a research on safety of foreign workers who work in...
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A RESEARCH ON SAFETY OF FOREIGN WORKERS WHO WORK IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN SOUTH KOREA AND TURKEY
AND EMPLOYER’S LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
Professor Fahrettin Korkmaz (Ataturk University, Faculty of Law)
Prefossor Park Dal Jae
(Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Safety Engineering)
Ph.D student Serdar Korkmaz
(Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Safety Engineering)
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Contents
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1. Methodology
2. Introduction of construction and construction safety
3. Reasons for migration to Turkey and Korea
4. Employments of foreign workers
5. Employer’s legal responsibilities in Turkey and Korea
6. Official safety statistics of foreign construction workers in
Turkey and Korea
7. Questionnaire and Correlation analysis
8. Summary
1. Methodology
• Foreign construction workers and construction safety. • Turkish and Korean Ministry of Labour, KOSHA, CAK and ISGUM(Turkish Health and Safety Institute). •Turkish and Korean Occupational Health and Safety Act • Books, previous studies, journal articles, local news, websites and works of previous researchers. • Questionnaire survey and statistical analysis.
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2. Introduction of Construction Industry:
• One of the most significant industries in terms of safety.
• Undetected and unreported accidents in construction
industry.
• The big problem is changing work environment
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3. Reasons for Migration:
A- Migration to Turkey:
• Economic, politics problems caused migration to Turkey.
• Immigration from Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Syria, Armenia,
Russia, Georgia and Central Asian Turkic Countries and China
recently.
• Korean, Japanese, Chinese and European construction
companies on some projects in Turkey.
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B- Migration to Korea:
• Labour force importing country.
• Used to be migrant source country.
• Low birth rate and cost of domestic labour caused shortages in 3D
jobs.
• Mainly immigrants are from China, Vietnam, Thailand, the
Philippines, Uzbekistan, Nigeria, the US.
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4. Employments of foreign workers: A- Employments of foreign workers in Turkey:
•Work permits are given by Ministry of Labour and Social Security or Turkish
Consulates.
•Health and Safety Act has been changed and improved recently years.
•With new regulations employer’s responsibilities on safety and health ay work
became more significant.
•Similar duties of employers in Korean and Turkish Occupational Health and
Safety Acts.
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B- Employments of foreign workers in Korea:
• The Construction Association of Korea is the main official body for supplying foreign construction workers.
• First, Industrial Training visa (D3) in order to work in Korea.
•After training, Non-professional Employment (E-9) Visa and
Employment Permit for Foreign Worker are needed.
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B- Employments of foreign workers in Korea:
• Foreign workers from a country that has signed
MOU(memorandum of understanding ) with Korea should pass these steps;
• ① pass the Korean Language Proficiency Test, • ② Register in the list of foreigners seeking jobs, • ③ sign a labor service agreement, • ④ get a visa, • ⑤ enter the country, • ⑥ complete alien registration, • ⑦ complete vocational training for foreigners
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5. Employer’s Legal Responsibilities in Turkey and Korea:
•Occupational Health and Safety Act No.6331 in Turkey and
Occupational Safety and Health Act No. 10968 in Korea
•In general, prevent accidents at work place.
•Safety trainings should be organised and given.
•A safe work place shall be designed for workers.
•Protective equipment shall be supplied by employers.
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5. Employers Legal Responsibilities in Turkey and Korea:
•Specific duties of employing foreign workers in Korea and Turkey.
•Health and Safety rules and signs in foreign languages, according
to Acts of Safety.
•These Acts also bring obligation to employers to deliver safety
trainings in languages that their employees can understand.
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5. Employers Legal Responsibilities in Turkey and Korea:
•Employer who doesn’t follow the rules may be punished by a
fine or even imprisoned.
•Failing to provide safety educations and safety signs in different
languages 5 thousands US Dollars.
6. Official Construction Safety Statistics in Turkey and Korea:
Accidents involving foreign construction workers in Turkey:
Year
Number of accidents in Construction sites Construction Workers in Turkey
Number of accidents
(Foreign Construction)
Workers
Number of accidents
(Turkish Construction Workers)
Foreigner Turkish Total
Accidents Accident rate Accidents Accident
rate
2010 11 1.5 6.437 0.39 732 1,630,109 1,630,841
2011 18 1.33 7.749 0.53 1,350 1,448,941 1,450,291
Total 29 1.4 14.186 0.5 2,082 3,079,050 3,081,132
(Ministry of Labour and Social Security, 2012 – Turkey)
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Accidents involving foreign construction workers in Korea:
Accidents/Deaths 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total
Domestic
(Korean)
Accident 86,180 90,585 92,590 98,645 93,292 461,292
Death 2,319 2,305 2,080 2,200 2,114 11,018
Foreigner
Accident 3,967 5,221 5,231 5,599 6,509 26,527
Death 87 117 101 96 111 512
KOSHA, Korea 13.09.2012
Sector Accidents (2011)
Manufacturing 4,331
Construction 1,149
Service Industries 869
Other 160
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7. Surveying Health and Safety for Foreign Construction Workers: Questionnaire and Correlation Analysis
1. Nationality
2. Sex a. Male b. Female
3. Age
a. 18-20 b. 20-25 c. 25-30 d. 30-35
e. 35-40 f. 40-45 g. 45-50 h. 50-55
i. 55-60 j. older than 60
4. How long have you been working in
construction industry?
a. less than 1 year b. 1-2 years
c. 2-5 years d. 5-10 years
e. more than 10 years
5. Education level a. Elementary b. Middle School
c. High School d. University
6. Duty
7. Are you married? a. Yes b. No
8. How many children have you got?
9. The city you work in
10. How long have you been living in
Korea?
a. less than 1 year b. 1-2 years
c. 2-5 years d. 5-10 years
e. more than 10 years
11. Did you have safety education? a. Yes b. No
12. Have you ever had an accident in a
construction site? a. Yes b. No
13. What was your job in your home
country?
14. Korean language ability a. not at all b. poor c. intermediate
d. good e. very good
Please tick the appropriate box to show your level of agreement with each of the following statements.
ATTITUDE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither agree
or disagree Agree Strongly Agree
1. Senior management is fully committed to health and
safety. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Staffs are blamed when they make mistakes. 5 4 3 2 1
1. The company is interested in my opinions about health
and safety. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Management places a high priority on health and safety. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Supervisors turn a blind eye to unsafe behavior. 5 4 3 2 1
1. Health and Safety procedures are much too stringent in
relation to the risk. 5 4 3 2 1
1. My workmates would criticize me for breaking the health
and safety rules. 1 2 3 4 5
1. I am given adequate h ealth and safety trainings. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Little is done to prevent accidents until someone gets
injured. 5 4 3 2 1
1. Everyone wears their protective equipment when they are
supposed to. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Action is rarely taken when someone breaks the health
and safety rules. 5 4 3 2 1
1. I fully understand the health and safety instructions that
relate to my job. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Time pressures for completing jobs are reasonable. 1 2 3 4 5
1. I was involved in risk assessments relating to my work. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Staffs are praised for working safely. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Action has been taken on the basis of risk assessment
findings. 1 2 3 4 5
1. The risk controls do not get in the way of my doing my
job. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Knocks and bruises are bound the happen at work no
matter how careful you are. 5 4 3 2 1
1. Health and safety briefings are very useful. 1 2 3 4 5
1. My workmates take risks that I would not take myself. 5 4 3 2 1
1. Accidents that happen here are always reported. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Some health and safety rules are only there to protect
management’s back. 5 4 3 2 1
1. The permit-to-work system leads to unnecessary delays in
getting the job done. 5 4 3 2 1
1. I know that if I follow the safety procedures I will not get
hurt. 1 2 3 4 5
1. The use of personal protective equipment is strictly
enforced. 1 2 3 4 5
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Number of foreign construction workers who participated in the survey: Questionnaire and Correlation Analysis
Responders Origin Number of responders Effective
Foreign workers
(Blue-collars)
China(including Korean
ethnics) 97
Responded: 129
Effective: 93.8%
Vietnam 13
Kazakhstan 4
Bangladesh 3
Thailand 3
Pakistan 1
Sub total 121
Foreign workers
(White-collars)
China(including Korean
ethnics) 7
Responded: 19
Effective: 100%
the Philippines 4
Kazakhstan 3
Vietnam 2
Bangladesh 1
Kyrgyzstan 1
India 1
Sub total 19
Total 140 Effective: 95.9%
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Language ability of foreign construction workers: Questionnaire and Correlation Analysis
Korean language
ability Not at all Poor Intermediate Good Very good
Country Number of foreign workers
China(Including
Ethnic Koreans) 0 13 11 49 31
Vietnam 0 1 7 5 2
Kazakhstan 1 0 1 4 1
the Philippines 2 2 0 0 0
Bangladesh 0 3 1 0 0
Thailand 1 0 1 1 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 0 0 1 0
Pakistan 0 0 1 0 0
India 1 0 0 0 0
Total 5 19 22 60 34
Percentage (%) 3.57 13.6 15.71 42.86 24.29
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Correlation analysis:
Correlation factors Accident Age Experience Education
Interest of mgt on H&S -.086 -.031 -.142 -.035
Mistake blaming -.087 .086 .002 .026
Interest in individual opinion on H&S .049 .026 -.003 -.125
Priority of mgt on H&S -.104 -.140 -.029 -.008
Supervisor’s blind eye to unsafe behaviour -.006 .110 .094 .065
Strict procedure in ration to the risk .052 -.123 -.056 .164
Workmate’s blaming .078 .035 -.033 -.161
Adequate H&S training -.019 -.077 -.062 .019
Indifference to prevent accident -.015 .031 .142 .109
Protective equipment wearing -.067 -.098 -.075 -.033
Rule braking, no action -.115 .158 .105 .025
Knowledge on instruction -.171* -.017 -.103 -.098
Need of time pressure .020 -.150 -.077 -.103
Risk rating involve .031 -.013 -.089 -.198*
Praise for safe behaviour -.005 -.100 -.033 -.091
Action based on risk rating result .001 -.239** -.040 -.101
Risk control reasonable -.004 -.330** -.198* -.026
Bruise inevitable .046 .099 .039 -.080
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Correlation analysis:
Correlation factors Accident Age
Interest of mgt on H&S -.086 -.031
Mistake blaming -.087 .086
Interest in individual opinion on H&S .049 .026
Priority of mgt on H&S -.104 -.140
Supervisor’s blind eye to unsafe behaviour -.006 .110
Strict procedure in ration to the risk .052 -.123
Workmate’s blaming .078 .035
Adequate H&S training -.019 -.077
Indifference to prevent accident -.015 .031
Protective equipment wearing -.067 -.098
Rule braking, no action -.115 .158
Knowledge on instruction -.171* -.017
Need of time pressure .020 -.150
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Correlation analysis:
Correlation factors Workmate’s blaming
Adequate H&S
training
Indifference to prevent
accident
Protective equipment
wearing
Interest of mgt on H&S .111 .457** .178* .417**
Mistake blaming -.202* .005 .304** .036
Interest in individual opinion on H&S .332 .350** -.092 .203*
Priority of mgt on H&S .082 .521** .281** .450**
Supervisor’s blind eye to unsafe
behaviour .163 .204* .476** .180*
Strict procedure in ration to the risk -.260** -.151 .199* -.114
Workmate’s blaming 1 .246 .188* .086
Adequate H&S training .246** 1 .163 .383**
Indifference to prevent accident -.188* .163 1 .270**
Protective equipment wearing .086 .383** .270** 1
Rule braking, no action -.208 .164 .606** .031
Knowledge on instruction .205* .260** .156 .429**
Need of time pressure .078 .221** .118 .359**
Risk rating involve .564** .149 -.147 .137
Praise for safe behaviour .348** .418** .083 .376**
Action based on risk rating result .065 .324** .118 .493**
Risk control reasonable -.035 -.048 -.087 .189*
Bruise inevitable -.064 .062 .159 -.072
Useful briefing .363** .272** .055 .273**
Workmate takes risk .076 .205 .030 -.162
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Correlation analysis:
Correlation factors Need of time
pressure Risk rating involve
Praise for safe
behaviour
Action based on
risk rating result
Risk control
reasonable Bruise inevitable
Interest of mgt on H&S .123 .039 .304** .348** .065 -.026
Mistake blaming -.057 -.227** .130 .161 -.084 .137
Interest in individual opinion on
H&S .203* .202* .307** .201* .038 .240**
Priority of mgt on H&S .321** .083 .426** .488** .116 .162
Supervisor’s blind eye to unsafe
behaviour .010 .037 .264** .202* -.238** .052
Strict procedure in ration to the risk -.059 -.148 -.053 .012 .271** .164
Workmate’s blaming .078 .564** .348** .065 -.035 -.064
Adequate H&S training .221** .149 .418** .324** -.048 .062
Indifference to prevent accident .118 -.147 .083 .118 -.087 .159
Protective equipment wearing .369** .137 .376** .493** .189* -.072
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Correlation analysis:
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Correlation factors Accident Age Experience Education Safety
Training Language ability
Interest of mgt on H&S -.086 -.031 -.142 -.035 .093 .018
Mistake blaming -.087 .086 .002 .026 .085 .217**
Interest in individual opinion on H&S .049 .026 -.003 -.125 .054 .046
Useful briefing -.050 -.006 -.080 -.052 .082 -.033
Workmate takes risk -.079 .289** .215* -.198* .115 .231**
Accident reported .044 -.194* -.021 .058 .098 -.071
Superficial safety rules -.113 .041 .132 -.043 .100 -.204
Permit system .094 -.111 -.001 .110 -.139 -.171*
Need of safety procedure .058 -.272** -.095 .086 .073 -.138
Protective equip obligatory -.120 -.101 -.140 .012 -.062 -.085
8. Summary
•In general, legal responsibilities of employers in Turkey and Korea have been
explained to prevent accidents at work place.
•Specific duties have been identified for employers that should be perform in
case of employing foreign workers.
•And lastly, Foreign construction workers’ attitude to safety in Korean
workplaces has tested with an attitude questionnaire survey and two different
analyses have been practised to determine the points that need to be
considered.
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End of the presentation
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