A Presentation on

“Recognition of Alphanumeric Character and Transmission on Server using Passive Security via Android”

Submitted by

ANAMIKA SHARMA

Roll No.13PCS001

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

in

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Under The Guidance of

Mr. Suman Kumar JhaAssociate Professor in CSE Department

ABSTRACT

• The Recognition of Alphanumeric Character and Transmission on Server using Passive

Security via Android. This application scans the alphanumeric characters which present in the

barcode by optical camera in smart phone and simultaneously encryption process work start

and convert the characters in encrypt form and transmit to server.

• This propose Android Application observe experimental result that , the time taken for

encryption and decryption of RSA and Hash Algorithm which perform the security on dataset

of alphanumeric characters. The RSA Algorithm take more time to encrypt and decrypt dataset

as compare to time taken by Hash Algorithm.

Proposed Android Application :

Flow Chart of Propose Application:

capture characters from barcode

Apply Cryptography

transmit encrypted dataset on Ad hoc

Apply Decryption for extract plain text

Barcode Scanner

Start

Encryption Algorithm

RSA Algorithm

Wi-Fi

Decryption Algorithm

Transmission on Server

Save on my personal PC

Hash Algorithm

Recognition Alphanumeric character

Alphanumeric character

• Alphanumeric is a combination of alphabets and numeric characters

• It can be easily under stable and processed by the input output device

• Following techniques are used to recognize the Alphanumeric Characters

1. OCR (Optical Character Recognition):

• The OCR takes image as the input, gets text from that image and then converts it into the

Alphanumeric Characters. The OCR recognized the input image with a scanner or a digital camera

and computer software.

2. Barcode Scanner:

• The scanner scans and identifies the Alphanumeric characters present in the barcode

• Barcodes provide faster and more accurate recording of information which:

i. Saves time

ii. Reduces errors

iii. Reduces costs

Barcode Label:

• The label itself is the most critical element in any bar code system depends on right size and

density and printing method.

Sizing and orientation methods:

• In barcode scanner, scan speed is important factor to determine the size and orientation label.

• A labels orientation is commonly referred to as "packet size ”or “ladder”.

Figure: Label Orientation

Ladder Orientation :

If the bar code label is presented to the scanner in a ladder orientation, the number of scans for

each pass can be determined from the following parameters:

• LH = label height (inches)

• LS = label speed (inches/second)

• Scan rate = scans/second (specified by manufacturer)

• The following equation is used:

• The “– 2” factor in this equation is to compensate.

Picket Fence orientation

• When the lines of bar codes are parallel to the movement of the label stock, the edges of the

lines are typically very straight and crisp, making the code easier to read as a "picket fence”.

• If bar code labels are presented to the scanner in a picket fence orientation, the number of

scans for each pass of a label can be determined from the following parameters:

• LL = label length

• SW = scan width (inches)

• LS = label speed (inches/second)

• Scan rate = scans/second (specified by manufacturer)

Passive Security And Active Security :

• Security approaches are two types:

1.  Active security

2.  Passive security.

1. An active security approach to security covers all actions designed to prevent a breech of your

system's security model. In active security attacker attempts to alter system resources or effect

their operations. Involves modification of data streams / creation of a false stream.

2. A passive security approach to security refers to the actions taken to monitor the security of your

system based on that security model. . In passive security the attacker only reads the

packages, but does not modify them (for example sniffing).

Cryptography

• Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt the data. The process of encoding

the plaintext into cipher text is called Encryption and reverse the process of decoding ciphers text to

plaintext is called Decryption.

Types of Cryptography:

• Symmetric Cryptography :

Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both

encryption of plaintext and decryption of ciphertext.

• Asymmetric Cryptography :

Public-key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography, in which two types of key used for

encryption and decryption, one of which is secret (or private) and one of which is public key,

to encrypt plaintext or to verify a digital signature;

.

RSA Algorithm :-

• RSA Algorithm is asymmetric public key algorithm. This works on a public and private key system.

• The public key is made available to everyone. With this key a user can encrypt data but cannot decrypt it,

• the only person who can decrypt it is the one who possesses the private key.

The encryption algorithm follow these steps:

• Encode the data to be encrypted as a number to create the plaintext P.

• Calculate the cipher text C as

• C=Pkp modulo N

• Send C as the cipher text

• The decryption algorithm follows these steps:

• Receive C,the cipher text

• Calculate plain text

• P=Ckp modulo N

HASH Algorithm:-

• Hash algorithms are used for advance cryptography and processes to provide information

security services.

• A hash algorithm converts a variable length message into a fixed length of data in the

message.

• This representation also known as message digest, can then be used for digital signatures,

message authentication, and other secure applications.

Advantages:

1. Authenticity

2. Integrity

3. Easy distribution

Hash Function:

• Hashing functions are used to digest an arbitrary length message to a fixed size, in other words

Hash function converts large, variable size input into small, fixed size output.

• Hash Function is a one-way encryption function.

• Compute Hash Function

H(k) = k mod m

Hash Table:

• A Hash table is also known as Hash map.

• A Hash table is a data structure used to implement an associative array, a structure that can

map keys to values.

• A Hash table uses a hash function to compute an index into an array of buckets or slots, from

which the correct value can be found.

Encryption Calculation of Hash Algorithm:

Calculation for Hash Key

1. Calculate Passkey Numeral for Encryption:

• Random number is generated between 1024 and 999999.

• Length of number is calculated.

• Sum of ASCII value of digits of number are calculated.

• Thus, Passkey Numeral= Numeral Length + Sum of ASCII value of digits.

2. Calculate a0, a1, a2 and a3 parameters:

• a0= Sum of digits at even positions of passkey numeral

• a1= Sum of digits at odd positions of passkey numeral

• a2= Product of digits of passkey numeral

• a3= (Passkey numeral) mod (256)

3. Calculate b0, b1,b2 and b3 parameters:

• In order to compute b0, b1, b2 and b3 values, encryption parameters EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 are required

which are computed using Table below:

  Ep1 parameters

Ep2 parameters

Ep3 parameters

Ep4 parameters

0 a0 XOR a1 EP1+15 a2 XOR a3 EP3+55

1 a0 XOR a2 EP1+25 a1 XOR a3 EP3+65

2 a0 XOR a3 EP1+35 a1 XOR a2 EP3+75

3 a2 XOR a3 EP1+45 a1 XOR a3 EP3+85

Encryption Parameters

b0 = EP1[0]+EP2[0]+EP3[0]+EP4[0] (1)

b1 = EP1[1]+EP2[1]+EP3[1]+EP4[1] (2)

b2 = EP1[2]+EP2[2]+EP3[2]+EP4[2] (3)

b3 = EP1[3]+EP2[3]+EP3[3]+EP4[3] (4)

Calculate c0,c1,c2 and c3 parameters:

c0 = ((EP1[b2] XOR EP2[b2]) * a0) + b2 (5)

c1 = ((EP1[b1] XOR EP3[b1]) * a1) + b1 (6)

c2 = ((EP1[b0] XOR EP4[b0]) * a2) + b0 (7)

c3 = ((EP2[b3] XOR EP3[b3]) * a3) +b3 (8)

0 1 2 3

0(EP1[b0] XOR c0) * c0

(EP1[b1] XOR c1) * c0

(EP1[b2] XOR c2) * c0

(EP1[b3] XOR c3) * c0

1(EP2[b0] XOR c0) * c1

(EP2[b1] XOR c1) * c1

(EP2[b2] XOR c2) * c1

(EP2[b3] XOR c3) * c1

2(EP3[b0] XOR c0) * c2

(EP3[b1] XOR c1) * c2

(EP3[b2] XOR c2) * c2

(EP3[b3] XOR c3) * c2

3(EP4[b0] XOR c0) * c3

(EP4[b1] XOR c1) * c3

(EP4[b2] XOR c2) * c3

(EP4[b3] XOR c3) * c3

• Calculate Message parameter:

• Message Parameter = Passkey Numeral (obtained in step i.) + Randomly generated key

between 1024 and 9999 + Average of a0, a1, a2 and a3 parameters (obtained in step ii.) +

Average of b0, b1, b2 and b3 parameters (obtained in step iii.) + Average of c0, c1, c2 and c3

parameters (obtained in step iv.)

• Message Encryption

• Reverse the plaintext to be encrypted to obtain Partial Message Encryption 1 (PME1).

• Perform PME1 XOR S-box [index] (obtained in step E) operation to obtain Partial Message

Encryption 2 (PME2).

• Perform PME2 XOR Message parameter (obtained in step F) operation to compute Partial

Message Encryption 3 (PME3).

• Reverse hex encoded value of PME3 to compute Partial Message Encryption 4 (PME4) which

is the resultant encrypted text.

Wireless Adhoc Network

• A wireless ad-hoc network, also known as IBSS - Independent Basic Service

Set.

• The network is ad-hoc because each node is willing to forward data for other

nodes, and so the determination of which nodes forward data is made

dynamically based on the network connectivity.

• The Ad hoc network is a network formed without any central administration

which consists of mobile nodes that use a wireless interface to send packet data.

• Each device in a (mobile Adhoc network) MANET is free to move

independently in any direction,

• M ANETs consist of a peer-to-peer, self-forming, self-healing network.

•  802.11/Wi-Fi wireless networking. 

Android SDK

• Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as

smart phones and tablet computers

• Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes operating system.

• There are four types of components:

1 Activities: An activity is an application component that provides a screen with which the user

can interact with the application.

2 Services: They handle background processing associated with an application.

3 Content Providers: Content providers store and retrieve data and make it accessible to all

applications.

4 Broadcast Receivers: They handle communication between Android OS and applications .

Experimental Analysis

• The four Datasets of alphanumeric character of various byte length are used to conduct for experiment ,where a

comparison of two algorithms RSA and Hash are performed. Under following evaluation parameters.

Datasets:

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

•

Secure (Using Hash And RSA Algorithm ) Transmission On Local Host

Server: 

Evaluation Parameters

• Performance measurement criteria are time taken by the algorithms to perform the encryption and

decryption of the input text files. The following are the parameters which calculate the performance of

algorithms.

(A) Encryption Computation Time: The encryption computation time is the time which taken by the

algorithms to produce the cipher text from the plain text

(B) Decryption Computation Time: The decryption computation time is the time taken by the algorithms to

produce the plain text from the cipher text.

Compression of RSA and HASH Algorithm

InputAlphanumeric Character Barcode(Datasets)

Hash Algorithm RSA Algorithm

Input Encryption Time(sec)

Decryption Time(sec)

Encryption Time(sec

Decryption Time(sec)

12345ABCde 1.6 1 3.3 2.9

12345ABCDE 1.8 1.2 3.4 3.0

1234567890 1.5 1.1 3.1 2.8

ABC1234efg 1.4 1.0 3.0 2.6

The Graphical representation of Encryption Time:

Graph 1:For Encryption Time

12345ABCde 12345ABCDE 1234567890 ABC1234efg0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Encryption Time Hash Algorithm VS RSA Algorithm

RSA Algorithm Hash Algorithm

The Graphical representation of Decryption Time:

Graph 2: Decryption Time

12345ABCde 12345ABCDE 1234567890 ABC1234efg0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Decryption time of Hash Algorithm VS RSA Algorithm

RSA Algorithm Hash Algorithm

Result Analysis

• By analyzing the graph 1 and graph 2, which show time the taken for encryption

and decryption of RSA and Hash Algorithm on following Dataset of

Alphanumeric characters.

• The RSA Algorithm take more time to encrypt and decrypt dataset as compare to

time taken by Hash Algorithm in Propose Android Application System.

Conclusions

This propose Android Application to recognize the Alphanumeric Character and the

transmission with passive security to the server is Mobile Application This application scans

the alphanumeric characters which present in the barcode by optical camera in smart phone

and after scanning its transmit the result in the secured form using passive security with the

help of Hash and RSA algorithms on wireless network. The result show that RSA Algorithm

take more time to encrypt and decrypt dataset as compare to time taken by Hash Algorithm.

References

[1] Idrizi, Florim, Dalipi, Fisnik & Rustemi, Ejup. “Analyzing the speed of combined cryptographic algorithms with secret and

public key”. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X,

www.ijerd.com Volume 8, Issue 2 (August 2013), pp. 45

[2].Amir Bahador Bayat Recognition of Handwritten Digits Using Optimized Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems and

Effective Features Journal of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems Aug. 2013, Vol. 1

[3].Chirag I Patel, Ripal Patel, Palak Patel Handwritten Character Recognition using Neural Network International Journal of

Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 5, May-2011

[4] Abdul.Mina, D.S, Kader, H.M. Abdual & Hadhoud, M.M. “Performance Analysis of Symmetric Cryptography”. pp. 1.

[5] Chehal Ritika, Singh Kuldeep. “Efficiency and Security of Data with Symmetric Encryption Algorithms”. International Journal

of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, ISSN: 2277 128X , Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2012,

pp. 1

[6] Elminaam, Diaa Salama Abd, Abdual Kader, Hatem Mohamed & Hadhoud, Mohiy Mohamed. “Evaluating The Performance of

Symmetric Encryption Algorithms”. International Journal of Network Security, Vol.10, No.3, May 2010, pp. 216. .

[7]Prashanti.G, Deepthi.S & Sandhya Rani.K. ”A Novel Approach for Data Encryption Standard Algorithm”. International Journal of

Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue-5, June 2013, pp. 264.

[8] K. Wang, J. A. kangas, Character location in scene images from digital camera, Pattern Recognition., 36(10), 2003, 2287-2299.

[9] T. Bernier, J.-A. Landry, A new method for representing and matching shapes of natural objects. Pattern Recognition, 36(8),

2003. 1711-1723

[10] P. Ding, “Central manager: A solution to avoid denial of service attacks for wreless LANs,” International Journal of Network

Security, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 35-44, 2007.

[11] N. E. Fishawy, “Quality of encryption measurement of bitmap images with RC6, MRC6, and rijndael block cipher algorithms,”

International Journal of Network Security, pp. 241-251, Nov. 2007.

[12] M. H. Ibrahim, “A method for obtaining deniable public-key encryption,” International Journal of Network Security, vol. 8, no.

1, pp. 1-9, 2009.

[13] M. H. Ibrahim, “Receiver-deniable public-key encryption,” International Journal of Network Security, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 159-

165, 2009. [11] S. Z. S. Idrus, and S. A. Aljunid, “Performance analysis of encryption algorithms text length size on web

browsers,” IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol. 8, no.1, pp. 20-25, Jan. 2008.

[14] P. Ruangchaijatupon, and P. Krishnamurthy, “Encryption and power consumption in wireless LANsN,” The Third IEEE Workshop on Wireless LANs, pp. 148-152, Newton, Massachusetts, Sep. 27-28, 2001.

• Text Book

[1] W. Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security, Prentice Hall, pp. 58-309, 4th Ed, 2005.  

Thank You