Syntactic Description. Vol. II: Complex Constructions.Cambridge,U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 141–170.

Mbuagbaw, Tanyi Eyong. 1994.Denya Alphabet and Orthography Statement.Yaoundé:CABTA.

----------. 1995. Denya Tone Orthography. Unpublished ms.

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----------. 1997. Denya Noun Class System. Unpublished ms.

Seguin, Lawrence. 1997.A Preliminary Stratificational Analysis of Some Kenyang(ALCAM 881) Morphological and Syntactic Structures. Yaoundé: SIL.

Snider, Keith. 1993.Description of Tone in the Kenyang Verb Phrase.Unpublished ms.,11 pp.

Tyhurst, James J. 1983. Linguistic Survey of the Nyang Languages. Yaoundé: SIL.

----------. 1984.Cultural Identity Perceived as Linguistic Identity: Results from a Surveyof the Nyang Languages. Yaoundé: SIL.

Tyhurst, James J. and Janis L. Tyhurst. 1983.Sociolinguistic Survey of Kenyang andDenya. Yaoundé: SIL.

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APPENDIX ALINGUISTIC MAP OF MANYU DIVISION

(Source: Breton and Fohtung 1991:121)

DIALECT MAP OF THE DENYA AREA

(Source: Tyhurst and Tyhurst 1983:28)

APPENDIX BSEMANTIC PROPOSITIONS ILLUSTRATED IN THIS ANALYSIS

(Source: Fleming 1988)

28

29Event PropositionsS-Event (ACTIVITY) = AGENT:thing + ACTIVITY:action +

PATIENT:thing

S-Event (COGNITION) = PROCESSOR:thing + COGNITION:mentalprocess + PHENOMENON:thing, Propositionn, Discourse

S-Event (EXPRESSION) = SPEAKER:thing + EXPRESSION:expressive+ ADDRESSEE:thing + COMMUNIQUE:story, message, song,poem, letter, etc.

S-Event (PROCESS) = CHANGE:become, change into, turn, get, etc. +non-Event Proposition

S-Event (REACTION) = REACTOR:thing + REACTION:psychologicalprocess + AFFECT:thing, Propositionn + Discourse

30Interparticipant PropositionsS-Association = ASSOCIATED A:thing, Event + [ASSOCIATED

B:thing, Event + ASSOCIATION:Event]

S-Containership = CONTAINER:thing + CONTENT:thing

S-Kinship = REFERENT A:thing + REFERENT B:thing

S-Ownership = OWNER:thing + OWNED:thing

S-Social Relationship = REFERENT A:thing + REFERENT B:thing

S-Spatial Location (thing) = SLOCATED:thing + [SLOCATION:thing(2,3dimensions) + (SPOSITION:spositional) +(SPROXIMITY:sproximal)]

31Single Participant PropositionsS-Existential = EXISTENTIAL:thing

S-Partitive = WHOLE:thing + PART:thing

32Quantity PropositionsS-Count = COUNTED:thing, measure, ordinal numeral +

NUMBER:numeral

S-Plurality = ITEM:thing + PLURALITY:singular, dual, multiple, plural

S-Proportion = TOTAL:set, mass + [PROPORTION:proportional +(ISOLATION:each, apiece)]

S-Quantification = QUANTIFIED:thing + QUANTITY:quantifier

33Attribution PropositionsS-Attribution = ITEM:thing + ATTRIBUTION:attribute

34Classificatorial PropositionsS-Classification (thing) = CLASS:thing + MEMBER:thing

35Identificational PropositionsS-Specification = SPECIFIED:thing + [SPECIFICATION:specifier +

(PROXIMITY:proximal)]

36Additional Semantic ConstituentsS-ACCOMPANIMENT (AGENT):thing

S-ASPECT:aspectual

S-ATTRIBUTION (ACTIVITY):attribute (action)

S-AUTHORIZER:thing, Proposition

S-BENEFICIARY:thing

S-INSTRUMENT:thing

S-NEGATED:_____

S-PHASE:phasal

S-RECIPIENT (PATIENT):thing

S-SEMANTIC ADDITION:also, in addition, in addition to

S-SPATIAL LOCATION:thing + (SPOSITION:spositional)

S-TEMPORAL DURATION:Count, Quantification, Proportion

S-TEMPORAL LOCATION:time

S-TENSE:past, present, future

37InterpropositionsS-Comparison (PROPOSITION) =

REFERENCE PROPOSITION:Proposition, Interproposition +[COMPARED PROPOSITION:Proposition, Interproposition

+ COMPARISON:comparative+ (APPROXIMATION:approximal)]

S-Logical Arrangement (sequential) = [PRIOR:Event, Interparticipant, Single Participant, Attribution,Classification, Interproposition + LOGICAL RELATION (PRIOR):lrelational (prior)] +[SUBSEQUENT:Event, Interparticipant, Single Participant,Attribution, Classification, Interproposition + LOGICAL RELATION (SUBSEQ):lrelational (subseq)]

S-Temporal Arrangement (SIMULTANEOUS) = SIMUL A:Event, Interproposition + [SIMUL B:Event, Interproposition + TAPPROXIMATION:tapproximal]

S-Temporal Arrangement (sequential) = PRIOR:Event, Interproposition + [SUBSEQUENT:Event, Interproposition + (TPROXIMITY:tproximal)]

38Conversation BlockS-Conversation Block = QUOTATIVE:Event(EXPRESSION) +

QUOTATION:sememe, Proposition, Interproposition, Discoursen

39OtherS-Coordination = COORDINATE A:thing + COORDINATE B:thing

APPENDIX CDENYA TEXTS

40Key - field markers\ref - reference \gl - English gloss

\tx - text line \ps - part of speech

\mb - morpheme breakdown \ft - free translation

41Key - abbreviations (\gl)1S - first person singular IMP - imperative (mode)

2S - second person singular IMP:IMM - immediate imperative(mode)

3S - third person singular INCEP - inceptive (aspect)

1P - first person plural INDEF - indefinite

2P - second person plural INS:IMP - insistence imperative (mode)

3P - third person plural INF - infinitive

Cn - noun class ‘n’ (n = class number) LOC - locational

ATTR - attribute (mode) NEG - negative (mode)

COND - conditional (mode) NON:PST - non past (tense)

EXCL - exclamation PST - past (tense)

FUT - future (tense) REL - relative (mode)

IMP:ANYT - anytime imperative(mode) REP - repetition (aspect)

42Key - abbreviations (\ps)adjpfx - adjective prefix inf - infinitive

adjrt - adjective root interr - interrogative

adj - invariable adjective interj - interjection

adjpfx - adjective prefix neg - negative

adjrt - adjective root npfx - noun prefix

adv - adverb nrt - noun root

am - associative marker numpfx - numeral prefix

clit - clitic numrt - numeral root

comp - complementizer prep - preposition

conj - conjunction pro(he) - subject pronoun

dempfx - demonstrative prefix pro(him) - direct or indirect object pronoun

demrt - demonstrative root pro(wh) - interrogative pronoun

foc - focus vpfx - verb prefix

honor - honorific vrt - verb root

ideo - ideophone vsfx - verb suffix

Text #1: Always Do Your Work Well

[qdeCNVNQJVDKK//0[swMd∆fan∆+bv—ævÕ iv—ækdæj`∆l¿a—æ[la)))bv—ævÕ iv—ækdæj`∆l¿,a—æ[fk)))bnld'HLO9HLL(sghr9v`xrhs'HLO9HLL(cnvm0R,s`jd'ORS([or)))uqs`cuuqs`cuuoew,uqs

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[es@r`qdrtks+vgdmhshradhmfatsbgdqdc+odnokdb`m`krncqhmjv`sdq-

Text #3: Ngbe Society

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Text #4: How Øjoøøæ Prevented His Divorce

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Text #5: How to Make a Sleeping Mat

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[swm¿bv—æmd∆øæiÕ◊l–lt∆-[lam¿,bv—æmd∆øæiÕ◊l–,lt∆[fk0R,bnld'ORS(vhsg2R9B0/B>,gntrd[oruoew,uqsoqdooqn'ghl(moew,mqs

[esHeHcdbhcdcsnvdùd`rkddohmfl`s+Hvntkcfnhmsnsgdenqdrs+btsqddc+`mcb`qqxhsgnld-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S//1[swm∆bv—∆fdæl¿ed¿ld∆rgÕŸl¿ed¿[lam∆,bv—∆,fdæl¿,ed¿ld∆,rgÕŸl¿,ed¿[fk0R,bnld'BNMC(,BNMC0R,qdlnud'ORS(B>,sgnqmr0R,qdlnud'ORS([oruoew,uqs,urewuoew,uqsmoew,mqsuoew,uqs

[swl¿ed¿œ¿jo`æxøæøæiÕ◊œl¿œld∆œl–œlø¿-[lal¿,ed¿œ¿,jo`æxøæøæiÕ◊œl¿,œld∆œl–,œlø¿[fk0R,qdlnud'ORS(0R,b`qqx'ORS(sgdm2R9B0/0R,sgqnv'ORS(B>,rtm[oruoew,uqsuoew,uqs`cuoqn'ghl(uoew,uqsmoew,mqs

[esGùhmfbnldgnld+Hvntkcqdlnudsgdsgnqmr+b`qqxhsnts+`mcroqd`chshmsgdrtm-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S//2[swœl–œld∆fdæœl–œlø¿øæjoø∆ æ-[laœl–,œld∆,fdæœl–,œlø¿øæ,joø∆ æ[fk0R,sgqnv'BNMC(,BNMCB>,rtm2O9B0/,vghsdm'@SSQ([oruoew,uqs,urewmoew,mqsuoew,uqs

[esRoqd`chmsgdrtm+sgdl`sdqh`kadbnldrvghsd-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S//3[swøæjoø∆ æfdæxøæl¿a—æ`∆m—∆œ¿fx`æ[laøæ,joø∆ æ,fdæxøæl¿,a—æ`∆,m—∆œ¿,fx`æ[fk2O9B0/,vghsdm'@SSQ(,BNMCsgdm0R,s`jd'ORS(B1,l`m0R,rokhs'ORS([oruoew,uqs,urew`cuuoew,uqsmoew,mqsuoew,uqs

[sw`∆fÕ øæœ¿fx`æ-[la`∆,fÕ øæœ¿,fx`æ[fkB1,edl`kd0R,rokhs'ORS([ormoew,mqsuoew,uqs

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[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S//4[swœ¿jv—∆ø∆on∆m¿rø∆`∆m—∆aÕ◊la—∆[laœ¿,jv—∆ø∆,on∆m¿,rø∆`∆,m—∆aÕ◊,la—∆[fk0R,fqhmc'ORS(B2,b`lvnnc0R,s`jd'ORS(B1,l`msghr9B1,e`q[oruoew,uqsmoew,mqsuoew,uqsmoew,mqscdlqs,cdlrew

[swl¿exøæld∆rø¿m¿bvøæl`∆m`¿l¿exøæ[lal¿,exøæld∆,rø¿m¿,bvøæl`∆,m`¿l¿,exøæ[fk0R,ots'ORS(B>,ons0R,edsbg'ORS(B5`,v`sdq0R,ots'ORS([oruoew,uqsmoew,mqsuoew,uqsmoew,mqsuoew,uqs

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[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S//5[swm∆sxø∆ø∆fdæld∆vø∆øæmxøæl–a`¿[lam∆,sxø∆ø∆,fdæld∆,vø∆øæ,mxøæl–,a`¿[fk0R,ots9nm'BNMC(,BNMCB4,khfgs.ehqd2O9B0/,rs`hm'ORS(B>,ok`bd[oruoew,uqs,urewmoew,mqsuoew,uqsmoew,mqs

[swœ∆jn∆-[laœ∆,jn∆[fkB0/,qddc[ormoew,mqs

[esOtsnmsgdehqd+sgdl`sdqh`khrcxdc-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S//6[swœ∆jnæxÕ◊la—∆øæk`∆bt∆t∆-[laœ∆,jnæxÕ◊,la—∆øæ,k`∆bt∆t∆[fkB0/,qddcsghr9B0/,e`q2O9B0/,qdl`hm'ORS(qdc[ormoew,mqscdlqs,cdlrewuoew,uqs`ci

[esSgdl`sdqh`kadbnldrqdc-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S//7[swœ∆fx`∆fdæø∆xÕ◊onæodæl¿exøæl¿a—æ[laœ∆,fx`∆,fdæø∆xÕ◊onæodæl¿,exøæl¿,a—æ[fk0R,rokhs'BNMC(,BNMCQDK9B0/vghsd0R,ots'ORS(0R,s`jd'ORS([oruoew,uqs,urewqdk`ciuoew,uqsuoew,uqs

[swø∆xÕ◊ld∆føækdæxÕ la—∆l¿exøæm¿k—∆xø∆[laø∆xÕ◊ld∆,føækdæxÕ la—∆l¿,exøæm¿,k—∆xø∆[fkQDK9B0/B0/,qdcsgdqd0R,ots'ORS(0R,rs`qs'ORS(sgdm[orqdk`cioew,`ciqs`cuuoew,uqsuoew,uqs`cu

[swl`¿min∆-[lal`¿m,in∆[fksn,vdùd'HME([orhme,uqs

[esVgdmHrokhssgdvghsdl`sdqh`k+Hotshs`rhcd-H`krn`ccsgdqdcnmdr`mcsgdmrs`qsvdùhmf-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S//8[swœ∆jn∆n∆fd∆œ∆jnæl¿a—æœ∆jnæ[laœ∆,jn∆n∆,fd∆œ∆,jnæl¿,a—æœ∆,jnæ[fk0R,o`rr'MNM9ORS(,MNM9ORSB8,qddc0R,s`jd'ORS(B8,qddc[oruoew,uqs,urewmoew,mqsuoew,uqsmoew,mqs

[swœ∆jn∆n∆fd∆œ∆jnæl¿a—æœ∆jnæ-[laœ,jnn,fdœ,jnæl¿,a—æœ,jnæ[fk0R,o`rr'MNM9ORS(,MNM9ORSB8,qddc0R,s`jd'ORS(B8,qddc[oruoew,uqs,urewmoew,mqsuoew,uqsmoew,mqs

[esHrjhonmdrsq`mc`mcohbjnmd-Hrjhonmd`mcohbjsgdmdws-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S/0/[swm∆in∆fdæø∆xÕ◊fdæl–a—∆jo`æ æœ¿jdæ[lam∆,in∆,fdæø∆xÕ◊fdæl–a—∆jo`æ æœ¿,jdæ[fk0R,vdùd'BNMC(,BNMCQDK>9B6sg`sknmf0R,r`x'ORS([oruoew,uqs,urewqdk>`cu`cuuoew,uqs[swl–exø∆ø∆l`∆mr`æ-[lal–,exø∆,fd∆l`∆,mr`æ[fk0R,ots'MNM9ORS(,MNM9ORSB>,cdrhfm[oruoew,uqs,urewmoew,mqs

[esGùhmfvnudmsg`srsxkd+Hcdbhcdsn`cc`mdvcdrhfm-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S/00[swm¿bv—æl¿exøæl`∆mr`æl¿exøæl`∆k—∆[lam¿,bv—æl¿,exøæl`∆,mr`æl¿,exøæl`∆,k—∆[fk0R,bnld'ORS(0R,ots'ORS(B>,cdrhfm0R,ots'ORS(B5,khmd.a`mc[oruoew,uqsuoew,uqsmoew,mqsuoew,uqsmoew,mqs

[swl`∆mr`æ`ækøæøæl¿l`æl¿a—æø∆xÕ◊fdæonæonæ[lal`∆,mr`æ`æ,køæøæl¿,l`æ,l¿,a—æø∆xÕ◊fdæonæonæ[fkB>,cdrhfmB5,sgqdd0R,QDO,0R,s`jd'ORS(QDK9B6vghsd[ormoew,mqsmtloew,mtlqsuoew,uoew>,uoew,uqsqdk`ci

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[esHcdbhcdcsnotsnmsgdcdrhfm+sgqdda`mcrnecdrhfm:sgdm`f`hmH`ccsgdvghsda`mcsnbknrdhmsgdqdc-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S/01[swl–a—∆—∆ø∆xÕ◊fdæl–a—∆ø∆xÕ◊fdæl–a—∆ø∆xÕ◊fdæl–a—∆-[lal–,a—∆,fd∆ø∆xÕ◊fdæ,l–a—∆ø∆xÕ◊fdæ,l–a—∆ø∆xÕ◊fdæ,l–a—∆[fk0R,s`jd'MNM9ORS(,MNM9ORSsghr9B6,sg`ssghr9B6,sg`ssghr9B6,sg`s[oruoew,uqs,urewcdlqs,cdlrewcdlqs,cdlrewcdlqs,cdlrew

[esHvd`udsg`snmd'sgdvghsd(enq`knmfshld-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S/02[swt∆a`ætæjvdæt∆kø¿ø∆aÕ◊onæonætæoøæ æ[lat∆,a`ætæ,jvdæt∆,kø¿ø∆aÕ◊onæonætæ,oøæ æ[fkB7,rons2O9B7,e`kk'ORS(B7,sgqddQDK9B7vghsdB7,svn[ormoew,mqsuoew,uqsmtloew,mtlqsqdk`cimtloew,mtlqs

[swø∆xÕ◊fdæl`∆mr`æfdæl`»-[laø∆xÕ◊fdæl`∆,mr`æfdæ,l`»[fkQDK>9B6B>,cdrhfmB6,nmd[orqdk>moew,mqsmtloew,mtlqs

[esMnvsgdqd`qdsgqdda`mcr+svnvghsdnmdr`mc`qdc-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S/03[swø∆xÕ◊fdæl–a—∆md∆`æjtæt∆[laø∆xÕ◊fdæ,l–a—∆md∆`æ,jtæ,fd∆[fksghr9B6,sg`s`mc2O9B1,vgn9b`kk'QDK9MNM9ORS(,QDK9MNM9ORS[orcdlqs,cdlrewenb>uoew,uqs,urew

[swfd∆an∆l`∆mr`æ-[lafd∆,an∆l`∆,mr`æ[fkB6,rkddohmf9l`sB>,cdrhfm[ormoew,mqsmoew,mqs

[esSg`shrvg`shrb`kkdc`rkddohmfl`svhsg`cdrhfm-

[qdeRKDDOHMFL@S/04[sw`æk`∆a—æ`æaø∆kd∆fd∆vÕ øæ-[la`æ,k`∆,a—æ`æ,aø∆kd∆,fd∆vÕ øæ[fk2O9B1,G@A,s`jd'ORS(2O9B1,rkddo'MNM9ORS(,MNM9ORSsgdqd[oruoew,uoew,uqsuoew,uqs,urew`cu

[esHsb`mmnvadtrdcenqrkddohmfnm-

APPENDIX D

EXTRACT FROM ABANGMA (1987:10–27) ON VERB MODES

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