TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

PULCHOWK CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN PLANNING

PULCHOWK, LALITPUR

A report on History of Survey and

Information in Nepal Land Pooling Practices

and GIS as modern technology.

SUBMITTED BY:

Pusp Raj Bhatt (072/MSU/213)

Raman Kapali (072/MSU/215)

Rija Joshi (072/MSU/216)

Sunibha Kayastha (072/MSU/217)

Suraj Maharjan (072/MSU/218)

Date: March 31, 2016

Table of Contents i. Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................................. 5

ii. Preface .............................................................................................................................................. 6

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Survey and Information ..................................................................................................................... 7

A. Spatial Survey ................................................................................................................................. 7

B. Non-Spatial Survey ......................................................................................................................... 8

2. Methodology in Surveying ................................................................................................................. 8

A. Methodology in Non-Spatial Survey ............................................................................................. 8

B. Spatial Survey ................................................................................................................................. 9

3. Tools in Surveying in Past ................................................................................................................ 9

4. Survey and Information in context of Nepal .................................................................................... 14

5. Legal Authority for Survey and Information ..................................................................................... 15

6. Legislation and Planning Acts of Nepal .......................................................................................... 18

7. Survey and Planning Methods ........................................................................................................ 18

8. Land Development Techniques ...................................................................................................... 18

A. Site and services ............................................................................................................................ 19

B. Guided Land Development ............................................................................................................. 20

C. Land Pooling .................................................................................................................................. 20

9. Application of Survey in Global Context .......................................................................................... 22

i. Survey in Mapping ........................................................................................................................ 22

ii. Telecom and Network Services ................................................................................................... 22

iii. Urban Planning ............................................................................................................................. 22

iv. Transportation Planning .............................................................................................................. 22

v. Environmental Impact Analysis .................................................................................................. 22

vi. Agricultural Applications ............................................................................................................. 23

vii. Disaster Management and Mitigation ......................................................................................... 23

ix. Determine land use/land cover changes .................................................................................... 23

x. Navigation (routing and scheduling) .......................................................................................... 23

xi. Natural Resources Management ................................................................................................. 24

xii. Soil Mapping ................................................................................................................................. 24

xiii. Digital Taxation ............................................................................................................................. 24

xiv. Land Information System ............................................................................................................ 24

xv. Detection of Mine .......................................................................................................................... 24

xvi. Survey for Planning and Community Development .................................................................. 24

xviii. Volcanic Hazard Identification ................................................................................................ 25

xix. Space Utilization ........................................................................................................................... 25

xx. Development of Public Infrastructure Facilities ........................................................................ 25

xxi. Location Identification ................................................................................................................. 25

xxii. Knowledge Based System for Defense Purpose ................................................................... 25

xxiii. Pipeline Route Selection ......................................................................................................... 25

xxiv. River Crossing Site Selection for Bridges ............................................................................. 25

xxv. Economic Development ........................................................................................................... 25

xxvi. Regional Planning .................................................................................................................... 26

xxvii. Survey for Land Administration ............................................................................................ 26

xxviii. Survey for Wildlife Management .......................................................................................... 26

10. Land Development in Global Context ........................................................................................... 26

A. Land pooling ................................................................................................................................... 26

i. Land pooling in Washington DC in 1791 .................................................................................... 26

ii. Land –use planning in Japan ...................................................................................................... 26

iii. Land Pooling in Bhutan: The Case of Lungtenphu ................................................................... 27

iv. Lesson Learnt From Different Country in Land Pooling ........................................................... 29

a. Key messages from Gujarat, India .............................................................................................. 29

b. Key messages from japan ........................................................................................................... 29

c. Key messages from Bhutan ........................................................................................................ 30

B. Guided land development ............................................................................................................... 30

C. Site and services ............................................................................................................................ 30

11. Land Pooling Process ................................................................................................................... 30

A. FEASIBILITY STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 30

B. DETAILED PLANNING ..................................................................................................................... 31

i. Mapping ......................................................................................................................................... 31

ii. Land valuation .............................................................................................................................. 31

iii. Socio economic survey ............................................................................................................... 32

iv. Readjustment ................................................................................................................................ 32

v. Land use ........................................................................................................................................ 32

vi. Land recovery ............................................................................................................................... 32

B. Implementation ............................................................................................................................... 33

i. Consensus collection .................................................................................................................. 33

ii. Preparation of Readjustment Plans and Demarcation .............................................................. 33

iii. Finalization of Infrastructure Plans and Cost ............................................................................ 34

iv. Construction of Infrastructure .................................................................................................... 34

12. A Case Study: Saibu Nakhudole Land Pooling Project ................................................................ 34

13. A Case Study of Land Pooling: Nayabazar ................................................................................... 36

General Background .............................................................................................................................. 36

Background of the selected Area .......................................................................................................... 36

Institutions involved ............................................................................................................................... 38

Design ................................................................................................................................................... 38

Problems/Hindrances/Bottlenecks ......................................................................................................... 40

14. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 41

15. Recommendation .......................................................................................................................... 42

16. Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 43

i. Acknowledgement

It is a matter of great pleasure to do this report on the topic “A report on History of Survey and

Information in Nepal Land Pooling Practices and GIS as modern technology.” under the subject

“Survey and Information” which has been given by our senior lecturer Suman Meyer Shrestha and

assistance lecturer Apil KC. So, we would like to thank him for giving us such a report as this one and

for all the suggestions and encouragement needed in the fulfilment of this project. We would also like

to extend our heartfelt gratitude to the IOE, Department of Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus,

Pulchowk for providing us such an opportunity, which not only helps us to explore the actual world of

Survey and Information but also understand its use better and practically.

We would also like to thank the officers of “Department of Survey, GON”, “Department of Kathmandu

Valley Development Authority”, “ICIMOD” and “Urban Planner Surya Bhakta Sangachhe from

NSET” for the co-operation and information in course of duration for making this study resulting this

report.

In spite of the best efforts some error might have crept in this report. We would be highly obliged if

such errors are brought into notice. Suggestions for improvements will be accepted gratefully.

ii. Preface

Survey and information is an essential to the Urban Planning. The acquisition of the spatial and non-

spatial data belongs to the scope of survey and information. The basis for the planning is the relevance

of the prospects of the place and place can be defined spatially and non-spatially. This report shall

elaborate the development of the survey techniques and tools in the history of since primitive time. The

explanation to the tools in the survey is supposed to give a glimpse of the historical practices and their

convenient and incremental progress.

The tools in the survey has become very advance in the present having come over the different

limitations of the previous tools. The advance techniques are developed along with the advancement in

the technology which tries to come over the limitations of tools that had been practiced in the past.

Though advance technological tools of survey are relevant in many areas in present but they also have

pros and cons. This report shall try to emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of the different

survey and information techniques.

In the second section of the report, the implication of the survey and information shall be discussed in

Land Pooling practices in Nepal. The development of the land pooling practices after the land pooling

act in 1988 and its implications till date have emerged in Nepal as a successful tool to handle the

problems arisen due to the haphazard distribution of land among citizens in urban area.

There are many definitions of surveying. One of them is as follows: Surveying is the science or art of

making the measurements necessary to determine the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath

the surface of the earth, or to establish such points. The work of the surveyor consists largely in making

such measurements and can be divided into three parts - Field Work, Computing and Mapping.

The surveying has basically two types:

A. Spatial Survey – Survey related to the measurable through physical instruments and tools.

B. Non-Spatial Survey – Survey related to the non-measurable aspects through physical tools. This type

of survey is generally social survey. (Not the scope of this report)

A. Spatial Survey

Some of the more important types of spatial surveying include:

1) Plane Surveying,

2) Geodetic Surveying,

The different operations of spatial survey are as:

Control Survey: Made to establish the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points.

Boundary Survey: Made to determine the length and direction of land lines and to establish the

position of these lines on the ground.

Topographic Survey: Made to gather data to produce a topographic map showing the

configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and man-made objects.

Hydrographic Survey: The survey of bodies of water made for the purpose of navigation, water

supply, or sub-aqueous construction.

Mining Survey: Made to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining

operations.

Route Survey: Refers to those control, topographic, and construction surveys necessary for the

location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines, and pipelines.

1. Introduction

1.1 Survey and Information

Photogrammetric Survey: Made to utilize the principles of aerial photogrammetry, in which

measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed objects.

Construction Survey: Made to lay out, locate and monitor public and private engineering works.

Surveying is one of the oldest arts practiced by man, and is indispensable in all branches of engineering.

All field operations and office computations are governed by the constant fight to eliminate or at least

reduce errors. Every measurement contains an error. No measurement can ever be exact because of

natural, instrumental, and personal errors, therefore, the exact answer for a measured angle or distance is

never known. It is, thus, necessary to arrange computations and field work so that errors are minimized

and mistakes readily uncovered.

B. Non-Spatial Survey

This type of survey is generally taken to study and analyze the non-physical aspects of the society. There

are different methods and steps which is not elaborated in detail.

2. Methodology in Surveying

Different methodologies are applied in the surveying depending upon the nature of the survey. Basically

in the engineering survey i.e. Spatial survey depends on the physical tools wheareas in the Social survey

i.e. the non spatial survey different methodology is used.

A. Methodology in Non-Spatial Survey

A field of applied statistics, survey methodology studies the sampling of individual units from a

population and the associated survey data collection techniques, such as questionnaire construction and

methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys.

Statistical surveys are undertaken with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population

being studied, and this depends strongly on the survey questions used. Polls about public opinion, public

health surveys, market research surveys, government surveys and censuses are all examples of

quantitative research that use contemporary survey methodology to answer questions about a population.

The most important methodological challenges of a survey methodologist include making decisions on

how to:

Identify and select potential sample members.

Contact sampled individuals and collect data from those who are hard to reach (or reluctant to

respond)

Evaluate and test questions.

Select the mode for posing questions and collecting responses.

Train and supervise interviewers (if they are involved).

Check data files for accuracy and internal consistency.

Adjust survey estimates to correct for identified errors.

B. Spatial Survey

Methodologies used in the spatial survey depend upon the tools used in the process of surveying. In the

physical instruments used in the past, the On Site methodology was used.

In the present day world with the advance technology the Remote Sensing devices are used and the Off

Site methodology is used. The analysis becomes predominant in such spatial survey.

3. Tools in Surveying in Past

The historical background of the Land Pooling started after the implementation of Land Pooling act in

1988 legally. Before that some practices were happened in Pokhara and different parts of the country

which were not under the guidance of land pooling act in Nepal. Here the case study of Naya Bazar is

discussed as the historical practice in Nepal.

There are many tools used in Surveying as follows:

a. Reconnaissance

The preliminary instruction of the area to be surveyed is called reconnaissance. It is essential that the

surveyor should have a thorough knowledge of the ground to be surveyed and its principle features.

On arriving at the ground, the surveyor should therefore, walk over the whole area and thoroughly

examine the ground, so as to decide upon the best possible arriving of the work. The surveyor should

note the various boundaries, the positions of buildings, roads, streams etc., various difficulties that

may intervene the proposed chain lines and the suitable positions of the stations. During the

reconnaissance, the surveyor should prepare a neat hand sketch called an index sketch or key plan

fairly resembling the plan of the ground, showing the boundaries, the principles features such as

buildings, roads, tanks, etc., the positions of the stations and chain lines. The sketch is drawn in the

field.

b. Taping

Taping or Chaining Pins are used to mark tape lengths. Most chaining/taping pins are made of number 12

steel wire, sharply pointed at one end and have a round loop at the other end. They are painted with

alternate red and white bands. A steel ring with 11 pins is standard.

c. Chaining

It is the method of measuring distance with a chain or tape. Of the various methods of determining

distance, chaining is the most accurate and common method. For work of ordinary precision, a chain is

used. But, where great accuracy is required, a steel tape is invariably used.

Instruments used for measuring distances are Chain and Tape

Instruments used for marking survey stations:

1. Ranging rod

2. Offset rod

3. Laths and whites

4. Pegs

Instruments used for setting right angles:

1. Cross staff

2. Optical square

Other instruments:

1. Arrow

2. Plumb bob

Fig. Chain used in Chain Surveying

d. Levelling

Levelling may be defined as the art of determining the relative heights or elevations of points or objects

on the surface of the earth. Therefore, it deals with measurements in vertical plane. Levelling has wide

applications in the field of agriculture. Construction of irrigation and drainage channels, terraces, bunds,

reservoirs, outlet structures, etc, require the knowledge of surveying. For any soil conservation and land

levelling work, levelling is the first job to be taken up.

Two instruments are required to determine the reduced levels of points. They are: (i) a level and (ii) a

levelling staff. The level is used to provide a horizontal line of sight and the levelling staff which is a

graduated rod is used to read the vertical height of the line of sight above the selected station.

Fig. Dumpy Level

Fig. Levelling Staff

e. Transits / Theodolites

Transits/Theodolites are fundamentally the same. Their most important application is measuring

horizontal and vertical angles, but they can also be used to obtain horizontal distances and determine

elevations. Transits/theodolites can be used for surveying applications when used with a calibrated

taping chain or an electronic distance measurer.

f. Electronic Distance Measurers (EDMs)

Electronic Distance Measurers (EDMs) accurately measure distance by measuring the time it takes a

laser to travel from the EDM to a prism and back. Before the introduction of EDMs, taping or chaining

was used to make accurate distance measurements.

g. A Total Station

Total station is the most accurate surveying device because it incorporates an electronic or digital

theodolite, an electronic distance measuring (EDM) device and a microprocessor in the same unit. Total

stations can automatically measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances from a single

setup. From this data they can instantaneously compute horizontal and vertical distance components,

elevations and coordinates, and display the results on an LCD. They can also store the data either on

board or in external date collectors. From the total station, data can be downloaded easily to a personal

computer.

h. Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) incorporate distance, direction and difference in height between

survey points. A GPS satellite surveying system simply using an electronic distance measurer that does

not need direct line of sight between survey points. Instead, a GPS receiver needs to have a direct line of

sight to a sufficient number of satellites.

Using the Global Positioning System (GPS, a process used to establish a position at any point on the

globe) the following two values can be determined anywhere on Earth as in figure below.

Fig. Determining the Transit time in GPS

Fig. Determining the intersecting point to locate object by GPS.

4. Survey and Information in context of Nepal

Nepal is a Federal Democratic country, with its establishment as such in May 28, 2008 as the new

governance system installed in the nation after the dethronement of Shah monarchy. With the

declaration of new constitution of the Federal government of Nepal on September 20, 2015, Nepal has

now seven provinces within the country. Nepal is a developing country and it is undergoing through the

process of rapid urbanization within the time period of few decades. Recently, the government had

declared 159 municipalities, raising the total count of municipality from 58 to 217, with the increment of

urban population from 17% to 34% at the present state. These "municipalities" are supposed to be the

urban hub where the facilities of the education, health, sanitation, electricity, transportation etc. are

provided with the necessary infrastructure and higher population density as compared to other areas.

Looking at the condition of the municipalities that were recently declared, most of these municipalities

are still in the rural setting, which lack the basic infrastructure and settlement planning. Considering this

fact, now is the time for the planning of the urban cities in these "municipalities" and the ground works

of the imitation of planning begins with the survey and generation of reliable and efficient information,

which can be used for the informed decision making.

5. Legal Authority for Survey and Information

As we know that maps are the base for the efficient planning and management of all the development

works and planning, so the Survey Department was established in B.S. 2014 as the central mapping

agency by the then government. The main objectives of the Survey department were to prepare maps

indigenously, and to fulfill the various mapping needs of Government. The department focused its work

mostly on the cadastral mapping in its early days of its establishment, to assist in the collection of land

revenue. Later with the legislation in B.S. 2019 and revision in B.S. 2021, it started the preparation of

maps and Land Registers, which helped not only to assess the revenue, but also to give the individual the

right to his land. The cadastral maps preparation of whole of 75 districts of Nepal was completed in B.S.

2055. The Geodetic Survey Branch (previously known as Trigonometrically Survey Branch) was

established in B.S. 2026 to help in establishing a network of trigonometrically points or control points

for cadastral mapping works. These control points formed the National Control Network, which were

used for the preparation of the maps for the 37 districts and the remaining 38 districts were mapped

without the National Control Network. The plain table survey method was used for the mapping process,

which were paper based, with the survey performed on the site. Now, with the advancement of the

technology, Survey department has started the preparation of the digital mapping and prepare the parcel

plan in urban areas, with the use of theodolite. It had created the digital topographic database from its

base maps in 1999- 2002. The data obtained from the ground survey are processed and used for the

preparation of the digital maps based on the pre-defined control points. It has been preparing the

topographical maps of the nation based on the photogrammetry and remote sensing. The department has

embraced the use of GIS in extensive way for the preparation of the topography maps based on various

schemes, which is very useful for the planning purpose of the given areas. The various data and maps

offered by the department are:

Available Maps and Data

Geodetic Control Data

Aerial Photographs

Topographical Base Maps

Terai and Middle Mountain at the scale of 1:25000

High hills and Himalayas at the scale of 1:50000

Land Resources Maps

Administrative and Physiological Maps

Maps of VDC/Municipalities, District, Zone & Development region.

Digital Topographic Data

Cadastral Plans

Ortho photo Maps

Soil Data

Available Services

Establishment of Control Points for various purpose

Cadastral Surveying

Photo Laboratory Services

Surveying and Mapping for Development Activities

Topographic and Large scale Mapping

Digital Geo-spatial Data base

GIS Development

The traditional methods of survey were used extensively in the past, for the survey and information were

generated of the small portion of the land. These methods did not seem to be effective for the survey of

larger city, because of its accuracy and its time consuming process. At the present context, various

agencies are engaged for the data collection, and their processing and analysis. They have spent lots of

financial resources and mobilized various human resources. These agencies are creating the spatial and

non-spatial data as per their own needs. This process is creating a jumble of data that are present in bits

and pieces, and these data resources are not readily available through a standard portal. To create a

standard data portal, the concept of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is introduced here via National

Geographic Information Infrastructure Project (NGIIP) within the domain of Survey Department. The

project was initiated in 2002, with the objective to support the creation of an infrastructure to facilitate

the sharing of geographical information within the country. The current priority of the project is to pilot

such an infrastructure of SDI with topographic and census data and the on the second stage, the Ministry

of Local Development, the Ministry of Health and Population, the Ministry of Agriculture and

Cooperatives and the 33 Branch Statistical offices situated in different districts will be incorporated on

the infrastructure. While the National Geographic Information System is gradually evolving with the

participation of various agencies to either produce or use the geographical information. The NGIS will

create a platform for all sorts of geographical information handlings at the national level, once the

infrastructure is fully materialized. The main benefit of NGII will be the technological, managerial,

organizational, economic and personnel mechanism to facilitate the sharing, access to and responsible

use of geographical and geo-related data. In the present context, the primary focus is given to analyze

and disseminate the Census 2001 added spatial dimensions, which is a new concept in Nepal. This will

create awareness and the mechanism for data usage within other selected user organizations.

Ministry of Land reform and Management (MoLRM), is the main administrative body which caters for

the land administration and management activities with effective and efficient administration and

sustainable management of the available land resources. The functions of the ministry have been

mentioned in the work division regulation, 2064 of the government of Nepal which are listed below:

Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies, plans and programs.

Land administration and Revenue collection.

National and International issues related to land.

Establish and maintenance of Geodetic control networks, production of topographic maps, aerial

survey and Geo-information.

Management of Guthi Corporation and trust land.

Implementing Land reform programs.

Human resource development through professional trainings in land survey and mapping and

land management.

Administration and management of human resources within the ministry.

National Planning Commission was established in 1956, under the Yojana Mandal Act of 1957. It is

considered as the apex advisory body of the Government of Nepal for formulating a national vision,

periodic plans and policies for development. It serves as a central agency for assessing resource needs,

identification of sources of funds, allocation of budget for socio-economic development, monitoring and

evaluating development plans, policies and programs. The Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local

Development (MoFALD), Kathmandu Valley Development Authority (KVDA), various NGO's and

INGO's, UNDP and the local governance authorities like municipality, VDC and District councils are

involved in the direct process of survey for the data collection and planning process within its legal

domain. The users committee and project management committee provides guidance and feedback for

the land development projects. The study and survey of the project area is generally carried out by the

planning and buildings construction office with private surveyors and planners.

6. Legislation and Planning Acts of Nepal

The legal authority in planning process regarding the land use and land development has its ground

established in the Land related Act 2021, which has defined the minimum ceiling of urban land. The

minimum land parcel was defined as 80 sq.m. in hill and mountain and 85 sq.m. in Terai areas, and the

minimum frontage of the building was standardized as 6m. The Land (Survey) Act 2019, Para 11 (C)

and Land(Survey) Bye law 2058 Para 24, Urban Development Act 2045, Para 12 (2), and Land Pooling

Manual 2061, compiled by S.B. Sangachhe and G.P. Gorkhali, and published by Department of Town

Development and Building Construction are some of the planning act documents that guide the land use

and land development assisting the development planning of the particular areas.

7. Survey and Planning Methods

We have been using the traditional methods of survey for the data collection in the past. These

traditional methods used were the plain table survey for map generation of the entire country. The

topographical maps were prepared by the use of photogrammetry methods using the stereopairs and the

cartography methods, which was done manually. Now the survey department has started to use the

remote sensing methods and GIS for the information generation via use of the modern survey methods.

The aerials photographs and satellelite images of higher resolution are used as base information, where

the ground survey regarding the collection of spatial as well as non-spatial data is carried out. These data

are organized and used for the analysis in GIS, with the preparation of various thematic maps of various

aspects that are considered for the planning process. The GIS uses the overlay technique with efficient

information management, and the planners use these information for the planning of the desired state of

the project area. GIS now has become an integral part of the modern computer based analysis technique,

thus it helps the planners in informed decision making. Nepal has started to use this tool for efficient and

informed data analysis and processing and implementation of the plans.

8. Land Development Techniques

With the rapid urbanization in Nepal, there is the urgent need of shelter with comfortable urban

infrastructures to all citizens, conservation of prime agricultural land and environment, land

consolidation, and planned urban growth. To attain these desired state of planned city, there must be the

investment form the local government authority and utilization of the available resources with proper

land development techniques to be implemented. The land management is defined as an activity on the

ground, using appropriate technologies in the respective land use systems. It is required to create healthy

growth of towns and cities. The land development techniques that are being practiced here in Nepal are

site and services, guided land development and land pooling.

Fig. Land Development Process

Site-and-services schemes provide the target group with a plot and basic infrastructure, such as water,

roads and sanitation facilities. The beneficiaries either lease or buy the allocated land. Often, they are

provided access to a loan with reasonable terms as well as an additional loan for the construction of a

house.

A. Site and services

Guided land development (GLD) uses the provision of infrastructure as a mechanism to guide urban

development. It is a land management technique for guiding the conversion of privately owned land in

the urban periphery from rural to urban uses. Governments can use infrastructure investment policies to

guide the direction of land development, as well as, to ensure that land development is efficient,

environmentally sound and equitable. This encourages private land developers to develop land in that

area. It is done in partnership with landowners who pay for the cost of servicing their land through

donation of land for public infrastructure and payment of betterment levy. It uses a combination of

traditional government role of providing infrastructure and the enforcement of land subdivision

regulations. The key advantage of the approach is that it is less costly than outright land acquisition and

more equitable than land banking.

The land pooling scheme of land development is regarded as one of the best readjustment technique for

planned provision of urban environmental infrastructures and supply of urban land without external

investment. The objective of the land pooling is to prepare a master plan, providing basic infrastructure

such as road, electricity, telephone, drainage, potable water supply, opens spaces making it suitable for

an ideal urban residential, commercial and other mixed blocks and redistribute the planned plots to the

land owners who agree to share the cost of development by contributing a part of their land parcel. this

is a widely used technique for promoting efficient, sustainable and equitable land development in the

urban fringes. The main objectives of urban planning by land pooling are:

To provide maximum number of developed plots and to conserve agricultural land, cultural

heritage and environment.

Maximum participation of local people in the process of urban planning making them aware of

the importance of planned urban development.

To control the rapid unplanned urban growth and its impact on environment and emphasize the

importance of the concept of planning in modern urbanization.

To provide employment opportunity to local people.

To set an example that unified development efforts are successful only through active

participation of the people.

To set an example of a planned urban residential area with all necessary infrastructure and clean

environment.

B. Guided Land Development

C. Land Pooling

Fig. Land Pooling Necessity

A land readjustment scheme is typically initiated by the municipal or the national government

designating an area which is about to be converted from agricultural to urban land use. During the

planning process, the public notification and digital cadastral and topographical surveys (at the scales of

1:500), and other surveys are carried out, infrastructures, open spaces, parcels to be returned to the

owners, service plots (plots to be sold to recovered the cost of infrastructures) are assigned and marked

on the ground and infrastructures are developed. Land pooling started in 1975 and practiced since 1990s

in Kathmandu valley of Nepal and developed about 200ha of urban areas and another 200ha of land area

being developed in Kathmandu valley alone. The land pooling projects have been successfully

implemented in various parts of the Kathmandu valley.

Fig. Land Pooling Technique

9. Application of Survey in Global Context

Survey is used for different purpose all over the world. Survey made many progress and made some

works easier to conduct and supervise. Remote seasoning had made many thing possible to achieve

within our hands without reaching the actual site. Let’s discuss come of the application of survey in

global context.

i. Survey in Mapping

Mapping is a central function of survey, which provides a visual interpretation of data. People from

different professions use map to communicate.

ii. Telecom and Network Services

Survey is a great planning and decision making tool for telecom industries.

iii. Urban Planning

Survey is used to analyze the urban growth and its direction of expansion, and to find suitable sites for

further urban development. In order to identify the sites suitable for the urban growth, certain factors

have to consider which is: land should have proper accessibility, land should be more or less flat, land

should be vacant or having low usage value presently and it should have good supply of water which

data can be found after survey.

iv. Transportation Planning

Survey is used in managing transportation and related problems. Transport department in many country

plans a new railway or a road route by adding environmental and topographical data into the Survey

platform. This will easily output the best route for the transportation. Survey is also used in monitoring

rail systems and road conditions.

v. Environmental Impact Analysis

EIA is an important policy initiative to conserve natural resources and environment. Many human

activities produce potential adverse environmental effects which include the construction and operation

of highways, rail roads, pipelines, airports, radioactive waste disposal and more. Environmental impact

statements are usually required to contain specific information on the magnitude and characteristics of

environmental impact. The EIA is carried out efficiently by the help of Survey.

vi. Agricultural Applications

Survey is used to create more effective and efficient farming techniques. It is also used to analyze soil

data and to determine: what are the best crop to plant?, where they should go? how to maintain nutrition

levels to best benefit crop to plant?.

vii. Disaster Management and Mitigation

Today a well-developed Survey systems are used to protect the environment. It has become an

integrated, well developed and successful tool in disaster management and mitigation. Survey had

helped with risk management and analysis by displaying which areas are likely to be prone to natural or

man-made disasters. When such disasters are identified, preventive measures can be developed.

viii. Landslide Hazard Zonation

Landslide hazard zonation is the process of ranking different parts of an area according to the degrees of

actual or potential hazard from landslides. It has become possible to efficiently collect, manipulate and

integrate a variety of spatial data such as geological, structural, surface cover and slope characteristics of

an area, which can be used for hazard zonation. The entire above said layer is well integrate using

Survey and weighted analysis is also helpful to find Landslide prone area. By the help of survey many

county do risk assessment and reduce the losses of life and property.

ix. Determine land use/land cover changes

Land cover means the feature that is covering the barren surface .Land use means the area in the surface

utilized for particular use. The role of survey in land use and land cover applications is that it determine

land use/land cover changes in the different areas. Also it can detect and estimate the changes in the land

use/ land cover pattern within time. It enables to find out sudden changes in land use and land cover

either by natural forces or by other activities like deforestation.

x. Navigation (routing and scheduling)

Web-based navigation maps encourage safe navigation in waterway. Ferry paths and shipping routes are

identified for the better routing. Survey had supported in safe navigation system and provides accurate

topographic and hydrographic data.

xi. Natural Resources Management

By the help of Survey technology the agricultural, water and forest resources is well maintain and

managed in many countries. Foresters can easily monitor forest condition.

xii. Soil Mapping

Soil mapping provides resource information about an area. It helps in understanding soil suitability for

various land use activities. It is essential for preventing environmental deterioration associated with

misuse of land. Survey helped to identify soil types in an area and to delineate soil boundaries. It is used

for the identification and classification of soil. Soil map is widely used by the farmers in developed

countries to retain soil nutrients and earn maximum yield.

xiii. Digital Taxation

In Local Governments, Survey had helped to solve taxation problems. It is used to maximize the

government income.

xiv. Land Information System

Survey based land acquisition management system provides complete information about the land. Land

acquisition managements is being used for the past 3 or 4 years only. It helped in assessment, payments

for private land with owner details, tracking of land allotments and possessions identification and timely

resolution of land acquisition related issues.

xv. Detection of Mine

Survey technology is applied in the area of safe production of mine.

xvi. Survey for Planning and Community Development

Survey helped us to better understand our world so we can meet global challenges. Today’s Survey

technology is advancing rapidly, providing many new capabilities and innovations in planning.

xvii. Tourism Information System

Survey provides a valuable toolbox of techniques and technologies of wide applicability to the

achievement of sustainable tourism development. This provide an ideal platform tools required to

generate a better understanding, and can serve the needs of tourists.

xviii. Volcanic Hazard Identification

Volcanic hazard to human life and environment include hot avalanches, hot particles gas clouds, lava

flows and flooding. Potential volcanic hazard zone can be recognized by the characteristic historical

records of volcanic activities, it can incorporate with Survey.

xix. Space Utilization

Survey helped managers to organize and spatially visualize space and how it can best be used.

xx. Development of Public Infrastructure Facilities

Survey is been used by facility managers for space management, visualization and planning, emergency

and disaster planning and response.

xxi. Location Identification

This technique is used to find a location for a new retail outlet. It helps to find out what exists at a

particular location.

xxii. Knowledge Based System for Defense Purpose

Conventional method of studying paper topographical maps is being replaced by use of maps in digital

form to get terrain information. It is increasingly being used to derive terrain information from digital

images. Which helped to the selection of suitable sites for various military uses more accurate and faster.

xxiii. Pipeline Route Selection

Pipeline route planning and selection is usually a complex task. Survey technology is faster, better and

more efficient in this complex task.

xxiv. River Crossing Site Selection for Bridges

The important geotechnical consideration is the stability of slope leading down to and up from the water

crossing. It is advisable to collect historical data on erosion and sedimentation. On the basis of these

information asses the amount of river channel contraction, degree of curvature of river bend, nature of

bed and bank materials including the flood flow and the flow depth, all these can be done in Survey

within estimated time and accurately.

xxv. Economic Development

Survey technology is a valuable tool used for the economic development. It helped in site selection,

suitability analysis, and for finding the right sites to locate new business and grow existing ones.

xxvi. Regional Planning

Every day, planners use Geographic Information System (survey) technology to research, develop,

implement, and monitor the progress of their plans. Survey provided planners, surveyors, and engineers

with the tools they need to design and map their neighborhoods and cities.

xxvii. Survey for Land Administration

In a number of countries, the separate functions of land administration are being drawn together through

the creation of digital cadastral databases, with these database they can reuse land for suitable needs

,digital taxation and even utilities are also easily handle using these database.

xxviii. Survey for Wildlife Management

Man made destruction such as habitat loss, pollution, invasive species introduction, and climate change,

are all threats to wildlife health and biodiversity. Survey technology is an effective tool for managing,

analyzing, and visualizing wildlife data to target areas where international management practices are

needed and to monitor their effectiveness. Survey helped wildlife management professionals examine

and envision.

10. Land Development in Global Context

The land pooling is successfully carried out in (japan, Nepal, Delhi, Singapore, Bhutan, Boston’s

west end, South Korea, Australia, Germany, Indonesia, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand)

i. Land pooling in Washington DC in 1791

Land pooling was conceived in 1791 when George Washington and his associates used it to finance

and build new capital in Washington, DC

Federal government paid landowners for sites of public buildings

Half of remaining lots were returned to original owners.

ii. Land –use planning in Japan

Due to sharp increase in urban population there was fast economic growth in japan which lead to the

expansion of urban areas. There was need to manage growth in urban areas. City planning started in

japan in 1888 which mainly focused in modernization of capital. Then in 1919 old city planning law was

regulated and city planning was centralized and basic infrastructure was for all cities. In 1968 new city

planning law ensured public participation with detailed zoning system. Public participation was ensured

A. Land pooling

in every town meeting. Development permit was only given when area of develop land is larger than

1000 m2. Cost sharing for development of land was between public sector and the developer.

a. Tama New Town Development

Tama New town lies in 25-40 km southwest from

central Tokyo and total area for land development

was 3000 ha. The project of town development

started in 1969. For development of the area land

readjustment scheme was adopted and is

implemented by Tokyo Metropolitan Government

and Public Corporations. In Japan three methods of

Urban Development were followed.

Control type method: different place were prohibit unsuitable for development through zoning system

and building code.

Project-type method: different project were implemented such as roads and parks.

Land Readjustment: 1/3 of urban areas of Japan were developed using Land readjustment scheme.

iii. Land Pooling in Bhutan: The Case of Lungtenphu

Lungtenphu encompasses an area of 243.5 hectares to the eastern side of Wang Chhu River and extends

to the slopes of Simtokha. The Lungtenphu LAP went through a large number of public consultations.

The Lungtenphu LAP encompasses a total of 420 plots owned by 271 landowners. A major focus of the

Lungtenphu LAP was to reconfigure the existing developable land in such a manner that each landowner

would retain their original land parcel but with proper access to amenities and services. By reconfiguring

the layout of land, the plots were made regular in size and shape to allow for efficient development.

Land Ownership Pattern prior to planning intervention

Ownership

Area

(square

meter)

Percent

of

Total

Government

ownership 126,954.1 5.2

Private

ownership

(7.18 Ha. of

land already

been

developed) 566,670.0 23.3

Right of

way 47,608.7 1.9

Water

bodies 2,044.7 0.1

Others

(Public

land–mostly

steep and

barren) 1,691,999.4 69.5

Total LAP

Area 2,435,276.9 100.00

Fig. Source: Cadastral Map provided by the Survey of Bhutan (2001).

In this process, land values increased. Generally, the

landowners ended up with a smaller property but of

much higher value. Out of the total private land area

(49.5 hectares), 28.9 percent (14.3 hectares) was for

public roads and protected zone. In reality, the total

land area required for these purposes was 26.7

hectares; therefore, some government land was used

to cover the shortfalls. The land pooling contribution of 28.9 percent was deducted from respective

private plots with the remaining lands returned to the landowners. Plots of single ownership that were

smaller than 400 square meters were amalgamated to form a buildable plot.Due to ground conditions

and existing structures, some landowners retained more than 71.1 percent of their original plot area. In

these cases, the landowners made a monetary payment to bring their amount of contribution to the

standard level. In cases where original owners received back less than 71.1 percent of their original plot,

they received cash compensation. On April 18, 2002 the Ministry of Communications and the

Municipality convened the 4th open house discussion where 75 people (including the public

representatives) attended. The concept of land pooling and the draft plan was explained, and the

discussions were lively and participatory. The government then began to conduct numerous public

meetings and explained the public benefits of land pooling. These explanations, together with maps,

were widely circulated in the media. Comments were solicited.

iv. Lesson Learnt From Different Country in Land Pooling

a. Key messages from Gujarat, India

Land pooling is a land assembly tool not a solution for all urban development challenges.

The participatory process of land pooling creates a new record of land ownership which becomes

more relevant than outdated and incomplete official records

Assembling land and establishing rights of way for infrastructure through land pooling is a valuable

outcome in own right and low income housing or even infrastructure construction, can come later if

funds are not immediately available.

Even though land pooling requires involving a larger number of stakeholders (including landowners

in the project area) than compulsory acquisition, its inherent equity in the distribution of costs and

benefits leads to less resistance and thereby typically faster overall delivery.

b. Key messages from japan

Land pooling (LP) can be used as an integral part of a large scale, long term urbanization strategy

Without LP, redevelopment after a massive disaster such as Hiroshima would not have been

possible.

Sometimes if preexisting streets are very narrow, creation of surplus plots is not possible and the

implementing agency may need to formally acquire additional land as part of the redevelopment

Community ownership of LP in Japan is promoted by having the vast majority of the projects LP

committee elected from among the landowners.

Using governing legislation to designate an area for LP in Japan helps to maintain focus upon that

area even after political leader change.

c. Key messages from Bhutan

It is possible and sometimes beneficial to do LP through a pilot before developing dedicated

legislation as was the case in Bhutan.

Using donor funds for LP usually means adhering to social and environmental safeguards which

promote sustainability but which can slow implementation if for example donors strongly prefers

consensus from all landowners

Truncating problematic sections of a redevelopment whre landowner resistance is high can be a

suitable solution to allow implementation to proceed and in the case of Thimpu, those who were

truncated later embraced the project when results in neighboring areas were evident

Even when financing is not yet mobilized to build the planned infrastructure, it is advantageous to

physically clear the right of way

Tenants and squatters need to be properly compensated if they reside in LP project areas

The will and consent of the affected people can be more relevant than a court ruling so trust building

between government and affected people is very important

B. Guided land development Examples can be taken from Malaysia, India, Jakarta, Nepal. (Out of Scope of this report)

C. Site and services Examples can be taken from Nigeria; Bangkok, Kibera, Mumbai. (Out of scope of this report)

11. Land Pooling Process

Land pooling consists of following steps as process.

The land pooling project requires prefeasibility study of possible areas which is done by studying maps

and documents, interaction to the local officials and land owners and site visit. The area is identified in

terms of technical feasibility-suitability of the area for urban development and social feasibility- the

acceptability of programmes by land owners, agencies and local politicians.

A. FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility study is carried out mostly where the land owners applied for urban development,

construction of buildings are taking place rapidly, government project requiring of large private portion

of land and area assigned by government for land pooling. If the area feasible, than, the general meeting

of stakeholders will request the concerned government agency to implement land pooling programme.

During this period, nodal points of major infrastructures and tentative areas will be fixed by the stake

holders and district development committee for land pooling programme. (Oli, 2010)

i. Mapping

The control survey for topographical mapping will be based on national control networks and carry out

to cm accuracy. If the area will be extended and the inaccuracy of existing control points may be not

negligible, the coordinates of midpoint will be fixed and calculation be carried out accordingly.

Topographical mapping will be carried using total stations, and graphical maps at the scale of 1:500

will also be produced, showing all details including infrastructures -road, electricity, water supply,

sewerage lines, and other facilities. Frontages of buildings are also important for new road network

planning. The connection of water, electricity, telephone and roads will be considered and shown in

mapping areas. Generally survey area is extended 50 m outside the periphery of the area. During survey

period, any objections of the land owners will be appear on land pooling programme. The surveyor

should arrange meetings of stakeholders and official, as and when problem will be arose and the

finding of study will be presentation at the end of field works.

The half of these earlier cadastral maps are mainly isle land type or free sheet maps. They may not have

accurate connection to each other. These existing cadastral data (maps and records) will be digitized

and superimposed on digital topographical maps, map by map and the cadastral data base will be

prepared as per the accuracy of maps.

ii. Land valuation

The existing price of land parcel is evaluated during survey period judging the price of land owner

willing to sell, and the purchaser or real estate agent willing to pay and from the cadastral survey data

which also have of land area, land class and use. The simple questionnaire is completed in the field for

the purpose.

After planning and provision of infrastructure, the value of land/land class will be increased as per the

land classes. The price of the land will be estimated as per land price existing developed neighbouring

areas. The real estate agency will also be asked for the price they are willing to pay after the

infrastructure development.

B. DETAILED PLANNING

iii. Socio economic survey

The socio-economic survey of all land owners including residing outside the land pooling area will be

conducted to explain about the project, collect their opinion about the project, infrastructure

requirement, land utilization and their contribution, and gather other information required for planning.

A simple questionnaire will be completed from all land owners.

iv. Readjustment

The sample readjustment plan of a block will be also prepared after decision of contribution policy,

infrastructure, roads and block planning and calculation of total project cost to be borne by each land

owner or parcel. In Nepal the contribution of land pooling of a parcel is recovered by deducting the

portion of land parcel that receive extra facilities. Generally the contribution of land of land pooling in

Nepal is about 19% for road, 5% open spaces, 8-10% infrastructure development and 4%

administrative cost and in total about 35-40% of the land. The individual land owner has to contribute

15-55% of parcel depending upon the position of land and infrastructure available. The minimum size

of parcel for planning will be kept 125 sq. m and 80 or 85 sq m parcels could consider as rare case. The

plot depth and frontage ratio of parcel will be 1.5-2.5 and minimum frontage will be more than 6m. The

sample of some land pooling project as seen in Google are below:

v. Land use

Most of the land pooling projects implemented to provide comfortable housing plots on small areas to

control the unplanned urban sprawl. After implementation of land pooling programmes, the area will be

a mixture of housing plots, shops, and small scale industrial and commercial areas. It is difficult to

develop the industrial and commercial plots in such small plots. Therefore, large scale land pooling

programme should assign the larger plots for commercial and industrial purposes near the main road

areas. There are common opinions that the block adjacent to outer ring road or main road will have

commercial and industrial plots with larger plots and plot depths. The area adjacent to it will be mixed

commercial/ industrial and residential uses and further blocks adjacent minor roads will be mainly

residential use. The land use areas will be assigned as per the existing situation and planned

infrastructures. The parks/open spaces are also assigned to each block or large open spaces within

neighbourhood. The educational, institutional, communal and other areas are assigned as per the norms

within blocks, neighbourhood.

vi. Land recovery

The cost of land pooling work is generally borne by selling every year service plots assigned to each

sub block as per the annual budget requirement. Initially seed money and administrative cost will be

available from government and donor agency. The local administration or financial institution may also

be involved to assist the programme by providing soft loan to develop infrastructure in initial phase of

the programme. The cost will be recovered by selling developed service plots annually. Before

implementation of the programme, initial cost or seed money should be arranged and detail financial

schedule is required to prepare to sell the developed plots.

B. Implementation

The implementation of programme consists of works like formation of users' committee, project

management committees and project office, getting consensus of land owners, updating maps and land

records, preparation readjustment plans and marking plots on the ground, final design of infrastructures

and constructions of roads and other infrastructures. It may take 3-5 years to complete the work of this

phase. The project in this phase will only starts after approval of planning and commitment on

implementation by the government and concerned authorities and leaders. It may be briefly describe as

following:

i. Consensus collection

A team of sociologists will be assigned and series of local meetings will be conducted along with

project teams, land owners, local authority and other stakeholders at various levels. During the

meetings users' committee of each word will be formed. The land owners will be requested to sign for

consensus of carrying out development works through the land pooling programme. It will be most

difficult tasks to have consensus of all people especially at present Nepal, where there are diverse

political opinions about ownership of land.

ii. Preparation of Readjustment Plans and Demarcation

The topographical and cadastral data base will be updated before finalization of readjustment plan. The

readjustment plans will be prepared after decision of contribution policy which fairly fixed. However,

there will be minor variation in each project, as it will be decided by project management committee.

The contribution area of each parcel will be calculated and the positions of all parcel areas will be

tentatively fixed. Generally, a land owner will get his/her land in the original location.

The field book will also be prepared and provisional land certificates will be issued. The demarcation of

all parcels in the field will be set out including road by concrete markers using existing ground control

point established during topographical survey.

The above cadastral plans will be also printed to the scale of the cadastral map with new parcel

numbers and sent along with field book to Survey Department for approval. The new maps and records

will replaced the existing maps and records after approval of Survey Department, concerned district

survey office and Land Revenue office. The concerned office will issue the final (new) land owner

registration certificates to land owners.

iii. Finalization of Infrastructure Plans and Cost

After updating maps, the minor changes of minor roads and other infrastructures will be carried out and

final drawings, cost estimates and tender documents will be prepared.

iv. Construction of Infrastructure

The track road will be opened on the demarcated areas and construction will be carried out as per

planned schedule. The land owner will be compensated for the crops which they would be unable to

cultivate. The construction will be carried out phase wise basis block by block. The road, drainage,

sewer line and electricity poles and line will be constructed completely one area by another areas. It

will be generally contracted out and supervised and monitored by the project office in collaboration

with users' committee.

12. A Case Study: Saibu Nakhudole Land Pooling Project

A study of Saibu Nakhudole Land pooling project is carried out in detail to understand the process

involved in land pooling project in Nepal. Following

information were in the land pooling process: (Ltd,

2067)

1. Survey and Mapping

a) Study of existing maps and aerial photographs

b) Determination of Project Boundary:

c) Geological details:

d) Population details:

e) Climate:

f) Condition of the VDC: Location from city,

trend of increasing population, etc.

g) Inventory of existing infrastructures:

Educational institutions, roads, telephone, postal

services, electricity, government offices, non-governmental organisations, temples, pati, cremation

area, small and large industries, shops,

Figure: Aerial Photograph of

Saibu Area

h) Available infrastructure : Roads, water supply, telephone, sewerage, education, health, religious

places, transportation

i) Environmental condition: Pollution level, existing forest area nearby, susceptibility to landslide,

1. Then concept plan was prepared following the Planning bye-laws, geological conditions of the

project site, existing physical infrastructures

2. Planning components:

a) Land- use plan

b) Infrastructure development plan

i. Road Networks

ii. Drainage Networks

iii. Open areas

iv. Water supply, electricity and telecommunication

3. Contribution Ratio determined

4. Preparation of new land records/ Readjustment plan

Fig. Nakkhu Blue Print Map

Fig. Nakkhu Replot Area after Land Pooling

13. A Case Study of Land Pooling: Nayabazar

The project is approved by HMG of Nepal in April 1995. According to Town development Act BS 2045

and Land Acquisition Act BS 2034, the HMG has given decision to aqusite the land on the Kathmandu

Naya bazar area on 1995 September. The project term of Nayabazar Land Readjustment Project (NLRP)

was three years at the beginning in the proposal but due to some technical and political constraint and

passive participation from the land owners, the project period was compelled to extend the project

period up to 5 years. The project is the joint collaboration of HMG, Nepal and Asian Development

Bank. Kathmandu Metropolitan City is conducting the project through the Kathmandu Municipality

Infrastructure Improvement Project. The project area is about 42 Hectors.

The Project area is called Nayabazar Land readjustment Project. This land pooling area is one of the

project area proposed by Kathmandu valley town development committee as per Guided Land

Development (GLD) Programme in 1989. The project area is located within the two different wards of

the Municipality: Ward No 16. covers 25 hectors (487 Ropanies) and under Ward No 17 it comes about

17 hectors (332 Ropanies). The western boundaries of the both wards is the Bishnumati river, the second

famous river culturally and religiously in the city area(capital). There were no infrastructure developed

General Background

Background of the selected Area

in the project site. The area was totally raw land having only one existing road of three metres width

going from east to west through the center and a circular road of average width of 3.5 metres with the

radius about 100 to 150 metres.

The land occupied by the built up area in the project area was only 5 % of the total area. But the

immigration of the people from inside and outside city is increasing day by day as the land is situated

very near by the city center (1.5 Km from the city center square). The ratio of immigrants to project area

from inner to outer city is 1 each to 4. So the built up structure is increasing rapidly. Most of the plots

are irregularly shaped and differ drastically in the size with each other. About 90 percent of the total

existing plots had not motorable access. The average plots size is about 130 to 150 sq. metre in area.

Where the structure of the building is already exists. It has been very difficult to adjust the plots and

hardly it could be changed the shape of such plot. Because of the flexibility in the property act, high

subdivision of the plots can be found in the roadside or accessible areas leading the uncontrollable

activities in maintaining the size of the plots as per existing building bylaws standard. Unusual size even

below the 70 sq.metre could be found lots in that area.

The basic design data of the Project area comprises:

Existing built up houses: 393 houses

Total No. of land parcels:1051 nos.

House use: Fully by H/O 58%, Partly with tenant 31%, Fully by tenent 11%

Previous settlement of the House owners(%): Within the project 7.38

Within the same ward 17.30

Within the KMC 64.38

Within the valley 5.34

Institutions involved

Design

Within the Nepal 5.6

Purpose of the house use(%): Residential 85.24

Commercial 1.78

Industrial 1.02

Residential com. Commercial 11.96

More than 95 percent land type is private ownership and they are almost farmer family.

House hold survey report: Total population: 6,680 ( At present)

Literacy rate: 51%

Avg. Household size: 5.6 persons

Avg. Household expenditure. NRs.: 7667 / month

Avg. saving per house: NRs. 1133 / month

Existing pop. density: 220ppha

Ave. rate of land: US$ 50-60 / m2

The design for the implementation of NLRP project includes:

1) The Interaction with community and user’s committees

2) Presentation of analytical studies and field investigations

3) Proposals of readjustment plots

4) Approval of design from WLMC

5) Plotting of roads

6) Plot readjustment in the field,

7) Implementation work on the field (construction work, Transfer of public facilities)

8) New cadastral map preparation

9) Selling of services plots

10) Distribution of temporary land ownership

11) Cadastral map submission to Revenue office

12) Distribution of permanent ownership.

Nepal is geographically difficult country. It is difficult to measure all its parts by actually going to the

site itself in so many places. There are many rural places such as Mugu which has very difficult terrains.

In addition, there are no basic infrastructures such as road and electricity for proper functioning of the

survey and its various tools.

The projects are still based in traditional methods in many places. Remote sensing and aerial

photographs have been developed, and maximum areas has now been digitized. But in case of planned

development, there are very less use of modern techniques. In this field, human resources is very less

produced in the related specialized fields, for example, it has not been so long that Geomatics

Engineering was introduced in Nepalese education system. Another hindrance for using modern

techniques of survey and information in Nepal is the financial difficulty as modern techniques like GIS

and aerial photographs are very expensive and also it take a long time for data collection and processing.

Similarly there may be the problem of social reasons. Sometimes, it becomes hard to convince the land

owners to provide the required information related to social data. So, they might even give wrong data.

Besides this, there may also be weakness of Cadastral Maps and Documents. The cadastral maps have

errors due to smaller scale of maps, difficulty to match adjoining sheets and errors of land records.

Some of the parcel may not be registered or has litigation or on mortgages. If the total area of the project

and the summation of area of all parcels as per the land records are same or more or less same, it will

not be the problem. Because, new parcel may not be the same and after land pooling the owners will

have undisputed, accurate map and document for future. The mismatching of adjoining sheets will be

solved. The unregistered land disputed ownership or on mortgaged land will also be readjusted

and returned to the land owners with ownership situation as it existed.

It has also been observed that some land may be more that of the cadastral map. In such cases, people

might not be willing to permit survey of the site again for land pooling. So, depending upon the cadastral

map alone would not be accurate or justifiable in these projects.

Problems/Hindrances/Bottlenecks

14. Conclusion

Through our study, we have known that survey and information has its global importance in various

sectors. In context of planning too, it would be impossible to conduct any planning projects without

doing surveys. The data may be either primary or secondary, but it is compulsory in any planning of the

city. Without survey, it would be just impossible to understand the site (its size, position, services,

typology, etc.) without which a planning project could not be conducted. If any project is conducted

without its total information, it would be a failure project.

In case of Nepal also, we saw different techniques of survey and information being applied in different

fields. In case of land pooling, we saw the use of cadastral maps and field surveys only. The use of GIS

is not much in practice at present. Still, we are dependent on traditional methods. This may be due to

low human resources, lack of education and also financial problems. GIS has the feature to check the

suitability of the project on different attributes. It can also show the project success. So, use of GIS can

make the planning process very easy starting from the very first phase of the project that is site

selection and suitability analysis.

This is not the whole of it. GIS can do much more in the field of planning. In land pooling, in Nepal, 70

percent of total land is given back to the owners and 30 percent is used for developing infrastructures

and sales plot. So, the areas are replotted and redistributed by hit and trial method, whereas the

application of GIS would have made it easier for analysis.

The Town development Act BS 2045 and Land Acquisition Act BS 2034 says that to do the land

pooling project, there is the requirement of 51% consensus of the population of the area. This is

supposed to be done through social survey, but as it is time consuming and expensive, government

publish a notice about it and if majority of people didn't show disagreement in this, they would continue

the process of land pooling. Since planning is for the people, so it is important to know about the

various aspects of people, so social survey or non spatial data are also very important in planning to

make it a success.

For the planned development of remote areas, where there would be difficulty of field surveys, remote

sensing can be a very useful tool to learn about the feasibility of the site. Thus, survey and information

would be important on such fields too.

15. Recommendation

After our study, we would like to recommend that modern technologies are very useful in surveying

especially in a geographically challenged country like ours. And also, they would be easier and more

accurate, so it would be better to use those technologies. Besides these technologies like GIS has various

features, so they would be helpful in better planning practices.

Besides this, we have also seen some projects where people are based on cadastral maps only. This may

have some inaccuracy, like the plots may be larger than that shown in the cadastral maps. The cadastral

maps and records are paper-based conventional record keeping and thus vulnerable to manipulation. So,

we would recommend to do detailed surveys so that there would be no errors.

We would also recommend to keep the information updated by various sectors. There would be a

number of surveys being conducted from various sectors for various purpose. But there would be no

connection between them, so the multiple survey may occur in same field which would be unnecessary

and uneconomical. Thus, improvement is important in inter-sectoral integration ensuring better inter

governmental working relationships.

Substantial increase in resource mobilization is required in planning activities. Human resource

development is needed in the field of housing and urban development and planning. Priority should be

given to experts on the specialized fields.

16. Bibliography

Oli, P. P. (n.d.). Land Pooling / Readjustment Programmes in Nepal.

Oli, P. P. (n.d.). Land Pooling: The Public Private Participatory Urban Development in Nepal.

Pradhan, T. (n.d.). Land Readjustment in Kathmandu- The Naya Bazar Project.