a project report on analytical study of foreign direct investment i

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    A project report on analytical study of foreign directinvestment in india

    by Hemanth CRPatna, Campaign Manager at Google India Pvt. Ltd., on Jun 02, 2011

    31,407views

    A project report on analytical study of foreign direct investment in india

    More

    12/30/13 A project report on analytical study of foreign direct investment i...

    110 of 33 comments nextPost a comment

    33 comments

    http://www.slideshare.net/hemanthcrpatna?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslideviewhttp://www.slideshare.net/signup?login_source=slideview.popup.follow&from=addcontact&from_source=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fslideshow%2Fview%3Flogin%3Dhemanthcrpatna%26preview%3Dno%26slideid%3D1%26title%3Da-project-report-on-analytical-study-of-foreign-direct-investment-in-indiahttp://www.slideshare.net/hemanthcrpatna
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    plz sent this file [email protected] , this is very usefull my mba

    4 weeks ago Reply

    plz sent this file [email protected]

    4 weeks ago Reply

    Hi, Please contact us through www.projectsformba.blogspot.com/p/feedback.html so that one

    of our team mate will get back to you at the earliest. Thank you!

    3 month s ago Reply

    Sir Can u plz send me this p roject on vandits [email protected].....

    it is ve ry nicely explained i need it for my MBA project

    3 month s ago Reply

    @DipeshSoni2Hello, Please contact us throughwww.projectsformba.blogspot.com/p/feedback.html so that one of our team mate will get back

    to you at the earliest. Thank you

    4 month s ago Reply

    can you mail this file on [email protected]?

    4 month s ago Reply

    pukaladitya

    pukaladitya

    Hemanth CRPatna, Campaign Manager at Google India Pvt. Ltd. ,

    Vandit Shahat Student

    Hemanth CRPatna, Campaign Manager at Google India Pvt. Ltd. ,

    Dipesh Soni

    12/30/13 A project report on analytical study of foreign direct investment i...

    Hello, Please contact us through www.projectsformba.blogspot.com/p/feedback.html so that

    one of our team mate will get back to you at the earliest. Thank you!

    Hemanth CRPatna, Campaign Manager at Google India Pvt. Ltd. ,

    http://www.slideshare.net/DipeshSoni2?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslidesharehttp://www.slideshare.net/hemanthcrpatna?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslidesharehttp://www.slideshare.net/vanditshah1?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslidesharehttp://www.slideshare.net/hemanthcrpatna?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslidesharehttp://www.slideshare.net/pukaladitya?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslidesharehttp://www.slideshare.net/pukaladitya?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslidesharehttp://www.slideshare.net/DipeshSoni2http://www.slideshare.net/hemanthcrpatna?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslideshare
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    110 of 33 comments next

    g y y

    5 month s ago Reply

    sir, plz send me this report for my project file [email protected]

    5 month s ago Reply

    @rahuljanawade: Hello, Please contact us through

    www.projectsformba.blogspot.com/p/feedback.html so that one of our team mate will get back

    to you at the earliest. Thank you!

    9 month s ago Reply

    kindly send me the full project report to ' [email protected]', thanks.

    9 month s ago Reply

    2 month s ago

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    Hemanth CRPatna, Campaign Manager at Google India Pvt. Ltd. ,

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    INDEX
    INDEX
    TOPIC PAGE NO.
    Introduction

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    />Meaning
    Definition
    History
    Objective of the studyResearch methodology
    Conclusion
    Recommendations &

    suggest ions
    Limitations of research
    Bibliography
    Annexure


    Introduction
    Introduction and overview
    What is Foreign

    Direct Investment ?
    Meaning:
    These three letters stand for foreign

    direct investment. The s implest explanation of FDI would be a direct

    investment by a corporation in a commercial venture in another country. A key

    to separating this action from involvement in other ventures in a foreign

    country is that the bus iness enterprise operates completely outs ide the

    economy of the corporations home country. The investing corporation must

    control 10 percent or more of the voting power of the new venture.According to history the United States was the leader in the FDI activity

    dating back as far as the end of World War II. Businesses from other nations

    have taken up the flag of FDI, including many who were not in a financial

    pos ition to do so jus t a few years ago.
    The practice has grown

    significantly in the last couple of decades, to the point that FDI has generated

    quite a bit of oppos ition from groups s uch as labor unions. These

    organizations have expressed concern that investing at such a level in another

    country eliminates jobs. Legislation was introduced in the early 1970s that

    would have put an end to the tax incentives of FDI. But members of th e Nixon

    administration, Congress and business interests rallied to make sure that this

    attack on their expansion plans was not success ful. One key to understanding

    FDI is to get a mental picture of th e global scale of corporations ab le to make

    such investment. A carefully planned FDI can provide a huge new market for

    the company, perhaps introducing products and s ervices to an area where

    they have n ever been available. Not only that , but s uch an investment may

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    also be more profitable if construction costs and labor costs are less in the

    host country.
    The definition of FDI originally meant that the investing

    i i d i ifi b f h (10 ) f h

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    corporation gained a significant number of shares (10 percent or more) of the

    new venture. In recent years, however, companies have been able to make a

    foreign direct investment th at is actually long-term management control as

    opposed to direct investment in buildings and equipment.
    FDI growth

    has been a key factor in the international nature of business that many are

    familiar with in the 21st century. This growth has been facilitated by changes

    in regulations both in the originating country and in th e country where the

    new installation is to be built. Corporations from some of the countries that

    lead the worlds economy have found fertile soil for FDI in nations where

    commercial development was limited, if it existed at all. The dollars inves ted in

    such developing-country projects increased 40 times over in less than 30

    years. The financial strength of the investing corporations has sometimes

    meant failure for smaller competitors in the ta rget country. One of the reas ons

    is that foreign direct investment in buildings and equipment still accounts for a

    vast majority of FDI activity. Corporations from the originating country gain a

    significant financial foothold in the host country. Even with this factor, host

    countries may welcome FDI because of the positive impact it has on the

    smaller economy.
    Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a measure of foreign

    ownership of productive assets, such as factories, mines and land. Increasing

    foreign investment can be used as one measure of growing economic

    globalization. Figure below shows net inflows of foreign direct inves tment as a

    percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). The largest flows of foreign

    investment occur between the industrialized countries (North

    America, Western Europe and Japan).But flows to n on-indus trialized countries

    are increasing sharply. Foreign direct inves tment (FDI) refers to long term

    participation by country A into country B.
    It usu ally involves

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    participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of

    technology and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign

    di t i t t d t d f i di t i t t lti i

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    direct investment and outward foreign direct investment, resulting in

    a net FDI inflow (positive or neg ative) .Foreign direct inves tment reflects the

    objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one economy

    (direct investor) in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the

    investor (direct investment enterprise).The lasting interest implies the

    existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the

    enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the

    enterprise. Direct investment involves both the initial transaction between the

    two entities and all subs equent capital transactions between them and among

    affiliated enterprises, both incorporated and unincorporated.
    Foreign

    Direct Investment when a firm invests directly in production or other

    facilities, over which it has effective control, in a foreign country.Manufacturing FDI requires the establishment of production facilities.Service FDI requires building service facilities or an investment foothold v ia

    capital contributions or bu ilding office facilities.
    Foreign subsidiaries

    overseas units or entities.
    Host country the country in which a foreign

    subsidiary operates .
    Flow of FDI the amount of FDI undertaken over a

    given time.
    Stock of FDI to tal accumulated value of foreign-owned

    assets .
    Outflows/Inflows of FDI the flow of FDI out o f or into a

    country.
    Foreign Portfolio Investment the investment by individuals,

    firms, or public bodies in foreign financial instruments.
    Stocks, bonds,

    other forms of debt .
    Differs from FDI, which is the inves tment in physical

    assets.
    Portfolio theory the behavior of individuals or firms

    administering large amounts of financial assets.
    Product Life-Cycle

    Theory
    Ray Vernon asserted that product moves to lower income

    countries as products move through their product life cycle.
    The FDI

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    impact is similar: FDI flows to developed cou ntries for innovat ion, and from

    developed countries as p roducts evolve from being innovative to being mass-

    d d Th E l ti P di Di ti i h b t

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    produced.
    The Eclectic Paradigm
    Distingu ishes between:Structural market failure external condition that gives rise to monopoly

    advantages as a result of entry barriers
    Transactional market failure

    failure of intermediate product markets to transact goods and services at a

    lower cost than inte rnationalization
    The Dynamic Capability

    Perspective
    A firms ability to diffuse, deploy, u tilize and rebuild firm-

    specific resources for a competitive advantage.
    Ownership specific

    resources or knowledge are necessary but not sufficient for international

    investment or production success.
    It is necess ary to effectively use and

    build dynamic capabilities for quant ity and/or quality based deployment that

    is transferable to the multinational environment.
    Firms develop centers of

    excellence to concentrate core competencies to the host environment.Monopolistic Advantage Theory
    An MNE has and/or creates

    monopolistic advantages that enable it to operate subsidiaries abroad more

    profitably than local competitors .
    Monopolistic Advantage comes from:


    Superior knowledge production t echnologies, managerial skills,

    indust rial organization, knowledge of product.
    Economies of s cale

    through horizontal or vertical FDI
    Internationalization TheoryWhen external markets for supplies, production, or distribution fails to

    provide efficiency, companies can invest FDI to create their own supply,

    production , or distribut ion streams.
    Advantages
    Avoid search and

    negotiating costs
    Avoid costs of moral hazard (hidden detrimental action

    by external partners)
    Avoid cost of violated contracts and litigationCapture economies of interdependent activities
    Avoid government

    intervention
    Control supplies
    Control market outlets
    Better

    apply cross-subsidization, predatory pricing and transfer pricing
    Definition
    Foreign direct investment is that investment, which is made

    to s erve the business interests of the investor in a company, which is in a

    different nation distinct from the investor's country of origin A parent

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    different nation distinct from the investor's country of origin. A parent

    bus iness en terprise and its foreign affiliate are the two sides o f the FDI

    relationship. Together they comprise an MNC.
    The parent enterprise

    through its foreign direct investment effort seeks to exercise substantial

    control over the foreign affiliate company. 'Control' as d efined by the UN, is

    ownership of greater than or equal to 10% of ordinary shares or access to

    voting rights in an incorporated firm. For an unincorporated firm one needs to

    consider an equivalent criterion. Ownership share amounting to less than that

    stated above is termed as portfolio investment and is not categorized as FDI.


    FDI stands for Foreign Direct Investment, a component of a country's

    national financial accounts. Foreign direct investment is investment of foreign

    assets into domestic structures, equipment, and organizations. It does not

    include foreign investment into the stock markets. Foreign direct investment is

    thought to be more useful to a count ry than investments in the equity of its

    companies because equity investments are potentially "hot money" which can

    leave at the first sign of trouble, whereas FDI is durable and generally useful

    whether things go well or badly.
    FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is any

    form of investment that earns interest in enterprises which function outside of

    the domestic territory of the inves tor. FDIs require a bus iness relationsh ip

    between a parent company and its foreign subs idiary. Foreign direct bus iness

    relationships give rise to multinational corporations. For an investment to be

    regarded as an FDI, the parent firm needs to have at least 10% of the ordinary

    shares of its foreign affiliates . The inves ting firm may also qualify for an FDI if

    it owns voting power in a business enterprise operating in a foreign country.


    History
    In the years after the Second World War global FDI was

    dominated by the United States, as much of the world recovered from the

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    destruction brought by the conflict. The US accounted for around three-

    quarters of new FDI (including reinves ted profits) between 1945 and 1960.

    Since that time FDI has spread to become a truly global phenomenon no

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    Since that time FDI has spread to become a truly global phenomenon, no

    longer the exclusive preserve of OECD countries.
    FDI has grown in

    importance in the global economy with FDI stocks now constituting over 20

    percent of global GDP. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a measure of foreign

    ownership of productive assets, such as factories, mines and land. Increasing

    foreign investment can be used as one measure of growing economic

    globalization. Figure below shows net inflows of foreign direct inves tment as a

    percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). The largest flows of foreign

    investment occur between the industrialized countries (North

    America, Western Europe and Japan). But flows to non-indus trialized

    countries are increasing sharply.
    Foreign Direct inves tor
    A foreign

    direct investor is an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or

    privateenterprise, a government, a group of related individuals, or a group of

    related incorporated and/or unincorporated enterprises which has a direct

    investment enterprise that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch operating

    in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign

    direct
    investor or investors.

    Types of Foreign Direct

    Investment: An Overview
    FDIs can be broadly classified into two types:


    1 Outward FDIs
    2 Inward FDIs
    This classification is based on

    the types of restrictions imposed, and the various prerequisites required for

    these investments.
    Outward FDI: An outward-bound FDI is backed by

    the government against all types of associated risks. This form of FDI is

    subject to tax incentives as well as disincentives of various forms. Risk

    coverage provided to the domestic industries and subsidies granted to the

    local firms s tand in the way of ou tward FDIs, which are also known as 'direct

    investments abroad.'
    Inward FDIs: Different economic factors encourage

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    inward FDIs. These include interest loans, tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and

    the removal of restrictions and limitations. Factors detrimental to the growth of

    FDIs include necess ities of differential performance and limitations related

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    FDIs include necess ities of differential performance and limitations related

    with ownership pat terns.
    Other categ orizations of FDI
    Other

    categorizations o f FDI exist as well. Vertical Foreign Direct Investment takes

    place when a multinational corporation owns s ome shares of a foreign

    enterprise, which sup plies input for it or us es the output produced by the

    MNC.
    Horizontal foreign direct inves tments happen when a

    multinational company carries out a similar business op eration in different

    nations.
    Horizontal FDI the MNE enters a foreign country to produce

    the same products product at home.
    Conglomerate FDI the MNE

    produces products not manufactured at ho me.
    Vertical FDI the MNE

    produces intermediate goods either forward or backward in the sup ply stream.


    Liability of foreignness the costs of doing business abroad resulting

    in a competitive disadvantage.
    Methods of Foreign Direct

    Investments
    The foreign direct investor may acquire 10% or more of the

    voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following

    methods:
    by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or companyby acquiring shares in an associated enterprise
    through a merger or an

    acquisition of an unrelated enterprise
    participating in an equity joint

    venture with another investor or enterprise
    Foreign direct investment

    incentives may take the following forms:
    low corporate t ax and income

    tax rates
    tax holidays
    other types of tax concessionspreferential tariffs
    special economic zones
    inves tment financial

    subsidies
    soft loan or loan guarantees
    free land or land

    subsidies
    relocation & expatriation subsidies
    job training &

    employment subsidies
    infrastructure subsidies
    R&D supportderogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)

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    Entry Mode
    The manner in which a firm chooses to enter a foreign

    market through FDI.
    Internationa l franchising
    Branches Contractual alliances
    Equity joint ventures
    Wholly foreign-

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    />Contractual alliances
    Equity joint ventures
    Wholly foreign

    owned subsidiaries
    Investment approaches:
    Greenfield investment

    (building a new facility)
    Cross -border mergers
    Cross -border

    acquisitions
    Sharing existing facilities
    Why is FDI important for any

    cons ideration of going g lobal ?
    The simple answer is that making a direct

    foreign investment allows companies to accomplish several tasks:
    1

    .Avoiding foreign gov ernment pressure for local product ion.2. Circumventing

    trade barriers, hidden an d otherwise.3. Making the move from domestic export

    sales to a locally-based national sales office.4. Capability to increase total

    production cap acity.5.Opportun ities for co-product ion, joint ventures with

    local partners, joint marketing arrangements , licensing, etc;
    A more

    complete response might address the issu e of global business partnering in

    very general terms. While it is nice that many bus iness writers like the

    expression, think globally, act locally, this often used clich does not really

    mean very much to the average business executive in a small and medium

    sized company. The phrase does have significant connotations for

    multinational corporations . But for executives in SMEs, it is still just another

    buzzword. The simple explanation for this is the difference in perspect ive

    between executives of multinational corporations and small and medium sized

    companies. Multinational corporations are almost always concerned with

    worldwide manufacturing capacity and proximity to major markets. Small and

    medium sized companies tend to be more concerned with selling their products

    in overseas markets . The advent of the Internet has ushered in a new and

    very different mindset that tends to focus more on access issues. SMEs in

    particular are now focusing on acces s to markets, acces s to expertise and most

    of all access to technology.
    The Strateg ic Logic Behind FDIResources s eeking looking for resources at a lower real cost .
    Market

    seeking s ecure market share and sales growth in target foreign market.Efficiency seeking seeks to establish efficient structure through useful

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    / Efficiency seeking seeks to establish efficient structure through useful

    factors, cultures, policies, or markets.
    Strategic asset seeking seeks to

    acquire assets in foreign firms that promote corporate long term objectives. Enhancing Efficiency from Location Advantages
    Location advantages

    - defined as the benefits arising from a host countrys comparative

    advantages.- Better access to resources
    Lower real cost from operating

    in a host country
    Labor cost differentials
    Transportation costs,

    tariff and non-tariff barriers
    Governmental policies
    Improving

    Performance from Structural Discrepancies
    Structural discrepancies are

    the differences in industry s tructure attributes between home and host

    countries. Examples include areas where:
    Competition is less intenseProducts are in different s tages of their life cycle
    Market demand is

    unsaturated
    There are differences in market sophisticationIncreasing Return from Ownership Advantages
    Ownership

    Advantages come from the application of proprietary tangible and intangible

    assets in the host country.
    Reputation, brand image, distribution

    channels
    Technological expertise, o rganizational s kills, experienceCore competence skills within the firm that competitors cannot eas ily

    imitate or match.
    Ensuring Growth from Organizational LearningMNEs exposed to multiple stimuli, developing:
    Diversity

    capabilities
    Broader learning opp ortunities
    Exposed to :
    New

    markets
    New practices
    New ideas
    New cultures
    New

    competition
    The Impact o f FDI on th e Host Country

    Employment
    Firms attempt to capitalize on abundant and inexpensive

    labor.
    Host countries seek to have firms develop labor skills and

    sophistication.
    Host countries often feel like least desirable jobs are

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    transplanted from home countries.
    Home countries often face the loss of

    employment as jobs move.
    FDI Impact o n Domestic EnterprisesForeign invested companies are likely more product ive than local

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    / Foreign invested companies are likely more product ive than local

    competitors.
    The result is uneven competition in the short run, and

    competency bu ilding efforts in the longer te rm.
    It is likely that FDI

    developed enterprises will gradually develop local supporting industries,

    supplier relationships in the host country.
    Foreign Direct Investment in

    India
    The economy of India is the third largest in the world as measured

    by purchas ing power parity (PPP), with a gross domestic product (GDP) of US

    $3.611 trillion. When measured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is t he tenth

    largest in the world, with a GDP of US $800.8 billion (2006). is the second

    fastes t growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 8.9% at

    the en d of th e first quarter o f 2006-2007. However, India's huge population

    results in a per capita income of $3,300 at PPP and $714 at nominal.
    The

    economy is diverse and encompasses agriculture, handicrafts, textile,

    manufacturing, and a multitude of services. Although two-thirds of the Indian

    workforce still earn their livelihood directly or indirectly through agriculture,

    services are a growing sector and are playing an increasingly important role of

    India's economy. The advent of the digital age, and the large number of young

    and educated populace fluent in English, is gradually transforming India as an

    important 'back office' destination for global companies for the outsourcing of

    their customer services and technical support.
    India is a major exporter

    of highly-skilled workers in software and financial services, and software

    engineering. India followed a socialist-inspired approach for most o f its

    independent history, with strict government control over private sector

    participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. However, since the

    early 1990s, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic

    reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment.

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    The privatization of publicly owned industries and the opening up of certain

    sectors to private and foreign interests has proceeded slowly amid political

    debate. India faces a burgeoning population and the challenge of reducing

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    g g p p g g

    economic and social inequality. Poverty remains a serious problem, although it

    has declined significantly since independence, mainly due to the green

    revolution and economic reforms. FDI up to 100% is a llowed un der the

    automatic route in all activities/sectors except th e following which will require

    approval of the Government: Activities/items that require an Industrial

    License; Proposals in which the foreign collaborator has a previous/existing

    venture/tie up in India
    FDI in India includes , FDI inflows as well as FDI

    outflow from India. Also FDI foreign direct inves tment and FII foreign

    institutional investors are a separate case study while preparing a report on

    FDI and economic growth in India. FDI and FII in India have registered growth

    in terms of both FDI flows in Ind ia and outflow from India. The FDI statis tics

    and data are evident of the emergence of India as both a potential investment

    market and investing country. FDI has he lped the Indian economy grow, and

    the government continues to encourage more investments of this s ort - but

    with $5.3 billion in FDI . India gets less than 10% of the FDI of China. Foreign

    direct investment (FDI) in India has played an important role in the

    development of the Indian econo my. FDI in India has - in a lot of ways -

    enabled India to achieve a certain degree of financial stability, growth and

    development. This money has allowed India to focus on the areas that may

    have needed economic attention, and address the various problems that

    continue to challenge the country. India has continually sought to attract FDI

    from the worlds major investors.
    In 1998 and 1999, the Indian nat ional

    government announced a number of reforms designed to encourage FDI and

    present a favorable scenario for investors . FDI inves tments are permitted

    through financial collaborations, through private equity or preferential

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    allotments, by way of capital markets through Euro issues, and in joint

    ventures. FDI is not permitted in the arms, nuclear, railway, coal & lignite or

    mining industries. A number of projects have been announced in areas such

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    g p j

    as electricity generation, distribution and transmission, as well as the

    development of roads and highways, with opportunities for foreign

    investors. The Indian national government also provided permission to FDIs

    to provide up to 100% of the financing required for the construction of bridges

    and tunnels , but with a limit on foreign equity o f INR 1,500 crores,

    approximately $352.5m. Currently, FDI is allowed in financial services,

    including the growing credit card business.
    These services include the

    non-banking financial services sector. Foreign investors can buy up to 40% of

    the equity in private banks, although there is condition that s tipulates that

    these banks must be multilateral financial organizations. Up to 45% of the

    shares of companies in the global mobile personal communication by satellite

    services (GMPCSS) sector can a lso be purchased. By 2004, India received $5.3

    billion in FDI, big growth compared to previous years , but less than 10% of

    the $60.6 billion that flowed into China. Why does India, with a s table

    democracy and a smoother approval process, lag so far behind China in FDI

    amounts? Although the Chinese approval process is complex, it includes both

    national and regional approval in the same process. Federal democracy is

    perversely an impediment for India. Local authorities are not part of the

    approvals process and have their own rights, and this often leads to p rojects

    getting bogged down in red tape and bureaucracy. India actually receives less

    than half the FDI that the federal government approves.
    Investment

    Risks in India
    Sovereign Risk
    India is an effervescent parliamentary

    democracy since its p olitical freedom from British rule more than 50 years ago .

    The country does not face any real threat of a serious revolutionary movement

    which might lead to a collapse of s tate machinery. Sovereign risk in India is

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    hence nil for both "foreign direct investment" and "foreign portfolio

    investment." Many Industrial and Business houses have restrained

    themselves from investing in the North-Eastern part of the country due to

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    unstable conditions. Nonetheless investing in these parts is lucrative due to

    the rich mineral reserves here and high level of literacy. Kashmir on the

    northern tip is a militancy affected area and hence investment in the state of

    Kashmir are restricted by law
    Political Risk
    India has enjoyedsuccessive years of elected representative government at the Union as well as

    federal level. India suffered political instability for a few years in th e sense

    there was no single party which won clear majority and hence it led to the

    formation of coalition governments. However, po litical stability has firmly

    returned since the general elections in 1999, with strong and healthy coalition

    governments emerging. Nonetheless, political instability did not change

    India's bright economic course though it delayed certain decisions relating to

    the economy. Economic liberalization which mostly inte rested foreign

    investors has been accepted as essential by all political parties including the

    Communist Party of India Though there are bleak chances of po litical

    instability in the future, even if such a situation arises the economic policy of

    India would hardly be affected.. Being a strong democratic nation the chances

    of an army coup o r foreign dictatorship are minimal. Hence, political risk in

    India is practically absent.
    Commercial Risk
    Commercial risk exists

    in any business ventures of a count ry. Not each and every product or service

    is profitably accepted in the market. Hence it is advisable to study the demand

    / su pply condition for a particular product o r service before making any major

    investment. In Ind ia one can avail the facilities of a large number of market

    research firms in exchange for a professional fee to study the state of demand /

    supply for any product. As it is, entering the consumer market involves some

    kind of gamble and hence involves commercial risk
    Risk Due To

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    Terrorism
    In the recent past, India has witnessed several terrorist attacks

    on its soil which could have a negative impact on investor confidence. Not

    only business environment and return on investment, but also the overall

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    security conditions in a nation have an effect on FDI's. Though some of the

    financial experts think otherwise. They believe the negat ive impact o f terrorist

    attacks would be a short term phenomenon. In the long run, it is the micro and

    macro economic conditions of the Indian economy that would decide the flowof Foreign investment and in this regard India would continue to be a

    favorable investment dest ination.
    FDI Policy in India
    Foreign Direct

    Investment Policy
    FDI policy is reviewed on an ongoing basis and

    measures for its further liberalization are taken. Change in s ectoral

    policy/sectoral equity cap is notified from time to time through Press Notes by

    the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA) in the Department of Industrial

    Policy announcement by SIA are subsequently notified by RBI under FEMA.

    All Press Notes are available at the webs ite of Department of Industrial Policy

    & Promotion. FDI Policy permits FDI up to 100 % from foreign/NRI investor

    without prior approval in most of the sectors including the services sector

    under automatic route. FDI in sectors/activities under automatic route does

    not require any prior approval either by th e Government or the RBI. The

    investors are required to notify the Regional office concerned of RBI of receipt

    of inward remittances within 30 days of such receipt and will have to file the

    required documents with that office within 30 days after issue of shares to

    foreign investors.
    The Foreign direct investment scheme and strategy

    depends on the respective FDI norms and policies in India. The FDI policy of

    India has imposed certain foreign direct investment regulations as per the FDI

    theory of the Government of India . These include FDI limits in Ind ia for

    example:
    Foreign direct inves tment in Ind ia in infrastructure development

    projects excluding arms and ammunitions , atomic energy sector, railways

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    system , extraction of coal and lignite and mining industry is allowed upto

    100% equity p articipation with the capping amount as Rs. 1500 crores.FDI

    figures in equity contribution in the finance sector cannot exceed more than

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    40% in banking services including credit card operations and in insurance

    secto r only in joint ventures with local insurance companies.FDI limit of

    maximum 49% in telecom industry especially in the GSM servicesGovernment Approvals for Foreign Companies Doing Business in IndiaGovernment Approvals for Foreign Companies Doing Business in India