a regulation model in multi-agent decision support system for

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2013 Moving Forward The 11th International Conference on Mining, Materials and Petroleum Engineering The 7th International Conference on Earth Resources Technology ASEAN Forum on Clean Coal Technology November 11-13, 2013, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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PPaappeerr IIDD 7777

A Regulation Model in Multi-Agent Decision Support System for

Open Pit Mining

Duc-Khoat Nguyen1*

, Xuan-Nam Bui2

1Department of Automation for Mining and Petroleum,

Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Vietnam 2Surface Mining Department, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology,

Vietnam

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we consider a regulation model in multi-agent decision support system for open pit mining with the implementation of more advanced rescheduling, control and locating in open pit mining. This model is being designed to address both current and future needs of open pit mines toward improving productivity and minimizing cost through information flow between each component in the operation. KEY WORDS: Real time rescheduling, Dispatch system, Genetic Algorithm

REFERENCES

[1] J. P. Shim, M. Warkentin, J. F. Courtney, D. J. Power, R. Sharda, and C. Carlsson, “Past, present, and future of decision support technology,” J. Dec. Support Syst., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 111–126, June 2002.

[2] B. Roy and D. Bouyssou, Aide Multicritère à la Décision: Méthodes et Cas: ECONOMICA, 1993.

[3] C. Carlsson and E. Turban, “DSS: directions for the next decade,” J.Dec. Support Syst., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 105–110, June 2002.

[4] I. A. Meystel, “The tools of intelligence: Are we smart enough to handle them?,” in Proc. European Workshop Intelligent Forecasting, DiagnosisControl, Santorini, Greece, June 24–28, 2001, pp. 2–4.

[5] Modular Mining System. 2000. Company information at www.mmsi.com

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Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Underground

Mining Method at Mae Moh Lignite Mine in Thailand

Shitoku SHIBATA1*

, Nay ZARLIN1, Hideki SHIMADA

1, Akihiro

HAMANAKA1,

Takashi SASAOKA1, Kikuo MATSUI

1, Pipat LAOWATTANABANDIT

2

1 Department of Earth Resourses Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan

2 Department of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Chulalongkorn University,

Thailand

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Mae Moh mine is the largest open-pit lignite mine in Thailand. In this mine, the development of underground mine from final highwall is considered after the surface mining operation is finished. Longwall mining is a common method for extracting coal from various thickness of coal seam. However, due to unfavorable geological conditions such as weak strata and huge final pit slopes, various preliminary studies on the introduction of underground mining systems have been conducted so far. This paper discusses the applicability of longwall mining system and its suitable design by means of three-dimensional numerical modeling: FLAC3D. KEYWORDS: Coal mining / Longwall mining / Slope stability / Numerical

modeling / FLAC3D

REFERENCES

[1] Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., 2009, Flac3d version 4.0 manual, Mill Place, Minnesota 55401 USA

[2] Matsui K, Shimada H, & Sasaoka T, 2011, Some consideration in underground mining systems for extra thick coal seam, Coal International, 259(2), pp. 38-41.

[3] Furukawa H, Matsui K, Sasaoka T, Shimada H, & Ichinose M, 2009, Applicable underground coal mining system in very thick seams, Proceeding of the Mine Planing and the Equipment Selection, Banff, Canada, CD-ROM.

[4] Mark C., 2007, Extreme multiple seam mining in the central appalachian coalfields, Proceedings on the new technology for ground control in multiple seam mining, pp. 55-61.

[5] Cheowchan L, Thirapong P, Mohammad K, and Narongsak M, 2012, Stresses and a Failure Mode from Physical and Numerical Models of

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Undercut Slope Lying on Inclined Bedding Plane, 7th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium, pp.1295-1304

[6] H. Yavuz, An estimation method for cover pressure re-establishment distance and pressure distribution in the goaf of longwall coal mines, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 41 (2004) 193-205

[7] Mahdi Shabanimashcool, Charlie C. Li, Numerical modeling of longwall mining and stability analysis of the gates in a coal seam, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 51 (2012) 24-34

[8] A.M. Suchowerska, R.S. Merifield, J.P. Carter, Vertical stress changes in multi-seam mining under supercritical longwall panels, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 306-320

[9]N.E. Yasitli, B. Unver, 3D numerical modeling of longwall mining with top-coal caving, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 42 (2005) 219-235

[10]S. Okubo and J. Yamatomi, UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT, CIVIL ENGINEERING-Vol.2

[11]D. B. HUGHES and B. G. CLARKE, Faulting and slope failures in surface coal mining – some examples from North East England, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 20: 291-332, 2002.

[12]Based on ROCK SLOPE ENGINEERING (third edition, 1981) by Dr. Evert Hoek and Dr. John Bray

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The Quality Development of the By-product from the Construction Sand

Production Process for Substituting Raw Material in the Glass Industry,

Case Study: Ban Lad Construction Sand Plant, Ayuthaya Province

Borwornwit Akharajanthachot1, Nitipong Wattanakun

2

1Department of Primary Industries and Mines, Ministry of Industry, Thailand

2 Siam City Concrete Company., Thailand

ABSTRACT

In 2012 Department of Primary Industries and Mines(DPIM) worked together with Siam City Concrere Company (SCCO) to up grade the by-product from construction sand washing plant to silica sand grade in the glass industry by the minieral processing technology. SCCO produces the by-products sand about 200,000 ton per year. The by-products sand would be the land-filled sand which is the low price. On the other hand, the silica sand production to supply the glass and bottle industry is decline continously. Because of the problem in process of mining license and the permission of land owner. The experiment study of the upgrading quality of the by-product from construction sand process in lab scale found that the significant factors are quantity/size of deposit, quality and chemical compositions of by-product. The analysis of physical and chemical compositions of by-product shows this deposit having sand and impurities. There are pebble and coarse sand (size more than 30 mesh) approximately 10%, sand size smaller than 30 mesh about 70%, and fine dust (smaller than 65 mesh) 20% . The considering impurities are iron feldspar and mica. The design processing is composes of the screen impurities separation, the reduction of %Fe and by the scrubber and spiral concentrator. The experiment in lab scale found that the selected mineral process can upgrade the quality of by-product having size, quality and chemical compositions in standard specification of silica sand using in glass and bottle industries.

KEY WORDS: The by product sand/ /Mineral processing/Ore dressing/the

value added mineral REFERENCES

[1] Weiss, N.L. 1985. SME Mineral Processing Handbook, Kingsport Press, TN

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Relationship between Several Crushing Methods and Physical

Concentration Behavior of Minor Metals the in Recycling of End-

of-Life PCBs

Takamasa Komuro1, Kosuke Hosoda

2, Shuji Owada

3,

and Chiharu Tokoro3

1. Department of Earth, Resources and Environmental Science and Engineering,

Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University 2. Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Science

and Engineering, Waseda University 3. Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University

* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

For the recycling of minor rare metals from end-of-life PCBs, it is desirable to detach specific mounted devices containing such metals from PCBs and separate them from each other in order to concentrate the minor rare metals before feeding to non-ferrous smelting process. We tested several types of crushers for the above objective and investigated the effectiveness of the crushing methods on the physical concentration behavior. We found the following results; (1) Several impact type crushers newly developed could detach the devices from PCBs more effectively than conventional comminution method and (2) Minor rare metals were successfully concentrated by applying a series of conventional physical separation processes from the products of the above crushers. KEY WORDS: Recycling / Printed circuit board / Minor rare metal / Crushing

/ Physical concentration

REFERENCES [1] K. Halada: “Current situation of minor rare resources and elements”

Materia Japan, 46(2007), 543–548. [2] T.Shiratori and T.Nakamura : “Concept of “Artificial Deposit” --

Consideration of “RtoS” and proposal on the investment--.”J. MMIJ, 6/7, [2006], 325-329, (in Japanese)

[3] T.Shiratori, T.Nakamura.: “Concept of “Artificial Deposit” 2 --Transition of the metal potential of spent electric and electronic appliances--.” J. MMIJ,

4/5, [2007], 171-178, (in Japanese)

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[4] T.Shiratoir,T.Nakamura: “Investigation of recycling system of Japanese WEEE.” EARTH 2007, [2007], 415-416 (in Japanese).

[5] S.Owada, C.Koga, S.Kageyama: “Concentration of Rare Metals from Wasted Cellular Phones by Combining Novel Comminution and Device/Powder Separation” J.MMIJ, 128[2012], 626-632 (in Japanese)

[6] S.Owada: “The Importance of Mineral Processing Technology for Establishing a Sustainable Society with an Environmentally-Sound Material Cycle”, 25th IMPC, [2010], 111-121.

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A DEM Simulation for Comminution Process

of Waste Electrical Appliance Using Particle-Based Rigid Model

K. Tahara1, Y. Tsunazawa

1, C. Tokoro

2*, S. Owada

2

1 Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University,

Japan 2 Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan

*Authors to correspondence should be addressed via e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

There is worldwide concern regarding the growing volume of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE). Recycling of WEEE is an important subject not only for the treatment of waste but also for the recovery of valuable materials. The objective of this study is revealing the mechanism of breakage phenomena in the comminution process of WEEE. To simulate the comminution process directly, a discrete element method (DEM) including particle-based rigid body model was conducted. Collision energy was calculated from rigid body motion and compared with experimental results. Simulation results successfully corresponded to comminution experimental results.

KEY WORDS:Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Comminution,

Recycling, Discrete Element Method

REFERENCES

[1] S. Schwarzer, A. De Bono, P. Peduzzi, G. Giuliani, S. Kluser (2005), “e-Waste, The Hidden Side of IT Eqipment’s manufacturing and Use”UNEP

Early Warning on Emerging Environmental Threat, No.5 [2] S. Herat(2007), “Sustainable Management of Electronic Waste (e-Waste)”,

Clean,35, pp.305- 310 [3] T. Shiratori, and T. Nakamura (2006), “Concept of Artificial Mineral

Deposit - A proposal for employing the concept of ‘Reserve to Stock’-”, J.

MMIJ, 6/7, pp. 325 - 329 [4] T. Shiratori, and T. Nakamura (2007), “The Concept of Artificial Mineral

Deposit 2nd- Estimation of The Metal Contents in WEEE and Its Economical Value -”, J. MMIJ,4/5, pp. 171 - 178

[5] J. Li, H. Lu, J. Guo, Z. Xu, and Y. Zhou (2007), “Recycling Technology for Recovering Resources and Products from Waste Printed Circuit Boards”, Environ. Sci. Technol.,41, pp. 1995 - 2000

[6] R. V. Murugan, S, Bharat, A. P. Deshpande, S. Varughese, and P. Haridoss

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(2008), “Milling and separation of the multi-component printed circuit boards materials and the analysis of elutriation based on a single particle model”, Powder Technol.,183, pp. 169 - 176

[7] J. Kers, P. Kulu, D. Goljandin, M. Kaasik, T. Ventsel, K. Vilsaar, and V. Mikli (2008), “Recycling of Electoric Wastes by Disintegrator Mills and Study of the Separation Technique of Different Materials”, Materials Science, 14, pp. 296 - 300

[8] S. Owada, C. Koga, S. Kageyama, C. Tokoro, T. Shiratori, and T. Yumoto (2012), “Concentration of Rare Metals from Wasted Cellular Phones by Combination Novel Comminution and Device/Powder Separation”J.

MMIJ,128, pp. 626 - 632 [9] P. A. Cundall, and O. D. L. Strack (1979), “A discrete element model for

granular assemblies”Geotechnique, 29(1), pp. 47-65 [10] B. K. Mishra (2003), “A review of computer simulation of tumbling mills

by the discrete element method : Part 1 – contact mechanics”Int. J. Miner

Process., 71, pp. 73 -93 [11] B. K. Mishra (2003), “A review of computer simulation of tumbling mills

by the discrete element method : Part 2 – Practical applications”Int. J.

Miner Process., 71, pp. 95 - 112 [12] C. Tokoro, K. Okaya, and J. Sadaki (2003), “Fast Algorithm of Distinct

Element Method with Contact Force Prediction Method”J. Soc. Powder

Technol., Japan,40, pp. 236 - 245 [13] D. Baraff (1997), “An Introduction to Physically Based Modeling: Rigid

Body Simulation 1– Unconstrained Rigid Body Dynamics”SIGGRAPH ’97

Cource Notes, pp. 1 - 68 [14] N. Bell, Y. Yizhou, and J. M. Peter (2005), “Particle-Based Simulation of

Granular Materials”In Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics

Symposium on Computer Animation, pp. 77 -86 [15] M. Tanaka, M. Sakai,and S. Koshizuka (2006), “Rigid Body Simulation

Using a Particle Method”In ACM SIGGRAPH Research Posters, no. 13

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Establishment of Aluminum “Sash to Sash” Recycling

by using XRT and XRF Sorters

Kazuaki Tsuchiya1, Yohei Goto1, Taka-aki Hatano1, Shuji Owad2*, Atsumi

Takasugi3, Yoshifumi Kato4, Teddy Funakoshi5, Hideaki Tannno6, and Hiroyuki Yamazaki7

1. Department of Earth, Resources and Environmental Engineering, Graduate

School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan 2. Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan

3. Japan Aluminium Association 4. EarthTechnica Co., Ltd. 5. Pony Industry Co., Ltd.

6. Eriez Magnetics Japan Co., Ltd. 7. LIXIL Corporation

*Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Presently most of the aluminum scraps are utilized as feedstocks for cast alloys but not for wrought alloys, then, we intend to create a new process of “Product to Product” aluminum recycling by using two kinds of brand new sorters, X-ray transmission (XRT) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). This paper focuses on “Sash to Sash” recycling. We developed a pilot plant, involving screening, eddy current, XRT, XRF sortings, to separate 6063 aluminum alloy from scrap aluminum sash and obtained the products of over 99 wt% grade 6063 alloy with the recovery of over 98 %. KEYWORDS: XRT sorting, XRF sorting, Aluminum alloy, Sash, Horizontal

recycling

REFERENCES

[1] K. Kawai (2008), Recycling of Aluminum –Present situation and future challenges--, J. Jap. Inst. Energy, 2008, Vol. 87, pp. 254-260.

[2] K. Tsuchiya, S. Owada and K. Takasugi (2010), Fundamental study on the mutual separation of aluminum alloys by XRT and XRF sorters, Spring

meeting of the Mining and Metallurgical Institute of Japan, 2010, Vol. 2, pp. 85-86.

[3] Y. Kato (2008), High performance separation facilities in recycling field, Industry Machinery, 2008, Vol. 3, pp. 38-39.

[4] R. Comtois and T. Jansen (2008), Automated XRF technology for advanced separation, Proceedings of Sensorgestutzte Sortierung 2008, 2008, pp. 53-54.

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Results of the Research and Construction of a Moving Screen

Jigging Technologycal Line for Treatment of Low Grade Coal

Pham Huu Giang, Nhu Thi Kim Dung, Hoang Huu Duong

Department of Mineral Processing, Faculty of Mining,

Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Vietnam

ABSTRACT

A large quantity of low grade coal (ash content of more than 50%) is generated in mining process at mines in Vietnam. The coal is untreated and annual production may reach millions of tons. The non-commercial coal is accumulated in large stockpiles so causing severe pollution to environment and significant loss of coal reserves. The paper presents results of experiments of pilot scale using moving screen jig to treat the coal of size range 3- 15mm; 6- 35mm and 6- 50 mm. Also outcomes of first two industrial lines using this technology for coal sizes of 6- 35mm and 6- 80 mm are reported. REFERENCES

[1] Pham Huu Giang (2009), Report on the Study of Low Grade Coal of Ha Tu mine.

[2] Pham Huu Giang (2012), Report on the Study of Low Grade Coal mine of Halong Coal holding company limited - Vinacomin.

[3] Pham Huu Giang (2009), Investment and Construction Project: Coal Moving Screen Jig System, HaTu Coal Joint Stock Company -Vinacomin.

[4] Pham Huu Giang (2012), Investment and Construction Project: Coal Moving Screen Jig System, Halong Coal holding company limited - Vinacomin.

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Mineralogy and Leaching Behavior of Mineralized Rocks

Excavated Near Tunnel Construction Sites

Miyuki HIROTA1, Nohara YOKOBORI

1, Toshifumi IGARASHI

2

and Tetsuro YONEDA2

1 Graduate school of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

2Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Several tunnels for the Hokkaido Bullet Train Line are being planned for construction in mineralized areas widely distributed in Hokkaido, Japan. Mineralized rocks when exposed to surface oxidizing conditions are potential sources of acid rock drainage (ARD) and heavy metals/toxic metalloids. Mineralogical analyses and leaching experiments using the mineralized rocks collected near the construction sites were carried out to characterize the rock samples. The results showed that they contained substantial amounts of sulfide and zinc minerals, and the leaching concentrations of Cd and Pb were related to zinc or sulfur content. This indicates that zinc or sulfur will be a good indicator of leaching of hazardous elements. KEY WORDS: Leaching / Mineralized rocks / Mineralogy

REFERENCES

[1] S. Kapaj, H. Peterson, K. Liber, and P. Bhattacharya (2006), Human health effects from chronic arsenic poisoning - a review, J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A, Vol. 41, pp. 2399-2428

[2] C. H. Rich, M. L. Biggs and A. H. Smith (1998), Lung and kidney cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Cordoba, Argentina, International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 27, pp. 561-569

[3] B. M. Rabinowitz (2005), Lead isotopes in soils near five historic American lead smelters and refineries, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 346, pp. 138-148

[4] M. R. Moore, and A. Goldberg (1985), Health implications of the hematopoietic effect of lead, In Dietary and Environmental Lead: Human Health Effects, K.R. Mahaffey (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 260-314

[5] G. F. Nordberg (2009), Historical perspectives on cadmium toxicology, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 238, pp. 192-200

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[6] J. L. Pan, J. A. Plant, N. Voulvoulis, C. J. Oates and C. Ihlenfeld (2010), Cadmium levels in Europe: Implications for human health, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 32, pp. 1–12

[7] E. R. Plunkett (1987), Handbook of industrial toxicology, 3rd Edition, Chemical Publishing Company Incorporation, New York, NY

[8] A. Violante, S. Del Gaudio, M. Pigna, M. Ricciardella and D. Banerjee (2007), Coprecipitation of arsenate with metal oxides. 2. Nature, mineralogy, and reactivity of iron(III) precipitates, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 41(24), pp. 8275-8280

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Adsorption of Heavy Metal Iron Fe(III) using Activated

Powdered Duck Eggshell Adsorbent

Iriany, Krisnawati* and Jasinda

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

* Authors to correspondence should be addressed via email:

[email protected] ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research is to study the ability of adsorption, equilibrium time, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherm and capacity adsorption of heavy metal such as Fe(III) using duck eggshell adsorbent. Materials that used in this research are duck eggshell adsorbent, heavy metal Fe(III), chloric acid and aquabidest. Observed variables are the equilibrium time and residual concentration of Fe(III). Adsorbent was mixed with heavy metal Fe(III) solution. The sample was being taken every 10 minutes. The concentration was analyzed with AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) in order to get the equilibrium concentration of heavy metal Fe(III) solution. The increasing amount of adsorbent will increase percentage adsorption and equilibrium time will be longer. Bangham model can be used to describe the kinetics of Fe (III) sorption. The Langmuir adsorption models were applied to experimental equilibrium data and the isotherm constants were calculated using linear regression analysis.

KEY WORDS: adsorbent/ adsorption/ heavy metal/ isotherm/ adsorption

kinetic

REFERENCES

[1] Nacera Yeddou, Aicha Bensmaili (2007), Equilibrium and Kinetic Modelling of Iron Adsorption by Eggshell in a Batch System: Effect of Temperature, Desalination, 2007, 206, pp. 127 – 134.

[2] A. Nurlaela (2009). Penambahan Kristal Apatit dari Cangkang Telur Ayam dan Bebek, IPB, 2009. Indonesian Language

[3] Khairun Nisya Rambe (2010), Penentuan Kadar Seng (Zn) pada Limbah Cair di PT. Industri Karet Nusantara, Karya Ilmiah, Program Studi Diploma 3 Kimia Analisa, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2010. Indonesian Language

[4] Ruswanti, Indah; Khabibi M.Si. dan Retno Anadi Lusiana, M.Si (2009), Membran Kitosan Padat dari Cangkang Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) dan

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Aplikasinya Sebagai Adsorben Ion Mangan (II) dan Besi (II), Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 2010. Indonesian Language

[5] Antoni Wiyarshi, Efran Pnyambodo (2010). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Kitosan dari Cangkang Udang terhadap Efisiensi Penjerapan Logam Berat. Jurusan Pendidikan Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam UNY, 2010. Indonesian Language

[6] A. A. Bawa Putra, P. Suarya, I. M. Wisnu Adhiputra (2008), Studi Adsorpsi Desorpsi Logam Timbal dalam Larutan dengan Cangkang Telur Ayam, Sigma, 2008, II(2), hal. 177 – 186. Indonesian Language

[7] Darmono (2008), Kadmium (Cd) dalam lingkungan dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kesehatan dari Produktivitas Ternak, WARTAZOA, 2008, 8(1), hal. 28 – 32. Indonesian Language

[8] Bobi Wahyu Saputra (2008), Desain Sistem Adsorpsi dengan Dua Adsorben, Skripsi, Fakultas Teknik UI, Desember 2008. Indonesian Language

[9] Jasinda (2013), Karakterisasi Adsorben Cangkang Telur Bebek yang telah Diaktivasi secara Termal. Skripsi, Progaram Sarjana Fakultas Teknik USU, Juli 2013, hal. 15 – 16. Indonesian Language

[10] SE. Ghazy, A. A. El – Asmy, A. M. El – Nokrashy (2008), Separation of Chromium (III) and Chromium (VI) from Enviromental Water Samples Using Eggshell Sorbent, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2008, 6 (1), hal. 1 – 7.

[11] Nurhasni, Florentinus Firdiyana, Qosim Sya’ban (2012), Penyerapan Ion Aluminium dan Besi dalam Larutan Sodium Silikat Menggunakan Karbon Aktif, Valensi, Mei 2012, Vol. 2 No. 4 , hal. 516 – 525. Indonesian Language

[12] Siti Wardiyati, Grace Tj. Sulungbudi, Ridwan (2010), Adsorpsi Ion Pb2+ dan Ni2+ oleh Nanopartikel γ-Fe2O3/Fe2O4, Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia, Februari 2010, Vol. 11. No. 2, hal. 83 – 87. Indonesian Language

[13] Noor Anis Kundari, Apri Susanto, Maria Christina Prihatiningsih (2010), Adsorpsi Fe dan Mn dalam Limbah Cair dengan Zeolit Alam, Seminar Nasional VI, 2010, SDM Teknologi Nuklir, Yogyakarta, hal. 705 – 710. Indonesian Language

[14] P. Pongtonglor, et.al. (2011), Utilization of Waste Eggshells as Humidity Adsorbents, Jurnal of Applied Science, 2011, ISSN 1812 0 5654/DOI: 10.3923/jas, pp. 1- 4.

[15] Stezhen Thompson, Mr. Joe Stanley (2012). Chemical Bonding from The Improvement of Post Secondary Education (FIPSE).

[16] YC. Danarto (2007), Kinetika Adsorpsi Logam Berat Cr (VI) Dengan Adsorpsi Besi Pasir yang Dilapisi Besi Oksida, Ekuilibrium, 2007, 6(2), hal. 65 – 70. Indonesian Language

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Effect of Soil Composition on Growth of Paper Mulberry at Post

Mine Surface in Open Cut Coal Mine

N. Inoue1*, A. Hamanaka1, H. Shimada1, T. Sasaoka1, K. Matsui1and I. Miyajima2

1 Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-

0395, Japan 2Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

*Authors to correspondence should be addressed via e-mail:

[email protected]

ABSTRACT Open cut mining is the typical mining method to produce coal in Indonesia and it gives serious impacts on surrounding environment. Therefore, an appropriate rehabilitation program has to be designed. The basic concept of rehabilitation in open cut mines is the creation of a stable and self-sustaining land surface. Hence, the soil characteristics and adequate selection of species to plant in rehabilitation area have to be considered. This paper describes the current situations in rehabilitation area at one of open cut coal mine in Indonesia and then discusses the effect of soil composition for growth of Paper Mulberry as one of effective species planted in post mine surface based on the laboratory tests. KEYWORDS: Indonesia / Open cut mine /Rehabilitaiton/ Paper Mulberry/ Soil

composition REFERENCES [1] K. Matsui, “Control of Environmental Impacts from Opencut Coal Mining in

Indonesia for Sustainable Development,” Proceedings of 2005 East Asia Symposium on Rock Enginnering, pp. 3–14, 2005.

[2] A. J. Hargraves et al, “Australian Coal Mining Practice,” 1993, pp.260–279. [3] The Japanese Geotechnical Society, “Geotechnical Handbook,” in Japanese,

vol. II, 2004 [4] A. Hamanaka et al, “Fundamental Study on Application of Paper Mulberry for

Rehabilitation of Surface Coal Mine in Indonesia,” Proc. of International Symposium on Earth Science and Technology 2011, pp. 419–422, 2011.

[5] A. NEEF et al, “Can Paper Mulberry Contribute to Building Sustainable Rural Livelihoods in Northern Laos?”, Souteast Asian Studies, Vol.47, No4, pp. 403–425, 2010

[6] Y. Nagata and M. Yoshida, “The Basis of Statistical Multiple Comparison,” in Japanese, Vol. III, 2001

[7] Wu, T.H. et al, “Strength of tree roots and landslides on Prince of Wales Island,” Alaska Canadian, Geotechnical Journal, 16, pp19-33,1979

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Clarification for removal mechanism of Boron using

co-precipitation with magnesium hydroxide

Sayaka IZAWA1, Chiharu TOKORO

2*, Keiko SASAKI

3, Fumiya

FUTAMI1

1 Department of Earth, Resources and Environmental Engineering, Graduate

School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan 2 Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan

3 Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan

*Authors to correspondence should be addressed via e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT

Boron is an essential atom in industries, especially in glass industry. However the maximum contaminant levels of boron in water are regulated in several countries because of its toxicity. Ion-exchange resin is commonly used to remove boron from the waste water though it is relatively expensive. In this study, we investigated co-precipitation method using magnesium salt for boron treatment, in order to create cost efficient way to treat waste water. To clarify the mechanism of co-precipitation, we conducted both co-precipitation experiment and adsorption experiment. For both experiments, we carried out three kinds of experimental studies; (i) sorption isotherm formation, (ii) XRD analysis, (iii) NMR analysis to clarify how co-precipitation of boron with magnesium hydroxide occurred. KEY WORDS: Co-precipitation / Boron / Magnesium / Hydromagnesite REFERENCES

[1] WHO: Environmental Health Criteria Monograph 204. IPCS, Geeva, 1998.

[2] H.F. Nielsen, D.C. Hunt, M.L. Mullen and R.J. Hunt, Effect of pH on biosorption of boron onto cotton cellulose, Desalination, 2007, vol. 207, pp. 257-267.

[3] M. del Mar de la Funte Garcia-Soto and Eugenio Munoz Camacho, Boron removal by means of adsorption with manesium oxide, Separation Purification Technology, 2006, vol. 48, pp. 36-44.

[4] M.M.de la Funte Garcia-Soto and E. Munoz Camacho, Boron removal by means of adsorption processes with magnesium oxide -Modelization and mechanism, Desalination, 2009, vol. 249, pp. 626-634.

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[5] C. Tokoro, Y. Yatsugi, H. Koga and S. Owada, Sorption Mechanisms of Arsenate during Co-precipitation with Ferrihydrite in Aqueous Solution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, vol. 44, pp. 638-643.

[6] D. Haraguchi, Y. Oda, C. Tokoro and S. Owada, Comparison between aluminum hydroxide coprecipitation and adsorption for removal of dilute As(V) from wastewater, Journal of MMIJ, 2011, vol. 127, pp. 82-87.

[7] T. Takahashi, S. Kashiwakura, K. Kanehashi, S. Hayashi and T. Nagasaka, Analysis of atomic scale chemical environments of boron in coal by 11B solid state NMR, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, vol. 45, pp. 890-895.

[8] Sayo MORIYAMA, Keiko SASAKI and Tsuyoshi HIRAJIMA, Sorption of Borate and Fluoride on Bimetallic Mg-Al and Mg-Fe oxide in Aqueous Solution, Journal of MMIJ, 2011, vol.127, pp. 708-713.

[9] K. Sasaki, H. Takamori, S. Moriyama, H. Yoshizaka and T. Hirajima, Effect of saw dust on borate removal from groundwater in bench-scale simulation of permeable reactive barriers including magnesium oxide, 2011, vol.185, pp. 1440-1447.

[10] Chiharu TOKORO, Hajime KOGA, Yuji ODA and Yoshio TAKAHASHI, XAFS investigation for As(V) Co-Precipitation Mechanism with Ferrihydrite, Journal of MMIJ, 2011, vol. 127, pp. 213-218.

[11] C. Tokoro, Y. Yatsugi, A. Otsuki A, S. Owada and H. Sasaki, Co-precipitation phenomena in wastewater treatment of dilute toxic anions, Proceedings of XXIV Mineral Processing Congress; Beijing, China, September 24-28, 2008, pp. 3809-3814.

[12] Y. Jia, L. Xu and X. Wang, Demopoulos, G. P. Infrared spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction characterization of the nature of adsorbed arsenate on ferrihydrite. Geochim, Cosmochim. Acta, 2007, vol. 71, pp. 1643–1654.

[13] Scott Kroeker and Jonathan F. Stebbins, Three-Coorinated Boron-11 Chemical Shifts in Borates, Inorg.Chem, 2001, vol. 40, pp. 6239-6246.

[14] Marina Chong, Abhi Karkamkar, Tom Autrey, Shin-ichi Orimo, Satish Jalistgi and Craig M.Jensen, Reversible dehydrogenation of megneisum borohydride to magnesium triborane in the solid state under moderate conditions, Chem. Commun., 2011, vol. 47, pp. 1330-1332.

[15] Zhiping Zhang, Yajun Zheng, Yuwen Ni, Zhongmin Liu, Jiping Chen and Xinmiao Liang, Temperature- and pH-Dependent Morphology and FT-IR Analysis of Magnesium Carbonate Hyderates, Phys. Chem., 2006, vol. 110, pp. 12969-12973.

[16] J. Hövelmann, C. V. Putnis, E. Ruiz-Agudo and H. Austrheim, Direct Nanoscale Observations of CO2 Sequestration during Brucite [Mg(OH)2] Dissolution, Environmental Science Technology, 2012, vol. 46, pp. 5253-5260.

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As(V) Removal Mechanism in Wastewater using Ion Exchange

Resin Supported by Fe(III)

FumiyaFUTAMI1, ChiharuTOKORO

2* andSayaka IZAWA

1

1Department of Earth, Resources and Environmental Engineering, Graduate

School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan 2Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan

*Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Hydroxide co-precipitation method has been widely used for the

treatment of wastewater containing dilute toxic anions, such as arsenate (As(V)). However, this method results in a large amount of precipitate which has trouble dewatering, so it has causes secondary problems such as dewatering or disposal process. This study discussed As(V) removal mechanism in wastewater treatment using ion exchange resins supported by Fe(III),by analyzing ion exchange resins and filtrates following As(V) removal test.As a result of XAFS analysis, it was confirmed thatAs(V) removal was achieved by combination of adsorption and co-precipitation to ferrihydrite in ion exchange resins.

KEY WORDS: ion exchange resin / As(V) removal / ferrihydrite / XAFS

REFERENCES

[1] Ghosha, P.; Banerjeea, M.; Giri, A. K.; Raya, K. Toxicogenomics of arsenic: Classical ideas and recent advances. Mutat. Res. 2008, 659,293-301

[2] Nriagu, J. O. Arsenic in the Environment; Part I, Advances in Environmental Science and Technology 26; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1994

[3] Singh, N.; Kumar, D.; Sahu, A. P. Arsenic in the environment: Effects on human health and possible prevention. J. Environ. Biol. 2007, 28, 359-365

[4] Ahmed, F. A. An overview of arsenic removal technologies in Bangladesh and India. Proceedings of BUET-UNU International Workshop on Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water; Dhaka, Bangladesh, May 5-7, 2001; pp 251-269

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[5] Dold, B. Sustainability in metal mining: from exploration, over processing to mine waste management. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 2008, 7, 275–285.

[6] [6] Liang, H.C.; Thomson, B. M. Minerals and mine drainage. Water Environ. Res. 2008, 80, 1481-1509

[7] Masuda, N.; Hashimoto, K.; Asano, H.; Matsushima, E.; Yamaguchi, S. Test results of a newly proposed neutralization process to reduce and utilize the sludge. Miner. Eng. 2008, 21, 310–316

[8] Herrera P.; Uchiyama, H.; Igarashi, T.; Asakura, K.; Ochi, Y.; Ishizuka, F.; Kawada, S. Acid mine drainage treatment through a two-step neutralization ferrite-formation process in northern Japan: Physical and chemical characterization of the sludge. Miner. Eng. 2007, 20, 1309–1314

[9] Herrera, P.; Uchiyama, H.; Igarashi, T.; Asakura, K.; Ochi, Y. Treatment of acid mine drainage through a ferrite formation process in central Hokkaido, Japan: Evaluation of dissolved silica and aluminium interference in ferrite formation. Miner. Eng. 2007, 20, 1255–1260.

[10] Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; KougaiBoushi no Gijutsu to Houki, Suishitu (in Japanese); Maruzen: Tokyo, 2006, pp 593-926.

[11] Kalin, M.; Fyson, A.; Wheeler, W. N. The chemistry of conventional and alternative treatment systems for the neutralization of acid mine drainage. Sci. Total. Env. 2006, 366, 395-408.

[12] Sadiq, M. Arsenic chemistry in soils: An overview of thermodynamic predictions and field observations. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1997, 93, 117-136.

[13] Tokoro, C.; Shimizu, T.; Hirai, K.; Badulis, G. C.; Sasaki, H. As(V) removal by Fe(III), Al or Pb salts and rapid solid/liquid separation in wastewater containing dilute arsenic: A fundamental study for efficient treatment of wastewater containing dilute arsenic (Part 1) (in Japanese). J. MMIJ 2005, 121, 399-406.

[14] Tokoro, C.; Haraguchi, D; Owada, S.; Sorption Mechanisms of Arsenate during Coprecipitation with Ferrihydrite in Aqueous Solution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44 (2), pp 638–643

[15] Tokoro, C.; KOGA, H.; ODA, Y.; OWADA, S.; TAKAHASHI, Y.; XAFS investigation for As(V) Co-Precipitation Mechanism with Ferrihydrite, J. MMIJ vol.127 p213-213(2011)

[16] Jia, Y.; Xu, L.; Fang, Z.; Demopoulos, G. P. Observation of surface precipitation of arsenate on ferrihydrite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 3248-3253.

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Development of Thermal Recovery Simulator for Hot Water

Flooding

Shotaro Nihei, Masanori Kurihara Department of Resources and Environmental Engneering, Waseda University,

Japan

Author to correspondence should be addressed via e-mail:

[email protected]

ABSTRACT In this study, a numerical simulator that enables the prediction of reservoir behaviors for hot water flooding was developed and tested. This study is composed of two parts: 1) development of the numerical simulator and 2) case studies investigating the effects of some parameters on heavy oil recovery. In the first part, a 1-dimensional and 2-phase (oil-water) black oil type simulator was developed. This simulator was then expanded so that it could deal with hot water, by adding the energy conservation equation as a governing equation. In the second part, using the simulator thus developed, effects of some parameters such as oil viscosity, hot water temperature and well spacing on the heavy oil recovery were examined. Through these case studies, it was envisaged that this simulator worked properly and that the energy efficiency could be optimized by appropriately determining the values of these parameters. KEY WORDS: Hot water /Thermal / EOR / numerical simulator / Petroleum

REFERENCES [1] Computer Modeling Group Ltd., STARS Version 2011 User’s Guide (2011) [2] Craft, B.C., Hawkins, M.F. and Terry (1959), Applied Petroleum Reservoir

Engineering: Old Tappan, NJ (USA); Prentice Hall Inc. [3] Prausnitz, J.M. and Poling (1987), The Properties of Gases and Liquids:

McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, NY. [4] Usman, Morio Arihara (2006), Streamline Simulation of Hot Water Flooding

Processes in Heavy Oil Reservoirs: Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute. [5] Vinit Hansamuit, Jamal H. About-Kassem, S.M.Farouq Ali (1990), Heat Loss

Calculation in Thermal Simulation:Transport in Porous Media 8: 149-166,1992.

[6] Vinsome, P. and Westerveld, J. (1980), A Simple Method for Predicting Cap and Base Rock Heat Losses in Thermal Reservoir Simulators. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology 19 (3).

[7] Zhangxin Chen, Guanren Huan, Yuanle Ma(2006),Computational Methods for Multiphase Flows in Porous Media: SIAM Computational Science & Engineering.

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Effect of Composition in Mixture of Solid and Liquid Wastes

From Tapioca Industry to Percentage Reduction of COD

(Chemical Oxygen Demand)

Mimi Richell Gunawan*, Setiaty Pandia, and Syervy Tanata

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia


[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Tapioca industry waste basically is a dangerous waste if it has been released to the environment because of their high COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). Therefore, there was a research of wastes from tapioca industry to reduce their COD. The research was conducted using mixture of solid and liquid wastes from tapioca industry with ratios of solid and liquid wastes were 70:30; 60:40; 50:50; 40:60; and 30:70 (w/w) using starter from cattle manure in a batch anaerobic digester. The optimum percentage reduction of COD was 28.5714% in ratio of solid and liquid waste was 70:30 (w/w) while pH was adjusted at 6-7. The cassava peels adsorbent was ≤140 mesh and 15 grams used to adsorbed 100 mL the effluent and resulted the COD value was 233 mg/L. KEYWORDS: Tapioca industry / Anaerobic digester / COD

REFERENCES

[1] Adrianto Ahmad, Syarfi dan Melissa Atikalidia (2011), Penyisihan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan Produksi Biogas Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Dengan Bioreaktor Hibrid Anaerob Bermedia Cangkang Sawit, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia “Kejuangan”, Yogyakarta, 22 Februari 2011, pp. A03-4-A03-6.

[2] Andreas Schluter, et al (2008), The Metagenome of a Biogas-producing Microbial Community of a Production-scale Biogas Plant Fermenter Analysed by The 454-Pyrosequencing Technology, Journal of

Biotechnology Elsevier, 136 (2008), pp. 77-90. [3] A.O Ubalua (2007), Cassava Wastes: Treatment Options and Value

Addition Alternatives, African Journal of Biothechnology, 6 (18) 19 September 2007, pp. 2065-2053.

[4] David M. Mousdale (2008), Biofuels-Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Sustainable Development, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group: USA, 2008.

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[5] David Pimentel (2008), Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy System, United States of America: Springer, 2008, pp. 2.

[6] Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser (2008), Biogas From Waste and Renewable Resources. An Introduction, Weinhem: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., 2008, pp. 49-65.

[7] E. Suroso (2011), Model Proses Produksi Industri Ramah Lingkungan Berbasis Produksi Bersih (Studi Kasus di Provinsi Lampung), Skripsi, Program Sarjana SI Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, 2011, pp. 8-11.

[8] G.A. Martahardianti dan S.R. Juliastuti (2008), Pengaruh Enzim α - Amylase Dalam Pembuatan Biogas dari Limbah Padat Tapioka yang Melibatkan Effective Microorganism (EM) dalam Anaerobik Digester, Seminar Nasional Aplikasi Sains dan Teknologi 2008-IST AKFRINC

Yogyakarta, pp. 105-111. [9] Harini Romaito (2010), Pra Rancangan Pabrik Pembuatan Metana Cair

dari Limbah Cair Tapioka dengan Kapasitas 3360 kg/hari, http:// repository.usu.ac.id/pdf

[10] I Wayan Arta Wijaya (2010), Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Gelombang Laut Menggunakan Teknologi Oscilating Water Column di Perairan Bali, Jurnal Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga- Teknik Elektro, Vol.9 No.2 Juli-Desember 2010.

[11] Kepmen LH (1998), Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No.3 Tahun 1998 Tentang Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Bagi Kawasan Industri, Jakarta: Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup, 1998, pp. 6.

[12] Lamiya Mu’nisatus Zahro dan Mareta Istioni (2010), Penyiapan Bahan Baku Dalam Proses Fermentasi Fase Cair Asam Sitrat Melalui Proses Hidrolisa Ampas Singkong, Tugas Akhir (thesis) SI, Teknik Kimia UNDIP, Semarang, 2010, pp. 30.

[13] Magdalena Krober, Thomas Bekel, Naryttza N. Diaz, Alexander Goesmann, Sebastian Jaenicke, Krause, Lutz, Dimitri Miller, Kai J. Runte, Prisca Viehöverc, Alfred Pühler, Andreas Schlüter, Phylogenetic Characterization of a Biogas Plant Microbial Community Integrating Clone Library 16S-rDNA sequences and Metagenome Sequence Data Obtained by 454-pyrosequencing, Journal of Biothechnology, 142 (2009), pp. 38-49.

[14] Mehrdad Arshadi and Anita Sellstedt (2008), Production of Energy From Biomass in Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass edited by James H. Clark and Fabien E. I. Deswarte, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons, 2008, pp. 143.

[15] Mimi Richell Gunawan (2013), Pengaruh Komposisi Campuran Limbah Padat dan Limbah Cair Industri Tapioka Terhadap Gas Bio yang Dihasilkan, Thesis, Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara, Agustus 2013, pp.60.

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[16] Mohammad Shofyan (2010), Limbah Industri Tapioka, http://forum.upi.edu//index.php?topic=15662.0

[17] Nurmay Siska Rosilawati Siallagan (2010), Pengaruh Waktu Tinggal dan Komposisi Bahan Baku Pada Proses Fermentasi Limbah Cair Tahu Terhadap Produksi Biogas, Thesis, Departemen Teknik Kimia, USU, Medan, 2010, pp. 49-61.

[18] Paramita, P, Maya Shovitri dan N.D. Kuswytasari (2012), Biodegradasi Limbah Organik Pasar dengan Menggunakan Mikroorganisme Alami Tangki Septik, Jurnal Sains dan Seni ITS, 1 (Sept, 2012), pp. E-23-E-25.

[19] Pornpan Panichnumsin and Annop Nopharatana (2008), Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cassava Pulp and Pig Manure : Effects of Waste Ratio and Inoculum-Substrate Ratio, JGSEE, 2008, pp. 23.

[20] Shyam S. Kapdi, Virendra K. Vijay; Shivanahalli K. Rajesh; and Rajendra Prasad (2006), Upgrading Biogas For Utilization as a Vehicle Fuel, Asian

Journal on Energy and Environment. As. J. Energy Env, 7(04) 2006: pp. 387-393.

[21] Teddy Julius, Vincent, Herlinawati Simaremare (2010), Pembuatan Adsorben dari Limbah Kulit Singkong, Laporan Hasil Penelitian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2010, pp. 45.

[22] Volker Quaschning (2005), Understanding Renewable Energy System, Earth Scan : United States of America, 2005, pp 8.

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Evaluation of Intelligent Dual-Lateral Well in Multi-Layered

Reservoirs

R.Charoengosan1*

, F. Srisuriyachai1, S. Athichanagorn

1

1Department of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Chulalongkorn University,

Thailand

*E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

With its main benefit of cost saving and better recovery compared to conventional drilling, the concept of multilateral well drilling has been widely introduced in oil industry. Combination of intelligent completion technique and dual-opposed multilateral well is researched in this study. Results show that intelligent completion works efficiently not under every preset water cut ratio and it is worth to be installed when one branch of the well is located near water aquifer or gas cap. Sensitivity analysis has also been considered and indicates that compatible reservoir properties with the combination are aquifer size of 100PV and ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability at around 0.1. KEY WORDS: Multi-lateral well/ Intelligent completion

REFERENCES

[1] A. Retnanto, T.P.Frick, and C.W. Brand (1960), Optimal Configurations of Multiple-Lateral Horizontal Wells, Presented at SPE Western Regional

Meeting, Anchorage, USA, May 1960, Paper No. SPE 35712. [2] M. Zarea, and D.Zhu (2011), An Integrated Performance Model for

Multilateral Wells Equipped with Inflow Control Valves, Presented at

EUROPEC/ EAGE Conference and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, May 2011, Paper No. SPE 142373.

[3] R.C. Mike (1996), Practical Issues in Multilateral Well Completions, Presented at SPE Technical Conference & Exhibition, Denver, USA, Oct 1996, Paper No. SPE 36455.

[4] A.S. Cullick, and T.Sukkestad (2010), Smart Operations With Intelligent Well Systems, Presented at SPE Intelligent Energy Conference and

Exhibition, Utrecht, The Netherlands, March 2010, Paper No. SPE 126246. [5] F.F.Craig Jr ‘The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding”, Millet

the Printer, Dallas, Texas, 1971 [6] S.D. Joshi ‘Horizontal Well Technology”, Penwell Publishing Company,

Tulsa, Oklahoma,1971

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Evaluation of CO2 Flooding in Multi-Layered Heterogeneous

Reservoir

S. Summapo1*

, F. Srisuriyachai1, S. Athichanagorn

1


Thailand

*e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is recognizably exploited to enhance oil recovery, acheiving through miscibility mechanism between CO2 and reservoir oil. Since CO2 is less dense compared to reservoir oil, this leads to gas overriding and instability of flood front, especially when applied in heterogeneous reservoir, resulting in poor recovery efficiency. This study aims to investigate effects of uncontrollable parameters including reservoir heterogeneity, depositional sequence and dip angle. Appropriate conditions combined with controllable parameters including CO2 injection rate and CO2 injection perforation interval are also studied. Heterogeneous reservoir model is quantitatively determined by Lorenz coefficient (Lc). Compositional reservoir simulator ECLIPSE®300 is utilized throughout the study. KEY WORDS: CO2 Flooding / Miscible Flooding / Heterogeneous Reservoir /

Multi-Layered Reservoir REFERENCES

[1] M. Enayati, E. Heidaryan, and B. Mokhtari (2008), New Investigations into Carbon Dioxide Flooding by Focusing on Viscosity and Swelling Factor Changes, presented at the Canadian International Conference/ SPE Gas

Technology Symposium 2008, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 17-19 June, 2008, Paper No. 2008-064.

[2] S. Majidaie, A. Khanifar, M. Onurand Tan, and I. M. Tan, A Simulation Study of Chemically Enhanced Water Alternating Gas (CWAG) Injection,

presented at SPE EOR Conference at Oil and Gas West Asia, Muscat,

Oman, 16-18 April, 2012, Paper No. SPE 154152. [3] P.Y. Zang, S. Huang, S. Sayegh, and X.L. Zhou, Effect of CO2 Impurites on

Gas-Injection EOR Process, presented at the 2004 SPE/DOE Fourteenth

Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 17-21 April, 2004. Paper No. SPE 89477.

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[4] W.F. Yelig, and R.S. Metcalfe, Determination and Prediction of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressures, Journal of Technology, 1980, Paper No. SPE 7477.

[5] H. Yuan, R.T. Johns, A.M. Egwuenu, and B. Dindoruk, Improved MMP Correlations for CO2 Floods Using Analytical Gas Flooding Theory,

presented at the SPE/DOE Fourteenth Symposium on Improved Oil

Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 17-21 April, 2004, Paper SPE 89359. [6] O. Glasø, Generalized Minimum Miscibility Pressure Correlation, SPE

Journal, 1985. Paper No. SPE 12893. [7] C. Cronquist, Carbon Dioxide Dynamic Miscibility with Light Reservoir

Oils. Fourth Annual U.S. DOE Symposium on Enhanced Oil and Gas

Recovery and Improved Drilling Methods, Tulsa, 1977.

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Evaluation and Optimization of Double Displacement Process

W. Satitkanitkul1*, S. Athichanagorn

1


Thailand

* e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT

Double Displacement Process is the combination between water injection and gas injection. Using the water cut of 60% as the stopping criteria for water injection yields the best production performance. In term of water and gas injection rate, using the rate of 8,000 RB/D yields the best oil recovery factor. For well pattern, using horizontal well as the producer at the bottommost of the reservoir yields the best performance. The effects of three system parameters which are 1) relative permeability 2) vertical to horizontal permeability ratio 3) type of wettability are also important that effect to the DDP performance. KEY WORDS: Improved oil recovery / Double displacement process

REFERENCES

[1] Singhal A.K., Springer S.J., and Turta A.T. Screening Criteria for Infill Drilling in Water Flood Operations, Paper 2005-117, presented at the Petroleum Society’s 6th Canadian International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 7-9 June 2005.

[2] Fassihi M.R., and Gillham T.H. The Use of Air Injection To Improve the Double Displacement Processes, Paper SPE 26374, presented at the 68th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineer, Houston, Texas, 3-6 October 1993.

[3] Gachuz-Muro H. et al. Experimental Investigations of DDP and SCWD in a Naturally Fractured Reservoir, Paper SPE 142853, presented at the SPE EUROPEC/EAGE Annual Conference and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, 23-26 May 2011.

[4] Langenberg M.A. et al. Performance and Expansion Plans for the Double-Displacement Process in Hawkins Field Unit, Paper SPE Reservoir Engineering, November 1995.

[5] Carlson L.O. Performance of Hawkins Field Unit Under Gas Drive-Pressure Maintenance Operations and Development of an Enhanced Oil Recovery Project, SPE17324, presented at the SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, 17-20 April 1988.

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[6] Kantzas A. et al. Enhanced Oil Recovery by Inert Gas Injection, Paper SPE 17379, presented at the SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 17-20 April 1988.

[7] Ren W. et al. A Study of the Gravity Assisted Tertiary Gas Injection Processes, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, Alberta, 2003.

[8] Stone, H.L., Probability Model for Estimating Three-phase Relative Permeability, J.Pet Tech.,22, 1970, 214-218.

[9] Nakornthap K. and Ronald D. Temperature-Dependent Relative Permeability and Its Effect on Oil Displacement by Thermal Methods, Paper SPE 11217, presented at the 1982 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, 26-29 September 1982.

[10] Xiao G., Jiudi L., and Yang H. Effect of Reservoir Temperature and Pressure on Relative Permeability, Paper SPE 158055, presented at the SPETT 2012 Energy Conference and Exhibition, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 11-13 June 2012.

[11] Corey, A.T., Rathjens, C.H., Henderson, J.H. and Wylie, M.R.J.., Three-phase Relative Permeability, Trans., AIME (1956) 207,349

[12] Essley P.L., Hancock G.L., Jones K.E. Gravity Drainage Concepts in a Steeply Dipping Reservoir, Paper SPE 1029-G, Junior Members AIME.

[13] Rangponsumrit M. Well and Reservoir Management for Mercury Contaminated Waste Disposal, ISBN 974-17-6088-4.

[14] Hall, H.N., Analysis of Gravity Drainage, Paper SPE 1517, presented at 35th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE, Denver, 2-5 Oct 1960.

[15] Ahmed T. Reservoir Engineering Handbook. 4. The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK : Gulf Professional Publishing, 2010.

[16] Dolton D.L. et al. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1999, Washington, DC, 1999.

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Service Life Prediction of Granite Armourstone: A Case Study of

Thung Wang Granite, Songkhla

P. Pantpong

1, D. Tonnayopas

2*, C. Aedpan

3

1, 2, 3 Geotechnical and Innovative Construction Materials Research Unit

(GICMRU)

Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Prince of Songkla

University, Thailand, 90112

* e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study has been to evaluate major factors involved in armourstone durability and long-term performance and deterioration of granite armourstone service life. The granite’s behavior in the field observed and measured granite at Thung Wang quarry, Songkhla province. To consider the combined effects of environmental stresses on armourstone, collected samples carried out several laboratory testings have been to evaluate the performance of stone subjected to both weathering and degradation. The tests result determined the quality and durability on mass density, water absorption, Schmidt impact index, compressive strength, point load strength, Los Angeles abrasion and MgSO4 soundness resistance. Long-term performance or deterioration of armourstone has been quantitatively monitored and a comparative study of armourstone quality designation (AQD) and Mocro-deval (MDE) methods analysed. The AQD method predicted service life of granite armourstone 2 and 4 tonnes a 70 and a 90 year and MDE method given a 135 and a 160 year, respectively. . KEYWORDS : Granite / Armourstone / Durability / Songkhla coast /

Laboratory testing REFERENCES [1] http://www.thefullwiki.org/South [last accessed 18.07.13]. [2] D.A.Lienhart, and T.E.Stransky (1981), Evaluation of the Potential

Sources of Rip-Rap and Armourstone-Methods and Considerations. Bull

Assoc Engng Geologists, 1981, Vol. 18, pp. 323-332. [3] J.P.Latham (1991), Degradation Model for Rock Armour in Coastal

Engineering, Quart J. Engng Geol, 1991, Vol. 24, pp. 101-118. [4] J.-P.Latham, and P.Lu (1999) Development of an Assessment System for

the Blastability of Rock Masses, Inter J. Rock Mech Mining Sci, 1999, Vol. 36, Issue 1, pp. 41-55.

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[5] D.A.Lienhart (1998), Rock Engineering Rating System for Assessing the Suitability of Armourstone Sources, Engng Geol Special Public, 1998, Vol. 13, pp. 91-106.

[6] J.P.Latham, D.Lienhart, and S.Dupray (2006), Rock Quality, Durability and Service Life Prediction of Armourstone, Engng Geol, 2006, Vol. 87, Issue 1-2, pp. 122-140.

[7] CIRIA, CUR, CETMEF. (2007), The Rock Manual. The Use of Rock in Hydraulic Engineering, (2nd Ed). C683, CIRIA, London

[8] D.A.Lienhart (2003), A Systems Approach to Evaluation of Rip-rap and Armor Stone Sources. Envi Engng Geosci, 2003, Vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 131-149

[9] J.P.Latham, J.V.Meulen, and S.Dupray (2006), Prediction of In-Situ Block Size Distributions with Reference to Armourstone for Breakwaters, Engng

Geol, 2006, Vol. 86, Issue 1-2, pp. 18-36. [10] J.-P.Latham, J.V.Meulen, and S.Dupray (2006), Prediction of

Fragmentation and Yield Curves with Reference to Armourstone Production, Engng Geol, 2006, Vol. 87, Issues 1-2, pp. 60-74.

[11] J.-P.Latham, D.Lienhart, and S.Dupray (2006), Rock Quality, Durability and Service Life Prediction of Armourstone, Engng Geol, 2006, Vol. 87, Issues 1-2, pp. 122-140.

[12] J.Latham (1993), A Mill Abrasion Test for Wear Resistance of Armour Stone, STP1177 Rock for Erosion Control, McElroy and Lienhart, eds., pp.

[13] BS EN 1097-1. (2004), Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates - Part 1: Determination of the Resistance to Wear (Micro-Deval). BSI, London

[14] P.R.Rangaraju, and J.Edlinski (2008), Compara-tive Evaluation of Micro-Deval Abrasion Test with other Toughness/Abrasion Resistance and Soundness Tests. J. Mater Civ Engng, 2008, Vol. 20, Issue 5, pp. 343-351.

[15] D.Tonnayopas (2012), Roadside Geology in Songkhla Province, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, 24 p. (in Thai)

[16] D.Tonnayopas, A.Sriya and C.Aidpan (2008), Weathering degree Effects on Geotechnical Properties of Porphyritic Granite in Songkhla. The 6

th

PSU Engng Conf., 8-9 May 2008, Songkhla, pp. 31-36. (in Thai) [17] J.E.Lindqvist, U.Åkesson, and K.Malaga (2007), Microstructure and

Functional Properties of Rock materials, Mater Charact, 2007, Vol. 58, pp. 1183–1188.

[18] ISRM (1981), Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring.

International Society for Rock Mechanics, Suggested Methods, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Brown, E.T. (ed.)

[19] ISRM (1985), Suggested Method for Point Load Strength. Inter J. Rock

Mech, Mineral Sci. Geotec Abst, 1985, Vol. 22, pp. 51-60.

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[20] ASTM C535 (1989), Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 285-287.

[21] ASTM C88 (1990), Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by the Use of Sodium Sulphate or Magnesium, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 37-41.

[22] M.S.J.Niese, F.C.A.A.Van Eijk, G.J.Laan, and P.N.W.Verhoef (1990), Quality Assessment of Large Armourstone Using an Acoustic Velocity Analysis Method, Int. Assoc Engng Geol Bull, 1990, No. 42, pp. 55–65.

[23] A.Özvan, I.Dinçer, and A.Acar (2011), Quality Assessment of Geo-Materials for Coastal Structures (Yumurtalık, Turkey). Mar Georesour

Geotechnol, 2011, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 299-316. [24] T.Topal, and O.Acir (2004), Quality Assessment of Armourstone for a

Rouble Mound Breakwater (Sinop-Turkey). Envi Geol, 2004, Vol. 46, pp. 905-913.

[25] D.Tonnayopas, W.Kanchana, C.Aidpan, and S.Jantaramanee (2008), A New Approach for Assessment of Commercial Granite Slabs Quality. The

6th

PSU Engineering Conference, 8-9 May 2008, Songkhla, pp. 593-598. (in Thai)

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Conductivity Enhancement of

Apatite-Type Doped Lanthanum Silicates

Hiraku Maruyama1*

, Haruo Kishimoto2, Mana Yasui

1, Teruhisa Horita

2, Katsuhiko Yamaji

2 and Atsushi Yamazaki

1

1Department of Earth Environmental Resource Engineering, Waseda

University, Japan 2National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan


[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Apatite-type lanthanum silicates have attracted attention as an electrolyte of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) due to their higher ionic conductivity in the moderate temperature range from 500 to 700°C than conventional zirconia electrolytes.Mn-doped lanthanum silicate, La10-xMnxSi6O26+δ (x = 0.1 ～ 1.0)

(LMSO), are successfully synthesized by solid state reaction method. The SEM observations and the density measurements revealed that all samples have a density ofapproximately 90%. Electrical conductivity of our manganese-doped lanthanum silicates is roughly equal to that of the non-doped one. Among them, LMSO (x=0.1) exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, 0.006 S/cm2 at 700°C.

KEY WORDS: Lanthanum silicates /Solid Oxide Fuel Cell /Electrolyte / Mn-

doping /Electrical conductivity REFERENCES

[1] Susumu Nakayama, Hiromichi Aono, Yoshihiko Sadaoka(1995),Ionic Conductivity of Ln10(SiO4)6O3(Ln=La,Nd,Sm,Gdand Dy), Chemistry

Letters, 1995, pp.431-432 [2] Laura Leoń-Reina, Enrique R. Losilla, Marıá Martıńez-Lara, Sebastiań

Bruque and Miguel A. G. Aranda(2004), Interstitial oxygen conduction in lanthanum oxy-apatite electrolytes, J.Mater. Chem., 2004, Vol.14, pp.1142–1149

[3] Susumu Nakayama, Masatomi Sakamoto, Mikio Higuchi, Kohei Kodaira, Mineo Sato, Shinichi Kakita, Toshihisa Suzukie and Katsuhiko Itoh(1999), Oxide Ionic Conductivity of Apatite Type Nd9.33(SiO4)6O2 Single Crystal,Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol.19, 1999, pp.507-510

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[4] E. J. Abram, D.C.Sinclair and A. R. West(2001), A novel enhancement of ionic conductivity in the cation-deficient apatite La9.33(SiO4)6O2, J.Mater.

Chem., 2001, Vol.11, 1978–1979 [5] Adrien Vincent, Sophie Beaudet Savignat, François Gervais(2007),

Elaboration and ionic conduction of apatite-type lanthanum silicates dopedwith Ba, La10−xBax(SiO4)6O3−x/2 with x = 0.25–2, Journal of the

European Ceramic Society, 2007,Vol.27, pp.1187–1192 [6] Shanwen Tao, John T.S. Irvine (2001),Preparation and characterization of

apatite-type lanthanumsilicates by a sol-gel process, Materials Research

Bulletin, 2001, Vol.36, pp.1245–1258 [7] J.E.H. Sansom, D. Richings, P.R. Slater (2001), A powder neutron

diffraction study of the oxide-ion-conductingapatite-type phases, La9.33Si6O26 and La8Sr2Si6O26, Solid State Ionics, 2001,Vol.139, pp. 205–210

[8] Hiroyuki Miura(2003), Cellcalc:A Unit Cell Parameter Refinement Program on Windows Computer, Journal of the Crystallographic Society

of Japan, Vol.45, No.2, pp.145-147 [9] B´echade, Isabelle Julien, Tomoyuki Iwata, Olivier Massona, Philippe

Thomasa, Eric Championa,Koichiro Fukuda(2008), Synthesis of lanthanum silicate oxyapatite materials as a solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2008,Vol.28, pp.2717-2724

[10] Atsushi Mineshige, Yoshiki Ohnishi, Ryuta Sakamoto, Yusuke Daiko, MasafumiKobune,Tetsuo Yazawa, Hideki Yoshioka, Takayuki Nakao, TomokazuFukutsuka, Yoshiharu Uchimoto (2011), Effect of cation doping on ionic and electronic properties for lanthanumsilicate-based solid electrolytes, Solid State Ionics, 2011, Vol.192, pp.195-199

[11] Julian R. Tolchard, Peter R. Slater, and M. Saiful Islam (2007), Insight into Doping Effects in Apatite Silicate Ionic Conductors, Adv.Funct.Mater, 2007,Vo.17, pp.2564-2571

[12] Roushown Ali, MasatomoYashima, Yoshitaka Matsushita,Hideki Yoshioka,Kenji Ohoyama,and Fujio Izumi(2008),Diffusion Path of Oxide Ions in an Apatite-Type Ionic ConductorLa9.69(Si5.70Mg0.30)O26.24,Chem.

Mater. 2008, Vol.20, pp.5203–5208

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Electron Beam Irradiation of Sulfur Vulcanized Natural

Rubber/Recycled Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber Blends

H. Nabil*, H. Ismail, A.R. Azura

School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

*Corresponding author e-mail; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper decribed concerning to the effect of electron beam (EB) irradiation on the tensile properties, swelling and morphology of natural rubber/recycled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (NR/R-EPDM) blends. A fixed amount of carbon black and crosslinking promoter trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) were introduced into the blends. The EB irradiation doses of 50kGy, 100kGy, 150kGy, and 200kGy were applied on the blends after being vulcanized with sulfur. The results indicated that 50 kGy of irradiation dose is sufficient to gain optimum tensile strength whilst the elongation at break decreased continuously towards irradiation dose. Swelling resistance increased towards irradiation dose due to cross-linking formation after irradiated by EB. Tensile fractured surfaces obtained from SEM results are in good agreement with the tensile strength results. The roughness and tearing lines on the surfaces are highly concerned on the improved tensile strength. KEYWORDS: Natural Rubber / Recycled Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber /

Tensile Strength / Electron Beam Irradiation

REFERENCES

[1] K. Fukumori, M. Matsushita, H. Okamoto, N. Sato, Y. Suzuki, and K. Takeuchi (2002), Recycling Technology of Tire Rubber, JSAE Rev., Vol. 23, pp. 259-264.

[2] H.J. Manuel, and W.K. Dierkes (1997), Recycling of Rubber, Report 99 in

Rapra Review Reports, 9. [3] N. Hayeemasae, H. Ismail, and A.R. Azura (2013), Blending of Natural

Rubber/Recycled Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer: Cure Behaviors and Mechanical Properties, Polym-Plast. Technol. Engineer., Vol. 52, pp. 501-509.

[4] H. Nabil, H. Ismail, and A.R. Azura (2013), Comparison of Thermo-oxidative Ageing and Thermal Analysis of Carbon black-Filled NR/Virgin EPDM and NR/Recycled EPDM Blends, Polym. Test., Vol. 32, pp. 631-639.

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[5] A. Shanmugharaj, and A.K. Bhowmick, Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Styrene‐butadiene Rubber Vulcanizate Filled with Electron Beam Modified Surface‐treated Dual‐phase Filler, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 88, pp. 2992-3004.

[6] N. Noriman, H. Ismail, C. Ratnam, and A. Rashid (2010), The Effect of Electron Beam (EB) Irradiation in Presence of TMPTA on Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (SBR/NBRr) Blends, Polym-Plast. Technol. Engineer., Vol. 49, pp. 228-236.

[7] I. Banik, and A.K. Bhowmick (2000), Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Properties of Crosslinked Rubbers, Radia. Phys. Chem., Vol. 58 pp. 293-298.

[8] Y. Munusamy, H. Ismail, M. Mariatti, and C. T. Ratnam (2009), Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Properties of Ethylene-(vinyl acetate) Copolymer/Natural Rubber/Organoclay Nanocomposites, J. Vinyl Add.

Technol., Vol. 15, pp. 39–46. [9] M. Zurina, H. Ismail, and C. T. Ratnam (2008), The Effect of HVA-2 on

Properties of Irradiated Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR-50), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), and ENR-50/EVA Blend, Polym. Test., Vol. 27, pp. 480–490.

[10] H. Ismail, Y. Munusamy, M. Jaafar, and C. T. Ratnam (2008), Preparation and Characterization of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)/Natural Rubber (SMR L)/Organoclay Nanocomposites: Effect of Blending Sequences and Organoclay Loading, Polym-Plast. Technol. Eng., Vol. 47, pp. 752–761.

[11] P.J. Flory, and J. Rehner Jr (1943), Statistical Mechanics of Cross-Linked Polymer Networks II. Swelling, J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 11, pp. 521.

[12] H. Ismail, and T. Ruhaizat (1997), Concentration Effect of Palm Oil Fatty Acid on Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber Compounds, Intern. J. Polym. Mater., Vol. 38, pp. 249-261.

[13] U.S. Ishiaku, C.S. Chong, and H. Ismail (2000), Cure Characteristics and Vulcanizate Properties of a Natural Rubber Compound Extend with Convoluted Rubber Powder, Polym. Test., Vol. 19, pp. 507-521.

[14] S. Rooj, A. Das, I.A. Morozov, K.W. Stöckelhuber, R. Stocek, and G. Heinrich (2013), Influence of “expanded clay” on the Microstructure and Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Carbon Black Filled NR Composites, Compos. Sci. Technol., Vol. 76, pp. 61-68.

[15] M.M. Senna, F.M. Hossam, and A.W.M. El‐Naggar (2008), Compatibilization of Low‐density Polyethylene/Plasticized Starch Blends by Reactive Compounds and Electron Beam Irradiation, Polym. Compos., Vol. 29, pp. 1137-1144.

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[16] C.T. Ratnam, M. Nasir, A. Baharin, and K. Zaman (2001), Evidence of Irradiation‐induced Crosslinking in Miscible Blends of Poly (vinyl chloride)/Epoxidized Natural Rubber in Presence of trimethylolpropane triacrylate, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 81, pp. 1914-1925.

[17] P. Pasbakhsh, H. Ismail, A. Mohd Nor, and A. Abu Bakar (2012), Electron Beam Irradiation of Sulphur Vulcanised Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Nanocomposites Reinforced by Halloysite Nanotubes, Plast. Rubb. Compos., Vol. 41, pp. 430-440.

[18] S. Chattopadhyay, T. Chaki, and A.K. Bhowmick (2001), Structural Characterization of Electron‐Beam Crosslinked Thermoplastic Elastomeric Films from Blends of Polyethylene and Ethylene‐vinyl Acetate Copolymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 81, pp. 1936-1950.

[19] Henning, S.K. Proceedings of the 56th International Wire and Cable Symposium, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, U.S.A., 2007, November 11-14, 2007, 537-593.

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Optimization and the Effect of Filler Treatment on Properties of

Bentonite Filled Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)

Composites

H. Ismail* and M. Mathialagan

School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia


[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Bentonite (Bt) with irregular shape and surface morphology was used as a new type of filler in EPDM. EPDM/Bt composites were prepared using a laboratory size two-roll mill by adding 0 to 70 phr Br. The effects of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (MAH-g-EPDM) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) on the curing, tensile, swelling and morphological properties of bentonite (Bt).of bentonite (Bt) filled ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) composite were studied. Compared with unreacted EPDM/Bt composites, the tensile properties, solvent resistance, and rubber-filler interaction of treated EPDM/Bt composites were all improved. SEM micrographs of tensile fractured surfaces of treated EPDM/Bt composites showed a better dispersion of Bt and interfacial adhesion between EPDM and Bt KEY WORDS: Bentonote / Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer / Maleic

Anhydride / 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) / Composites

REFERENCES

[1] S. Manjhi, and G. Sarkhel (2011), Effect of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (MAH‐g‐EPDM) on the Properties of Kaolin Reinforced EPDM Rubber, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 119, pp. 2268.

[2] D. Qingjun, W. Guohui, L. Baolei, Z. Wei, H. Baixing, and S. Jian (2005), Preparation and Characterization of Composites: EPDM‐g‐AA/CaCO3, Polym. Compos., Vol. 26, pp. 587.

[3] M. Arroyo, M.A. Lopez-Manchado, and B. Herrero (2003), Organo-montmorillonite as Substitute of Carbon Black in Natural Rubber Compounds, Polymer., Vol. 44, pp. 2447.

[4] B.K.G. Theng (1970), Interactions of Clay Minerals with Organic Polymers. Some Practical Applications, Clay Clay Miner., Vol. 18, pp. 357.

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[5] A. Usuki, A. Tukigase, and M. Kato (2002), Preparation and Properties of EPDM–Clay Hybrids, Polymer., Vol. 43, pp. 2185.

[6] Y. Mohammadpour, A. Katbab (2007), Effects of the Compatibilizer Structural Parameters on Microstructural Formation in Ethylene–propylene–diene monomer Rubber/ethylene–propylene–diene Monomer rubber-g-maleic Anhydride/organoclay Nanocomposites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 106, pp. 4209.

[7] H. Ismail, and M. Mathialagan (2011), Curing Characteristics, Morphological, Tensile and Thermal Properties of Bentonite-Filled Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM) Composites, Polym-Plastics. Technol. Engineer., Vol. 50, pp. 1421.

[8] O. Grigoryeva, and J. Karger-Kocsis (2000), Melt Grafting of Maleic Anhydride onto an Ethylene–propylene–diene Terpolymer (EPDM), Eur. Polym. J., Vol. 36, pp. 1419.

[9] P. Pasbakhsh, H. Ismail, M.N. Ahmad Fauzi, and A. Abu Bakar (2009), Influence of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (MAH-g-EPDM) on the Properties of EPDM Nanocomposites Reinforced by Halloysite Nanotubes, Polym. Test., Vol. 28, pp. 548.

[10] D. Purnima, S.N. Maiti, and A.K. Gupta (2006), Interfacial Adhesion Through Maleic Anhydride Grafting of EPDM in PP/EPDM blend, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 102, pp. 5528.

[11] H. Ismail, S. Shuhelmy, and M.R. Edyham (2002), The Effects of a Silane Coupling Agent on Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fibre Filled Natural Rubber Composites, Eur. Polym. J., Vol. 38, pp. 39.

[12] L. Bokobza (2004), The Reinforcement of Elastomeric Networks by Fillers, Macromol. Mater. Eng., Vol. 289, pp. 607.

[13] H. Yan, G. Tian, K. Sun, and Y. Zhang (2005), Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on the Polymer‐filler Interaction and Mechanical Properties of Silica‐Filled NR, J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys., Vol. 43, pp. 573.

[14] M. Bhattacharya, and A.K. Bhowmick (2008), Polymer–filler Interaction in Nanocomposites: New Interface Area Function to Investigate Swelling Behavior and Young's Modulus, Polymer., Vol. 49, pp. 4808.

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Mechanical and Hydraulic Performance of Cement Grouts from

5 Suppliers in Thailand.

W. Samaiklang1*, K. Fuenkajorn

2

1Graduate Stusent, Geomechanics Research Unit, Suranaree University of

Technology, Thailand 2Associate Professor, Geomechanics Research Unit, Suranaree University of

Technology, Thailand

*e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to assess the mechanical and hydraulic performance of commercial grade cement grouts in rock fracture. Their results are compared in terms of compressive strength, elastic modulus, permeability and shear strength against rock fracture. The ordinary Portland cement types 1 from five cement supplier in Thailand have been tested. The results indicate that the average viscosity of grout slurry is 0.6 - 0.8 Pascal⋅sec. The compressive strength after 28 day curing times is 25.77 MPa. The highest compressive strengths are from SCG cement supplier which equal to 27.64 MPa. The average tensile strength is 2.80 MPa. The highest tensile strength is from CEMEX Thailand equal to 2.95 MPa. The bond strength is 1.90 MPa. The highest bond strength is from SCCC. When the curing time increases the intrinsic permeability of cement grouts decreases. Similarities and discrepancies of the grouting performance in terms of mechanical and hydraulic properties will be presented. KEYWORDS: Rock fracture / Bond strength / Portland cement / Permeability

/ Grouting REFERENCES

[1] C.A.Anagnostopoulos, (2006), Physical and Mechanical Properties of Injected Sand with Latex Superplasticized Grouts, Geotech. Test. J.,2006, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 1-7.

[2] A.A.Costas (2006), Physical and Mechanical Properties of Injected Sand with Latex Superplasticized Grouts, Geotech. Test. J.,2006, Vol. 29, No. 6, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken.

[3] ASTM Standard C150-11. 2011. Standard Specification for Portland Cement. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

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[4] E.T.Brown (1981), Rock Characterization testing and monitoring: ISRM Suggested methods. The Commission on Rock Testing Methods, International Society for Rock Mechanics, Pergamon Press, New York, 1981, pp.211.

[5] B.Indraratna and P.Ranjith (2001). Hydromechanical Aspects and Unsaturated Flow in Joints Rock, A. A. Balkema, Lisse.

[6] ASTM Standard C192-07. 2007. Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

[7] ASTM Standard C39-10. 2010. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

[8] ASTM Standard C938-10. 2010. Standard Practice for Proportioning Grout Mixtures for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

[9] ASTM Standard D2196-10. 2010. Standard Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield type) Viscometer.Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

[10] ASTM Standard D3967. Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens.Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

[11] ASTM Standard D6272-10. 2010. Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials by Four-Point Bending. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

[12] ASTM Standard D7012-10. 2010. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength and Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under Varying States of Stress and Temperatures. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

[13] ASTM Standard D854-10. 2010. Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

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