a report on architecture programming

A REPORT ON

ARCHITECTURAL

PROGRAMMING Museums and related data studies

Under the guidance of Prof. Keya Mitra

Som Sunder Roy 130212016

8th sem Dept. of Arch T, & R.P.

IIEST SHIBPUR

A report on Architecture Programming

Submitted by: Som Sunder Roy, 8th sem IIEST-Shibpur 1

CONTENTS

1. General about museums

2. Case Studies: Datamatics

Indira Gandi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya Bhopal

Bharat Bhawan Bhopal

Regional Museum of National Institute Bhopal

3. Design Considerations



GENERAL ABOUT MUSEUMS

MUSEUM HISTORY :

Museums came into being as a reflection of basic human propensity

towards inquisitiveness, acquisitiveness and a wish to communicate with

others.

The inclination toward acquisition is to be found from pre-historic

times in the grave goods accompanying palaeolithic burials. The Venetian

Republic appears to have been one of the earliest public bodies to

receive collection bequeathed by Grimani family in 1523 and 1583

which formed the basis of the present archaeological museum in Venice.

Paintings, antiquites and manuscripts taken over by the municipalities in

16th Century, Switzerland contributed to leading museums like National

Swiss Museum, Zurich and historical Museum Berne. In the United States

and Canada private museums were still increasing in large number

prominent among them being the - Royal Ontoria Museum (Toronto

1912), Metropolitan Museum of Art (N. York, 1970) American museum of

National History (N. York, 1969). In colonial countries the European

colonisers took initiative in the opening of museums based on existing

European models. The two decades from 1950-1970 saw a renaissance

of museums, even though the essence was still the same they were being



adopted to the whole new set of circumstances. UNESCO came into

being as a patron of international art and culture.

MUSEUMS IN INDIA :

In the Indian context a large number of aristocratic families

were known to have private collections. The two major pre-independence

museums were the Indian museum of Calcutta (founded in 1984)

earliest museum in Asia and the Prince of Wales Museum of Bombay

(founded in 1905). These were founded under colonial influence, on

European lines. The next phase of major boost is seen in the time

immediately after independence. This was because a large number of

aristocratic treasures were made public and also due to the formation of

the National Museum (New Delhi) in 1949.

TYPES OF MUSEUMS :

The origin of museums is found either in the royal treasures of

the middle ages or in small collections of curious. and specimens

originating between the 16th and 18th century. In a general way art

museums may be said to have sprung from these royal treasures of

princely collections while the science museums have inherited the small

collections of curious and specimens. The classification of museums into

categories, according to the terminology of the disciplines to which

the collections belonged, was started by scholars towards the late 18th

to early 19th century. On this basis it seems more justifiable to divide

museums into these three basic categories artistic or aesthetic, historical

and scientific.

Art Museum

Art museums are those whose collections are conceived and

displayed essentially for their aesthetic values, even if the objects they

enclose are not all works of art in the intention of their creator. The state

of preservation of the work, the quality of restoration, the environment it



is given, notably the background and lighting, assume special

importance.

Historical Museums :

All museums where collections are conceived and presented in

a historical perspective are classified as historical museums, their object

being essentially to document a chronological sequence or an

ensemble representative of a moment in an evolving pattern, the Musie

de I Historic de France created by kind Louis Phillipe at Versailles

displays with the aid of pictures the outstanding events and persons in

the country's history during more than a thousand years. Other kinds of

history museums include those at archeological sites, museums installed

in a historic monument or on a battle field and personal memorial

museums. Example Archeological Museum (Taxila).

Science Museums :

Museums of natural science, of exact or applied science, and

technical museums (except for museums of history of science and

technology which are accepted as historical museums are classified as

science museums. The task of science museums is to communicate in

three- dimensional form a scientific spirit and mentality, to arouse

natural inclination for science, to give information on research and

progress, to give each person a sense of sharing in technological

development, to make people wish to understand, appreciate and

conserve nature and natural environment in an ecological and

historical perspective, so as to demonstrate the evolution of nature

and man. All these museums associated the real object with model and

with demonstration in physical experiments, planetariums, exhibitions,

field trips. Science museums are probably the best attended and most

active of museums. They have made the most vital progress in

muscology and techniques or presentation.



Specialized Museums :

These museums are a part of earlier classifications but are different

in the way that they appeal to only a particular section of society like

museums for children. These museums have their systems of

preservation and collection and have programmes of activities determined

in application by the homogenity of their aduience. Thus one can have

museums of clock making, fabrics, wines, musical instruments, ceramics

and other subjects

CASE STUDY (DATAMATICS)

CASE STUDIES :

The following three case studies have been done :

1) Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal.

2) Bharat Bhawan (Bhopal)

3) Regional museum of Natural history, Bhopal.

Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal

Introduction

The Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya (IGRMS) an

autonomous organisation of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture,

Government of India, is dedicated to the depiction of the story of

humankind evolving in time and space. The headquarters is situated at

Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, in the central province of India

(between 7725,E longitudes, 2317 N latitudes), about 200 acres of

undulating terrain near the bank of a seven mile long upper lake by 36

painted rock shelters. While the Southern Regional Centre of the IGRMS

situated in the historical Wellington house (near bus stand) on lrwin Road,

Mysore, Karnataka.

The objectives of IGRMS are:



(a) To present an integrated story of the evolution of man and culture with

special reference to India.

(b) To highlight the richness and diversity of cultural pattern in India and

its underlying unity.

(c) To promote national integration.

(d) To organise indoor and outdoor exhibitions on:

i. Human Evolution and Human Variation.

ii. Culture and Society in pre-and proto-historic times.

iii. Patterns of Culture.

(e) To take steps lo salvage and preserve the fast vanishing aspects of

the Indian culture.

(f) To promote and conduct research in the related subjects and provide

funds and mate arrangements with other similar institutions for the

purpose of furtherance of the objectives of the Samiti.

(g) To act as a centre of research and training in museology of the

appropriate kind and generate, in the course of time, a new museum

movement in the different regions of India to present and preserve variety

of cultural life.

(h) To undertake all such activities as and when considered necessary for

the achievement of the said objectives.

Site Location :

The site of IGRMS is spread

over an area of 198 acres. It is

situated just at the outskirts of

Bhopal and is easily accessible

from the city through the lake view

drive on the northern side and

Bhadbhada road on the southern



side. The site id compromised of rocky hilly terrain with gradual slope

merging into the Bhopal lake on the northern side. The highest point rises

upto 605 mts. on the PREMPURA HILLOCK on the southern side a large

area of 650 acres has been allocated for wild life park.

There are rock shelters just west of the Regional College of

Education on the west slope and some cave paintings have been recently

discovered.



WIND IN SUMMER

FROM LAKE WIND IN SUMMER AND

SPRING WESTERN WINDS

BREEZE IN

WINTER

FROM

WESTERLY

WIND

WIND IN WINTERS NORTH

WESTERLY

Rainfall :

Average rainfall is 150mm. Rainfall is mostly concentrated in 3

months, namely July, August & September.

Wind Direction :

Wind direction is westerly and north westerly. Average velocity

of wind varies from 4 Km. to 9 Km. per hour. Variation in speed and

direction of winds on the lower reaches of the site and is because of

higher reaches of its east and south.

Vegetation :

Basically a scrub land with wild growth. There are few trees on the

western slope of PREMPURA HILLOCK. The ground is of hard soil mixed

with jutting boulders. The top soil is only 6".



Services :

A powerline cuts through the site. Water is presently pumped

from a bore well which is essentially the sub-soil lake water within the site

the water table is low. All the rain water collects in the nalla and runs into

the lake. There is a windmill generating electricity near the entrance on

the western side.

Water Drainage :

The nalla formed in the rainy season sheds its water in the upper

lake on the northern side and in a pond on the southern side.

SECTION

The museum building has

been designed with large open

halls, flowing into one another,

uncluttered by columns, under

split and sliced shell and domes,

permitting flexibility in display

and the use of natural light and

atmosphere. The museums

lectures and programmes



including its musical and dramatic performances on arts and craft

workshops, presented by communities, traditional groups or guids are

targeted to both specialised and general audience groups, whole lists are

updated by advertisement or direct contacts.

INDOOR MUSEUM HAVING FOLLOWING

REQUIREMENTS

1) Administration with huge

entrance lobby.

2) Library with other facility.

3) Auditorium

4) Research labs.

5) Technical labs with all

facility.

6) Seminar Hall

7) Temporary exhibition area

8) Museum galleries-

a) Human evolution

b) Evolution of material culture

c) Human variation

d) Habitation

e) Food

f) Traffic and transportation

g) Religion practice & cosmology

h) Music and dance

i) Art and crafts

j) Costume and dresses

k) Horticulture



MATERIAL USED

1) Kota stone

2) Powder coated glazing with 6 mm glass

3) Sand stone cladding over domes

4) Acoustic plaster under domes, vaults

5) Aluminium sky light glazing

Interior showing artefacts on display

GUEST HOUSE CUM HOSTEL

The final design is in the form of two blocks, inter-connected by an

entrance lobby, which establishes the link between the two, the sitting

dimensioning and form of these blocks in determined with following

objectives in mind.

1) Comfort living areas



2) Easy and clarity in circulation

3) Agreeable condition for social interaction

4) Desired views from areas of major activities.

5) Built form to complete the topographical characteristic of the site.

6) A simple yet distinct architectural expression.

7) A low profiled built form with a landscaped terrain

8) Desired orientation from areas of major activities.

GROUND FLOOR PLAN



BHARAT BHAWAN

FRONT

ELEVATION OF

GUEST HOUSE

CUM HOSTEL

VIEW OF

BUILDING



BHARAT BHAWAN

Looking Back :

Bhopal the city of lakes known for its natural splendor and cultural

heritage is named after Raja BHOJ. The catchment area of the lake

created at Bhojpur was so vast that it included in folklore as "Taal-Mein

Taal, Bhopal Taal, Baaki Sab Talayya".



In Brief :

Location : Bhopal

Ownership : Department of culture, M.P.

Architect : Mr. Charles Correa

Site Area : 1200 sq. metres

Work began : 1980

Work completed : 1982

The Requirements:

In 1974 a building was proposed to house a museum for art and

culture with requirements as follows:-

Permanent museum

Art gallery

Library

Indoor & Outdoor auditoriums

Art workshop

Theatre workshop

Administrative areas.

In 1978 the concept change from a museum for art and culture to a

place of MULTI ARTS COMPLEX providing interactive proximity to the

verbal, visual and performing arts. The requirements change to as follows:

Galleries

Permanent exhibition

Temporary exhibition

Graphic/ceramic/sculpture workshop



Music library

Indoor auditorium

Open air theatre

Green Room

Restaurant

Administration

The entrance is through an iron-gate 8 m wide and leads to a paved

approach towards the COURT OF FOUNTAIN.

Court of Fountain :

Courts form a major special element in the building. The MUGHALS

always planned their complexes around the courtyard. From the court of

the fountain one has a visual choice due to the level difference. This court

guides the visitor to TRIBAL FOLK ART GALLERY & ADMINISTRATION,

ANTARANG, BHAIRANG, & VAGARTH towards west and south. This

is the largest court in the 3 courts.

Folk Art & Tribal Court;

This court is also square in plan. The walls are barren and the

visitor traffic is less as compared to the other courts. Informal seating is

done on the steps like GHATS. SCULPTURE AND LOW LEVEL

LANDSCAPE are the dominating features of this court.

ADMINISTRATION of the complex is housed in this court. At nights when

the INTERIORS get lighted the walls become dark and looks like a cave

architecture.

Court of Antarang :

On one enters this court either from the circulation axis from the

court of fountain. The overbridge is the main gate for the entrance to



this court. The court leads to GRAPHIC AREA, PERMANENT GALLERY &

ANTARANG. The court performs as an extension and a out space,

passage, room for the visitor waiting to gain entry in the permanent

museum.

Interior of Travel art gallery

Roopankar - Tribal & Folk Art Gallery :

The gallery exhibits a

permanent museum of Tribal

& Folk Arts. There are three

levels in this museum and the

entrance and exit are in the

same level. Continuous low

ceiling has a clear height of



2.4 m. and makes the gallery even smaller even though the area covered

is a large one.

THE WAFFLE SLAB ROOF with coffers makes the otherwise heavy roof

seem light. Large cut outs in PYRAMIDICAL SHAPES breaks the

monotony and natural light is taken from them. Wooden FLEXIBLE

PARTITIONS sub divide the space and gives the sense of direction.

Cubical are placed in between areas to define the movement pattern.

Large pieces of art are place under the skylight and look dwarf even

though they are very huge.

Urban Art Museum:

The skylight over the

shells and along the bays

and edges form the

YELLOW POOL OF

LIGHT". To avoid the direct

sunlight on paintings wooded vertical blinds are used as controlling

devices.

The entry is from a 6.0 meter wide gate. The artificial lighting is

done by lamps placed in the waffle slab and is directed towards the

exhibit. The images of buildings from old Bhopal are condensed in the

galleries of urban art. The modern art section is sprea over three levels.

The lowest level is plus 88.2 and houses the TRAVELLING exhibitions.

While the upper level plus 90.2 houses the PERMANENT MUSEUM OF

MODERN ART.



Interior of Urban art Museum

Urban Art Gallery:

The -traveling exhibition has a low ceiling. The total height of the free

space is 2.4 meter with the height increasing at the middle level and

subsequently. This change in height was originally conceived so as to

accomodate large paintings and sculptures. The column free space which

square in plan allows for maximum permutations and combinations and a

flexible use of space. The main considerations considered are as follows:

Column free space

Change, in level framing small spaces using structural columns

Artificial lighting.



Antarang :

Antarang with U

SHAPED flooring and seating

pattern with a capacity of 350

people is a delight in itself.

The seating is on the steps

created as a GHAT. This is

one of the most casual and

intimate space wearing

theatre in the entire country.

Bahirang :

The Bahirang is the multifunctional and multi dimensional

arena. The steps seating made out of natural slope resemble the TERRAI

farming. In the hilly tracks of the Himalayas.

The lake view to the west gives another dimension to the entire

theatre. The minarets of the mosque in the backdrop reminds of the

traditional past of the city.



Bahirung

Air Circulation :

Air slits - 8640 mm long have been provided for ventilation of the

galleries and exhibition theatres just below the roof slab. 16 large and 25

small air slits have been provided in the entire complex for better air

circulation. During the summers galleries becomes very hot and stuffy.

Due to non compact spread horizontal, horizontal planning, air

conditioning is a must and proves to be very expensive

In large galleries like the modern art gallery section of

Roopankar. The deep spaces lacks clear ventilation.

Terrace gardens are always wet as water cannot seep through.

The flower beds are filled with black cotton soil upto 50-60 cm. above

the coba. R.C.C. nitches of the flower bed rests over a coba finish.



Landscaping prevents the HEAT BUILT UP inside the complex by two

ways and saves energy.

(a) Provides an isolative layer for solar heat gains.

(b) Enhances the ventilation through air slits by convection.

ANALYSIS

Plus Points :

(a) Material Economy. Extensive use of local material like BASODA

STONE & ALANGA for masonry and external wall. These have a low

rejection factor of 33%.

(b) Space Economy. The positioning of columns on a square grid of

9.2 x 9.2 mtr. gives a .large column free space.

(c) Energy Economy. Horizontal spread receives maximum solar

gains of 80% of the roof is covered with lawn and saves

extensive use of artificial energy.

Negative Points :

(a) Maintenance. High cost of maintenance of the terrace garden

is a lacking factor. 40% of the annual repair bill goes for this

purpose 40% is spent on water proofing of roof, skylights, on

walls, floors, stair and expansion joints.

(b) Restricted Future Expansion. With covering entire horizontal

space available if the- need arrive for expansion there is no space left

for this purpose. Existing exhibition area cannot be expanded due to

maximum horizontal coverage.

CONCLUSION :

In the previous chapters we have tried to understand what the

institution called 'The Museum' is all about, in terms of what is and what it



stands for. This has been done in various ways, depending on what

aspect is being examined, by examining what it is today and why and how

it came to be the way it is. The development of museums as we can

realise is closely, linked to our history and to the outlooks, attitudes and

priorities of the society. In its own ways the Museum has always been

trying to understand what is expected of it and has been accordingly

redefining it aims to meet new challenges and fulfill its obligations. The

modern museum is very different from its predecessors and its function

has changed entirely. It shares very little with the original functions of

the first public museums. Not only has the form of the museum changed

but also its content. The material exhibited has been intensively expanded

and diversified. Within the society the modern museum fulfills an active

and varied cultural role educational departments, orientation galleries,

slide presentations, catalogues, posters and other museum publications.

The modern museum is characterised used by more flexibility in its

planning, in keeping with the dynamic nature of the modern society.



REGIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, BHOPAL

View from the Entrance

INTRODUCTION

The Regional Museum of Natural History, a Regional Centre of the

National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi an institution devoted to

promote non-formal environmental education and conservation awareness

among the public through various in-house and outtreach activities located

in the Paryavaran parisar in the lake city of Bhopal was opened to the

public in 1997.

The museum provides a unique opportunity to explore the natural world,

diversity of plants and animals, bio-diversity of Central India as well as the



intricate network of nature around us. The exhibits in its galleries provide

a judicious mix of specimens, models, translites, audiovisual aids,

presentation of natural habitats in the form of dioramas sequenced on the

theme. There are temporary exhibition hall, a Bioscience Computer Room

and a 'Discovery Centre' where learning can be fun and enjoyable.

OBJECTIVE

The broad objectives of the museum are as follows :

Develop exhibits : Depicting flora, fauna and geology of Central India.

Depict ecological relationships among plants and animals including

man and also to emphasise the importance of conservation through

exhibits and educational activities.

Provide special exhibits and activities to enrich school curriculum in

biology and geology to create environmental awareness among

masses.

Organise appropriate educational programmes for children, adults and

family groups, to create environmental awareness among masses.

Organise specialized educational activities for the disabled.

Publish popular educational material useful for environmental

education.

Develop appropriate intra-institutional collaborations in the Region of

Central India to promote environmental education.

Conduct statewide programmes for environmental education through

activities at district levels.

THE MUSEUM

The entry area has a Reception

counter, where the visitor will be able to

get information and orientation about the

museum. A family of wire-sculptured

models of Dinosaurs. Triceratops,



welcomes the visitors in the central courtyard of the museum. Fossil

excavation site showing exposed fossil fragments have also been reproduced

alongside of the models of dinosaurs giving a feel to the visitors of how fossils

are found in nature. There are special facilities available with the museum

to take care of the needs of disabled. All the resources of the museum

will be equally accessible to them.

EXHIBIT GALLERIES

There are two exhibition galleries 1)Natures Network 2)Discovery Centre.

Exhibits are the primary learning resource in any museum. The

strength and potential of the regional museums for imparting non-formal

environmental education basically emanates from its well planned and

well executed exhibits.

The museum gallery dealing with themes of 'Biodiversity, 'Flora,

Fauna Geology of Central India', 'Rivers of Madhya Pradesh', 'Inter

relationship in Nature', 'Conservation for development' and 'Man and the

Environment.'

NATURES NETWORK

The tour to Gallery begins with a Fascinating Panorama of 7

different Natural Habits- here shown some of.

1) The major ecosystems of the world.

2) Biodiversity of the central India.

3) The story of Earth.

4) Rivers of Madhya Pradesh.

5) Prakriti-Putra biogas.

6) Ecology

7) Crisis- out creation.



FLORA, FAUNA AND GEOLOGY OF CENTRAL INDIA

The different forest types, animals and the geology of the central

region. Economic importance of plants, the variety and diveristy of plants

and animals of Madhya Pradesh are also depicted. Wetland is the next

theme emphasized mainly through lakes and three major river systems in

the wall. Exhibits on important minerals, fossils, geomorphology and other

rock forms of central region follow next.

Display of Biodiversity inside the museum

DISCOVERY CENTRE

One of the attractions of the museum is the Discovery Centre. This is an

area where efforts are made to activate the various senses of the visitors

who are allowed to choose one or several of the activities provided. The

centre consists of a discovery room and a bio-science computer room.



DISCOVERY ROOM

The Discovery Room provides opportunities for visitors, especially

children to handle, examine and study specimens, participate in creative

activities as painting, modelling, making animal masks, animal foot prints

etc. They can discover information contained in several discovery boxes

and test their knowledge about nature in the Quiz Board.

BIOSCIENCE COMPUTER ROOM

This facility appeals to High School and College students. There

are facilities to use computer to study biology. The multimedia techniques

provide the visitors an entirely new experience of learning about nature

through interactive modules.

TEMPORARY EXHIBITION

A hall near the central courtyard provides the visitors with

exhibitions on various themes of contemporary interest. Since the exhibit

themes are temporary in nature, these will be changed in regular intervals.

MOBILE EXHIBITION

A mobile exhibition van with a intension to create environmental

awareness among the rural public with exhibitions on various themes will

be changed in regular intervals and visits the surrounding villages of

Bhopal.

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

A museum communicates to its visitors through exhibitions and

educational activities. The educational activities are aimed at stimulating

interest in natural history and creating an awareness among the public

about the importance of nature and the conservation of natural resources.

The proposed educational activities of the museum will include :

Guided tours to the visitors in the galleries.

Regular film shows and audio-visual presentations.



Several programmes for school children.

Special programmes for the disabled.

Teacher Orientation Workshops.

Creative activities like nature painting and animal modeling.

Study visits to nature reserves and protected areas.

Special programs for family groups.

Popular and scientific publications.

Special lecturers & exhibitions.

Seminars, workshops & symposia.



DESIGN CRITERIA

From the case study and observation I have arrived at points to be

considered while designing National Museum of Mankind many positive

and negative aspect come to view. After the case studies this helps to

make design better by deducting negative points.

Design Consideration

1. Planning was done at microlevel by determining the size of object or

any type of huts which are gorning to display.

2. Planning based on one main consideration and that of one human being

and his behaviour and psycology.

3. Orientation of the building in such a way that, to tackle sun movement

and natural ventilation issues.

4. Maximum use of natural light in areas, like main lobby, cafeteria, court

yards and all museum building.

5. Use of natural material wherever possible like in pathways, courtyards

etc.

Points that should be considered while designing the circulation space

are:

Widen corridors beyond the typical 8-9 feet currently in use.

Corridors should be able to easily handle two-way traffic.

Break up corridor lengths. This will reduce travel time and also

discourage kids from running through the halls.

Keep corridors a consistent width. Corridors that expand and contract

create bottlenecks.

Blind corners can be a hazard. People who walk at a fast pace or turn

corners quickly do not see the traffic in the intersecting hallway.

This can lead to congestion, bumping, collisions, and altercations.



Consider rounding or angling corners so there is a sight line to the

intersecting corridor.

Design Programme :

As mentioned earlier the architectural organisation of a museum is

determined by the functions it is expected to perform i.e. exhibition,

collection, storage, restoration, education, research along with provision

for leisure activities also. Museums space can be broadly classified into

the following categories, according to the usage of these areas.

1. Public

2. Semi-Public

3. Semi-Internal

4. Internal.

1. Public : The totally public areas of a museum are for the under

mentioned :

(a) Entrance and reception

(b) Exhibition areas

(c) Temporary exhibitions

(d) Creative Activities

(e) Hospitality.

2. Semi Public: include the following

(a) Administration

(b) Education

(c) Lecture Hall

(d) Library.

3. Semi - Internal :



(a) Administration

(b) Store

(c) Research

4. Internal :

(a) Workshop

(b) Storeroom

(c) Packaging

(d) Restoration

(e) Staff Entrance

The programme however, is subject to specific requirements based

on museographic and architectural requirements. And will be further

discussed in the light of these in the next section.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Charles Correa by Hassan Uddin Khan

2. Nmnh.nic.in/Bhopal

3. Igrms.com

4. Pictures :

google.co.in/images

Soumya Dasgupta; 10th sem, B.Arch, IIESTS

a report on architecture programming

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