a push pack

8/8/2019 A Push Pack

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1578 Newfoundland failedoPrecedent: colonists would have all of the rights of Englishmeno

Sir Humphrey Gilbert-

1587 Roanoke Island off the coast of present day North Carolina failedoSir Walter Raleigh-

First English Attempts

English in Virginia

Joint-stock companyo3 ships with 104 meno

"Deathtrap Colony"

To find gold

Jamestown 1607 malarial swampo

The Virginia Company of London-

PrimogenitoroEnclosureo

Why Leave England?-

Majority of settlers died of starvation, various diseases, hostile action by Indians. Lossesreplaced continuously by new settlers

-

Mercenary hired to look over JamestownoHe who works not eats noto

Blown upo

John Smith-

Official husband of Pocahontaso

Growingtobacco major cash cropoStole tobacco seeds from the Spanisho

Jamestown had a start of an economyo

John Rolfe-

Representative assembly -House of BurgeesChanges to attract more settlers-

Owner pays for their passageWork for 3-7At the end some land or some money "freedom dues"Forbidden to marryOnly 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contractsMost were cheated

Indentures servitude-

First ColoniesFriday,August25,20061:17PM

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For each person owner brings over he gets 50 acresHeadright System-

Large plantations (100+ acres)Widely spread apart (5+ miles)

River Settlement Pattern-

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First moved to Holland

Left England because of religious persecution

God predetermined who goes to heaven and hell"visible saints"

Doctrine of the Elect

PilgrimsSeparated from the Church of England

Agreement to start a democratic government

Representative government

Mayflower Compact

Leader of the pilgrims

William Bradford

Eventually absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Separatists or Pilgrims (Plymouth 1620)

English Calvinists-

Massachusetts Bay Colony-

Wanted to reform the Church of England

Each town had its own congregation; "local" religion

Fired ministers

Congregationalists

Brought all supplies with them, planning to stay

Theocracy,,

Puritans (Massachusetts Bay 1630)

Leader / president of trading co.Knew that King would not let them leave for religious reasons

Got a charterand took it with them

Created a trading company (Massachusetts Bay Trading Colony)

John Winthrop

Pure democracy - every member of congregation could voteGeneral Court

Representative government

About 20,000 Puritans came over later

Hard work and save resources

Puritan Work Ethic

"Heathens," given opportunity to convertKilled many in the name of God

Relations with Indians

NO STAPLE CROPSubsistence farmingShipbuilding, lumber, fishing, trade

Economy

Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire-

Religious Exile from EnglandMonday,August28,20067:05AM

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Puritan minister in Massachusetts Bay, banished

Politics corrupts, because religious leaders shouldnt be corrupt

Separation of church and state!

Theocracy doesnt work

Grant religious freedom to anyone

Even allowed Jews

Providence 1636 = Rhode Island

Indians did not have sense of ownershipBought his land from the Indians

Did not believe Indians were "heathens"

Roger Williams

Portsmith 1638"God spoke to her"No such thing as pre-destinyRudimentary start of another colonyKilled by Indians

Anne Hutchinson

Hartford, Connecticut 1636Puritans not strict enough

First written constitution in America

1639

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Thomas Hooker

New Haven 16371662 Merged into Connecticut

John Davenport

1677Overflow of all other colonies

New Hampshire

1632George Calvert = 1st Lord BaltimoreRefuge for English Catholics

Any Christian religion

Self-defense for Catholics

Act of Religious Toleration

Cicelies = 2nd Lord Baltimore (son of George)

Identical to VirginiaIndentured servants, slavery, tobacco, cash crops

Proprietary Colony ofMaryland

Because the Stewarts were restored to powerAll were proprietary

Many proprietary

Carolinas

Restoration Colonies-

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Eventually split into North and South

Overflow from Virginia

Indentured servants, etc

North

Cash crops =rice and indigo

Food for the slaves on the sugar plantations in the Caribbean

Immediately had slavery

South

Wheat

Bread basket colonies

Diversified but Protestant

Established by the Dutch

Large farms

Patroonships

Tyrannical ruler

Peter Stuyvesant

Started out as New Amsterdam

King gave to his brother

Dutch colonists hated Stuyvesant so much they surrendered to the British

New York

New Jersey

Middle Colonies

Paid Indians for the land

Founded by William Penn

Pacifists

No one is higher or better in status

Quakersanctuary

Better relationship with IndiansPhiladelphia

Pennsylvania

Belonged to Pennsylvania, but split offSame representative assembly

Delaware

James OgulforthCleared out some of the debtor's prisons

Between Florida and other British coloniesBuffer

Defensive position

Prison-like conditionsLast colony founded

Georgia

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17th century New England grew from immigration and natural increase

Typical New England family had more children than the typical English or Chesapeakefamily, and more of those children survived

A New Englander could expect to live 15 to 20 years longer than his counterpart inEngland and 25-30 years longer than in the Chesapeake

Highly patriarchal families

Education, 1st college = Harvard

Ability to read so could read the Bible

Climate and soil were unsuited to Large-scale farming

Small farming, home industry, fishing, trade,

Big, tall treesKing's trees = marked by a royal representative

LARGE ship building industry

Boston = major international port

Life in the Colonies-

Life in the Chesapeake-

Shorter, less healthy lifeSurvived by fewer childrenNot as stableMore males - hindered development of family life40% of indentured servants did not survive

Different

More gold = richer

Goal to be self-sufficient

ResourcesIf you run out you get colonies

Export more than you import

Supply raw materialsMarkets for trade

Colonies

To supply money and raw materials to BritainShips must be 1/2 colonial crewEverything has to stop in Great Britain first (taxes)Trade ships made in Britain or America

Has to be shipped directly to England

Lumber, tobacco, etc

"Enumerated list"

Started to create an upper-class (merchants)

New-England

Smuggling

Navigation Acts of 1600s

Mercantilism-

Every colony started to do their own thingReligiously-

The Colonial WorldThursday,August31,20067:57AM

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PennsylvaniaRhode IslandPuritansMaryland - Lord Baltimore - Catholics

Indians would sell furs to Gov. William Berkeley

Nathaniel Bacon = Berkeley's cousin

Squaton the frontier (Indians)Get angry in the town (still have to pay taxes)

Possibilities for indentured servants

Form an armyFirst attack the IndiansRight before they attack Berkeley, Bacon dies

Bacon wants to get rid of Berkeley

Made the government realize that the ID's have nothing to do when their timeruns up

Reduced indentured servitude

Increased African slavery

Significance

Bacon's Rebellion-

People who would be Indentured Servants now work in industry in BritainIndustrial Revolution in Britain-

= control of trade over the whole center of the continentFort Duquesne (eventually Pittsburg)

Control over Ohio River Valley

France and Great Britain (7 Years War)

End of several other wars

French and Indians vs. British and Colonists

Also first attempt to unite colonies (by B. Franklin)

Benjamin Franklin tried to get the Iroquois to help support colonists againstFrench

Failed

Albany Conference (Congress)

To lead a force of militia to get rid of French in Fort DukaneDefeatedLater goes with British general again, loses

George Washington

New PM in Great BritainThrew money at the war to win itTreaty of Paris, 1763

William Pitt

French thrown out of North America

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Britain sent 10,000 troops to America and found out about disregard towardsNavigation Acts

Colonists are pumped up, British say Colonists are trash

Consequences:

French and Indian War-

The Enlightenment-

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Colonies starting to be less British and more American-

Salutary Neglect-

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-

The American RevolutionFriday,September08,200611:33AM

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Events-

Fought like guerillasHad own leadership (unity)Same side as British

Colonists

Soldiers discovered smugglers (shock)Spend $$$ for war (debt)

enforce theNavigation Acts = trade, raw materials, money to GB

Decided to tax the colonies

Britain

George Washington (failed) --> General Braddock (failed) --> William PittMAJOR cause of American Revolution

French and Indian War-

SMUGGLING-

For long time, GB didnt pay attentionNow they want to taxWealthy colonists outraged

End of salutary neglect-

Treaty of ParisNew British PM (George Grenville)

Tried to bring Native Americans togetherThreat to coloniesWants to stop the westward expansion

Pontiac's rebellion

If population is on coast, British can watch and control trade

Because of Indians

British said can't go west of Appalachian Mountains

Colonists said we won the war

Proclamation of 1763

1763-

1764

1st revenue actAnything made from sugar (molasses, rum)

Sugar Act-

1764Colonists were using paper money (all gold went to Britain)No paper money

Currency Act-

1764Any vacant public building can be used to quarter troops

Quartering Act-

Friday,September08,200611:33AM

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First directtax 1765Direct = tells exactly how muchAll paper was taxedThe upper middle class affected (ones doing the smuggling)

Stamp Act-

BostonEveryone is working toward a common cause

Terrorized the tax collectors

Sons of Liberty

Boycott

Best weapon against Britain

Showed that representatives of states could work together for a common cause,much like desired by Benjamin Franklin

SIG:

Stamp Act Congress-

British ruler during Am. Revolution

Fired Grenville

Repealed Stamp Act

New PM

George III-

British Parliament reserved right to do whatever they want with coloniesTax whenever

Declaratory Act 1766-

Taxes on items imported into the colonies

BUT colonies knew about this

Put indirect import tax

Paid customs officials from the fines they levied

Because NY refused to quarter British troopsViolated "rights of englishmen" to representation

Suspended NY legislature

Can't have Townsend Acts because we dont have representation (very mild)If British can take the legislature in NY, they can do it anywhere

John Dickson fromLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Townsend Acts-

Samuel Adams

Rid by a circuit riderReiterated everything John Dickinson say (mild)Sent petitions to Parliament to repeal the Townsend Acts

Told them to recant the letterSaid they would take away legislative assembly4 Regiments of Hessian troops sent into Boston to intimidate

British response

Massachusetts Circular Letter-

Writs of AssistanceTools for enforcing Navigation Acts / Townsend Acts-

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Causes-

GB: colonies only existed to enrich the mother countryColonies doing exactly what they were supposed to be

Mercantilism - colonists were only allowed to manufacture ships, and all trade went toGB

COL: squatter's rights, won the land in the warGB: Indians and the Proclamation of 1763

Plantation owners wanted to move westward

COL: Stamp Act affected the middle-upper classGB: pay for the army

Consumers resented import taxes

Mercantilism assigned colonies the role of producers of raw materialsMercantilism encouraged shipbuilding; naval stores (wood and sap)Permitted to trade freely with GB and West IndiesAll tobacco smoked in GB was from the coloniesColonies were being protected by the biggest army and finest navy in the world

British POV:

Economic:-

Self-government was a right of Englishmen"Taxation without representation is tyranny" - James OtisWanted taxation only from colonial representative governments

Denial of trial by jury (Admiralty Courts)Writs of Assistance

Colonial POV:

High property requirements in GB less than 5% of all the adult male populationcould vote

Parliament had the right to legislate for all parts of the empire; virtualrepresentation (Declaratory Act)

Taxes levied in the colonies were used for colonial defense and governmentColonial defiance of authority made such strict laws necessary

British POV:

Political:-

Separated by 3000 miles of ocean and slow shipsBritish origin, but environment had changed them into Americans (not British subjects)

Neither one could see big pictureMany colonists came from countries that didnt like Britain

General Misunderstandings:-


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12 Colonies representative (upset with Bostonians)

Petitioned Parliament to repeal the acts

Enforced the boycott

Trying to resolve Intolerable Acts

By May 1775, if British did not do anything to help them, they wouldmeet again

Make a preparation in case GB wants to use force (call up militia) army

2 things that were never done before

First Continental Congress

Trying to reestablish a strong monarchy in GBCalled up General Gage and told to arrest ringleaders, and if not, create a situationwhere they could show off force

Declared colonies in a state of rebellion to

King George III

General Gage goes after a weapon warehouse in ConcordPaul Revere warned that British are coming70 colonist minutemen 4am in Lexington Green; British come and kill 8 of themBritish come to Concord and nothing left, so they go backBritish asked for a relief column

1775

Boston area minutemen turned into army

Picked G. Washington (from the South) to be leader of troops

"Olive Branch Petition"

Tries to make peace with peace George

Second Continental Congress

British wanted to do a frontal attack to impress the colonistsMore British troops died than in other battle during Am. Revolution

Bunker Hill

First victoryFrench jump into the war openly (loans, arms, NAVY)

Saratoga

Last battleBritish General Cornwallace trapped himself on the peninsula

Yorktown

France tried to cheat coloniesBen Franklin representedUSA was recognized as a nation by all European powersGB kept Canada; gave up Florida to SpainUSA extended to Mississippi River

Treaty of Paris of 1783

War for Independence-


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Debts from before the war had to be paid

Loyalists gave up land and went to Canada

Federal government confiscated loyalist lands but recommended states to give it back

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Articles of Confederation-

Needed to legalize their independence

By 1777, 10 new state constitutions were drafted (except RI, Connecticut)

Power in the people

Massachusetts create the constitution in the state convention, not the state legislature

Most state constitutions had a Bill of Rights

Constitution-

Created a very weak national governmentProtection of state sovereigntyRatification problems - small landless states fear being dominated

Equal representation of states; small state dominance and large state embitterment

Unicameral congress

No enforcement

No executive branch

Amend the articles = unanimous votesPass legislation = 2/3 majority 9-4Sectionalism stifles legislation

Told states how much to send

Government controlled army

Settled minor disputes between statesCouldnt levy taxesCouldnt regulate commerce!

Otherwise small ones wouldnt ratify

Bigger states agreed to put western boundaries

Trade disputes between states unsettled

No national courts

Loans from France and Netherlands

Bankrupt + Inflation

To allow for new territory to come in to USADaniel Boon - one of the first frontiersmen

Described the processes of how the public land would go into privatehands

More than 4 states but less than 7

Distribution of land in townships six miles square, each composed ofthrirty-six one-square mile (640 acre) - one of which would be set asidefor the support of public education

Northwest Ordinance of 1787described the process of how territorieswould become states, every new state should have the same rights asoriginal states (parallel to rights of Englishmen); slavery forbidden

Land Ordinances 1784, 1785, 1787

Only thing did well:

Articles of Confederation-

Haven't been paid; often got paid out of generals' pockets

Officers of revolutionary army wanted to overthrow governmentNewburgh Conspiracy-


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Talked to the officers and convinced them not to proceed

George Washington stepped in

G. Wash single handedly prevented the conflictSign of problems

Because they wanted their debts to be paid backPaid Indians for scalps of Americans

Caused problems

Sending cheap manufactured goods to USA to demote growth of localmanufacturing within the states

umping

British still here-

The Articles would appoint a governor and 3 judges5,000 free adult male landowners a territorial legislature could be created60,000 could write a state constitutionIf AoC recognized constitution, then state would be admitted into the union

Becoming a State-

Driven by color, not cultureIf you are a slave, you are not a first class citizenComing mostly from the southFugitives living in Northern statesGovernment set up as an affluent white government

It happens because people looked for similaritiesBlacks settled with blacks

e Facto Segregation

Racism-

1784

Needed trade with Spain in the Caribbean and in Spain

Negotiated a treaty that USA could trade with Spanish territories, but Spain getscontrol of Mississippi River

Bad for "westerners"

John Jay is from the East; represents the new manufacturing interests

Westerners / Southerners feel misrepresentedTreaty fell apartSIG: AoC are very weak

Jay-Gardoqui Negotiations-

1786

Tax thefarmers (have most land, least money)Take the land away

Massachusetts has the biggest debt after war

Closed down local courts

Shays started rebellion among the farmers

But AoC doesnt have an army

Mass. asks AoC to help

Mass. had to hire private army, because AoC doesnt have power to put down a rebellionSIG: there is a problem with AoC

Shay's Rebellion-

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Prohibited slavery North of the Ohio RiverNorthwest Ordinance-

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Constitution superior to legislature

Massachusetts set example: special convention rather than legislative

Most Northern states gradually abolished slavery

FIRST MENTION OF ABOLITIONBills of rights

State Constitutions-

1785George Washington and a couple of state reps.Called for a later convention in Annapolis

Mt. Vernon-

1786More representatives but not everyone

Called for another one in Philadelphia

Annapolis Convention-

1787Goal: to modify the AoC; COMMERCE

Attorneys, merchants, plantation owners (upper class professionals)Vested interest in the country - in order for them to make money, the country hasto thrive

55 people show up; Everyone except for RI represented

Smart move - because whatever G.Wash supported was boosted by his popularity

George Washington elected president of Constitutional Convention

To avoid the distorting and confusing influence of the pressDelegates then voted that the convention should be kept secret

Prevent tyranny of the majority1.Prevent tyranny of the minority2.Have sufficient powers to create conditions for both short and long-termeconomic development

3.

Formulate and conduct a more effective foreign policy4.

Delegates had four general goals

Protect vested interests

Bankers vs. Debtors (strictly specie vs. cheap money prone to inflation)North vs. South (commercial vs. rural) (freedom vs. slavery)Economic competition between the states (states were taxing each other)Conflict over western landownershipLarge states vs. Small states (Virginia Plan by population vs. New Jersey Planequal)

Strong central government vs. Supporters of individual and states' rightsDemocratic vs. AristocraticSlave states wanted to count slaves for population

Different groups = different interests

Went over the big speed bump first

The Great Compromise

Compromises

Philadelphia-

US ConstitutionFriday,September22,200610:25AM

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Virginia Plan - Executive department, Bicameral Legislature (bothlegislative bodies by population)

NJ Plan - equal representation; unicameral legislature; executive

Compromise: 2 Houses = house of reps (pop), senate (elected by statelegislatures)

3 slaves count as 5 people

Slave importation will stop in 1808 (20 years)

3/5th Compromise

Impeachment = trial process; doesnt imply guilt; only punishment is tokick out of office

Electoral college (made up of vested interest) = elect the president

Strong president (power of veto, foreign policy)

Presidential Compromise

Congress would regulate foreign and interstate commerce

Tariffs = taxes on imports = OK

No taxes on exports

Commercial Compromise

Strong central governmentCoastal, urban, merchant areas (upper class)Didnt include a BoR because afraid that something would be left out

Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Franklin

Leaders:

Federalists-

Decentralized government (states rights)Small farmers, agricultural areasBill of Rights

Henry, John Hancock, George Mason

Leaders

Antifederalists-

John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James MadisonHelped ratification

Federalist Papers-

Total Population: 3,929,000 (includes slaves)African Population: 797,000 slaves and 59,000 freed African-AmericansMassachusetts: 0 slavesLargest City: Philadelphia (42,000); 2nd New York (33,000)

Largest State: Virginia (820,000)

48.5% in the Southern States490 of 1000 white people was under 16

Census Act of 1790-

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(small people hurt, because they sold their bonds for fraction of cost)

par)

Excise tax

Affecting wheat farmers in Pennsylvania

Whiskey Tax (farmers are hurt)

Because being taxed for their land (Shay's Rebellion)

Farmers used to be upset in MA

Farmers protesting Whiskey Tax in Pennsylvania

15,000 troops organized by G.Wash

Showed that new government had power

Whiskey Rebellion

Tariffs

Needs money

Bank of the United States

Not spelled out, but since Gov. has power to tax it should have nationalbank

"implied powers"

BUS

The individual small farmer = backbone of the nationOpposed to federalistsIn favor of small federal governmentOpposed to BUS"strict interpretation" of Constitution = NO NATIONAL BANK

Jefferson (not here during Constitutional Convention, in France)Opposition

-

Everyone thought they were divisiveAntifederalists / Federalists were factions not political parties

Created as a result of the BUS issue

Aka "republicans" mostly the anti-federalist factionThomas Jefferson"strict construction"

Because they helped US during Revolution

Pro-French

Democratic Republicans

Alexander Hamilton"loose construction"

Because US resumed trade with Great Britain (biggest customer)

Pro-British

Federalists

Political Parties-

Britain and France are fightingG.Wash passed a Neutrality Act

Representing French gov. after French RevolutionSupposed to check in with State DepartmentTrying to rally support for FranceBritain angry, because found out about Citizen Genet, but Americans didnt know

Citizen Genet

Foreign Affairs-

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about himEventually staid in the US until he died, shut up, because his Gov. wasoverthrown

Stopped commercial ships, take sailors and force them to join British navyJustification is that they were British citizens had to serve

Great Britain starts impressment

To end impressmentTo get British forts in the Northwest out of America

To give some type of land to the royalists/loyalists

Trying to negotiate with GB

Britain agreed to pull out of the forts

Jay's Treaty

France starts impressing

French angry because US was negotiating with GB

John Jay

Asked to run, but declinedOffered to be king, declined

End of George's 2nd term

Out of nowhere

Opened up Mississippi River to AmericaAllowed use of New Orleans

If there isn't a ship to take goods, then Americans are allowed to storeproducts in New Orleans

Right of Deposit

To be friendly with US and prevent westward expansion and possible war

Reason

Spain requested a treaty (Pinckney Treaty)

Dont get into European politicsIn a newspaper article from NY

Washington's Farewell-

John Adams (Federalist) = became presidentPinckneyThomas Jefferson (DR) = vice presidentAaron Burr

Candidates1st Election without G.Wash - 1796-

Talleyrand - French foreign minister

Troubles with France

Talleyrand requests a bribe of $250,000 to talk to USAmerican response: "we will spend millions for defense, but not one cent fortribute"

XYZ Affair

Undeclared1798 - 1799French vs. American shipsEnded when Napoleon came to power

Quasi-War

Congressional Elections 1798

John Adam's Administration (1797 - 1801)-

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More Europeans have been coming overTherefore DR is growing

Thinks if the DR gets in power = country is gone

John Adams

Tried to control unfavorable comments about either President or Congress(gov.)

Purpose: control free speech

Sedition

Lengthened time it took foreigners to become citizens, so they couldnt beDR's

Took longer for immigrants to participate in government

Alien

Alien and Sedition Acts

Thomas Jefferson and Madison

Federal gov. was created by states

Argument: power is in hands of states

states or people?

Who created the Constitution?

If federal law is unfavorable towards state, state can declare it void

Nullification

Passed only in Kentucky and Virginia

Kentucky and Virginia Resolves-

TJ and Aaron Burr - D-RepublicanJohn Adams and Charles Pinckney - Federalists

Burr and Jefferson

Went to House of Reps

First dispute: tie

Later lost duel to Burr

Alexander Hamilton convinced House to vote for TJ

Elections

No war

Revolution = because switch in parties (Fed --> DR), but orderly change

Revolution of 1800-

Last act in office

Judiciary Act 1801

New judges would interpret in Federalist's favor

Signed "mid-night judges"

John Adams = Packing the Judiciary-

"Beacon light of the Enlightenment"

Protect individual libertiesPrized citizen = small agrarian = self-sufficient; independent farmers

First full time president

First in New Federal City = DC

Not fancy, dressed casually

Jefferson

Pardoned everyone who was imprisoned under ASA

Alien and Sedition Acts expired

Jefferson Era-

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Brought back to status quo before ASA5 years to become eligible for citizenship

Naturalization Acts of 1802

Hamilton = for it, if you owe money to other country, it treats you betterJefferson = against it, source of corruption, government could do things w/ohaving money for it

Cut size of standing army in halfStopped the expansion of the navy

Sale of public land increased

Jefferson reduced debt

Debt

Including Whiskey TaxKept tax on imports (tariff)

Got rid of all internal taxes

Tried to eliminate the mid-night judges

James Madison

Secretary of State = 2nd most powerful

Part of Judiciary Act of 1801

Chief Justice

Biggest federalist

Took away state power in all of his cases

John Marshall

Judicial Review

Set the precedent for interpreting the law

Established legitimacy of judiciary

Marbury vs. Madison

President and VP will be from same party

12th amendment

Slave importation legally ended in 1808

830,000 acres

1803

Slave rebellion wins

Napoleon abandons Santo Domingo, thus doesnt need Louisiana

Napoleon took it, so that he could feed slaves in Santo Domingo

If France still possesses Louisiana, America has to ask Britain for protection(Navy)

US offers $10 million for New Orleans

Napoleon declines, asks $15 million for all of Louisiana

Napoleon sets a time deadline

TJ sent a delegation to Paris to buy New Orleans

Permitted to make treaties, therefore can make a treaty to buy land

Had to use the BUS

TJ not allowed to buy land, but used implied powers clause (opposed itpreviously)

Louisiana Purchase

Commissioned 6 months before Louisiana Purchase

Lewis and Clark

1804Merchants are getting involved in manufacturing, far from farmersNew England planning to separate

Essex Junto

Burr Conspiracy

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Burr runs for governor of NY

Burr would be president for life

New England states planning to separate from the rest of USA

Burr loses election

Burr kills Hamilton in duel

Hamilton opposes Burr

Caught, tried for treason

Burr fleas to Mexico, offered leadership in Mexico

Jefferson does not want to pay tribute to pirates

Sends naval fleet to Mediterranean

Marines gain strength

Over commerce

Barbary Wars

Battle of Trafalgar - British defeated French

Britain became good trading partners with US

Napoleon - "Continental System" blockaded ships

Blockade

Britain - "Orders in Council" any ships going to France had to go through

Britain

Nowhere for US to trade

Impressment continues

Napoleonic Wars

Prohibit American ships from leaving port for foreign ports

Least popular Act of Jefferson's term

Led to big depression

Partial benefit: stimulated manufacturing

Embargo of 1807

British ship Leopard came into Chesapeake Bay

"visual" impressment - people saw it happen

Leads up to Wof1812

The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

International Involvement

Madison elected

Elections

No commerce between France and GBOK to trade with other countriesExpired after 2 years

Non-Intercourse Act

1810US would trade with either France or Britain if they would repeal their traderestrictions

France agreed first, but ignored

Macon's Bill #2

Madison-

Indian tribes of the Northwest and Mississippi Valley resentful of government'spolicy of pressured removal to the West. British encouraged border raids againstAmerican settlement

Background:War of 1812-

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Miami Indians = Ohio region

His brother = the Prophet (claimed to be born-again)

Created a confederation of tribes to fight white man

Earthquake during their meeting, Indians thought was a supernatural sign

Defeated atBattle of Tippecanoe by William Henry Harrison

Tecumseh = Shawnee chief

Southern frontiersmen coveted Spanish Florida which included parts of Alabama,Mississippi, and Louisiana. Blamed Britain for supporting the Spanish and the

Indians

Wanted Canada and FL

Henry Clay from Kentucky

John C. Calhoun from South Carolina

Impressment = national humiliation

Upset with British

Highly nationalistic

War Hawks

New EnglandMerchants

Federalists

Against it:

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Americans attacked Canada -> defeated

Through Chesapeake came all way to DC

Burned Washington DCDolly MadisonContinued outside Washington -> ChesapeakeFort McHenry (anthem written)

British attack

Put together a group of militiamenGoes after Creek Indians

Militia goes to New Orleans

Running out of flint, found pirate brothers

Overheard that British were going to attack New Orleans

Militia made up of murderers, thieves, pirates and other criminals

Fought after the peace treaty

Nobody knew that the war was already over

AJ became national hero

Defeated theBritish atBattle of New Orleans

ndy Jackson

Only area that opposed the warUS fighting largest customerRefused to pay taxes / send troopsSome supplied British / Canada with supplies

New England

1814Officially everything stayed the sameStatus quo

Treaty of Ghent

NationalInternational recognition

Significance

War of 1812

December 1814

Federalists who opposed the war

Federalists in New England now talking about nullification

War ended

Bad timing

People start saying they are traitors

Talking about secession

End of Federalist Party

Hartford Convention

US Economy was devastatedLarge areas of the nation's capitol destroyed

American nationalism intensifiedNation won foreign respect for its military capabilities

Effects of the War

War of 1812 -> JacksonianFriday,October13,200611:29AM

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Need better transportation

Destroyed Indian resistance - led to expansion in the South and West - BUT NOTCANADA

Federalists discredited

Jackson and William Henry Harrison gain oval office through military fame

Developed domestic manufacturing (commerce and industry)

MOST IMPORTANT

Purpose: product American industryNortheast in favorOpposed small farmers of South and WestNot a revenue tariff (makes money for gov.)

First protective tariff of 1816

Joint occupationRenewable every 10 years

Russia, Britain, USBeavers

Oregon Country

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Aka "Treaty of 1818"

With British

10 year joint-occupation

Convention of 1818

Dumb president

Good diplomat

John Quincy Adam's = Monroe's Secretary State

Onis = foreign minister of Spain

Hung two Spanish agents who were"Invaded" Spain

ndy Jackson

Spain decided to sell Florida

Established Western border

US got Florida

Spain got some land in Texas

US agreed to absolve these reparations for Florida (land)

US made a claim on Spain for $5 million

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

Functioned unofficially

Never passed into law

Devised byHenry Clay "The Great Compromiser"Protective Tariff

2nd Bank of the US (1st one's charter ran out; stabilize economy, money)

Internal improvements at federal expense (transportation systems)

Got roads, canals, and federal aid

West

American System

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Got the backing of protective tariffs from the WestTrade with the West

East

Do they want to get into manufacturing or remain agrarian??John C. Calhoun (feet planted firmly on both sides of the fence)

South

US trade with US

Internal Mercantilism

Federal government not responsible for internal improvementsNot passed or vetoed by president

VOTE

Economy fell apart "depression"

No BUSPeople speculating on Western Land (land market down)Manufactures started losing money

Reasons:

Lasted only couple of years

Panic of 1819

Petitions to come in as a slave state

1st state from Louisiana Purchase = Missouri

Immigrants moving to North (work on manufacturing)Slaves work in South

North better represented in House

South has to hold the Senate

Writes "Missouri Compromise" = Compromise of 1820Maine admitted as a free state

Missouri admitted as a slave state

Henry Clay

ONLY applies to Louisiana purchaseAll states north of it other than MO will be freeAll states south of it will be slave states

36 30 line

TJWakes you up; hasnt solved any problem

Firebell in the Night

Compromise of 1820

All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at age 25

Passed in House, not in Senate

Oh, Oh, here comes a move to abolish slaverySouth starting to become defensive about slaveryChange in attitude (Necessary evil - positive good)

Worried the South

Tallmadge Amendment

1823

America's Self-Defense DoctrineEurope cannot colonize anymore in Western HemisphereJohn Quincy Adams = negotiator for it

Monroe Doctrine

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US establishes the policyBritish will back it up

Teddy Roosevelt will be 1st one to use it

Standard of US foreign policy

Both had a lot to lose if Spain took colonies back

US / GB started trade with Latin America

Goes with G.Wash's affairs

Principle ofisolationism

US guaranteed not to interfere with EuropeDoctrine = never passed in Congress

US would call Britain

If warning no headed?

During Era of Good Feelings

Power of the SC to rule on Constitutionality of federal law

Marbury v. Madison

1st time state law was void on the grounds that it violated a principle of the

Constitution

Fletcher v. Peck

Limited the power of state gov. to control the corporation, which was theemerging form a business organization

artmouth v. Woodward

No state has the right to control an agency of the federal government "The powerto tax is the power to destroy"

BUS constitutional = implied powers clause

McCulloch v. Maryland

Only Congress has the right to regulate commerce among the statesInterstate commerce

Gibbons v. Ogden

Strengthening of the Judicial

Hero of New Orleans and (pushing weight around FL)

Champion of the "Common Man" OR "King" Andrew

Voting requirements --> Most property requirements abolished = expandedelectorate

"Common man" can vote

Democratic trends in 1800s

Male suffrage increasedParty nominating committees (for the presidency)

Each state would pick who would runCaucus = meeting of people with similar beliefs

Before State Legislators would appoint electors

Voters chose their state's slate of Presidential electors

If party in power, it appoints

A rotation in office

Spoils system

Splinter groups

Only for a few issues

Rise of Third Parties

Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, mudslinging, etc)

Why increased Democratization?

Andy Jackson

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Whig Party (hate Andy Jackson)

Dem-Reps -> Natl Reps (1828) - Whigs -> Republicans

Dem-Reps -> Democrats (1828)

Two-party system returned in 1832 election

37 electoral votes; 13.2% of popular

Great Compromiser - Henry Clay - KY

84 electoral votes; 30.5% of popularJohn Quincy Adams - MA

99 electoral votes; 43.1% of popular

Andrew Jackson - SC

41 electoral votes; 13.1% of popularHad a stroke

William H. Crawford - GA

Like Jefferson vs. Burr

No majority = goes to the House

Adams got Clay's votes

Never got elected president because of "Corrupt Bargain"Clay became Secretary of State

Jackson lost

"The Corrupt Bargain"

Jackson went back to state legislature and immediately got nominated to run for 1828

Election of 1824

Did not believe in Spoil System

Whoever rules gets to appoint people

Spoil System

Because kept the pro-Jackson supporters

NOT effective

Established federal observatoryCalhoun = VP

John Quincy Adams

Wife, "adulteress"Opponents used her to dirty name of Andrew Jackson

Affected Jackson

Passed away

Rachel Jackson

Mudslinging

Jackson won Election of 1828 by landslide

Election of Westerner as President of United States

Key Issues of 1828

DRs

National Republicans (NR)All still part of same party, eventual split into democrats and Whigs(-->Republicans)

Democratic Repbulicans became two factions

Common man

Planter Elite- south

People on FrontierState Politicians--> spoils system

Jackson Coalition

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Immigrants in other cities

Intense distrust of Eastern "establishment", monopolies, special privilege

"plain folk"

Belief common man capable of uncommon achievementsAt inauguration, packed with common people

Faith in Common Man

Name of Jackson's supportersKing Mob

Kitchen Cabinet- unofficial cabinet members

Secretary of War

Before she married, owned boarding house

Boarding house of ill-repute

Not included in social affairs in D.C.

Jackson supported, now seeing what happens to Eaton is same as wife

Peggy O'Neil wife

John Eaton

Calhoun's wife picked on Peggy, used to call for Jackson's arrest as a traitor

Peggy Eaton Affair

Capitol

Most rigid social structure

From South Carolina

Leader of high society: Second Lady

Women in south nothing to do but be in society

South has own social structure

Social Structure in Washington D.C.

John Quincy Adams bill

(protective tariff), made South really upsetTariff of 1816 increased

Tariff of 1828

Wrote anonymously

Nullification = TJ's idea

Concurrent majority = similar, Calhoun's

When concurrent majority feels federal law not good for state, may meet inconvention and rule law null and void

John C Calhoun- pamphlet "South Carolina Exposition and Protest"

Tariff ofAbominations

Debated Nullification

Wanted Western land to be expensive

Wants workforce to stay in the east

Immigrants wont be able to afford Western land

Against nullification

"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable" - WOW!

Sen. Daniel Webster (MA)

Wants cheap Western land

On Calhoun's side

Sen. Robert Hayne (SC)

Webster Hayne DebateNullification Issue

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Based on concurrent majority

Supports nullificationNullification = if a large enough majority agrees about a law being wrong, it should benullified

Likes states rights, and common people

No nullification

"Our Federal Union - it must be preserved"

Jackson

The state created Constitution -> power lies with state

State

"The Union, next to our liberty, most dear"

Calhoun

b/c they are paying more, but getting no benefit

South says "Tariff of Abominations"

Tariff of 1828

Two edged sword (makes foreign competition more expensive, butenables you to raise your own prices)

Protective tariff

SC nullified itNullification

Tariff of 1832

South upset (Calhoun)Nullified in South Carolina

Reaction:

If anyone gets hurt, Calhoun will be hungCalhoun resigns as VPSC elects Calhoun as Rep.

Jackson warns Calhoun

Keep rate of 1828 BUTWill gradually reduce it over time periodPassed

Clay's "Compromise" Tariff of 1833

President of US had the right to use military to force law onto a state

Force Bill

Both sides claim they are victorious

The Tariff Conflict

Indian removalIndian Removal Act of 1830

Printed written language

Mandatory public education

Newspapers

Road systems (turnpikes)

Attorneys (practiced in American courts)

American dress

Cherokee most civilized5 civilized tribes

1831

Cherokee Nation v. GA

Jackson's ANTI Native-American Policy

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Legitimate organization (almost like corporation) had rights in court

"domestic dependent nation"

1832John Marshall said they could not be forcibly moved

"John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it"

Jackson

Worcester v. GA

1838 - 1839Journey to ReservationSmallpox blankets

Trail of Tears

2nd BUS

Rattle snake

Powerful in politics

Does not like Jackson

Operated by Nicholas Biddle

Very well operated

BUS

Did not like BUS

Foreign

From New England

NOT from South

Money

Jackson

Main thing = hate Andy Jackson

Diverse

Biddle (used to be Federalist) - now member of Whig

Clay, Calhoun, Webster

Leaders

Whig party

1st Third Party

National Convention to nominate

Anti-masons

CCW think that even common man wants the BUS

BUS

Charter would expire 1836

Clay Calhoun Webster decide to renew it 4 years earlier

If he signs -> hypocritical

If he vetoes -> going against popular views

Catch 22

Jackson will be elected unless there is an issue

Group of Advisors

Mostly newspaper editors

Told Jackson what would go on with common man

Knew that people did not like BUS

Kitchen Cabinet

Election of 1832

Renewing of the Charter of the 1st National Bank

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Jackson vetoes re-charter

More than all vetoes combined before him

Part of National Road = only federally funded improvement

state of his political rival = Henry Clay

Project in KY

Jackson said internal improvements should be left to the states

1830:Maysville Road

Jackson vetoed 3 legislations

State bankers felt It restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely

Supported rapid economic growth and speculation

Soft money

Felt that coin

Hard money

Opposition of BUS

Jackson encouraged Treasurer not to deposit money into BUS

Jackson made

State banks

Strong financial institutions

"Pet Banks"

Because they wouldnt take $$$ out of Bank

Fired 2 Secretary of the Treasury

By 1841 bankrupt

The "Monster" is Destroyed

Nicolas Biddle called in the demand loans the BUS had made

Interest-only

Bank reserves the right to demand principle payment at any time

emand loans

Biddle says it's Jackson

Jackson says not me, BUS has too much power

People complain to Biddle

Low interest rate

Land speculation

Biddle makes it easy to get loan

Put money back into economy

Surplus

INFLATION

Really shaky

Regulated by states

Printing own money which was worthlessSolved by BUS

"Wild Cat Banks"

Buy future federal landonly with gold or silver

Stopped inflation

Jackson sings Specie Circular

Economy based on Consumerism

Stopped everything else

Banknotes (soft money) lost their value

Land sales plummeted

Results:

The Specie Circular 1836

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Industry can't expand

Economy = stagnant

Credit not available (have to borrow specie)

Jobs lost

Businesses begin to fail

Unemployment rate

Depression

Earlier: veto of the re-charterCause: "Specie Circular"

Lasted 6-7 years

Panic of 1837

Up Down Up Down Up Down Up Down

Business Cycle

Replaced Calhoun, when Calhoun resignedRuled Democratic Party in NY

Jackson retired, pickedMartin Van Buren to runElection of 1836-

"Old Kinderhook"

Caused by Jackson

Blamed for Panic of 1837

"Pet Banks" for just federal money

EstablishedIndependent Treasury

Martin Van Buren-

Precedent: no one who has a depression gets reelected

Democrats (Martin Van Buren)

Precedent: every Whig nominee is an ex war hero

Looking for puppet

Nominated by BIG 3: Calhoun, Clay, Webster

VP = Tyler"Tippecanoe, and Tyler, too!"

Whigs (William Henry Harrison)

Harrison's Campaign

Common folk, Good Ole' Boy

"Log Cabin" and "Hard Cider" Campaign Pin, 1840

1st modern election

No more property qualifications

More people voted than ever before

Dies 30 days after electionHarrison wins

Originally Democrat, then became a Whig (hated Jackson)Still Democratic philosophy

John Tyler (VP) took over

Election of 1840-

Originally Democrat, then became a Whig (hated Jackson)

Still Democratic philosophy

BIG 3's plan falls apart

Vetoes almost all of the Whig legislation

John Tyler-

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Most of Cabinet resigns

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1824 - 1840BIG changes in American politics

Jacksonian Politics-

Democrats and Whigs

Beginning of the modern 'two-party' system

Never get bigOnly for specific purposeShort lived -> but once they die, platform gets incorporated into one of the parties

Third Parties

Emotional appeal

Popular politics

Mass conventions

Party System-

Used office to dominate his partyGood of the whole country as opposed to personal interestBefore him: Washington, TJ

Force Bill

Example:

Strong Executive-

But he drew the line at the concept of nullification

Supported authority of states against the national government

Strong nation = sovereign states

Maysville RoadDid not enforce Marshall's rulings on Indians

Example:

Changing Emphasis to States' Rights-

Friday,October13,200611:29AM

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1789 to 1841-

Until 1820 natural reproduction

British Isles (Irish)After 1820 influx of immigrants

1/3 living west of the Appalachians

Growing Population-

Cities = big market for food

Progressively less and less people farmAffordable land

Cash crops (other than cotton)Grain

Veggies, foodstuffs

Staple crops

Can grow enormous amount

Slavery = big

Alabama, Louisiana, Texas

Western farmers supply food for slaves

Short staple cotton

Farming Sector-

New England and ChesapeakeWhale (blubber = oil for lights)

Fishing

ShipbuildingPopulation moving West (no trees there)

Lumbering

OregonJoint occupancy with Britain

Fur Trade

Mexico

New Mexico -> northeast to Independence, Missouri

Santa Fe Trail

Trade with the Spanish

Other Economic Developments-

Boom and BustNothing to stop itFixed itself

Business Cycle

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1835)

Favorable Business SC Cases

Business-

Social and Cultural DevelopmentMonday,November06,200610:14AM

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GeneralIncorporation Law

Hands-Off gov. policyBelieved to be good at the time

Laissez Fair

American Revolution: 10% of pop = 45% of wealth1845: top 4% = 65%1860: top 1%: = 50%

1930s: top 1% = 99%

The gap between rich and poor was widening

Distribution of wealth

Problem evident in War of 1812Only method = wagons

Hard to go against current without power

Rivers only go one way

Toll road

1790 - Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike

1811

East-west national road

Only federal road

30 feet wide paved with crushed stone

Cumberland(National Road)

Built by states and private companies

Put trees side by sideVery bumpy

Corduroy roads

1010 feet long; 153 feet above the river

Suspension bridge over the Ohio river

Rains = muddy roadsBy 1840, roads criss-crossed with roads

Roads

Freight wagon

Conestoga Covered Wagons

Higher profit1800 -> 41 patents were approved1860 -> 4,357

Cotton Gin

Gun Factory (interchangeable parts)

Eli Whitney

First prototype of the locomotive

Oliver Evans

Steel Plow

John Deere

Mechanical Reaper - 1831

Cyrus McCormick

Telegraph - 1840

Far away faster

Samuel F.B. Morse

Cyrus Field

Practical inventions

Transportation Revolution (American System)-

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Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Foot pedal

Elias Howe

Sewing machine

Isaac Singer

More people coming to cities = higher demand for food

Expanding agriculture

"Yankee Ingenuity"

1807Robert Fulton's ClermontCan go upstream

Fires common

Wood / Coal for fuel

Very fast for the time (4.7 mph)South uses small

Nearly 800 steamboats

Could navigate small rivers

Mississippi and its tributaries

Transport cotton

By 1850

Snags, ice, bursting boilers, collisions, fires, sand bars

1/3 built before 1850 lost in accidents

High benefits and risks

Most efficient transportation

Great Lakes and NYC

Very profitable = cut price of shipping

Made manufacturing practical

Eerie Canal

Very expensive to build

Many canals failed

Took a lot of money to build, therefore need to keep canal revenueup

Inhibited growth of railroad

Canals

1830s - 1860s

As much canvas as possible

Only for international trade

Get goods to forest markets rapidly

Very fast

Clipper Ship

Travel by water

Ashes come out the smoke pipe and into train

Took long time to develop

Eventually transform transportation in US

13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio

1830

9000 miles of RR track

1850

31,000 miles of RR track

1860

Slow

Railroads = Iron Horse

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Because they want everyone to use canals

NATIONAL ECONOMYGoods ship from any region to any other regionMoreNationalismFood prices fellGoods became cheaperEnabled Mail

1825 - First home mail delivery

1847 - First postage stamp

Informed of what is happening all around the country

National issues

Newspapers

Rural communities got access to politics

West and East = buddies

2 against 1: (West and East against South)

BIG: Northeast connected with Old Northwest

Effects:

Community manufacturing (cottage system)Individual artisans

Before

Memorized building plans for a textile plant

Came to America from Britain in 1789

1st successful spinning mill

1st modern manufacturing plant

Everything under one roof

Boston

1813

Samuel Slater = grandfather of the whole thing

Cotton gin

Interchangeable parts for rifles

Eli Whitney

Rise of theFactory System

Limited liabilityAssumes legal status of a human being in courtShares the riskBy 1830 most states had incorporation laws

Corporations

Banking

Insurance

Real estate firms

Side industries that go along with growth of industry

Lowell girls

Boarding homes at the factory site

Very strict hours

Church on Sunday

Men not allowed

Morally healthy environment

Lowell System = (Waltham System)

Labor Supply

Industrialization-

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350lb woman with a hair bun

Matron in charge of boarding house

Part of money went to pay room and board

No safety facilities (lung diseases)

Signed contract for a year

A lot of people involved

Because expensive to house women

Replaced by immigrants

Failure

Virtually no impact

Early Union Movement

Economic: Boosted economySocial: Separation between classesPolitical: New partyFuture Problems: Sectionalism, Economic, Social problems in the future

Results of INDUSTRIALIZATION

None before 1815Endorsed in some states, but sponsored by private institutions

Public Schools

AristocraticSponsored by private institutions (Corporations or Church)To teach the nation's leadersChurch schools in SouthNo education for the poor, slaves or women

Private Schools

For the poor (men)

New York Free School

Job of woman: provide nice home environment

Woman's "sphere" = refuge from cruel outside world

Reason: woman are moral than men

Originally wasnt insultIncrease in industry = reemergence of CoD

Cult of Domesticity

Teacher

1st occupation for woman

Because women couldnt survive on their own

Low divorce rate

Educational Development-

East -> IndustrySouth -> Cotton & SlaveryWest -> Nation's "Breadbasket"

Regional Specialization

Anti-Catholic sentiment in the US

Catholic (problem)

Potato famine

38% = Irish

Broken up into principalities

30% = Germans

Immigration

1850s-

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Fleeing draft

Protestant

Native-born Americans dont like immigrants

Form party

Nativists

Secret Society

"The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner"

American Party

a.k.a.

Hatred of immigrants

One thing held together

Know-Nothing Party

Means "Before the Civil-War"

Cause: growth of industry

Transition and Instability

Ante-Bellum Culture-

Idea: "Everything is wonderful"

James Feninmore CooperWalt WhitmanHenry Wadsworth LongfellowHerman MelvilleEdgar Allen Poe

Literature

Shows nature

Picturesque (idealized landscape)

Shows good wishes for the US

The Hudson River School

Henry David Thoreau

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Came fromEuropean Romanticism

"Liberation from understanding and cultivation ofreasoning"

Transcending science

Spirit transcends science

Dont have to pay attention to natural law

Transcendentalists

Fine Arts

Romanticism-

Responses to hardships/changeCommunal living and free love

"Perfect societies"

Brook Farm

New Harmony

Oneida Community

Amana Community

Utopians-

Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day SaintsThe Mormons-

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Part of utopian movements

Mormon man = many wivesMormon woman = one husbandBecause more woman are in higher ratio during utopian movements

Polygamy

Started ChurchFound "Book of Mormon"

Killed

Joseph Smith

Nauvoo, IL

Grew to about 30,000 - 40,000

Took over Mormon Church

Went West to Utah (Mexico)

Discrete community

Goal: take Mormons out of US

Brigham Young

No Drinking!

Temperance

Horace MannSupported by taxesWhy? So common man can do uncommon things

Public Schools

Reform Movements-

Reaction to all reformChange happens within the individualEmotionPerson-orientedHow do I get salvation? Through myself; my spirit talks to God

"Spiritual Reform from Within"

Biggest cause: Industrialization

Either born with it or without it; nothing can change itNow you can change it

Opposite of: Puritanism

Religious Revivalism

Little effect in the SouthBecause it called for equality

Ideal of Equality

Against drinking - "Demon Rum"

"Lips that touch liquor will never touch mine"

American Temperance Society (1826)

Harriet Beecher-Stow - Uncle Tom's Cabin

Also abolition

Beecher Family

Temperance

To help the insane

Ice bath - to quiet the insane

Asylum and Penal Reform ( orothea Dix)

Penitentiaries ( orothea Dix)

Off springs:

Second Great Awakening-

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Rehabilitation

Try to turn prisoners into productive citizens

Grimk Sisters (also abolitionists)

Convection

Declaration of Independence but "man" changed to

"woman"

Almost worked, by Abolition took precedence

Declaration of Cinaments

Seneca Falls, NY

Women's rights

Horace Mann (Massachusetts)

Because of Puritans

Paid by taxes

To educate the common man, so they could make informed decisions withvoting

Education / Public Schools

Primary movement

Overriding other smaller movements (women's rights)

ABOLITION

Women (middle and upper class)Because males did not care about these thingsGeorge Woodsfield - 1st awakeningCharles G. Finney - 2nd awakening

Leaders:

RevivalismTalking about emotional religion

"Benevolent Empire"

Center of revivalism movementUpstate NY

"burning topics"

Burned-Over District

Camp meetingsShows

Carried tents and portable stages

Went around from town to town to town

Revival meetings

Mother Ann Lee

Ceremony = all dancing (shaking)

Utopian movement

More women than men

Practical (to open up floor space)Furniture on the wallFunctional

Shaker furniture style

Shakers-

Unable to voteLegal status of a minor

Single-> could own her own propertyMarried -> no control over her property or her children

Early 19c Women-

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Husband dead -> to sons -> no sons then maybe to herCould not initiate divorceCouldnt make wills

Could sing a contract

Bring up lawsuit only under husband's permission

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"Peculiar Institution"

Cotton, tobacco, rice

Plantation house = "big house"

Slave quarters

More independent than farms

Overseers

Plantation

Encourages lack of big cities

Plantation System

Group of workers (team)Rotated through different fields

Gang System

Work in "big house"Good foodCookNanny

Domestic slave

Working barely enough to not get whipped

"soldiering"

Mess with mechanical equipment

Sabotage

Slave chasers bring them back

Expensive to the master

Cut of their toes/foot

Running away

Gabriel Prosser (Richmond, 1800)

Denmark Vesey (Charleston, 1822)

Nat Turner (Virginia 1831)

Rebellion

Slaves reaction to Slavery

Immediate emancipationThe Liberator- newspaper

William Lloyd Garrison

Back-to-Africa movement

Liberia

BlackThe North Star

Frederick Douglass

Slavery-

God's will

Oregon country

Moving West

"mountain men"

1st American millionaire

John Jacob Astor

Manifest Destiny-

Pre-Civil WarFriday,November17,20063:08AM

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American Fur Company

1840s

Praised the land

More people migrating

Wrote letters back to congregations

Missionaries

Everyone wants to go west

"Oregon Fever"

Part of Mexico

No taxes = no revenue

Not many residents

Stephen AustinMore and more Americans comingBe careful what you wish for - only Americans settling, obnoxious, becomingAmericanized

Huge land grants

MX refused

US offered to buy

35,000 "gringos" were homesteading on Texas land

By 1838:

Catholic, no slaves, agreed to follow Mexican law

Rules to settle

Raise taxesHey! 1776, taxation w/o representation

Flood of immigrants

1836

TexanIndependence

Santa Anna attackedAlamo (300 Americans)

Defeated Santa Anna

Sam Houston - American

War

Looked to GB and France for agreementsDoing it for leverage to get US attn.

Lone Star Republic

Jackson said noWould offset the slave balanceVan Buren said noTyler bring them in

Petitioned US Gov. to take Texas into the Union

Everyone assumed that since Calhoun did the negotiating, Texas wouldcome in as a slave state

Calhoun negotiated an annexation treaty with Texas

NOT ratified

Treaty has to be approved by 2/3 vote in Senate

Texas Question

Texas-

Ports: SF, LA, SDBelonged to Mexico US wants it

New Mexico and California-

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v. Canada

FistfightMaine farmers v. Canadian construction workersAlmost triggered a major conflict

Dispute between Maine and Canada border

Cut the land right in the middle

49o border over the LA purchase landBoth the US and GB would patrol ocean in search of illegal slave importation

Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842

Canadian rebels against GB (supported by Am.)

Supplied Canadian rebels with armsOn American side of the borderBritish burnt down the ship

Caroline Affair

British give refugee to runaway slaves who steal a ship

Creole Incident

British upset, Canadians upset, Americans upset

British navy getting pushy

Americans raised 50,000 troops

Aroostook War-

Democratic frontrunner =Martin Van BurenWhig frontrunner =Henry Clay

Clay and Van Buren agreed not to talk about Texas during campaign

Hot Issue = Texas

Van Buren = not electableCase of"dark horse" (last person excepted to win)

"Young Hickory" = Polk

"Old Hickory" = Jackson

James K. Polk nominated

Democratic convention

Westward ExpansionMotto: "54-40 or fight"Texas and OregonManifest Destiny

Polk's big issue:

Vacillated on the issuePortrayed as indecisive

Clay

Polk won

"lame-duck"Polk's win = mandate that people want expansion (manifest destiny)Comes up with getting Texas

Joint resolution of Congress = only needs majority vote

Tyler 'his accidency'

Issue in the war BUT was a STATE BEFORE THE WARSTATE BEFORE POLK

Texas in the union before Mexican-War

Tyler got TexasLiberty Party

Election of 1844-

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No spread of slavery

Lower tariff= accomplished

Pet banks had other money, IT = only federal money

Independent treasury (created by Van Buren) = reinstated

Get Oregon = got it

Get California = got it

Do everything in one term

4 Goals:

Compromised at 49th parallel

Oregon Treaty of 1846

Doesnt want a two front war

TerritoryMexican Gov = unstableWhen Texas accepted into the union, Mexico severed diplomatic relations withthe US

Immediate causes of Mexican War:

John SlidellCancel all debts and damages$5 million for disputed lands in Texas$25 million for CA

US offered to buy California

Pro: SouthAnti: Northern AbolitionistsIn favor: Believers of Manifest Destiny

Mexican War

Polk-

General Zachary Taylor ("Old Rough and Ready") took up position, 8 days later,

Polk asked for war declaration- May 13, 1846Mexican patrol attacked American patrol

Polk sends troops into disputed territory-

Wanted to see where blood shedWanted to see where location, whether in disputed territory or American soil

Lincoln- Spot Resolution-

YES: Mexico provoked, manifest destiny, DemocratsNO: Polk's political enemies, Northern Abolitionists, Whigs

Divide among Americans-

September 13, 1847: Mexico City fell, still Mexico refused to negotiate peace-

Signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoFebruary 2, 1848Polk disagreed wanted all of MexicoBut, Senate ratified Treaty anyways

Took away 60% of their territory

Increased US territory by 1/3

Nicholas Trist-

David Wilmot said any land annexed from Mexico is free, not slaveSouth against itPassed in the House, failed in the Senate

Wilmot Proviso-

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South realizes that they are losing powerContinually reintroduced as legislation

South: The North reaaaaallly wants to abolish slaveryNorth: realizes only reason South supported Mexican War was slavery

Reaction

John C. Calhoun

New Territories belong to states not Gov., and since the states own it, you cannot prohibit

moving personal property (slaves) from state to state; Constitution was formed by thestates Feds can't prohibit slavery

Precedent: Fed. Gov prohibiting slavery; Missouri Compromise; Northwest OrdinanceExtend 36-30 line to the Pacific Ocean

Douglass

Popular Sovereignty: let the people who settle in the territory

4 Views of Slavery after MW:-

Better keep quiet on thisToo volatile

Hot Issue: SLAVERY

Lewis Cass - Democrat

No one knew anything about himHe never voted once in his life, before being president

General Zachary Taylor - Whig (War Hero)

Martin Van Buren - Free Soil Party (abolitionists) --> 3rd PartyTaylor won a narrow victory

Elections of 1848-

Largest slave market = Wash. DC-

January 24, 1848 discovered at Sutter's Mill, not far from SacramentoBy next year, CA population swelled from 14,000 to 100,000"Forty Niners" made CA a wild and lawless placeEnough people to start a stateTaylor tells them to skip territorial phase and come directly in as a state

Because no way to protect property (slaves)

No slaves

Going to come in as a free state

Gold in California-

Clay's last compromise

Southerners afraid of slaves (paranoid)Southerners afraid of CA being freeHarriet Tubman taking slaves out

South Paranoid

Southerners meet in Nashville to talk about alternatives

Nashville Convention

California = free state

Disputed land between TX and NM = goes to NM (free)

NM and Utah = popular sovereignty

North got:

Compromise

Compromise of 1850-

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abolished slave trade in DC

Stricter Fugitive slave laws (enforcing them)

Fed Gov pay Texas' $10 pillion pre-annexation debt

Congress would declare that it did not have jurisdiction over the slavetrade

Congress would not abolish slavery itself in DC

South got

Popular SovereigntySplit C1850Sponsored Railroad

Stephen A. Douglass

Taylor doesnt the C1850But he dies

Likes C1850

VP = Millard Fillmore takes over

Congress doesnt like itDouglass said C1850 = 8 different bills

Eventually each one was passed as its own law

Nothings is coming close to resolving slavery-

Democratic - "Dark horse"Franklin PierceWhigs - General Winfield ScottEasy victory for Pierce

North v. SouthSlaveryFalling apart

Whigs split on sectional issues

Its main issue already resolved

Free Soil Party - fell into chunks

Tired of talking about slavery

Election of 1852-

Railroads (cotton, clipper ships, commerce)

Northerner who favored Southern politicsFavored slavery

Dough faced president

Opened up trade to Japan

Commodore Matthew Perry 1853

Free-trade with Canada

Reciprocity Treaty 1854

To build a transcontinental Southern railroad$15 million

Gadsden Purchase 1853

Lets tell Spain that if they dont want to sell Cuba, we'll take itAngered Northerners

Ostend Manifesto

Offers Spain to buy Cuba

Compromisers deadNot a good political structure

Decline of Two Party System

Pierce and "Young America"-

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Nativist MovementGrowth of Sectionalism

North - very racist, but opposed to slavery morallyGet people off the fence

Fugitive Slaves

Any citizen had to assist in capturing a fugitive slaveUnfair trial

Kidnapping

Fugitive Slave Laws

Against federal lawSlow down the federal court systemAccused fugitive slaves had personal libertiesSouth feeling pushed around

States pass "personal liberty laws"

Harriet Beecher Stowe"So, this is the little lady that started the Civil War" - Abraham LincolnPure propaganda300,000 copies in first printingBanned in the South

Uncle Tom's Cabin

California - Chicago

Needed to get Nebraska and Kansas

Passes through Unorganized Territories

1854Senator Stephen A. Douglas of ILOrganize the territories of Kansas and NebraskaWould include the repeal of the Missouri CompromisePopular Sovereignty in Nebraska and Kansas

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Transcontinental Railroad-

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1854 (Pierce administration)

Stephen A. Douglas of IL

Organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to build a transcontinental railroadthrough IL

Repeal of the Missouri Compromise

Nebraska = everyone knew it would be free

Northern farmers (majority)

Southern / Northern fire-eaters

Kansas = people moving their to express opinion about slavery

Popular Sovereignty

Start ofRepublican PartyOutrage in the North because of the repeal of Missouri CompromiseSplit the Whig Party (north / south) (slave / not slave)

Result:

Kansas-Nebraska Act-

Anti-slavery (no spread)Many former Democrats, Whigs and Know-Nothings

Almost entire in the NorthGrew rapidlySlavery should be banned from all territories - confined to the states where it alreadyexisted, allowed to expand no further

The Republican Party-

Fire-eaters

Abolitionists / Pro-Slavery = settle families in Kansas

Small farmers, anti-slavery, but not fire-eaters

Free-Soil (anti-slavery) = majority

Rev. Beecher send guns in cartons labeled "Bibles" to be used by Abolitionists

Beecher's Bibles

Came to Kansas for electionsCome early, Vote often!Left after elections

Missouri Ruffians

Pro-slavery won

Everybody knew

Election fraud

Free-soil won

Ran vote again

Form little government (pro-slavery)

Going through the process of bringing Kansas in as a slave state

Lecompton

Form little government (free)

Going through the process of bringing Kansas in as a free state

Another place

Claiming both to be legitimate

2 Governments

Bleeding Kansas-

Civil War ComingFriday,December08,20069:15AM

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Both sides start carrying armsGuerilla Warfare

Missouri Ruffians came into Lawrence and killed all 133 males (includingchildren)

Rationality starting to go awayDo it to make a statement

Sack of Lawrence

Fanatical abolitionist

Butchered 5 people in PC

Retaliation for Sack of Lawrence

Massacre of Pottawatomie Creek

John Brown

Popular sovereignty is struggling

Senator from MAMade a speech "The Crime Against Kansas"Trashing everyone who is pro-slaveryDegraded SC Sen. Andrew Butler (old-timer)

Charles Sumner

Senator from SC

Andrew Butler

Butler's nephewRep. from SCBeat Sumner badly with a caneOffice full of canes sent by his constituency

Preston Brooks

(3 people above) Show how things were deteriorating

Early 1850s = ambassador to GBNobody knew what he stood for (he didnt either)

Democrats -James Buchanan

President after TaylorMany annoyed -> throw support for Republicans

Know-Nothings -Millard Fillmore

First time Republicans are runningMotto: "Free-soil, Free men and Fremont!"

Republicans -John C. Fremont

Southerners denounced Republican partyDemocrats: if there is ever a Republican elected president of the US, they would secedefrom the union

Buchanan won

Election of 1856-

Supreme Court case

Owned by Capt. SanfordBrought Dred Scott around with him

Dred Scott = slave

No slavery due to Northwest Ordinance

Goes to IL

Sued for him

Represented by a group of abolitionists

At firstRoger B. Taney didnt want to hear this case

Dred Scott v. Sanford-

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Appointed by Andrew JacksonSoutherner

Buchanan said that he didnt want slavery to be an issue, so I would like the SC to hearthe case and use it as a precedent

Dred Scott was a slave therefore he could not sueThe Federal Gov. could not limit anyone from taking their property anywhere inthe US

Ruled that the Compromise of 1820 = unconstitutional (but it was already gone)

Ruled

SC = slavery could not be prohibitedKnocked the Northern fence-sitters off the fence

Pro-slavery wants to bring Kansas as a slave state into the unionIf pro LC -> additional would be allowedPrevious slaves taken for granted

Free send their own petitionPeople gave up statehood to stay against slavery

Lecompton Constitution-

Very short, severe

Business cycle

Over-speculation in RR and public lands (people see potential) (where are the RRgoing to be?)

Banks did shaky things during Pierce fell apartEurope: Crimean War -> British investment stopped coming

3 causes:

Effect of slave states = low tariffs

North's reason

Because cotton is booming

South not affected

Not the tariff our system is better than yours

South's reason

Panic of 1857-

1858IL Senatorial debate

Front-runner for presidentWell-known5' 3"

Incumbent = Stephen A. Douglas

No national notoriety6' 4"

Vertical Hyphen =Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln knew he had Douglas

Do you support SC? Yes

Do you believe in Popular Sovereignty? Yes

Contradiction b/c of Dred v. Sanford

Freeport, IL = critical discussion

Series of 7 Debates all over IL

Abolitionist

Douglas accused Lincoln of

Lincoln-Douglas Debates-

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Mixing the races

Not caring

Lincoln accused Douglas of

Douglas' response to Lincolnb/c slavery requires special regulations to exist (black codes)People of any territory could exclude slavery simply by demanding to pass any ofthe special laws that slave jurisdictions usually passed for their protection

Just dont have the laws that support slavery

Freeport Doctrine

Douglas elected senatorLincoln started to get national publicity

Democrat (Southern party)Mapped out a plan for abolitionists to bypass Dred Scott decision

Douglas shot himself in the foot

SectionalismBreaking apart party

Sig.

Attacked American Gov. arsenal atHarper's Ferry, VAEncourage slaves to come and get weaponsHopeful of progressive slave rebellionsVirginia militia led by Robert E. Lee suppressed the attack

Slave rebellion fired up by Yankees

South paranoid

Headline

Handled himself well at the trial

People started thinking he was saint = ideas were good

Get trial quick so John Brown doesnt become a martyr

South feels unsafe in Union

Lincoln / logical: he broke the law, he deserves punishment

Some think he is a hero

North

John Brown's Raid

The Impeding Crisis in the South

Wrote book

Only people benefiting were the slave ownersBanned in South (censored mail)South feels pushedNorth says South is narrow-minded

Hinton Helper

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Bleeding Kansas

Fugitive Slave Act

Incidents-

Southerners upset because of FreeportDid not win 2/3 of party, only majorityConvention in CharlestonPlatform: Popular SovereigntyMade a nationwide speaking tour

Northern Democrats -DouglasElection of 1860-

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Fire-eaters walked outBaltimoreBreckinridge = Buchanan's VPFrom KentuckyPlatform: Federal Slave Code

Southern Democrats -John C. Breckinridge

Has-been's , old timers

From Tennessee

Old Whigs, random old democratsPlatform: I believe in the Constitution

Constitutional Union Party -Bell

Met in ChicagoKnew that they were going to win, because others were splitDidnt want a radical

160 acres of homestead

Federal support of Transcontinental RR

No spread of slavery into Territories

Platform: for allNortherners

Republicans -Lincoln

Highest popular vote (40%), but not majorityDouglas 2nd most popular, but only carried one stateLincoln won w/o receiving one Southern vote

Result:

No intention of disturbing slavery where it is already establishedLincoln-

South Carolina secedesBy February 1st - 6 states left

December 20,1860

1st capital =MontgomeryConstitution similar but modified

Jefferson Davis - President

Lame-duck

Secession = unconstitutional

But unconstitutional to stop it

Buchanan

"Let erring sisters go in peace"

Northern Response

Keep slavery where it is already

Amendment to Constitution

Extend 36-30 line to Pacific Ocean

Crittenden Compromise

South Secedes-

Manifest DestinyLeads to Civil War

Mexican War!-

Fort Sumter-

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Key Concepts:-

Catalyst in the industrialization of US

Industrial capitalist class became dominant

Federal Gov. paramount in relation to states

Race and class relations were profoundly affected by the war

The Civil War ended the institution of slavery

Effects:-

Physical victory for South

Stayed in North's possession

Lincoln wants to bring South back in

Writes Jefferson Davis a note: going to re-supply with food

South looks like the aggressor

Political victory for Lincoln

Fort Sumpter, 4:30am, April 12, 1861

To suppress rebellion4 more Southern states seceded

Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers

In the Union, but slave statesKentucky (Ohio River); Delaware; Maryland (DC - capital); Missouri

Border States

Arrested Confederates in Maryland

Appointed by Jackson

Declared unconstitutional

Chief Justice Taney

Suspended writ ofhabeas corpus

James Mason andJohn Slidell= emissaries to GB

Similar to impressment

Stopped neutral ship (Britain's) and took both men off

Lincoln apologized immediately and sent the men back

Trent Affair

22 million - no slavesConsiderably more factories, wealth, more diverse economyStrong central governmentInternationally recognizedSuperior system of railroads

Northern Strengths

6 million whitesDefensive war

Southern Strengths

Naval blockade

To stop trade

Purpose

Anaconda Plan

The War:-

Civil WarTuesday,January09,200712:39PM

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Imports & ExportsControl Mississippi RiverNavy grew over the war

Held cotton back, despite blockade to raise price

Britain started getting cotton from Egypt

Problem for South

North named after rivers and creeks

South named battles after cities, towns, villages

23,000 deaths - 1 day

Bloodiest one day battle

Army of Potomac (North, McClellan) v. Army of Virginia (South, Lee)

Even, though, North found Lee's lost battle plans

Stalemate but first time North didn't get killed

Lincoln needs a military victory

Only freed the slaves in states of rebellion

Britain won't support the SouthChanged goal of the war - slavery

Emancipation Proclamation

Antietam - 1862

McLennan fired --> Burnside (admitted he was incompetent) fired -->Hooker fired --> Mead

Lee heads for Gettysburg

Stumble into each other

Last day disaster for the South (Stonewall Jackson died before)

First time Lee messes up big time

3 day battle

Last time Lee would leave the South to fight North

Could've finish the war right thenMead fails to counterattack

Gettysburg - 1863

North - Ulysses S. Grant #2 man = William Tecumseh Sherman

Mississippi River fell

Dug trenches

Fought every day (high casualties, but slowly it worked)

Changed war

Grant sent to the East (Commander of the Potomac)

Vicksburg - 1863

Battles:

Daily updates

Telegraph

Expects defeat

Lincoln

Platform: negotiate peace

McClellan

Sherman wins Atlanta

Turning point

Elections of 1864

60 mile wideKilled and burned all goods, houses, cattle, trees, railroads

Sherman's March to the Sea

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Last battle

Lee (Army of Virginia) surrenders to Grant

Appomattox Court House - April 9, 1865

North + South transformed dramatically

13th Amendment

Slavery was abolished

Equal protection under law

14th Amendment

Right to vote

15th Amendment

Planter class was defeated

South came under military rule

No longer a confederation of states

Emergence of the US as a nation state

High protective tariff

No one in South in Gov. to protest it

The Morrill Tariff

Growth of higher educationAgriculture and Mining (A&M schools etc)

The Morrill Land Grant Act of 18

a push pack

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