A- . r . r •. t,e3r ,,., "'' V l .- T UE SOMA OFFER IN G JN A FRAG MENT

OF ALKMAN .

Th e int«protation of Aikman. F<>Rn'l<nt J.< (Bo,gk) hao °"""""'"'d"""oide,..blodiocu .. ioo,butnoo<ofthouplao.a tio .. thathavob«n10nn1«1 •«enti«ly .. 1iofoctory . W ek k..,' lo"( •l:Oraittdobjtt1;..n.1<>F;o,illo' o ido, tb0<1he ,·or..., ar,d .. criptiveofaBa«han len,akinR<"'-oflion' o milk S.:h<>eid..,.in' • 1:r...d that thio intorp, etatiotlobooldb<,.,jtt,«I, b"1hewur><>1 ... 1iofi<dwith Welcker'o reB<l<'fingforline5,oor inde«!wi thaeo nj«tu«of hioown. M<>0t«li1on1ridc<>mmen· ta1oro,howe.<1,ha,ewith oli2ht,><ia1ion o beld10F;o.ino·, ,iew, olthougba...:ri6cia!o&ringof<htt><madofro"' tbemit k of lio .. ha1 ini11f .. oroe itber 1a1 im<>r1y1>0rpr~bility.

A way ont of t he ~iffiouloi .. m.ay be loood by «l<rrinir the

!~!'.:i:.:" ... '~,:;;•• oorna aacrifioe.' The fra1o1..,, fr(lfll

n ....... ri._ ........ -.. , ... ...-,.... •-'"-~- ,_,_,.,.,. ... >!'00 • .......................... "' ......... _ ............. ..... ·--··-. .,,.._.

' RL WnX , p. o,i (.cr.s. , .. , ... , . ...... ,,L,., . ... , .. .. •n.;1o1.x., ..... . •nol"t-<P..,.,.•r, •,· · ot, p,1,,, .. ...,_,,..,_,..,,,

',.,,; , • .,., .... ..,,,,.,. L~\!Tk~,::-,-,:.1:.;•H«li••'P< "":•.:.:-·•,; :-:: .. '""h . '" t,.· •• -,;,..":. ~ :,··::.:, ·· :,::~. (:,,.:.-::·~ .. ··g:: -~ .. l•-•ol<klot..,•1•.,ot ••• R'c•""'S.-'~"'"t,. ,._ ........................ ,, ... ,- ............. ~ ..... - . .__,.. .. ,., ... , ........ , ,icl,,.plol•••• •"' '•"'" ' -" doo<o< .. 1od, ... f<•on,.,l,1•Pl"•• ol••"• l,,oo,L""·· A-p0•l -ot ,,o Am"w· \ ,.,R',od,.......,,L .. ,1,, .. ,_.,,. ............ ,.., ... , .. , ... , ..... ,.,,-. ............ , .... , ....... ;:,::·.=• 11.H;o<.olS.o,h Uo .. p. .. •.f n,A,...,, .,_ o<,.,

,,. .. ..,,,lp<u ,, ... ., ,_.,.,..- ~., ·,.,,.""'· r ...... M ................... , .. -~~,-·P

Now ifwe<0ml>""'the ,e hne1.;th...,.,.n t>ol the ><10>&oJrer­itlj:, ..,.findtheminr<matbble• ~reemen t,f>Ointbypo;nt

1, ..,.....: , .,,- ] lnlbe RiJ-V«I• and lb< AVtttath<r< i, freqoenl ... ~<n'-'<t<>tb , moun,.inb •biu toftbeoom,plant; butintbep...,..nt -l(<• •><•«>n«rnedr>tbetw ilh !h< placeofucriij « , R e~d in1r thi , , th<C,upo1h.,-B,lhm&1U (m,,1 , 1)1rivathefo,llowinidi....,,ion,"lneyeh<>ooe•pl•« of.,orsbip. Leitbemcho<.e(tbepl""")whkhli n h;ihe,t,,nd obovowbicbnootlt<rpartoftheRroundr i>n ". (Eftgeling.) On,ueb, , pot1heooo,, altori 1 <r«ted.

,.>.,;.;....'J Word • ••p<<Uioibrillia=•r<<1p<cia}lyel,ar• •ct,.,i aticofd...,tip1;onaofth<"°"'•oa<r;6«;<.i, .,RV lXll.j , ol, "Bri1rh t , ,..1h<o<,Som Q blent with milk, witb iit ht th a1fl., he, \>rillian1ly ". (Grilfuh.) A, .. t Y ... X,9,"Th ... •ndthou •rtm lno,andfunhlot1hine9M,r>ti.ono llow:b<i i bl ,nd 1J>Uklin2let th emholdon th<ir( >1Hdfa st)w•y". (Millo.)

X,W- ,,.,_) Golden ••- I• appea.r in both the Vedie and the Av.,.Un <etemoni • l. RV.!X1 5, 3 , "S.,,di ojefo, th lb.,hea be h,1hbdlow«l1otbejata,l«lhymeoiototh.1rolden,c,e,...,;t" (Gtiflith .) Am, . Y., .X,7, "The!eu pontp;oh:Z.ratlrn,1, a l't aiR t o H(a)o ma, 11bzd,-m , de . Good ;. l!( a)oma, 1,f.azda­mad,. All <be plan<,o(H(a)om • pro.itt l, on the hoi1 h<, of lof1ymoun tah, ,, inth oiro <1r<>of1ho v,,lley1,i n 1hoele fit(o f oun­derodhilbid o,) eu<for1heb<,ndle1boondbyworn<11. Frootth, ,~v<reup I powTh«101begokl<n<b.tkeo .. r". (Millo.)

l,-.o] E,kl<n<<tbalw<>m<n,..,,,,<timN•tlh , t,h,d,put;n tbeti1< iofound;nRV . l,S,3c "Tbtte,..h« <lh <w<>man,n>fk l o,.dl,,m ,1h e p<>d<1<-0»,tan11 i,e aodf all, Olndro.,drinkw itb ""1:«thi<, tlh e d,opp;ng,,.bi<hthemortotshed o". (Griffith.) Compore1hequota1ionj ul!K i••• fromthe Avel!a.

_:1-. -,,.,.__,,;..J lh i, li1><h.,1«>11ahtol«ltbe<h ief <nix o/thehim<n!,oodall , forr.ll<r«pooitioo.

,,,;;;;;.,:";,~ ::"'!:~:'.,:;: :d ~7o~n<;~;k ~:: :::~ f==.'~1 Zoroulria nism (De l o. <tO. 46), .._ • .,.. ~ . .. ,-.. ~ . ....... , • .....,... . ...... .. ..i . ... u. ... ,' , '(- «

b ••~- ·,..._...,..w . ..., ••-'" - • Now'o Geopo n;b,,4, ,3,the !«m ; >,....._ .._ .f'P<"" """ "«l";v, .

'P .. o d<f<- ol o>< ..... M<S< h bo,<, >IIO<. ~ .. Dla~ k .. , .. i ..... , ......

leotof>; _.,_,...., o,>, - ,!•/<o"'"' • • pl•ntlhati s Hidto he called a!,o O,.,t. ,, .. , UnJ « th i, 1.,, name o; ook 0<id<>' de o<riheo a plant havin£ • r<Jdi,h eolor ,old• ,uoculent ote,n,­leadini; ch.ar•ct«i,ti<: 1 of the V<dic soma.' The j l' ice of the o....., , .,.,,u1th.avei><enof,. lue,fo,Diook0< id .,.,p,r .b o!1he metltodhy whichitw as exlra<:Led.

The eond .. ;on that Alkm •n' , ;, ;,.,,.w ,efe,. t o o pl ont-jui= mayhe reachedby anolherUneofu 1:umcnt. Aw:,rd in]<tu Du Can1:e,/,u,rp,. 'li~"'"'"''°m <timH £lOS>«i: >,--' y<A, .' .CN J<.,.. . _. , .. . Now l•st~p,-i;~,.. and ;, o, 1<.,.,....., denOtothcju ;ceofthe silphion, oodextantdeocr ipt ion1,Utib utetctl,e oilphiont he p.-incipalch , noote<i,t i<:1 commonlotheoacredpl>n11o f1h < V«l• aud the A,·e,ta. Som , , h, om a and , ;lphiun all yield , milky juice havin£ wonderful prnperti .. ;' all~ '° " o n th e mountain,; •

all a ,..,pluchdb y binl • ; ' &llh•V<lheep ilbtt' ,to lden'; ' all an, ·nt"matelyconn « od •' t l, the .,.· n.' '{on,o•n, thed, ara<l<r· iu tion of t he li \p hion 01 ....,._ _,., , ope n• the way for <onD<Ctio~ th il p!,.ot,! ike .., o,a ,..-i thlhefit<mytb. fo ,io,., of th, .. <or r<0f"'n den CH, the , ilphion mayO<rq;.o"1od a1a W'«k<q ui,,len t oft bttool a. ' T h>tl l>el <>n..- .. , """" i,1od..-i th t he.ilpb"'n pl onti 1 for th<r all<>todby ,ion,eoflhe eu ]y.,.,.:n , of l( y.-.:n<, which , how the • ~pb ion with a lion or • l;oo' 1 bead H an a<e<-1 ·

,ory int he lield.' Hot !he oitphi oo btl on~od especially to l(yren e ; '"'"' ' """' ,

ploot h .. ;.~ • imilar auocio. tio °" in the coool ry of Alkm,n/ Thi, ..,., m,,eryprnh.ble when ..-e«c a lltb , !l( yr=• """

' kV, IV, o. • :AmL Yu . ><,,, ... LA. t, >• ' ~V.l ><g, , , , •IJ" llm' S, .. r< •,ci,'" "[ IJ. , 10•<•""• .._

, ~ . w,rt- .... .. ....... .. , . . ... . .... . .. . v .. .. . ,,.,...,. a.,.A .,, . ._.._.,....,,. (V,-• l' •O,,o·X" "· '-~""'"' ."" .. ,. ,,. .. ... ., , ... - • . , .. ,. , .. f •• o<l, n ll<t<• -, F-to ail t. I<, l ,t ae -.mlo ..,.,.., woh n<k oL , dm " '"" .. , "odo ,,., L ;., z.,4 "'- ' "" F u'-'<, hZ< hnd<r« lo0<0S- ..,0 ,..., ., 1c• jH ,1'- b. • "" ~"P- , ·, , I' •!,) Tl, ... kH. P. O,:,. I • N 0 '> , .-, ,,_...... .....

•n, R·•· ""-(IXO,,,o «p•,,,,,,,. , .,,,, ... .,,.,. ... ,.,tl,. ,.-,~ .m 1<b<ood1.o0- ·, .. ,.. ,, . M,,. .v ... x,,· ,,...-"' .............. , ....... _ ... ,. ............ , ,. ... ,_ ......... -.. of t><-•to ·,.• . (M l'-) T ... pkC. P., , ,., · - ·..t,< ....

"-~'"'-'""""""'"'""""m"' ... ,..,,- ..,., µ,<_ O, ,., w_ ..... -.. u•••" •·•"' •• " •O""""""'· "•''•·-a ., v..,,,

• ·""'· THml .. K . ...,.,. .. ,,_.., , .. (Muto '«• utf s,, _lp<m . ._ , .. . , , . .... . ) ... Mo<p • (T" "'"'·~ - r.A.;,, ,.. .. ) .. .. , to .. ... "'"'"' -....... _.., ... ~ .. .. ,. .......... ,, ..... ,, '"° ,.,.,.,..._,,., ~s .. ., , ,.., T<>o~ . Sloo v,.,,_ ._ ·,.)

•n , .. , ,. H . r. 6 , ~, ; Uiook. , . ,. , , " "'" · H m bk .. " •. ~ .. ~ , .L co«,rt,.,o., ., ,,. • .,,. ,. ,, .... ,~ ... .,,. - ' '" '"'' '" ' " •Ky,.., • ,••,.., ,hl7to,

~, oakul K,-. ... . ·,, ,, ,K .. ,.. ,c ,-- .. , •. ,.,.,,. .. ..... . A ' ,<o' • • ' •'"'- •«•~- ~ s.-·.,,. .. -., ....... , .. <tl t.ft!ko l .... , ... _ ...... ,._ ... , ... ,., .• ,.,.,. ,.D< ... ,.., .. ,... ,. ,,.. ,· , o, K,,-.., ·, ,,, ., , ,., ,o,.-. ... -, ... T .. <0<k"1 , lk0.Joo ', . ............ ., .. ., ........ -..... .., .......................... ... " ' ....... , ,o, ,...,,, _ ,.,. , ,.,-,,p peu tob< o«;i"<( .. dn o10«•"-• ~ •• -tol,, .9 , , , ., h .,Rod,e, r,e, ·<00,,,,, .. l[ I T,, ,..._, .. . ~.t .. , 1- .,,., K7«-• ,-<• ·,,..,t · , 1,rty ·ot<Hot' .. lor

'"'"'_,.,.._ , H...i ,u ·,c s. • . , r ., ,o.

founde<l byThuaia oo,'•b.ow ett d<ttt D<b . .01>olcoloni , tofron, Laked>imon. ln•D<• ho-.the0«1ler,,..,...ldnatur>lly1«k out• pl,n, that tl>cy bd held - <M.or woold ,.-..o, f« 1he • ...,. ciatiO<lll!Oaplant r....,,b(;"( tl><-•;tbwh i<h<heyh adbttn famili&r. N,,. T"Mopbr»Coo( II. P. 6, :i, , ) and D k>okor;.;!n (3 , '4 ) .. ythat1h<-lufoftlt c ai!ph""'iol;ke,bo<ol1 he .. li..on , •ndPindar(N.6,,>) .. lll the .. lin..,...,.W II_.,_ Th<UK of ""linon .. r• • tbs atfout> or>dinl un<roloe r...,onittiain i,a,m ony with the cbaro« .. of.....,, u into, ;.. tina or>d u «>nf«r in~ i,nm<>r<olioy.' ltnu yb< -ed,t <>0,tb>t 1<fo1on' """ !o,m1 to 1he rnylholDf:i<>.loon<cpti""ofth<o=od o .. u rq>reMntin~1h e lemolepri<><lplc in <»lu ... lftho,.li 11D11.ficurodin , Dori an eult,•o<>n1h<"'°'•.--l ~y - • hy itfonn ed thev i<ton d1aple11at11><:Nem .. oor>d lathmia n g,mn.

Tbename 'lioo ,pla.ot''f<H"anoqui T1k,n of aoma anofferno d iffi,uhy:1h e lio<>iaa,aoci,.1ed-0<> ly• ithfo< ,b u1a lao with thep<H>riaioo1 ol•at< n and witb tbe u aod trtt.

01'M o,a,b ,,t n. ,a ........ ,t ... arto(" '' ...... ........ , •• 1;0• • • .. - •,-lw,l.(H,U.,,.Cu, ,<o<'" · A"".A "'• •! .... pp ,13, ,"" l •c, ,, .,,....» .. "- """'· ·~.,,.,4 ,. ...... 4 ~ ' T .. ,.,,,., ... 11,. , .. , ... . ._, .. .. ., __ ... ,h, plo•t

. ·,, ,.,_ .A,,._,.,,.-.,,- ..... , • ...._r,u,DoYt .. . xvm o-!•"-'"'"'* ' - ... II-" ... •,.- .... K-<>- ... . ..,._ ,, .,,_ ............ _db T,.,_,,, . ,_,,,,. ..... ,.. .. ,_ _ . ..,..,.,_ .... .,...,..... ..... ~, ....... .....,,.....,,.*'"'-,, ,---·-·-,._ •• 111r,.. ...... ... -..""_ . ,......, __ 1 • ..,.,,_

....... , ... * .... '<>,I ... -- ....... ··- · ···1-. ...... , .. . -~ .. . 1 ...... . -j-· ... -.., ....... ,.._ ----b,,l·M-, r....i .. 11, ,,~.,... ...

~§§Yfu1isii~f~~\~ (0..,,.· .. -:::; ... ··1'"""'"''"''-'-:;"'"t-1.~ .. ;'•-' ·· ..

Ifw e cood ude, then, th>t 1,0,,., . , is to be ,imle,,tood " meanin~ the j .. ice of• pbnt ' equi .. lent to som•, the 'll'ord th" follow, ;n the rn•nu ocript, -; ,o),,ol,1~.- m•y be cor­rected lo nol ol ,1~ . ' stirr in![' , AlthOURh we hve no COf• mbo,at ive e,Kle<ICe fo, thi , ,.,h, the noon .,..,., ., ... is cited hy Pollu~.' W ith thi, reacdinK the '°"'e woold clo,e ly p•<>llel :! :t:zt."" 'Ve dkteferen cea to theprep ara tionof,om a wi,h

Hovin!lfom,d th>tt hiodifficu lt line yields to the pr opooed ·nterpre t., ·on , ..-e proc eed to con, -der tbe rem,·n ·n~ po 'n t1 of Alkm ,n' s description

...... M ,.m ] On emO<!e ofprepa ,in Rthe IQm•,.., by add­ini!C°" ll"l • tedm ilk. t.V.rX» ,J : " Th .. eSo m• -juice, , blent ..-ithcu,.J , " , (Griffith .) Cool{'•M iunoft hewm,ju ico i1 men• tioned in th<Y,t•p,.th,.!),ah m•j\al6 ,4, 5-(i ; "Theyp.-.pored >mn• for him [Inda]. Now thi , kinll Soma. the food of t he Kod<. i, no other th,n th e moon., . J!"',;"K p,opored , ad °' "' Kuhted it , • nJ m• d• it otrOnK(pun i:cnt) , they v•< it to h im ". (EK!i:•lin1:,)

!nfavoro f• , uppooition tL•tt heGn,d,, ice..- .. c,rri«lfrom L>.konia to Th era it maybe noteJthal 1hee,iden~lo , .,,,,...,

:od 0~~ ;;,:m ~~e:a. "ocludes 1 o ·u,cip l"o.t5, one f Orn Sp,u ta

" M~] ThOIW<><d (eqninl ontto :,,,..... , ·~nbn>k<n,i m• pt'ri , h,ble' )•,,.•• .. ,o,M Saoskril •"'f l•. ' H .. )'Chios 'ind; • .,., .. ,~o.likc •"'1'•·",.....~.....i .. ,, ut>ot•otin; and inA lkmH'aJi,.., ho ......dOIJ>«'boblyt obe oocom uu cd (0(,.3) ,

,,.,.....,..)· S..,,..,, ->1oy0f'.' Thecon-.. po,>di0£Vod;c1<<m ;, Vr1~,u ~. oo<d moo, freq ... mly of lodfl, wbo ;. J..., ribed .. ddnkio1:~~• 1 q .. nti1ieto / _,, ,oa1 imula1o himf0< hi, ro,,, flict• l1h 1bo1<rpco1P;-1, , . RV. l 3>,3·

As •n epithrtofSomo,"f'l,"'1 - O, P"r,,llel .-j1htb e A, .. st>n v,-,ll,,ojH , appl ;ed10 Ho<>mL (Ct Vnrlb "' fl:h .... )

A,geipboo, .. ;. bo, e p,..., m,b11Apollo. " n..wo..i, ipof Apollo Km,ei oo ...ud omiaa.otatS paru., l'hen•nd K y,en e:

•n,s.,, •+ - , ..,..•fr' .... ..,.,. """""'' ' ·,_ , .,, "''""'"'' "'Y-" , twi.·,,.,.,k_._,.,,._....,._, .. rda.D,d, . .t

.. ,, . i.. ... . .. ... . . ••,,- (W,k .. , ·, - N J- ··,-..,-, · · ~. ·~"'·"·" '"· " 'lh · «·,.;,n-w•·-

~::-;:~,:::~:;..':u:::';,.;.,,. ;.,~!;.K; 1..:.: .... ~ ...... ;::::::··}:;.,.,, ...... c., .•. , .. :r· .. · 71, s>ll:); •k-wc,loo o<d_. , .., ,, ok , ...... o< i,,,..,p ,,4 ( __ ,.,...,;d., , w.._~, . i,rip, 11,,. , 1,, 1,,. 11, , .UJ:,. ,

''""'"'°'""""''"""'''""""·'<ftoo•N,.....__,,,.,,,,..,. (!NoJ .. ~,.·,o,, , , ......... ,..,.,.._., 11, ...... it,._ ,,.

st:§~~~ :J,~f~;\g@ ~~ :. ... :~-s: :~· . ~ A~ o ,.-,::s~~' p:l:11 . .,_c ... ,,.,,t~·-·._-, ...... _.,..,,.,,.. . .,.....,__

,.;- a"":;::':''~- Tlo,oo• ool T,lop..._ • ~::;::L•la1 ', 0K

udinvi,,.oftheoi1:nifuo...,.o(1!.< N.m u ra;o-br i"2 in1:,' • ~;"i::~:",t:!;: cult with the mycbs ~l><krCOMid<ntioo •ould

l'un httuomin>1ionl iff heyond 1be o«>pe<>f1be p, .,....,p•p<r; buc1b o .. id<1>«b<0<tcb, forwud t bo,u , 1t.a,1 bed•• • lopmtnt<>f th< oom, aacrl6com .. 1be placede•rli<r , baa1ho .... o,lled l !>do­[noi anpe riod:11>.at ,be<:Ofloe<0ioo o f-, , ... ;,h ,h<moon m, y wi1boutb ttita tiot>be onribuoed101"0·V odic 1imd;o nd1ba11be Ar1<;pho,,,.,m,1hiltobo1.ooedb&< kto , nl"'10-Europnn <ycler<lo tin2 tolh< o,nb<oo;.1d ra....:bt ao.draio .