a research to identify the relationship between consumers
TRANSCRIPT
A RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CONSUMERS‘ ATTITUDE AND MOBILE ADVERTISING
Maidul Islam, Management Information Systems, Graduate School, Ajou University, South Korea,
Mincheol Kang, Department of e-Business, School of Business Administration, Ajou University, South
Korea, [email protected]
Sung-Byung Yang, Department of e-Business, School of Business Administration, Ajou University,
South Korea, [email protected]
Abstract
This present study aims to investigate the relationships between mobile advertising characteristics and
consumers’ attitude towards mobile advertising (ATMA). Based on prior literature, a conceptual model
was developed to identify factors affecting consumers’ ATMA. 364 samples from Korea, India, and China
were collected through online and offline questionnaire and five hypotheses were tested, using
hierarchical regression analysis (HRA). Among the key findings, informativeness and credibility had
significant impacts on ATMA where as other factors such as entertainment, irritation, and interactivity
were not statistically significant.
Keywords: Mobile advertising, consumer attitude, entertainment, informativeness, credibility, irritation,
interactivity
1. INTRODUCTION
We are about to enter a world where there are more tablets and smart phones than personal computers. A
decade from now, just about everyone will have a Smartphone more powerful and user friendly than the
best computers available today – not only in the U.S., but in the rest of the world as well. Fastest growth
in mobile means of communication has brought out new communication channels for marketers to reach
their customers. Mobile marketing or mobile commerce is obtained from the concept of mobility. Mobile
advertising is inexpensive and novel, and can be highly targeted towards a certain individual. The
potential of mobile devices as direct marketing tools has not gone unnoticed and advertisers have realized
the opportunity to use the mobile channel to ‗text‘ information to targeted consumers. New generation
using mobile as a multipurpose means of communication by transferring data, watching videos, short
message service, graphic, music, gamming, apps developing etc.
Trinder, et. al. (2005), mentioned in their research work that mobile devices can be very efficient and can
be employed as effective learning tools. Mobile device gives the advantage of the immediate readiness
and used straight away with no boot up time. The Smartphone growth is more than four times the rate of
the overall mobile phone this year due to increasing functionality and low cost data plans among other
factors (Worldwide Quarterly Mobile phone Tracker, 2011). These new functionalities bring up new
challenges for marketers and marketing researchers. Marketing through mobile devices (m-marketing)
allows for innovating forms of customers relationship and is expected to lead to the development of
numerous mobile commerce-based services (Barwis and Strong, 2002). As the mobile technology
becomes a worldwide phenomenon and mobile carriers and content providers begin to have to perform on
global scale, mobile advertising became popular topic and it is become important subject to consider
different national culture when it come to advertising. Culture and advertising are fundamentally
connected with each other. Consumers‘ beliefs and attitudes towards advertising have been well
mentioned in the marketing literature (e.g., Durvasula & Lysonski, 2001). As mobile technologies
become a universal trend and mobile carriers and content providers perform on a global scale, empirical
cross-country research on mobile advertising becomes increasingly relevant. For this reason, the research
tried to find answers to the question whether consumers attitude on mobile advertising is same or different.
As the goal of this study is to present an investigate consumers‘ attitude on m-advertising, a survey
among mobile phone users was carried out in Korea, India, and China. Looking on the technological
development, China and India are fast adopting modern technologies and making great economic strides.
South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore have already leaped forward. These assumed differences in major
cultural orientations demand a comparison of online advertising among different eastern countries.
This research paper is structured in the following way. At first, a review of literature in the context of
characteristics of mobile advertising and findings on mobile based advertising is presented. The next
section presents the research methodology and data analysis then, the results and conclusion. Finally,
implications and limitation are discussed.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Shavitt et. al., (2006), customer attitude towards advertising has been a main issue in advert
long time and it has been extensively research in the past ten years. The most notable features of mobile
ad strategies are high customer reach, high retention rate, customize and personalize message, localization,
high feedback and low cost (Bauer, et. al., 2005). In case of direct marketing channel, quick response
capabilities, web‘s interactivity capabilities via mobile phone certainly make mobile phones become one
of the popular advertising media (Barwise & Strong, 2002).According to Leppaniemi and Karjaluoto
(2005), mobile advertising, mobile marketing and wireless advertising were used interchangeably. Based
on Heun (2005), work 12% of the consumer were willing to accept any forms of mobile advertisement if
they are given choice of ads. Consumer trust, privacy and many other factors affect mobile advertising
(Al-alak et. al., 2010). Tsang & Liang (2004), stated that rapid penetration rate of mobile phone has
boosted delivery of advertisements for products and service. As a result advertisers are looking for
creative ways to reach their target customers by using mobile phone.
2.1. Beliefs and attitudes
It has been found in prior literature that attitude of a consumer towards advertising increasingly negative.
Attitudes are mental conditions used by people to understand and react to situations, circumstances
(Chowdhury et. al., 2006), objects, or ideas. Attitudes toward advertisements are consumers` inclinations
to react to a particular message in a positive or negative way (Chakrabarty & Yelkur, 2005). Positive
result has been found by most of the researchers (Calfee et. al., 1993; Rotzoll, et. al., 1986; Ryans, 1982).
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975), in their study, argue that attitude affects behavior through intention. Tsang
and Liang (2004), by using this theory, claimed that there was a positive relationship between attitude and
intention for consumers to accept mobile advertisements and that intention affects consumer behaviors
significantly. Many other researchers also work on consumer attitude toward mobile advertising and their
relationship given in table-1.
Table1. A brief summary of researches on mobile advertising
Research Topic Authors Research Finding
Determinants of Consumer
Perceptions toward Mobile
Advertising — A Comparison
between Japan and Austria
Chia-Ling et. al.
(2012) This study found that infotainment and credibility are key
factors predicting advertising value among Austrians and the
Japanese. However, our findings show that Japanese customers
are more irritated by mobile advertising than are Austrian
respondents.
Attitude towards mobile
advertising: A study of Indian
Consumers
Punyatoya
&Durgesh
(2011)
Authors found that message credibility, consumer perception of
message customization, message content, and consumer‘s
ability to use mobile phone positively influence their attitude
towards acceptance of mobile advertising. But consumer inertia
negatively influence consumer mobile advertising acceptance
Generation Y Attitudes
Toward Mobile Advertising
Koo (2010)
Entertainment, informativeness, irritation and credibility are
effective factors on consumers‘ attitudes toward mobile
advertising in clothes industry and such factors are different
between American and Korean respondents
An empirical study of factors
affecting use of mobile
advertising
Vatanparast &
Ali (2010) The results of the survey have proven the conceptual model in
the respective areas of Consumer (Privacy, Purpose and
Performance), Message (Content, Credibility and
Customization) and Media (Price, Process and Policy) at a
statistically significant level.
Factors affecting consumers‘
responses to mobile
advertising from a social
norm theoretical perspective
Koury & Yang
(2010) The study found that perceived usefulness (PU) of mobile
advertising predicted attitude toward mobile advertising,
whereas perceived ease of use (PEOU) of mobile advertising
did not predict attitude toward mobile advertising. Lastly
attitude towards mobile advertising significantly predicted the
intention to adopt mobile advertising
Entertainment and
Informativeness as Precursory
Factors of Successful Mobile
Advertising Messages
Blanco, et. al., (2010)
Firstly the results suggest that the entertainment and
informational aspects perceived by consumers in mobile
advertising affect their attitudes. Secondly there is an impact of
general opinion about advertising on mobile attitudes
Effective factors on mobile
advertising acceptance
Rabiee &
Khoshelhan
(2009)
Perceived usefulness and ease of use are factors which can
impact customers' attitude toward mobile advertising
Mobile advertising ;
consumer attitude and
effective factors in creating
positive attitude
Sadeghvaziri
(2008) Consumers generally have positive attitudes toward mobile
advertising, and personalization and monetary benefit of mobile
advertising have positive affect in creating positive attitude
toward mobile advertising.
Costumer attitude toward
advertising via mobile
devices. An empirical
investigation among Austrian
users
Haghirian &
Madlberger
(2005)
Users‘ attitude toward mobile advertising is negative and ads
value and message content have the most impact on the attitude
An exploration of texting
behavior and attitudes toward
permission-based advertising
in new Zealand
Maneesoonthern
& Fortin
(2004)
Respondents have negative attitudes toward mobile advertising
and requesting permission has important impact on users‘
tendency for receiving mobile advertising
3. RESEARCH MODEL
3.1 Conceptual Research Model
Based on the literature review our research work proposed a conceptual model of Attitude towards mobile
advertising. Mobile advertisements are expected to vary and to be influenced significantly in western as
well as eastern countries. As stated before that majority of people are moving towards smart phone in all
over the world, therefore the studies about attitude towards mobile advertising were carried out in respect
to cultural orientation. The following diagram (Fig.1) presents the conceptual model underlying the study.
Mobile marketing adoption and acceptance is on the rise (Becker, 2005), but without a clear concept of
the factors affecting mobile advertising value for consumers, marketers will have less chance to
constantly generate positive returns from their programs. Bauer, et. al., (2005), identified the influential
variables affecting consumer behavior. According to Vatanparast and Asil (2007), the main components
affecting consumer behavior are 1) Privacy, the degree to which personal information is not shared by
others; 2) Purpose, the type of purpose the receiver is trying to satisfy by using a mobile device; and 3)
Performance, response and attitude toward mobile advertising.
Figure 1. Research Model
The model (shown in figure 1) postulates the five Independent Variables, these are, information,
entertainment, interactivity and credibility and irritation have influence on attitude towards mobile
advertising. Cultural exercise a wide and deep impact on consumers beliefs and behaviors. Earlier in
literature section we explain the positive influence of culture on consumer attitude.
Informativeness
Entertainment
Credibility
Irritation
Interactivity
Attitude Toward
Mobile Advertising
(ATMA)
•Age
•Gender
H 4
H 2
H 3
H 1
H 5 Control Variables
3.2 Hypotheses Development
Entertainment
According to Ducoffe(1995), entertainment of advertising information is significantly related to
advertising value of traditional advertising. Based on Hoffman and Novak (1996), a high degree of
satisfaction and involvement while interaction with computer-based media leads to coexisting subjective
perceptions of positive affect and mood of the consumer. Customer‘s emotion and enjoyment related with
ads play the greatest role in accounting for their overall attitudes towards them (Shavitt et al, 1998).
Entertainment play important role for mobile marketing. It is necessary to understand that the message
should concise and funny which grab attention of consumers‘ (Katterbach, 2002). According Nasco and
Bruner (2008), the mobile advertisement also needs to incorporate qualitative features, such as accuracy,
timeliness and usefulness for the users. Advertisement which is funny, entertaining, informative and are
targeted to relevant group is more likely to increase purchasing intentions (Scharl, et al. 2005). Therefore
we hypothesize that:
H1: Entertaining content based mobile advertising will have a positive effect on attitude toward mobile
advertising (ATMA).
Informativeness
In advertisement information play a significant role, it has the ability to convey beneficial information
(Daugherty, et al. 2008), and it also provide utilitarian offer and practical information (Okazaki, 2005a).
Advertisement with quality of information shows a direct influence on the customers‘ perceptions of the
company and the company's products. Similarly, information conveys to them via mobile media also
needs to show qualitative features, such as accuracy, time lines and usefulness for the consumer.
Moreover consumer want customized mobile content which is appropriate to them (Milne and Gordon,
1993). In online marketing information is treated as incentive and consumers react positively with the
advertising which pay incentive (Varshney, 2003). According to Tsang et. al. (2004), perceived
informativeness affects consumers‘ attitudes toward mobile advertising in general. Therefore:
H2: Informative mobile advertising will have a positive effect on attitude toward mobile advertising
(ATMA).
Credibility
Mackenzie and Lutz (1989), characterized credibility in advertising as the degree to which consumers
trust retailers‘ advertising claims about their brands. According to Chowdhury et al. (2006), credibility is
consumers‘ confidence in the honesty and plausibility of the advertisement. Advertising credibility play a
important role which create value of web advertising (Brackett and Carr, 2001). In other words, as
consumers perceive higher credibility, advertising value increases. According to Goldsmith et. al.(2000),
and Lafferty, et. al. (2002), several components can influence credibility of an advertisement, namely
company‘s trustworthiness. Okazaki, et al. (2007); & Okazaki (2004), defined credibility as the extent to
which a customer recognize the company‘s reputation and to be trustable source of information.
Therefore we hypothesize:
H3: The perception of reliable mobile advertising will have a positive effect on the attitude toward
mobile advertising (ATMA).
Irritation
According to Aaker & Bruzzone (1985), irritation in advertising can be termed as an advertisement that
creates annoyance, unhappiness, and brief intolerance. Irritation comprises the only negative dimension of
consumer attitudes towards mobile advertising (Altuna, et. al., 2009). One of the biggest issues for people
to criticize advertisements is irritation. A large number of consumers are still quite uncomfortable with
the concept of mobile business and doubtful about whether the businesses engaging in mobile advertising
are reasonable and secure (Siau and Shen 2003). Based on Wong,Mandy M.T (2008) , people react
negatively when they perceive their freedom to choose is threatened. Due to comparatively low cost of
advertising via short messaging service and multimedia messaging service, companies send collective
short message without taking care of privacy or consumer concern. As a result of this, most people are
irritated and disturbed because of these wrong marketing tactics (Rittippant, et. al., 2009). Therefore we
hypothesized:
H4: Irritation of mobile advertising message is negatively correlated with attitude toward mobile
advertising (ATMA).
Interactivity
Interactivity is one of the most commonly cited benefits of mobile advertising. It is generated through
applications on the mobile device which facilitate two way communications between the marketer and the
potential customer. The mobile phone therefore known as an effective marketing tool (Vatanparast & Asil,
2007). Lohtia, et al. (2003), also explain the similar fact that mobile advertising consist of hyperlink and
other elements (two way interactive communication) involved consumer more in real time
communication. Studies have shown that functional interactivity contributes to positive perceptions of site
content due to simple association. The higher the amount of interactivity, the greater its value as a
peripheral cue it seems, especially in garnering users' appreciation for its functional design. Hence:
H5: Higher level of mobile advertising interactivity will have a positive effect on attitude toward mobile
advertising (ATMA).
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Data Collection
We collected our data through online as well as offline (paper and pencil) based survey to ensure the high
level of return rate of the participant. The population of the study includes the consumers using mobile
phones and living in India, Korea, or China. The first group of questions was prepared to determine the
demographic characteristics of the respondents; the second group of questions was prepared to determine
the experiences of the respondents regarding mobile advertisements. A questionnaire was developed first
in English and then translated into Korean for Korean participants. Back-translation was conducted by
bilingual third parties to improve the translation accuracy. Research participants were mainly students and
office worker all over the part of Asia. The primary reason of giving more important to student-sample
because we assumption that college students are using more smart phone and do online shopping in
compare to other age groups, and hence are more likely to be exposed to mobile advertising. Over all 132
Korean questionnaires were collected, 122 sample from India, 110 from sample from Chinese nationality.
Therefore our total number of sample was 364 for this research after missing data were taken out.
4.1.1. Demographic Characteristics
Ultimately a total of 364 samples were considered for data analysis. From the Korean sample, 132
respondents were 97(73.48%) male and 35(26.51%) female. For the Indian sample, there were
109(89.35%) male respondents and 13(10.65%) female respondents and in case of China 31(28.1%) male
respondents and 79(71.9%) female respondents. Table 2 provides an overview of the demographic
distribution.
Item Category Frequency
(Total No.=364) Percent
Cumulative
percentage Age 18~25 yrs
26~34 yrs
35~44 yrs
45~54 yrs
55~64 yrs
213
121
25
3
2
58.5
33.2
6.9
0.8
0.5
58.5
91.8
98.6
99.5
100
Gender Male
Female
237
127
65.1
34.9
65.1
100
Nationality
Korean
Indian
Chinese
132
122
110
36.26
33.51
30.21
36.26
69.77
100
Table 2: Demographic data of respondents
4.2 Scale Development
Items for entertainment, informativeness, irritation and credibility were adopted from Xu (2007), and
Ling et. al.,(2010). Irritation was derived from Xu (2007). Items for Interactivity was adopted from Liu
(2002), and modified partially looking on the requirement of our research All measures were assessed via
a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from ―strongly agree‖ (1) to ―strongly disagree‖ (5).
4.2.1 Dependent Variable
In our research study focused on consumer attitude towards mobile advertising (ATMA), which depends
on nature of advertising i.e. entertainment, informativeness, interactivity and credibility and irritation.
Consumer attitude towards online advertising and SMS advertising are the resource of our research model.
Technology Acceptance Theory, Diffusion of Innovation Theory, and the Theory of Reasoned Action
have been studied to clarify consumer attitudes towards mobile advertising.
4.2.2. Control variables
The model also assumes that age and gender will influence attitude towards mobile advertising.
Individual factor like irritation and attitude to mobile advertising could also be influence by the wiliness
to accept mobile advertising. As it has been found that, older consumers show greater dislike for
television advertising than younger and less wealthy consumers. According to Sun, et. al. (2010),
significant gender differences in online advertising evaluation process. Specifically, informativeness is
more important for males than for females where as entertainment is more important for females than for
males and the interaction effect of informativeness and entertainment are stronger for females than for
males. Males, younger consumers, and Americans tent to enjoy the advertisements and they tend to find
advertising generally informative and useful in guiding their own decision report more favorable
advertising attitudes than others (Shavitt, et. al., 1998). Research has shown that age group is a powerful
predictor of understanding on the Internet, users having less technical and social understanding of the
complex online environment (Yan 2006). Hence, the model with these perceptions, attitudes is tested in
different demographic view
5. RESULTS
In this research paper we used IBM SPSS 20.0 to conduct principal axis factor analysis with varimax
rotation was conducted to examine the underlying structure of those 17 items measuring attitude toward
mobile advertising. The rule of a minimum eigenvalue of 1.0 was referenced for extracting factors. A
reliability score and factor loading were presented in Table 3. Attitude toward online advertising a single
items question were used to measure ATMA on a 5 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree)
to 5 (strongly agree).
Variable Items statistics Factor
loading Cronbach‘s
α mean SD
Entertainment
I feel that receiving mobile advertising is enjoyable and
entertaining
1.95 .857
.707
.841 To me it is amusing to receive mobile advertising .851
Take pleasure in recalling .557
Mobile advertising is more enjoyable than other media .592
Informative-
ness
Keep me up to date about products/services available
in the Marketplace
2.61 .955
.763
.848 Provide valuable information. .809
I feel that mobile advertising is a good source for
timely information. .661
Mobile advertising provides the information I need .736
Credibility
Mobile advertising is credible( realistic)
2.30 .85
.779
.887 Mobile advertising is trustworthy .830
The mobile advertising is believable .832
Irritation
I feel that mobile advertising is irritating
3.50 .97
.800
.816 Contents in mobile advertising are often annoying .863
Mobile advertisements are excessive and out of control .849
Interactivity
I like advertising with feedback forms, chat forum,
download etc 2.37 .90 .861
.614
I preferred advertising with more than 3 hyperlinks in it .779
ATMA I am willing to receive advertising based on my prior
permission 3.39 1.31 .848 1
Table 3. Reliability and Factor loading of scale items.
To study the attitude of consumers towards mobile advertising, a one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA,
was performed to examine the overall significance of model. Table 4 showed that the model 1, which is
our control variables (age and gender) showed significant (0.005) relationship at a significant level of
0.01. Whereas model 2 shows a great deal of significant relationship at the level of 0.001(see Table 4).
Table 4. Model Summary
The analysis enables to examine the individual impact of the independent variables on the level of
consumers‘ attitude towards mobile advertising. Table 3 models 2, shows direct effects of all independent
Dependent variable: ATMA
Model R
R
Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error
of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
R Square
Change F Change df1 df2
Sig. F
Change
1 .169a .028 .023 1.297 .028 5.279 2 361 .005
2 .415b .172 .156 1.206 .144 12.350 5 356 .000
variables which includes entertainment, informativeness, credibility, irritation and interactivity has
significant impact (p<.001) on attitude towards mobile advertising. Therefore overall model reveal
significant relationship. To test hypothesis H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5 regression analysis has been used.
Table 4, shows that product entertainment has no significant relationship (.061) between ATMA (Beta =-
1.876, p<0.05). Therefore H1 wasn‘t supported. Informativeness has (.000) with a Beta (3.905, p<0.001)
and Credibility has (.002) with a Beta (3.158, p<0.01) has significant impact on consumers attitude
towards advertising. Therefore H2 and H3 were supported. Whereas Irritation has (.372) with Beta (.894,
p<0.05) and Interactivity has (.144) whit a Beta (1.465, p< 0.05) didn‘t showed any significant
relationship. Therefore H4 and H5 were not supported even though the overall model showed significant
relationship (See table 4 & table 5).
M1 M2
Constant 2.212(5.921) .816(1.686)
Age .298(2.962) .201(2.099)
Gender .322(2.157) .156(1.100)
H1 (Entertainment) -.204(-1.876)
H2 (Informativeness) .398***(3.905)
H3 (Credibility) .320**(3.158)
H4 (Irritation) .063(.894)
H5 (Interactivity) .111(1.465)
R-Square .028 .172
Adjusted R-Square .023 .156
Dependent variable: ATMA +p<0.1 *p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001
Table 5 Result of regression
6. DISCUSSION
The main contribution of this study is of two antecedents that influence the attitude toward mobile
advertising in India, Korea or China. Among these five factors, the links between informativeness and
credibility and the attitude toward mobile advertising were supported in all three countries. When
consumers believe that mobile advertising is credible and trustworthy, they tend to have favorable
perceptions about the value of advertising. Similar finding has been found in previous research done by
Goldsmith, Lafferty and Newell 2000; Okazaki 2004; Wang and Sun (2010). Credibility is one of the
crucial factors in establishing the customer–client relationship. Next, the perceived value of advertising
was found to be the most important determinant of consumers' attitudes toward advertising. Providing
information is one of the most important functions of advertising. In a competitive market place,
advertisements need to be interesting and enjoyable to catch audiences' attention. Regarding irritation,
people tend to view m-advertising negatively. Advertising has been criticized for promoting needs and
desires that consumers may not have previously recognized and for creating insecurity and greed in
society (Wang and Sun 2010). Past literature has established that irritation negatively affects advertising
value and attitudes toward World Wide Web advertising (Ducoffe 1996; Luo 2002). However, our results
show that the negative effect of irritation on advertising value was not significant; the hypothesis was not
significantly supported. The result also shows that the there is a significant correlation between
interactivity and ATMA indicating interactive ad will attract more target oriented customer.
7. CONCLUSION
This study investigated whether there is a difference between the attitudes and behaviors towards mobile
advertising. In this study, primarily the variables having roles in creating an attitude towards mobile
advertisements, and the relationships between intention and acceptance rejection behavior towards mobile
advertisements were investigated. According to the results, an advertisement‘s being informative, reliable,
personalized, and its being sent with permission has a positive effect on creating attitudes towards mobile
advertisements. The advertisements considered as irritating affect attitudes negatively where as
entertainment and interactivity has not shown any significant relationship. The results obtained provided
similar results to the studies conducted by Barwise and Strong, (2002), Xu (2007), Chowdhury et al.
(2006), Usta (2009), Okozaki et. al.(2007), and Tsang, Ho and Liang (2004). Mobile advertisements
acceptance behavior was suitable to the Theory of Reasoned Action (attitude, intention, and behavior)
developed by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975).
7.1. Limitations and Implications
Despite the interesting findings and implications that were derived from this investigation, it is important
to recognize its limitations and the need for additional research. The study presented here has limitations
that face any cross-national research endeavor. This includes the comparability of the investigated
samples, interpreting the survey items, and possible biases in response styles. While we account for some
of these issues within the multi-group equivalence tests, not all possible biases have been accounted for.
The sample size was 364 including three nations which are acceptable but bigger simple size could give
better understanding about the subject. Even though we took sample from three different countries but the
cultural impact has not considered in this research work. Culture could have a moderating effect on the
relation between Mobile advertising and consumer attitude. A further research can be done on this to get
in depth insight of the relationship. Furthermore, the mobile technology context is rapidly developing and
dynamic, thus the study may not fully capture the current market situation. The emergence of mobile
technologies has allowed marketers and advertisers to apply a more radically innovative advertising
channel: multimedia location-based advertising (Xu, et. al. 2009). This research would benefit from
further investigation into other types of advertising that go beyond the merely text-based. Also, since this
study investigates the attitudes of mobile advertising of three countries and most of the sample is
university students, there are arguably issues regarding its generalizability. Although today's students are
quite comfortable with the use of mobile phones and have strongly integrated them into their everyday
lives, it is important that we test the hypotheses on samples that represent a broader range of mobile
consumers and compare m-advertising across these different consumer profiles. Our study examines the
relationship between the factors of mobile ad and attitudes towards mobile ad but future research could
investigate the link between attitudes and real purchasing intentions and how the culture of different
countries can moderate the relationship between mobile advertising and consumer attitude. Our research
collected data from three Asian countries; further research can be on other Asian, European or American
countries.
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