a presentation about iter
DESCRIPTION
An introduction about the production of electrical Energy from controlled thermonuclear fusion. I focus on the word wide project ITER which is going to be inplemented in France.TRANSCRIPT
Name Panagopoulos George
E-mail [email protected]
Instructors
1. Maria Pitsaki 2. Vasilis Charmandaris
Foundation University of Crete
Department Physics
Contents
Energy needs
What is ITER
What is fusionConditions to make fusion
Fusion’s Safety
Lights on the earth at night
2 billion people
Do not have access to the electricity
Vast needs in the industrialized world.
Fossil fuels
Alternative ways of energy production
The current reactors
ITER a larger project
Structure of the atom
• The nucleus of an atom is comprised by neutrons and protons.
• Isotopes are the components that have the same number of protons
Einstein’s Equation : ΔΕ=Δm c2
Light nucleus Heavy nucleus
Mass defect
Mass and energy
Fusion
Fusion in ITER
• Deuterium is a common isotope of hydrogen made by sea water.
• Tritium is an other rare isotope of hydrogen. We can produce it from the following reaction.
6Li + n → 4He +T
The most efficient reaction
Cro
ss s
ecti
on
Cross section is the probability of the reaction to happen
Conditions for fusion
In order the particles to acquire
Energy and collide we heat them
in grate temperatures (150.000.000 oC). Thus they
exist in a state called plasma
where they have lost all their ele-
Ctrons.
For the reason why there is not a material than may hold these temperatures we use magnetic field to control the individual charges inside plasma in a process called magnetic confinement.
Magnetic confinement
• The main method to make magnetic confinement, is to pass current through plasma and create an incoming magnetic force.
• Because of the plasma’s instabilities we also use an additional toroidal magnetic field.
The plasma may be heated by its self. The helium nuclei that remain from the reaction offer energy to the other particles inside the reactor by collisions.
Moreover we have three additional mechanisms for this procedure : Ohmic heating where the current that passes trough plasma
heats it like the a lamp during its operation. Neutral beam injection where neutral particles are injected
inside the reactor and give energy to the particles via collisions.
Radiofrequency heating where we the plasma in the same way that we heat our food in a microwave oven.
Plasma heating
ITER ’s Safety
Except from tritium we do not have any radioactive materials inside the reactor.
Any second inside the reactor there is less than a gram of fuel . The reaction can not continue unless we have fuel.
After keeping in safety the components of the installation for 100 they are as radioactive as a plant that produces energy from coal.
Books
Garry McCracken-Peter Strott, Fusion, the Energy of Universe ELSEVIER Academic press, Complementary Science Series, Copyright © 2005 ISBN: 0-12-481851-X.
WebPages
www.iter.org www.efda.org www.jet.efda.org www-fusion-magnetique.cea.fr
Thank you !
In order to heat the plasma we have to use a Specific type of RadiofrequencyFor each kind of particle
Electron Hybrid
Frequency
8 GHz
Electron CyclotronFrequency
200 GHz
Ion CyclotronFrequency
70 MHz
