a review of northern iroquoian decorated bone and … of the “september morn” position with one...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction
In the winter of 1623-1624, Gabriel Sagard, aRecollet friar, visited the country of the Huron inwhat is now southern Ontario and, based on aseries of encounters the Huron had with their ene-mies, he noted that after having clubbed their ene-mies or shot them dead with arrows, the Huroncarried away their heads (Wrong 1939:152-153).This is a practice that we know was not unique tothe Huron but was, in fact, an essential element ofwarfare and prisoner sacrifice among all Iroquoianpeoples (Williamson 2007).
It would seem that rattles were occasionallymanufactured out of the parietal bones of humanskulls, usually from the same individual, and pre-sumably from the skulls that warriors had carriedoff as trophies. The margins of the parietal boneswere ground smooth and beveled, allowing the twodiscs to fit together. Bi-conical holes were some-times drilled along the lateral margins, presumablyin order to bind the two portions of the rattle.Skull rattles may have been held in the hand or fas-tened to a handle, analogous to the turtle shell rat-tle which was used during dancing, feasting, andcuring ceremonies or at other times when the aidof a spirit was invoked (Thwaites 1896-1901:15:179, 17:213, 20:23; Wrong 1939:115-116). Perhaps these rattles were used particularly inthe context of feasts held in advance of the depar-ture of war parties.
Given the prominent role of the sun inIroquoian ideology (e.g., Speck 1949:135-138;
Trigger 1976:73), it has been suggested that theirdisc-shape may have been intended to representthe sun and that patterns such as the one inFigure 1, found on a late fifteenth or early six-teenth century Iroquoian site in southwesternOntario, represent sunbursts, similar to thosethat are common in the art and cosmology of thecontemporaneous Southeastern CeremonialComplex (Cooper 1984:44; Jamieson1983:166).
The stick figure image of a headless individualaccompanying the sunburst is particularly striking.William Fenton (1978:316) has suggested thatgraphic representations of headless individuals
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 3
A Review of Northern Iroquoian Decorated Bone and AntlerArtifacts: A Search for Meaning
Ronald F. Williamson and Annie Veilleux
The Northern Iroquoian practice of producing finely etched designs on bone and antler tools is examinedin the context of conveying symbolic messages, some of which were communicated both privately and pub-licly. This paper presents the results of a review of the archaeological literature, which focused on both thesymbolism inherent in the designs and the ideological roles in society of the animals from which the arti-facts were produced. Tables of provenience and descriptive attribute data are provided for each class of arti-fact as well as a summary of the highlights and trends in decoration for each.
Figure 1. Complete parietal disk, likely from a skull rattle, fif-teenth century Clearville site (Jury 1941). Illustration by Dr.Helen Battle, Department of Zoology, University of WesternOntario, 1939.
represent head-taking in warfare. This might be aparticularly fitting observation for this image,which possibly was carved into the cranial frag-ment of an enemy taken by the very manufac-turer of the rattle during war. A characteristicpolish is often found on these items, often onlyoccurring on exterior convex surfaces, and possi-bly deriving from hide sheathing that helped tohold the skull halves together, rendering suchimages and their meaning inaccessible to unknow-ing observers. If the images were covered by asheath, their direct power may have been experi-enced privately by the individual, although therattle was likely used in public performances. Onthe other hand, the polish may derive from hidecontainers in which they were maintained whennot in use. If so, their power may not have beenrestricted; it may, rather, have been fully accessible.
This fact and the more apparent observationthat the image of a headless person was carvedinto human bone, perhaps even the skull of thevictim of a rattle owner, indicates that the select-ed bone, or the medium, constituted an impor-tant part of the message. A similar example isthat of a maskette fashioned out of a humanpatella and found in a rock-filled pit inside anOnondaga longhouse, which was linked byBradley (1987:211) to witchcraft. Engelbrecht(2003:48), in commenting on this find, and onthe discovery of diseased human teeth in certainlonghouse features, argued that human remains,in particular hair and nail parings, have beenused in many cultures to cast spells and are there-fore disposed of carefully. Perhaps this maskettehad just such a malevolent purpose, its intentionderived in part from the fact it was made ofhuman bone.
It is not always clear whether the medium wasalways part of the message on other kinds of dec-orated bone or antler artifacts, or whether thereare other examples of objects that held privaterather than public meanings. While it is obviousthat meaning can be communicated concomi-tantly at multiple levels, both privately and pub-licly, and that objects frequently have both pro-fane and sacred values, ample evidence in thearchaeological record suggests that there wereceremonies and meanings that were intended for
the individual. We also recognize that identifyingthe significance of artistic media is hardly insight-ful, given the substantial literature on Aboriginalawareness and use of the physical and spiritualcharacteristics of rock outcrops and faces (e.g.,Rajnovich 1994; Vastokas and Vastokas 1973).
With respect to the designs or types of decora-tion, Yellowhorn (2006) has argued that, in con-structing what he calls an internalist archaeology,an Aboriginal culture’s worldview representswhat middle-range theorizing is to western sci-ence-based archaeology—both play the role ofbinding high levels of abstraction to observeddata. Middle-range theory “is widely regarded asa useful means by which archaeologists canreconstruct human behaviour from a materialistand rationalist perspective” (Trigger 1995:450).Yellowhorn argues that traditional narratives canfunction easily in an equivalent role for a trulyindigenous archaeology. In this way, answers tothe search for meaning of decorated bone andantler objects lie in traditional narratives and art,both accessible and inaccessible.
In an attempt to address these issues in thecontext of decorated bone artifacts, a review ofthe published (and some unpublished) archaeo-logical literature concerning northern Iroquoiansites was conducted in search of data concerningdecorated bone and antler objects. The term“Iroquoian” has been used throughout to refer toall northern Iroquoian-speaking peoples andshould not be confused with “Iroquois,” anAlgonquian word used by Europeans to refer tothe Five Nations Confederacy of New York State(Trigger 1969:6). The actual Nation name hasbeen employed, either when identified by theresearcher, or where the site’s location customar-ily denotes the ancestral affiliation of the site andthe site post-dates the Middle Iroquoian period.
While the review is nearly complete for thosesites dating to the fifteenth century or later, rela-tively few sites outside of Ontario are includedfor the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, dueto the lack of published site reports. The Ontariosample for this period is much larger because ofthe numerous pre-development salvage excava-tions that have been undertaken on private landsin southern Ontario. Objects in public or private
4 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
collections have also not been included, exceptwhere they have been described in the publishedliterature (e.g., Wray 1963; Hamell 1998:279). Itshould also be noted that our inventory wasrestricted to decorated tools, defined to includeboth carved artifacts and those with notched orincised surfaces. Those tools with polished surfacesalone, or tools described as having striations likelycaused by use of the object, were not included.Tables of provenience and descriptive attributedata are provided for each class and we have alsosummarized the highlights and trends in decora-tion for each. It is unfortunate that the provenienceof many of the artifacts was not specified in thereports in which they are described, even in therecent research, as it would have been helpful tohave the contextual data needed for interpretation.
This paper will present the results of this reviewby artifact class, acknowledging that certainobjects cross a number of the categories. Antlercombs, for example—items of personal ornamen-tation—often incorporate startling stylized animaland human images. They possibly even functionas markers of salient identity. Other examplesinclude pins that may have functioned as hairpins(personal ornamentation) or tubes that may havebeen used by medical practitioners for curing ill-nesses despite their classification as beads.
Effigies: Figurines, Maskettes and Combs
Approximately 90 percent of all human and ani-mal effigies that are not stand-alone figurines ormaskettes appear on combs (Tables 1 and 2); andwhere provenience is specified, most human effi-gy figurines, maskettes and combs are found inburial contexts. Of the figurines, about half were
found in child burials and all but three of thehuman figurines and maskettes were recoveredfrom Iroquois sites. The exceptions are singularantler artifacts with carved human faces foundon two historic Neutral sites (Kenyon 1982:206;Lennox 1981:319) and a “carved human boneface mask” found at the historic Huron Robitaillesite (Hurley and Heidenreich 1971:129).
Martha Sempowski and Lorraine Saunders(2001) have described figurines in detail, notingthey are limited in temporal occurrence to earlyhistoric Iroquois sites. In a study of these fig-urines, Edmund Carpenter (1942) suggested thatthe style and detail of the legs were dictated, inpart, by the shape and nature of the deer antlertine, another case where the medium formedpart of the message.
The vast majority of these carvings constitutevariations of the “September Morn” positionwith one hand covering the genital area and theother hand near the opposite shoulder, althoughsome were found to be holding masks or animalheaddresses over their faces. Carpenter hasrecently suggested (2005:123-125) that, giventhe late sixteenth-century (or later) date for all ofthe recovered figurines and the seeminglyEuropean origin for the sculpted figures, thedesign may have been copied from an objectintroduced during one of Cartier’s voyages in theearly sixteenth century, perhaps a spoon handle.
Seven of these figurines appear to have hadtheir heads intentionally removed and two sev-ered heads have also been recovered. This phe-nomenon seems analogous to the removal of thestylized heads of ceramic smoking pipes (Figure2) and may originate in the belief amongIroquoians that even inanimate objects had souls
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 5
Figure 2. Stylized human heads broken from ceramic smoking pipes, from the late thirteenth century Antrex site (ArchaeologicalServices Inc.).
6 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Tabl
e 1.
Hum
an e
ffigi
es.
Site
D
ate
(AD
)A
ffin
ity
Art
ifac
t T
ype
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Gri
msb
y16
40-1
650
Neu
tral
hum
an e
ffig
yan
tler
buri
alst
rip
of a
ntle
r to
pped
by
carv
ed o
val f
ace
Ken
yon
(198
2:20
6, p
l.169
)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
hum
an e
ffig
yan
tler
not
spec
ified
two
oppo
sing
hum
an f
aces
car
ved
on p
roxi
mal
end
of a
wl/
pin;
tra
ces
of r
ed o
chre
on
face
sLe
nnox
(19
81:3
19, f
ig.2
7)
Ots
tung
o14
00-1
524
Moh
awk
hum
an e
ffig
yno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edca
rved
hum
an f
ace
wit
h he
addr
ess/
hair
doSn
ow (
1995
b:11
9, f
ig.3
.17)
Wag
ner’s
Hol
low
1614
-162
6M
ohaw
khu
man
eff
igy
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
2 in
divi
dual
s ca
rved
sho
ulde
r to
sho
ulde
r (n
oar
ms)
; not
ches
at
bott
omSn
ow (
1995
b:26
7, f
ig.6
.25)
Cay
adut
ta15
24-1
580
Moh
awk
figur
ine
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
hand
s cr
osse
d ov
er c
hest
; pun
ctat
es s
urro
undi
ngfa
ceSn
ow (
1995
b:18
6, f
ig.4
.49)
Wag
ner’s
Hol
low
1614
-162
6M
ohaw
kfig
urin
eno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edha
nds
cros
sed
over
che
stSn
ow (
1995
b:26
6, f
ig.6
.23)
Wag
ner’s
Hol
low
1614
-162
6M
ohaw
kfig
urin
eno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edha
nds
cros
sed
over
che
stSn
ow (
1995
b:26
6, f
ig.6
.24)
Oak
Hill
#1
1635
-164
6M
ohaw
kfig
urin
eno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edSe
ptem
ber
Mor
n po
seSn
ow (
1995
b:35
1, f
ig.8
.58)
Dut
ch H
ollo
w16
05-1
625
Sene
cafig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-chi
ldSe
ptem
ber
Mor
n po
se (
3 ex
ampl
es f
ound
)Se
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
64-6
5,
fig.3
.11a
/d, f
ig.3
.12a
)D
utch
Hol
low
1605
-162
5Se
neca
figur
ine
deer
; ant
ler
buri
al-c
hild
mod
ified
Sep
tem
ber
Mor
n po
se (
2 ex
ampl
esfo
und)
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:64
-65,
fig.3
.11c
, fig
.3.1
2d)
Dut
ch H
ollo
w16
05-1
625
Sene
cafig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-chi
ldm
odifi
ed S
epte
mbe
r M
orn
pose
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:65
, fig
.3.1
2b)
Dut
ch H
ollo
w16
05-1
625
Sene
cafig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-chi
ldbo
th h
ands
bel
ow t
he c
hin
poss
ibly
hol
ding
mas
kSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
65, f
ig.3
.12c
)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
cafig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-chi
ldm
odifi
ed S
epte
mbe
r M
orn
pose
; hea
dles
sSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
344,
fig.
7.14
)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
cafig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-chi
ldm
odifi
ed S
epte
mbe
r M
orn
pose
; hea
dles
sSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
344,
fig.
7.15
b)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
cafig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rbu
rial
mod
ified
Sep
tem
ber
Mor
n po
se; h
eadl
ess
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:34
5, fi
g.7.
16)
Fact
ory
Hol
low
1610
-162
5Se
neca
figur
ine
deer
; ant
ler
buri
al-a
dole
scen
tm
odifi
ed S
epte
mbe
r M
orn
pose
wit
h di
stin
ctiv
eha
irdo
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:34
5, fi
g.7.
17)
Fact
ory
Hol
low
1610
-162
5Se
neca
figur
ine
deer
; ant
ler
buri
al-c
hild
both
han
ds b
elow
chi
n; p
ossi
ble
head
dres
s;br
oken
at
legs
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:34
4, fi
g.7.
15a)
Fact
ory
Hol
low
1610
-162
5Se
neca
figur
ine
deer
; ant
ler
not
spec
ified
fem
ale
figur
ine
in m
odifi
ed S
epte
mbe
r M
orn
pose
; dis
tinc
t ha
irst
yle;
nec
k en
circ
led
bybr
ass
ring
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:34
6, fi
g.7.
18)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5Se
neca
figur
ine
deer
; ant
ler
buri
alfig
urin
e ho
ldin
g m
ask
in f
ront
of
face
whi
ch is
in t
urn
atta
ched
to
a w
olf
head
tha
t co
vers
the
top
and
back
the
hea
dW
ray
et a
l. (1
991:
219-
220,
fig
.7.4
a, f
ig.7
.5)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5Se
neca
figur
ine
deer
; ant
ler
buri
al-c
hild
hand
s jo
ined
tog
ethe
r in
fro
nt o
f w
aist
, ben
dto
the
kne
es, f
eet
repr
esen
ted
by s
ingl
e la
rge
bulb
, per
fora
tion
at
back
of
neck
Wra
y et
al.
(199
1:21
9-22
0, f
ig.7
.4d,
fig
.7.6
)
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 7
Tabl
e 1.
Hum
an e
ffigi
es.
Site
D
ate
(AD
)A
ffin
ity
Art
ifac
t T
ype
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5Se
neca
figur
ine
deer
; ant
ler
buri
algr
otes
que
feat
ures
, one
han
d he
ld u
p to
fac
e,hu
nchb
ack
post
ure,
pos
sibl
e w
olf
head
at
back
of o
wn
head
; pos
sibl
e Fa
lse
Face
fig
urin
eW
ray
et a
l. (1
991:
219,
fig
.7.4
b)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
Sene
cafig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rbu
rial
mod
ified
Sep
tem
ber
Mor
n po
stur
e; h
eadl
ess
Wra
y et
al.
(199
1:21
9, f
ig.7
.4c)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5Se
neca
figur
ine
deer
; ant
ler
buri
alfig
urin
e he
ad o
nly
(tw
o ex
ampl
es f
ound
)W
ray
et a
l. (1
991:
219,
fig
.7.1
4e/f
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
Sene
cafig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-chi
ldcl
assi
c Se
ptem
ber
Mor
n po
stur
e; f
igur
e it
self
is v
ery
child
like
Wra
y et
al.
(199
1:21
9-22
2, f
ig.7
.14g
, fig
.7.8
)T
hurs
ton
1600
-165
0O
neid
afig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edha
nds
over
gen
ital
sPr
att
(197
6:22
8, 1
)T
hurs
ton
1600
-165
0O
neid
afig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edcl
assi
c Se
ptem
ber
Mor
n po
stur
ePr
att
(197
6:22
8, 2
)T
hurs
ton
1600
-165
0O
neid
afig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edno
arm
s, v
ery
wor
nPr
att
(197
6: 2
28, 3
)T
hurs
ton
1600
-165
0O
neid
afig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edpr
egna
nt w
ith
hand
s ov
er b
reas
tsPr
att
(197
6:22
8, 4
)M
arsh
all
1600
-165
0O
neid
afig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edha
nds
over
bre
asts
, wea
ring
ski
rtPr
att
(197
6:23
3, 8
)M
arsh
all
1600
-165
0O
neid
afig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edha
nds
unde
r ch
inPr
att
(197
6:23
3, 9
)M
arsh
all
1600
-165
0O
neid
afig
urin
ede
er; a
ntle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edSe
ptem
ber
Mor
n po
stur
ePr
att
(197
6:23
3, 1
0)G
enoa
For
tpo
st-1
650
Cay
uga
figur
ine
deer
; ant
ler
not
spec
ified
hand
s un
der
chin
Eng
elbr
echt
(20
03:6
4, f
ig.3
4)G
enoa
For
tpo
st-1
650
Cay
uga
figur
ine
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edSe
ptem
ber
Mor
n po
stur
e; f
ace
mor
e in
cise
dth
an c
arve
dE
ngel
brec
ht (
2003
:65,
fig
.35)
Goo
dyea
r17
th C
.E
rie
figur
ine
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
Sept
embe
r M
orn
post
ure;
pos
sibl
y or
igin
ally
part
of
a co
mb
Eng
elbr
echt
(19
91:7
, fig
6-b
)G
oody
ear
17th
C.
Eri
efig
urin
ean
tler
not
spec
ified
one
hand
nea
r fa
ce; n
o le
gsE
ngel
brec
ht (
1991
:7, f
ig6-
c)U
nkno
wn
n/a
n/a
figur
ine
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
Sept
embe
r M
orn
post
ure
Boy
e (1
888:
53, f
ig.1
06)
Bur
ke14
50-1
500
Ono
ndag
am
aske
tte
hum
an; p
atel
laro
ck f
illed
fea
ture
insi
de lo
ngho
use
carv
ed h
uman
fac
e; s
ugge
stio
ns o
f w
itch
craf
tE
ngel
brec
ht (
2003
:48,
fig
.15)
Dut
ch H
ollo
w16
05-1
625
Sene
cam
aske
tte
antle
rbu
rial
-chi
ldca
rved
hum
an f
ace
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:75
, fig
.3.1
8)D
utch
Hol
low
1605
-162
5Se
neca
mas
kett
ean
tler
buri
al-c
hild
carv
ed h
uman
fac
e; c
rude
r, le
ss f
inel
y m
ade
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:76
, fig
.3.1
9)Tr
am15
70-1
590
Sene
cam
aske
tte
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
oval
hol
low
ed-o
ut b
one;
car
ved
face
is a
lmos
tco
mpl
etel
y en
circ
led
by a
ser
pent
; per
fora
tion
son
bot
h si
des
of f
ace
Wra
y et
al.
(199
1:59
, fig
.3.2
3)T
hurs
ton
1600
-165
0O
neid
am
aske
tte
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edca
rved
hum
an f
ace
Prat
t (1
976:
229,
4)
Rob
itai
lle16
20-1
640
Hur
onm
aske
tte
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
carv
ed h
uman
fac
e m
ask
abou
t th
ree
inch
esin
leng
thLa
tta
(197
1:12
9)St
eele
1635
-165
0Se
neca
mas
kett
ean
tler
not
spec
ified
carv
ed f
ace
wit
h 3
perf
orat
ions
at
top
of h
ead;
poss
ible
ass
ocia
tion
wit
h Fa
lse
Face
med
icin
eso
ciet
yE
ngel
brec
ht (
2003
:110
, fig
.47)
Unk
now
nn/
aM
ohaw
km
aske
tte
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
carv
ed b
one
effig
y fa
ce 2
0mm
tal
lSn
ow (
1995
a:77
, fig
.14.
13)
Unk
now
nn/
an/
am
aske
tte
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
oval
fac
e, e
ye-h
oles
bor
ed t
hrou
ghB
oyle
(18
88:5
3, f
ig.1
05)
8 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Tabl
e 2.
Com
bs.
Site
D
ate
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Ada
ms
1550
Sene
caco
mb
not
spec
ified
buri
al-
youn
g ad
ult
tria
ngul
ar s
hape
d ha
ndle
wit
h tr
iang
ular
fem
ale
perf
orat
ion
at t
opW
ray
(196
3:39
-1)
Ada
ms
1550
Sene
caco
mb
not
spec
ified
buri
al-y
oung
adu
ltro
unde
d ha
ndle
wit
h la
rge
perf
orat
ion
Wra
y (1
963:
39-3
)fe
mal
eLa
wso
n14
75-1
500
Anc
.Neu
tral
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
both
edg
es d
ecor
ated
wit
h no
tche
sW
inte
mbe
rg (
1939
:87,
fig
.1)
Ure
n12
50-1
300
MO
Ico
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d or
nam
enta
tion
on
body
; zig
zags
and
tria
ngle
sW
inte
mbe
rg (
1928
:95,
fig
.1)
Smit
h-Pa
geri
e15
25-1
580
Moh
awk
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edca
rved
wit
h 4
tine
sSn
ow (
1995
b:17
3, f
ig.4
.36)
Ric
e’s W
oods
1580
-161
4M
ohaw
kco
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
sim
ple
squa
re c
omb
wit
h so
me
notc
hes
alon
gto
p ed
geSn
ow (
1995
b:22
4, f
ig.5
.20)
Wag
ner’s
Hol
low
1614
-162
6M
ohaw
kco
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
tine
s on
2 s
ides
; mid
dle
part
inci
sed
wit
hdi
agon
al li
nes
Snow
(19
95b:
268,
fig
.6.2
7)W
agne
r’s H
ollo
w16
14-1
626
Moh
awk
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edti
nes
on 2
sid
es; m
iddl
e pa
rt s
moo
th; l
ooks
like
brok
en p
enda
nt h
ole
alon
g on
e ed
geSn
ow (
1995
b:26
8, f
ig.6
.28)
Bro
wn
1626
-163
5M
ohaw
kco
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
inci
sed
mot
if lo
oks
like
3 w
orm
/tai
ls w
ith
spik
es o
n th
emSn
ow (
1995
b:29
1, f
ig.7
.5)
Nel
lis16
46-1
666
Moh
awk
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edca
rved
wit
h w
hat
look
s lik
e 2
head
less
indi
vidu
als/
anim
als
faci
ng e
ach
othe
rSn
ow (
1995
b:40
6, f
ig.9
.52)
Dut
ch H
ollo
w16
05-1
625
Sene
caco
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
ca
rved
tri
angl
e de
sign
on
hand
leSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
59, f
ig.3
.3)
Dut
ch H
ollo
w16
05-1
625
Sene
caco
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
ha
ndle
inci
sed
wit
h se
emin
gly
rand
om li
nes
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:59
, fig
.3.4
)D
utch
Hol
low
1605
-162
5Se
neca
com
bm
oose
; ant
ler
buri
al
tine
s on
bot
h si
des;
pun
ctat
es a
long
mid
dle
hand
le p
art;
coot
ie c
omb
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:60
, fig
.3.6
)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
caco
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-sen
ile a
dult
fem
aleh
andl
e co
nsis
ts o
f a
larg
e ov
al p
erfo
rati
onan
d cr
oss-
hatc
hed
etch
ed d
esig
nSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
336,
fig
.7.6
)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
caco
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rm
idde
ndi
spla
ys a
kno
blik
e pr
otub
eran
ce o
n th
e en
ddi
rect
ly a
bove
the
tee
th a
nd a
wid
e no
tch
inth
at e
dge
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:33
6, f
ig.7
.8)
Fact
ory
Hol
low
1610
-162
5Se
neca
com
bm
oose
; ant
ler
mid
den
teet
h no
t se
para
ted
from
eac
h ot
her;
dee
pgr
oove
sep
arat
ing
toot
h ar
ea f
rom
han
dle
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:33
7, f
ig.7
.9)
Fact
ory
Hol
low
1610
-162
5Se
neca
com
bm
oose
; ant
ler
mid
den
teet
h no
sep
arat
ed f
rom
eac
h ot
her;
cru
dely
carv
edSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
337,
fig.7
.10)
Fact
ory
Hol
low
1610
-162
5Se
neca
com
bm
oose
; ant
ler
mid
den
long
, nar
row
bla
nk h
andl
e an
d th
e st
umps
of
7 br
oken
tee
th w
hich
are
not
sep
arat
ed f
rom
each
oth
erSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
338,
fig.7
.11)
Tram
1570
-159
0Se
neca
com
bm
oose
; ant
ler
buri
al-a
dult
fem
ale
poss
ible
car
ved
effig
y of
a la
rge
bird
(he
ron,
cran
e or
tur
key)
Wra
y et
al.
(199
1:44
, fig
.3.2
-3.3
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
Sene
caco
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-chi
lddo
uble
-row
of
tine
s se
para
ted
by h
andl
e;co
otie
com
bW
ray
et a
l. (1
991:
217,
fig
.7.2
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
tria
ngul
ar h
andl
e w
ith
vert
ical
line
of
perf
orat
edho
les
and
2 ho
rizo
ntal
inci
sed
lines
ove
r te
eth
area
Prat
t (1
976:
220,
7)
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 9
Tabl
e 2.
Com
bs.
Site
D
ate
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5O
neid
aco
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edtr
iang
ular
han
dle
perf
orat
ed w
ith
one
hole
; 2ex
ampl
es f
ound
Prat
t (1
976:
220,
8-9
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
doub
le-r
ow o
f ti
nes
sepa
rate
d by
han
dle
deco
rate
d w
ith
obliq
ue p
aral
lel i
ncis
ed li
nes
Prat
t (1
976:
220,
10)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5O
neid
aco
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edha
ndle
has
squ
are
rect
angu
lar
perf
orat
ion,
inci
sed
anim
al m
otif
and
hori
zont
al r
ow o
fdo
ts a
t ba
sePr
att
(197
6:22
0, 1
1)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
hand
le h
as s
ingl
e m
argi
nal r
ow o
f pe
rfor
atio
nsan
d cr
oss-
hatc
hed
inci
sed
deco
rati
ons
Prat
t (1
976:
220,
12)
Thu
rsto
n15
75-1
595
One
ida
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
hand
le c
onsi
sts
of c
arve
d fo
x w
ith
perf
orat
edov
er-a
ll de
cora
tion
Prat
t (1
976:
227,
2)
Thu
rsto
n15
75-1
595
One
ida
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
doub
le-t
ooth
ed; h
oriz
onta
lly in
cise
d lin
es o
nha
ndle
Prat
t (1
976:
229,
1)
Mar
shal
l15
75-1
595
One
ida
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
obliq
ue in
cise
d lin
es c
ross
ed b
y ho
rizo
ntal
line
one
hand
le; t
eeth
are
rin
ged
by in
cise
d lin
esPr
att
(197
6: 2
33, 1
2)W
alke
r/Se
aley
17th
C.
Neu
tral
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edsu
spen
sion
hol
e in
squ
are
hand
leB
oyle
(19
03:8
2, f
ig.4
5)W
alke
r/Se
aley
17th
C.
Neu
tral
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edtr
iang
ular
han
dle
Boy
le (
1903
:82,
fig
.46)
Wal
ker/
Seal
ey17
th C
.N
eutr
alco
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
squa
re h
andl
e w
ith
larg
e op
enin
gs c
arve
d in
itB
oyle
(19
03:8
3, f
ig.4
7)W
alke
r/Se
aley
17th
C.
Neu
tral
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edha
ndle
=bla
nk (
unfin
ishe
d)B
oyle
(19
03:8
4, f
ig.5
0)G
oody
ear
17th
C.
Eri
eco
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
6 th
ick
teet
h; c
arve
d ou
t ho
le in
han
dle
Eng
elbr
echt
(19
91:7
, fig
.6-d
)Si
mm
ons
17th
C.
Eri
eco
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
tria
ngul
ar h
andl
e; h
ole
drill
ed a
t to
p of
han
dle
Eng
elbr
echt
(19
91:8
, fig
.7-c
)U
nkno
wn
n/a
Moh
awk
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edca
rved
wit
h 3
diam
onds
Snow
(19
95a:
77, f
ig.1
4.12
)U
nkno
wn
n/a
Moh
awk
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edsi
mpl
e sq
uare
com
b w
ith
no c
arvi
ngSn
ow (
1995
a:12
3, f
ig.1
9.6)
Unk
now
nn/
aM
ohaw
kco
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
tine
s on
tw
o si
des
sepa
rate
d by
str
ip o
f bo
new
ith
inci
sed
lines
run
ning
acr
oss
its
leng
thSn
ow (
1995
a:82
, fig
.15.
8)A
dam
s15
50Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
buri
al-f
emal
efe
mal
e in
Sep
tem
ber
Mor
n po
siti
on a
s ha
ndle
Wra
y (1
963:
39-2
)ad
oles
cent
Gri
msb
y16
40-1
650
Neu
tral
effig
y co
mb
antle
rbu
rial
bear
eff
igy;
2 b
ears
rea
ring
up
in a
lmos
tpe
rfec
t sy
mm
etry
Ken
yon
(198
2:96
, 88)
Gri
msb
y16
40-1
650
Neu
tral
effig
y co
mb
antle
rbu
rial
otte
r ef
figy;
inci
sion
s on
bod
y of
ott
erK
enyo
n (1
982:
20, p
l.12)
Gri
msb
y16
40-1
650
Neu
tral
effig
y co
mb
antle
rbu
rial
poss
ible
hum
an f
igur
e w
ith
knee
s dr
awn
upK
enyo
n (1
982:
54, p
l.47)
Gri
msb
y16
40-1
650
Neu
tral
effig
y co
mb
antle
rbu
rial
two
bear
s fa
cing
eac
h ot
her
Ken
yon
(198
2:21
4, p
l.197
)G
rim
sby
1640
-165
0N
eutr
alef
figy
com
ban
tler
buri
alpo
ssib
le b
ears
fac
ing
each
oth
erK
enyo
n (1
982:
215,
pl.2
01)
Ots
tung
o14
00-1
525
Moh
awk
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
two
tine
s (o
ne m
issi
ng)
wit
h 2
hum
an f
aces
Snow
(19
95b:
119,
fig
.3.1
6)R
ice’s
Woo
ds15
80-1
614
Moh
awk
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
anim
al e
ffig
y at
op a
sol
id s
ecti
on in
cise
d w
ith
lines
ato
p th
e ti
nes
Snow
(19
95b:
225,
fig
.5.2
1)R
ice’s
Woo
ds15
80-1
614
Moh
awk
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
anim
al e
ffig
y at
tach
ed t
o th
e ti
nes
Snow
(19
95b:
225,
fig
.5.2
2)R
ice’s
Woo
ds15
80-1
614
Moh
awk
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
3 ca
rved
hum
an h
eads
Snow
(19
95b:
225,
fig
.5.2
3)M
arti
n16
14-1
626
Moh
awk
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
bird
pec
king
a h
uman
hea
d w
ith
its
beak
Snow
(19
95b:
248,
fig
.6.7
)W
agne
r’s H
ollo
w16
14-1
626
Moh
awk
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
anim
al e
ffig
y ca
rved
ato
p a
flat
sect
ion
wit
h 2
face
s in
cise
d in
itSn
ow (
1995
b:26
7, f
ig.6
.26)
10 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Tabl
e 2.
Com
bs.
Site
D
ate
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Nel
lis16
46-1
666
Moh
awk
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
2 bi
rds
faci
ng e
ach
othe
r be
ak t
o be
akSn
ow (
1995
b:40
6, f
ig.9
.51)
Dan
n16
75Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
buri
alm
an o
n ho
rseb
ack
wea
ring
hat
, hol
ding
gun
-lik
e ob
ject
; sti
rrup
s in
dica
ted
on h
orse
Wra
y (1
963:
39-5
)D
ann
1675
Sene
caef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edbu
rial
- ad
ult
two
faci
ng p
anth
ers
Wra
y (1
963:
41-7
)fe
mal
eD
ann
1675
Sene
caef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edbu
rial
- m
ulti
ple
two
faci
ng b
ears
, fro
nt p
aws
toge
ther
Wra
y (1
963:
41-8
)D
utch
Hol
low
1605
-162
5Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rm
idde
nbr
oken
eff
igy
from
hai
r co
mb;
sin
gle
hum
anfig
ure
(hea
d an
d sh
ould
er o
nly)
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:61
, fig
.3.2
)D
utch
Hol
low
1605
-162
5Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
ha
ndle
con
sist
ing
of 3
car
ved
styl
ized
hum
anfig
ures
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:61
, fig
.3.7
)D
utch
Hol
low
1605
-162
5Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
ca
rved
wol
f ef
figy
on h
andl
e w
ith
head
brok
en o
ffSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
61, f
ig.3
.8)
Dut
ch H
ollo
w16
05-1
625
Sene
caef
figy
com
ban
tler
buri
al
bear
; bro
ken
off
com
b at
the
fee
tSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
60, f
ig.3
.5)
Fact
ory
Hol
low
1610
-162
5Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-adu
lt 2
carv
ed la
rge
faci
ng b
irds
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:33
5, f
ig.7
.5)
fem
ale
Fact
ory
Hol
low
1610
-162
5Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-adu
lt m
ale
the
effig
y of
und
eter
min
ed f
orm
del
iber
atel
yse
vere
d fr
om t
he c
omb
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:33
6, f
ig.7
.7)
Fact
ory
Hol
low
1610
-162
5Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
cons
ists
of
the
carv
ed a
bstr
act
repr
esen
tati
onof
fiv
e hu
man
fig
ures
(on
e br
oken
off
) jo
ined
at t
he s
houl
ders
; ori
gina
lly c
omb
but
tine
sbr
oken
off
and
pol
ishe
dSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
341,
fig.
7.13
)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
00Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
buri
al-
infa
nttw
o hu
man
fig
ures
join
ed a
t th
e sh
ould
ers
Wra
y (1
963:
39-5
)Fu
gle
1605
-162
5Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edca
rved
han
dle
cons
ists
of
7 st
yliz
ed h
uman
figur
es jo
ined
at
the
shou
lder
s, n
o le
gsSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
593,
fig.1
1.3)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
-chi
ldef
figy
of a
bea
r in
pro
file
that
is w
alki
ng o
rst
andi
ng o
n 4
feet
; 4 d
iago
nal l
ines
inci
sed
inth
e ha
ndle
Wra
y et
al.
(199
1:21
6, f
ig.7
.1)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5O
neid
aef
figy
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
faci
ng b
eave
rs (
?) a
nd v
erti
cal i
ncis
ed li
nes
Prat
t (1
976:
218,
10)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5O
neid
aef
figy
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
2 fa
cing
ani
mal
s; a
nim
als’
bodi
es in
cise
d w
ith
vert
ical
line
sPr
att
(197
6:21
9, 1
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
faci
ng b
irds
(on
e m
issi
ng);
bir
ds’ b
odie
sde
cora
ted
wit
h do
ts; z
igza
g m
otif
in d
ots
abov
e to
othe
d se
ctio
nPr
att
(197
6:21
9, 2
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edan
imal
wit
h 3
vert
ical
inci
sed
lines
Prat
t (1
976:
219,
3)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5O
neid
aef
figy
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
2 fa
cing
bir
ds (
one
mis
sing
); s
ome
rand
omin
cise
d lin
esPr
att
(197
6:21
9, 4
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
faci
ng b
ears
; bea
rs’ b
odie
s an
d so
lid s
ecti
onde
cora
ted
wit
h do
tsPr
att
(197
6:21
9, 5
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
hum
an f
igur
es w
ith
hand
s on
che
st; i
ncis
edlin
es a
nd li
ne o
f do
ts o
n se
ctio
n ab
ove
teet
hPr
att
(197
6:21
9, 6
)
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 11
Tabl
e 2.
Com
bs.
Site
D
ate
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5O
neid
aef
figy
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
hum
an f
igur
e w
ith
arm
s at
sid
ePr
att
(197
6:21
9, 7
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edha
ndle
con
sist
s of
one
car
ved
hum
an f
ace;
hori
zont
al in
cise
d lin
es o
n se
ctio
n ab
ove
teet
hPr
att
(197
6:21
9, 8
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edha
ndle
con
sist
s of
car
ved
arm
less
hum
an f
igur
ene
xt t
o un
iden
tifie
d ob
ject
Prat
t (1
976:
219,
9)
Cam
eron
)15
75-1
595
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
ed4
hum
an h
eads
ove
r la
rge
squa
re s
ecti
on;
squa
re s
ecti
on d
ecor
ated
wit
h st
raig
ht li
ne o
fdo
ts a
t to
p, z
igza
g lin
e of
dot
s at
bot
tom
, and
larg
e zi
gzag
inci
sed
mot
if be
twee
n th
e 2
lines
Prat
t (1
976:
219,
10)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5O
neid
aef
figy
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
hum
an f
igur
e w
ith
arm
s at
sid
e (2
exa
mpl
esfo
und)
Prat
t (1
976:
220,
1-2
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edhu
man
fig
ure
wit
h ar
ms
at s
ide;
fig
ure
and
base
cov
ered
in in
cise
d lin
esPr
att
(197
6:22
0, 4
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edar
mle
ss h
uman
fig
ure
Prat
t (1
976:
220,
5)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5O
neid
aef
figy
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
inci
sed
hum
an f
ace
Prat
t (1
976:
220,
6)
Thu
rsto
n16
00-1
650
One
ida
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edfo
x Pr
att
(197
6:22
9, 5
)W
arre
n16
25-1
650
Sene
caef
figy
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
2 fa
cing
bir
dsE
ngel
brec
ht (
2003
:153
, fig
.62)
Gan
onda
gan
17th
C.
Sene
caef
figy
com
ban
tler
not
spec
ified
Eur
opea
n ho
ldin
g a
gun
and
a do
g; d
ecor
ated
wit
h do
tsE
ngel
brec
ht (
2003
:154
, fig
.63)
Gre
at G
ully
17th
C.
Cay
uga
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edE
urop
ean
on a
hor
seE
ngel
brec
ht (
2003
:155
, fig
.64)
Roc
hest
er J
unct
ion
1687
Sene
caef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edbu
rial
-adu
lt hu
man
fig
ure
in s
prea
d-ea
gle
posi
tion
, hai
rfe
mal
est
yle
indi
cate
d, d
ecor
ated
wit
h in
cise
dho
urgl
ass
figur
esW
ray
(196
3:41
-9)
Roc
hest
er J
unct
ion
1687
Sene
caef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edbu
rial
-adu
lt tw
o fa
cing
ani
mal
s se
para
ted
by a
n ho
urgl
ass
fem
ale
figur
e; d
ecor
ated
wit
h dr
illed
dot
s, in
cise
dtr
iang
les,
hou
rgla
ss f
igur
es a
nd a
rrow
sW
ray
(196
3:41
-10)
Roc
hest
er J
unct
ion
1687
Sene
caef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edbu
rial
-mal
ech
ild o
n a
dog’
s ba
ck s
uppo
rted
by
two
adul
tsW
ray
(196
3:43
-12)
Roc
hest
er J
unct
ion
1687
Sene
caef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edbu
rial
fem
ale
thre
e sq
uatt
ing
hum
an f
igur
es s
uppo
rtin
g tw
odo
gs o
r w
olve
s on
a p
latf
orm
; are
a be
twee
nfig
ures
and
tee
th h
ighl
y de
cora
ted
wit
h in
cise
d in
es a
nd t
he o
utlin
es o
f tw
o fa
cing
bir
dsW
ray,
C.F
. (19
63:4
3-13
)R
oche
ster
Jun
ctio
n16
87Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
buri
al-m
ulti
ple
two
faci
ng b
irds
, pos
sibl
e sn
ipe
Wra
y (1
963:
43-1
4)R
oche
ster
Jun
ctio
n16
87Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
buri
al-m
ale
anim
al w
ith
head
rai
sed;
dec
orat
ed w
ith
inci
sed
lines
and
X’s
Wra
y (1
963:
43-1
5)
12 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Tabl
e 2.
Com
bs.
Site
D
ate
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Mar
kham
& P
uffe
r E
stat
e16
87Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
buri
al-a
dult
mal
ehu
man
fig
ure
hold
ing
two
bird
s (h
eron
) by
the
neck
s, w
eari
ng a
hat
, and
dec
orat
ed w
ith
drill
ed d
ots
and
inci
sed
lines
Wra
y (1
963:
41-1
1)W
hite
Spr
ings
1688
-171
0Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
men
in a
can
oeE
ngel
brec
ht (
2003
:155
, fig
.65)
Wal
ker/
Seal
ey17
th C
.N
eutr
alef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edol
d pe
rson
lean
ing
on a
can
eB
oyle
(19
03:8
3, f
ig.4
8)W
alke
r/Se
aley
17th
C.
Neu
tral
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
carv
ed f
igur
e in
pro
file
(tw
in?)
Boy
le (
1903
:84,
fig
.49)
Wal
ker/
Seal
ey17
th C
.N
eutr
alef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edan
imal
in p
rofil
e (t
win
?)B
oyle
(19
03:8
4, f
ig.5
10)
Bab
y Po
int
late
17t
h C
.Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
3 E
urop
ean
figur
esH
ende
rson
(20
01)
Bab
y Po
int
late
17t
h C
.Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
moo
se; a
ntle
rbu
rial
com
posi
te h
uman
and
mor
phin
g an
imal
s w
ith
deta
iled
inci
sion
s; ‘p
ower
line
’, ‘h
ourg
lass
/sta
r/th
unde
rbir
d’, 2
pos
sibl
e dr
ums
Cra
wfo
rd e
t al.
(200
7a:2
1, fi
g.8;
35-
36, p
l.27-
30)
Goo
dyea
r17
th C
.E
rie
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
4 te
eth;
han
dle
cons
ists
of
hum
an f
igur
e in
Sept
embe
r M
orn
pose
Eng
lebr
echt
, W. (
1991
:7, f
ig.6
-a)
Sim
mon
s17
th C
.E
rie
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
hand
le c
onsi
sts
of h
uman
fig
ure
wit
h ha
nds
over
gen
ital
are
a; c
omb
teet
h or
igin
atin
g fr
omhe
ad (
x2)
Eng
lebr
echt
(19
91:8
, fig
.7-a
)Si
mm
ons
17th
C.
Eri
eef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edha
ndle
con
sist
s of
hum
an f
igur
e (f
rom
wai
st u
p);
com
b te
eth
orig
inat
ing
from
hea
d (x
2)E
ngle
brec
ht, W
. (19
91:8
, fig
.7-b
)G
reat
Gul
lyn/
aC
ayug
aef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edbu
rial
– f
emal
efa
cing
pan
ther
s de
cora
ted
wit
h do
ts, l
ines
and
chev
rons
Skin
ner
(192
1:65
, pl.I
X)
Flem
ing
n/a
Cay
uga
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
buri
alfa
cing
par
trid
ges
join
ed a
t bi
lls w
ith
finel
yed
tche
d lin
es f
or p
lum
age
and
grou
ps o
fch
evro
nsSk
inne
r (1
921:
81, f
ig 8
)U
nkno
wn
n/a
Moh
awk
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
carv
ed w
ith
kiss
ing
anim
als
Snow
(19
95a:
72, f
ig.1
4.6)
Unk
now
n18
85M
ohaw
kef
figy
com
bno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edca
rved
wit
h 2
stan
ding
fig
ures
; has
dat
ein
scri
bed
on it
(D
ecem
ber
10, 1
885)
Snow
(19
95a:
83, f
ig.1
5.10
)U
nkno
wn
n/a
Moh
awk
effig
y co
mb
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
carv
ed c
omb
frag
men
t w
ith
3 ti
nes;
look
s lik
ea
figur
e st
andi
ng o
n it
s he
adSn
ow (
1995
a:32
, fig
.7.6
)U
nkno
wn
1670
-168
7Se
neca
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edtw
inne
d pa
nthe
r ba
ck t
o ba
ck; i
ncis
ed m
otifs
of ‘h
ourg
lass
/thu
nder
bird
’ and
‘pow
er li
ne’.
Ham
ell (
1998
:279
, fig
.10.
6)La
wso
n14
75-1
500
Anc
.Neu
tral
effig
y co
mb
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edre
pres
enta
tion
of
a he
ad w
ith
circ
ular
gro
oves
for
eyes
and
mou
th; t
wo
poss
ible
hor
ns a
t to
pof
hea
d; 4
tin
es;
Pear
ce (
2007
; per
s.co
mm
)
Anc
. Neu
tral
= A
nces
tral
Neu
tral
MO
I= M
iddl
e O
ntar
io I
roqu
oian
and that the souls of these objects could accom-pany the dead to the next world (Wrong1939:172). While the taking of heads and scalpshas been described as a form of soul capture(Hall 1997), perhaps the removal of the stylizedheads from pipes and bone/antler figurines rep-resents a symbolic beheading or spirit capture orexpulsion (see Williamson 2007). This act mayhave corresponded with an important stage inthe function or usefulness of the artifact or thedeath of the owner. Sometimes the bases of sev-ered stylized ceramic heads have been groundsmooth, suggesting that, having retained theirpower, they were used further (William Fox, per-sonal communication 2006). In that both “head-ed” and “beheaded” figurines were placed withthe burials of children and adolescents, it istempting to speculate on the circumstances thatwould have led to a symbolic beheading of suchan artifact. Perhaps in some cases, the souls ofpipes or figurines were considered to be malevo-lent, requiring their “death” or at least the neu-tralization of their power. Such behaviour wouldbe entirely consistent with the ritual killing ofIroquois medicine masks witnessed in the earlytwentieth century (Fox 1992:30), given theirpotentially dangerous power (Fenton 1990:155).It would also be consistent with a similar practiceamong Algonquian-speaking groups, document-ed by William Fox (1992), being the alteration ofdragon sideplates from trade muskets. Theseplates are thought to relate to Cree-Ojibwaexpressions of spiritual beliefs concerning hunt-ing and Michipeshu, the water lynx.
In the case of carved antler combs, theirabsence on ancestral or contact period St.Lawrence Iroquoian and Huron sites is notewor-thy, as they are present on both ancestral and his-toric Neutral sites. While there are five specimensfrom the postcontact Neutral Grimsby cemeteryand seven specimens from the postcontactNeutral Walker and Sealey villages, their pres-ence is otherwise limited to sixteenth- and seven-teenth-century Iroquois sites.
The development of antler combs reached itspeak with the Seneca in the mid-to-late seven-teenth century and only limited evidence fortheir origin has been found in pre-Iroquoian
societies (Cooper and Pihl 1999:59; Ritchie1944). It includes a few combs that are muchcruder in style and workmanship. Prior to thearrival of Europeans and the introduction ofmetal trade tools, Iroquois combs tended to belarger in size and consisted of three to five thickand sturdy teeth. The tops were occasionallycarved to represent animal or bird figures (Wray1963:36).
The Seneca produced more combs than anyother Iroquoian-speaking group, an increase intheir production perhaps coincident with theintroduction of iron tools and the growth of theirpolitical and military strength in the post-1650period (Wray 1963:40). With the introductionof the iron knife, combs became wider, the teethbecame thinner and increased in number, andornamentation became more intricate. Senecacombs are characteristically rectangular in shapeand are often bilaterally symmetrical. The greatmajority of combs are manufactured from theflat section of moose or elk antler, althoughwood and bone were sometimes used. They areoften ornamented with carvings of human,mammal and/or bird effigies or less complexgeometrical shapes. Identified mammal effigieson Seneca combs include the bear, panther, wolf,dog, horse, beaver, lynx, deer and otter, whilecommonly identified birds include the heron andthe woodcock. Reptiles and amphibians such asthe snake, lizard and frog have also been identi-fied (Wray 1963:45). When human figures arerepresented, Europeans can be differentiatedfrom First Nations individuals, usually on thebasis of the depicted hairstyle or details of dress.Combinations of representations are common.Intricate and fine engravings on combs alsobecome more frequent in the period between1650 and 1700. These designs include hourglassfigures, stars, crosses and X’s, as well as zigzags(Wray 1963:43-45, Figure 2).
Combs have been found in graves of women,men and children, often behind or beside the head,as one would expect for a hair comb. Just as often,however, they have been found within caches ofartifacts accompanying the individual, either as aburial offering or as part of his or her personalbelongings. In flexed burials, these artifact caches
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 13
were usually placed between the knees and the face.In extended burials, they were usually placedbeside the chest or hips (Wray 1963:41-42).
A moose antler comb recently found with theburial of an adult woman at the late seventeenth-century Teiaiagon (Baby Point) site in westToronto, on the Humber River, is especiallyevocative in its representation of icons shared byboth seventeenth-century Algonquians andIroquoians and is deserving of special attention(Figure 3). The design of the comb is elaborateand consists of a combination of human andmultiple animal figures. It also has fine detailedengravings on both the front and back faces ofthe comb. The animal figures are illustrated inside profile with the human figure situated onthe back of one of the animal figures. The exis-tence of two animal figures is supported by thepresence of two power lines emanating from theinterior of the two figures. The human form isrepresented from the waist up, showing two def-inite arms and what appears to be a hat on itshead. The upper animal figure and the humanfigure are connected in two areas: at the head-hatarea; and through the forelimb-arm area. Suchobjects are usually symmetrical. But, based oncareful microscopic analysis, there is no definitiveevidence to indicate that the comb handle wasbroken and that the effigy set included any addi-tional figure(s) on the other side of the humanfigure. The lower arm on the unconnected sideappears to be missing by comparison with other
similar specimens. While the potentially brokensurfaces are rounded and polished, rounding andpolishing may have occurred after one side of thecomb handle had been removed, either inten-tionally or accidentally. A possible third animalfigure on the other side of the handle would onlyhave been connected to the human figure.
While the interpretation of representationsand engravings on combs and other artifacts is,of course, equivocal, the animal figures on thiscomb fit Hamell’s (1998) description of a Senecapanther effigy. The rounded quality to the earsand face, as opposed to more pointed wolf/dogears and snout, in addition to the long lithe bodyand long slender tail, suggests that a pantherman-being was intended (Hamell 1998:273).On the other hand, panthers are most frequentlyrepresented as a pair, placed face to face in ven-tral opposition and in a vertical orientation, withtheir tails curled up in front of them, distal endclasped between their forepaws, although theyare sometimes in lateral profile similar to thecomb in question (Hamell 1998:277-278).
It should be noted, however, that a combdescribed by Hamell (1998:277) as having a pan-ther effigy was described by Kenyon as a beareffigy (Kenyon 1982:96, Plate 88, Figure 57). Itis also possible that the Baby Point representationis of both animals, with the panther morphinginto bear, as the morphology of the head is quitebear-like. Bear is another powerful symbol inAboriginal ideology. It has a strong association
14 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Figure 3. Antler comb from theBaby Point site. Illustration byKathy Mills.
with medicine and medicinal herbs, appearing asa guardian spirit for individuals and also as ahelper-spirit for many shamans. ManyAlgonquian-speaking groups believed that bearscould both cause and cure sickness. For many,bears also possess the power of resurrection andsymbolize transition, in death, from one world toanother (Rockwell 1991; see also Fox and Molto1994).
The distal end of the panther’s long tail has aseries of engraved bands, which might representthe rattle of a rattlesnake. According to Hamell,“panther, dragon, and serpent tails and tales areclosely entwined” in the mythical universe of theSeneca and Huron-Wyandot, and artifactual rep-resentations of these “panther/fire-dragon/greatserpent man-beings” were possible manifesta-tions of personal guardian spirits to guard againstwar, famine and disease (Hamell 1998:265, 272,276). As “skin-shedders,” serpents are also recog-nized for their shape-shifting abilities, a conceptperhaps related to life renewal and resuscitation(Hamell and Fox, this volume). They also belongto the category of long-tailed and long-bodiedanimal man-beings, which also include salaman-ders, lizards, weasels, mink, fishers, martins,otters, and mountain lions/panthers. Thesebeings are closely identified with medicine, orthe power that can be consecrated to be put tosocially-constructive (“good”), or socially-destructive (“evil”) purposes (Hamell 1987:78;1998:258, 264, 269; Hamell and Fox, this vol-ume).
According to Hamell, these panthers as “fire-drag-on/meteor man-beings” of the Huron-Wyandot andSeneca are related to the underwater panther man-being of the Algonquian speaking peoples of theGreat Lakes (Hamell 1998:281). Michipeshu (Mi-shi-pi-zhiw, Missibizi, Gitche-anahmi-bezheu) isknown as the Great Lynx, the Great UndergroundWildcat, and the Great Underwater Wildcat–thechief manitou of the underwater realm(Dewdney and Kidd 1973:82; Hamell1998:281; Rajnovich 1994:102). It is often por-trayed as a cat-like figure with large ears or hornson its head and the body of a large serpent, oftenwith scales or spikes on its back. It also frequent-ly appears, however, as a quadruped with little or
no serpentine qualities (Dewdney and Kidd1973:82-85; Fox 2004:286-290). Manitous areknown as being great shape changers, and thephysical and behavioural attributes of these crea-tures (panther/lynx and serpent) overlap, oftenmaking it difficult to distinguish between them(Hamell 1998:281; Rajnovich 1994:107).
The fine engravings consist of linear, circularand geometric designs located on the bodies ofthe animal figures and are largely restricted toone side of the comb. The only engraving on thehuman figure consists of a few generally horizon-tal lines at the waist or “belt” area. Designs onthe creatures’ bodies include modified hourglassor star designs (Wray 1963:45-46) as well as twocircles, one with six and the other with eightradial spokes. The short comb base, which islocated between the teeth and the top of the han-dle (Wray 1963:36), is also finely engraved onboth faces: a series of criss-crossed lines borderedby two horizontal lines cover the entire width ofthe comb. This patterning is reminiscent ofsnakeskin and also of etching lines used on birchbark scrolls (see Rajnovich 1994:29 for an exam-ple of a Midéwiwin birch bark scroll).
The modified hourglass/star motifs describedby Wray (1963:45-46) as possible human figureshave also been described as thunderbird repre-sentations (Hamell 1998:278-279). This motif ischaracteristic of panther effigy combs and,according to Hamell, “a bi-association of pantherman-being and hourglass shape suggests aNorthern Iroquoian universe in microcosm,specifically the conceptual symmetry and com-plementary synergism between powers below,exemplified by the panther/fire-dragon/great ser-pent man-beings, and the powers above, typifiedby the thunder (bird) man-beings” (Hamell1998:279).
Lines, such as the one radiating from the hour-glass/star/thunderbird motif, are often describedby researchers as power lines. An almost identicalline, wavy and branching off at the end, waslocated on a pictograph on a granite wall onAnnie Island, Lake of the Woods (Dewdney andKidd 1973: 53). This particular line radiatesfrom the head of what the researchers interpret-ed as a Maymaygwayshi, little men with hairy
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 15
faces who live behind waterside rock faces. Thesame pictograph has been described byRajnovich (1994:14) as a powerful healer withthe radiating line representing his long and diffi-cult journey in search of the medicine manitousthat make the mountains their home. TheMidewiwin scrolls of the Ojibwa also have linesthat represent journeys: a straight line representsthe right path; a wavy line represents a difficultpath; and a line with several branches leadingaway from the straight line represents the wrongpath (Rajnovich 1994:142).
Unlike the power line and the star/thunderbird motifs, the incised circles with spokes arerare. One similar example has been found on pic-ture writing from northern Minnesota andnorthern Wisconsin (Rajnovich 1994:88, 91,Figure 72b). The circle with spokes was inter-preted as a drum, which is the means of commu-nication of Kitche Manitou and an affirmationof the medicine given to the people. The circle isat the centre of Algonquian symbolism, gather-ing numerous meanings within it, culminatingin a vast medicine wheel (Rajnovich 1994:85).
The etched symbols, along with the morphingfigures of (rattle) snake, panther, possible bearand human, produce a powerful comb evocativeof the ideology of the Seneca and other seven-teenth-century Aboriginal groups. It is repletewith references to medicine, either for healing ormalevolent purposes, shape shifting and transfor-mations, and possible journeys and transitionsfrom one world to another.
Objects of Adornment
Pendants, Gorgets and ArmbandsTable 3 presents data on pendants, gorgets andarmbands, all interpreted primarily as objects ofadornment but decorated or worn in ways tosuggest that some had more private than publicmeanings. One effigy pendant of an owl head(Finlayson 1998:3:1308, Drawing 5.28), forexample, recovered from a sixteenth-century,ancestral Neutral site, was perforated in such away that, when suspended, it would appearinverted to an observer but in correct anatomicalposition for the wearer looking down at it. A
similar interpretation can be made of a sixteenth-century Seneca maskette, which is almost com-pletely encircled by a serpent (Wray et al.1991:59, Figure 3.23). Perforations have beendrilled on either side of the face just below theeye sockets. As a pendant, the maskette can onlybalance properly when it is suspended so as toprovide meaning for the wearer. Wray et al.(1991:59) note, however, that if it had beenattached to a piece of clothing or another object,the maskette’s centre of gravity may not havecome into play.
While most effigies are suspended from theneck in a manner to be interpreted publicly, per-haps as a protective strategy, these artifacts aresimilar in form and practice to the modeled ani-mal and human effigies on ceramic pipes thatfaced their smokers. The spirits represented bythe pipe effigies, often related to bird forms, mayhave come alive for the owner while smoking,thereby engendering communication with thesky world (von Gernet and Timmins 1987). Allof these artifacts, which are, at least part of thetime, directed inward, are known as “self-direct-ed art,” and are linked with dreaming and self-knowledge (Brasser 1980). It is also possible that,rather than simply reflecting indifference towardthe viewers, these objects were designed in such away as to exclude them deliberately to preventthem from seeing or experiencing the power ofthe item during its use.
Another complex form of art that may alsohave been at least in part “self-directed” is tattoo-ing. The Jesuit priests, who prepared annualaccounts of their life among the Huron from1634 until the Huron dispersal in 1649-1650,and among the Iroquois from 1654 to 1667(Thwaites 1896-1901), described the Neutraland Petun neighbours of the Huron as being tat-tooed. The tattoos were reportedly accomplishedby perforating the skin of some part of the bodywith a needle, sharp awl, or thorn to make aneagle, snake or other figure. Black colouring mat-ter was then traced over the figure, indeliblyimprinting the designs to the extent that someindividuals were covered from head to foot.Petun men and women, it was said, had theirbodies tattooed with representations of snakes,
16 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 17
Tabl
e 3.
Art
icle
s of a
dorn
men
t (go
rget
s, pe
ndan
ts an
d ar
mba
nds)
.
Site
Dat
eA
ffin
ity
Art
ifac
t Ty
peM
ater
ial
Pro
veni
ence
Des
crip
tion
Ref
eren
ceLa
wso
n14
75-1
500
Anc
. Neu
tral
gorg
ethu
man
; cra
nial
refu
se d
epos
itin
cise
d re
ticu
late
des
ign
on t
he c
onve
x si
de; 2
(c
hild
)pe
rfor
atio
ns o
n ea
ch e
dge
Win
tem
berg
(19
39:8
9, f
ig.8
)La
wso
n14
75-1
500
Anc
. Neu
tral
gorg
ethu
man
; cra
nial
no
t sp
ecifi
edpa
rts
of t
he c
onve
x su
rfac
e co
vere
d w
ith
finel
y in
cise
d lin
es; 5
hol
esW
inte
mbe
rg (
1939
:89,
fig
.11)
Law
son
1475
-150
0A
nc. N
eutr
algo
rget
hum
an; c
rani
al
refu
se d
epos
itla
rge
X-l
ike
figur
e sc
ratc
hed
on t
he c
onve
x si
deW
inte
mbe
rg (
1939
:89,
fig
.9)
Mar
tin
1614
-162
6M
ohaw
kpe
ndan
tno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d ba
nds
alon
g it
s le
ngth
Snow
(19
95b:
248,
fig
.6.8
)Li
teU
nkno
wn
Anc
. Hur
onpe
ndan
tsm
all c
arni
vore
; no
t sp
ecifi
edro
ot h
as b
een
notc
hed
and
inci
sed
arou
nd t
he
cani
neci
rcum
fere
nce
7mm
fro
m e
ndPe
nder
gast
(19
72:5
3, f
ig.1
4)Pa
rson
s14
50-1
500
Anc
. Hur
onpe
ndan
tbe
ar; c
anin
eho
use
annu
lar
groo
ve n
ear
the
tip
of t
he r
oot
Tho
mas
(19
98:9
0, f
ig.l)
Ure
n12
50-1
300
MO
Ipe
ndan
tno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
notc
hes
on s
ides
as
wel
l as
2 bi
coni
cally
drill
ed s
uspe
nsio
n ho
les
in t
he b
asal
reg
ion
Wri
ght
(197
9:12
6, f
ig.3
6-f)
Mill
er
12th
C.
EO
Ipe
ndan
tbe
ar; c
anin
eno
t sp
ecifi
edsh
allo
w g
roov
e en
circ
ling
root
on
3 si
des
Ken
yon
(196
8:75
, fig
.8)
Pipe
line
1400
-145
0A
nc. N
eutr
alpe
ndan
tla
rge
bird
; no
t sp
ecifi
edin
cisi
on m
ade
on t
he s
haft
just
bel
ow t
he h
ead;
hum
erus
3 pe
rfor
atio
nsB
usby
(19
79:5
8, n
o im
age)
Gle
nbro
ok15
35St
-LI
pend
ant
mam
mal
; no
t sp
ecifi
edhe
ad d
eepl
y no
tche
d on
eac
h si
dePe
nder
gast
(19
81:1
77, f
ig.2
1)fe
mur
hea
dG
lenb
rook
1535
St-L
Ipe
ndan
tbe
ar; c
anin
eno
t sp
ecifi
edhe
avily
not
ched
on
prox
imal
end
Pend
erga
st (
1981
:177
, fig
.24)
Gle
nbro
ok15
35St
-LI
pend
ant
wol
f/do
g; c
anin
eno
t sp
ecifi
edno
tche
d on
pro
xim
al e
nd (
3 ex
ampl
es f
ound
)Pe
nder
gast
(19
81;2
6, n
o im
age)
Alle
n16
46-1
666
Moh
awk
pend
ant
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
cris
s-cr
oss
desi
gn a
long
one
sur
face
;pe
rfor
atio
n at
top
Snow
(19
95b:
392,
fig
.9.3
0)M
ilton
1500
-155
0A
nc.N
eutr
alpe
ndan
tno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edtr
iang
les
and
poly
gons
fill
ed w
ith
inci
sed
lines
;fo
rm li
ke in
vert
ed V
; not
ched
at
top
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1293
)Ir
ving
-Joh
nsto
n15
60-1
600
Anc
.Neu
tral
pend
ant
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
owl e
ffig
yFi
nlay
son
(199
8:13
08, 5
.28)
Thu
rsto
n16
00-1
650
One
ida
pend
ant
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edJa
nus
face
Prat
t (1
976:
229,
2)
Thu
rsto
n16
00-1
650
One
ida
pend
ant
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edot
ter
effig
yPr
att
(197
6:22
9, 3
)C
arso
n15
th C
.A
nc. H
uron
pend
ant/
gor
get
mam
mal
not
spec
ified
perf
orat
ed b
y a
sing
le h
ole
and
inci
sed
on it
sdo
rsal
sur
face
by
3 ha
tche
d lin
esPa
rker
et
al. (
1990
:32,
ph.
8)N
odw
ell
14th
C.
Unk
now
npe
ndan
t?be
aver
; inc
isor
hous
esm
all f
ragm
ent
from
the
bas
e of
the
inci
sor
that
has
bee
n la
tera
lly n
otch
edW
righ
t (1
974:
100,
no
imag
e)M
yers
Roa
d12
80-1
340
EO
I-M
OI
pend
ant?
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
notc
hed
line
atta
chm
ent
Ram
sden
et
al. (
1998
:191
, no
imag
e)H
olly
14th
C.
MO
Ipe
ndan
tde
er; m
etap
odia
lm
idde
nfla
t pi
ece
notc
hed
on b
oth
side
s on
one
end
;de
cora
ted
on o
ne s
ide
wit
h sh
ort
inci
sed
lines
alon
g bo
th e
dges
fro
m n
otch
ed e
nd t
om
idw
ay; o
ther
sid
e de
cora
ted
wit
h a
larg
ein
cise
d tr
iang
le p
oint
ing
up f
rom
not
ched
bas
ew
ith
shor
t pa
ralle
l lin
es r
adia
ting
fro
m it
s ba
sean
d to
pped
wit
h a
hori
zont
al li
ne; s
mal
lin
vert
ed t
rian
gle;
oth
er h
oriz
onta
l lin
e N
eeds
-How
arth
and
Wat
son
(200
7)
18 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Tabl
e 3.
Art
icle
s of a
dorn
men
t (go
rget
s, pe
ndan
ts an
d ar
mba
nds)
.
Site
Dat
eA
ffin
ity
Art
ifac
t Ty
peM
ater
ial
Pro
veni
ence
Des
crip
tion
Ref
eren
ceJa
rret
t-La
hmer
16th
C.
Anc
. Hur
onpe
ndan
t/ar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
para
llel r
ows
of d
ots
alon
g le
ngth
of
brac
elet
;do
ts in
eac
h lin
e co
nnec
ted
by in
cise
d lin
e;
Coo
per
(200
5:91
, no
imag
e)K
irch
e16
th C
.A
nc. H
uron
arm
band
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
2 ro
ws
of s
mal
l pun
ctat
es a
nd o
n op
posi
te s
ide
is 1
row
of
sim
ilar
punc
tate
sR
amsd
en (
1989
:103
, pl.8
)R
ifeea
rly
14th
C.
MO
Iar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d lo
ngit
udin
al li
ne w
ith
smal
l tri
angl
e-lik
e sh
ape
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1258
, 3.2
4)R
ifeea
rly
14th
C.
MO
Iar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edro
w o
f tr
iang
les
(out
lined
by
dots
) al
ong
one
edge
, row
of
dots
alo
ng o
ther
edg
eFi
nlay
son
(199
8:12
58, 3
.25)
Rife
earl
y 14
th C
.M
OI
arm
band
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
inci
sed
lines
whi
ch f
orm
row
s of
rec
tang
les
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1259
, 3.2
6)R
ifeea
rly
14th
C.
MO
Iar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d lin
e do
wn
the
cent
re o
f th
e br
acel
et,
2 tr
iang
les
fille
d w
ith
para
llel l
ines
on
each
side
of
the
mid
-lin
eFi
nlay
son
(199
8:12
59, 3
.27)
Van
Ede
nLa
te 1
5th
C.
Unk
now
nar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
para
llel l
ines
inci
sed
alon
g le
ngth
of
brac
elet
fille
d w
ith
perp
endi
cula
r lin
es, e
ach
of t
hese
lines
cro
ssed
by
2 sm
alle
r lin
es; t
wo
tria
ngle
sal
ong
one
edge
on
brok
en e
nd f
illed
wit
hpa
ralle
l lin
es;
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1263
, 3.3
1)C
raw
ford
Lak
e13
50-1
400
MO
Iar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
para
llel b
ands
of
dots
run
ning
alo
ng le
ngth
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1265
)C
hypc
har
1350
-140
0M
OI
arm
band
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
4 ro
ws
of d
ots
conn
ecte
d by
inci
sed
line
alon
gle
ngth
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1267
, 4.1
)W
inki
ng B
ull
1450
-150
0U
nkno
wn
arm
band
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
row
of
dots
dow
n th
e ce
ntre
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1275
, 4.1
0)W
inki
ng B
ull
1450
-150
0U
nkno
wn
arm
band
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
2 ro
ws
of d
ots
dow
n ce
ntre
con
nect
ed b
y nc
ised
line
sFi
nlay
son
(199
8:12
75, 4
.11)
Win
king
Bul
l14
50-1
500
Unk
now
nar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
slig
htly
cro
oked
row
s of
dot
s do
wn
cent
erco
nnec
ted
by in
cise
d lin
esFi
nlay
son
(199
8:12
76, 4
.12)
Pipe
line
1400
-145
0A
nc. N
eutr
alar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edgr
oups
of
diag
onal
line
s in
cise
d on
bot
h ed
ges
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1287
)A
ches
onla
te 1
5th
C.
Anc
. Neu
tral
arm
band
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
row
of
shor
t in
cise
d lin
es d
own
the
cent
reFi
nlay
son
(199
8:12
90, 5
.7)
Red
Tur
tle15
04-1
550
Anc
. Neu
tral
arm
band
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
line
of d
ots
conn
ecte
d by
inci
sed
line
dow
n ce
nter
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1292
, 5.1
0)Ir
ving
-Joh
nsto
n15
60-1
600
Anc
. Neu
tral
arm
band
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
slig
ht n
otch
es a
long
ent
ire
edge
on
both
sid
es;
red
ochr
e m
otif
on o
ne s
urfa
ceFi
nlay
son
(199
8:13
08, 5
.27)
Met
ate
1560
-160
0A
nc. N
eutr
alar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edde
cora
ted
wit
h do
ts o
ver
who
le o
f on
e su
rfac
eFi
nlay
son
(199
8:13
25, 6
.8)
Ben
nett
late
13t
h C
.M
OI
arm
band
rib
not
spec
ified
has
a la
shin
g ho
le a
nd 2
inci
pien
t si
de n
otch
eson
bot
h ed
ges
adja
cent
to
the
lash
ing
hole
;se
ries
of
engr
aved
dot
s ru
n al
ong
one
face
adja
cent
to
both
edg
esW
righ
t an
d A
nder
son,
(19
69:1
15, f
ig.y
)M
iddl
epor
t14
th C
.M
OI
arm
band
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
band
s of
fin
ely
inci
sed
reti
cula
te d
esig
ns,
each
bou
nded
by
2 fin
ely
scri
bed
para
llel l
ines
Win
tem
berg
(19
48:7
3, f
ig.2
3)
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 19
Tabl
e 3.
Art
icle
s of a
dorn
men
t (go
rget
s, pe
ndan
ts an
d ar
mba
nds)
.
Site
Dat
eA
ffin
ity
Art
ifac
t Ty
peM
ater
ial
Pro
veni
ence
Des
crip
tion
Ref
eren
ceM
iddl
epor
t14
th C
.M
OI
arm
band
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d lin
e ab
out
1/8
inch
aw
ay f
rom
and
para
llel w
ith
the
inta
ct e
dge;
row
of
zigz
ags
proj
ecti
ng f
rom
the
insi
de o
n th
e lin
e W
inte
mbe
rg (
1948
:73,
fig
.24)
Mid
dlep
ort
14th
C.
MO
Iar
mba
ndan
tler
not
spec
ified
doub
le r
ow o
f sm
all r
ough
ly c
ircu
lar
pits
; als
ose
vera
l fai
ntly
inci
sed,
app
aren
tly m
eani
ngle
sslin
es t
hat
seem
too
sca
tter
ed t
o ha
ve b
een
inte
nded
for
orn
amen
tati
onW
inte
mbe
rg (
1948
:73,
fig
.25)
Law
son
1475
-150
0A
nc. N
eutr
alar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edno
tche
s al
ong
one
edge
; pol
ishe
d on
bot
hfa
ces;
2 h
oles
Win
tem
berg
(19
39:8
7, f
ig.2
3)Pi
pelin
e14
00-1
450
Anc
. Neu
tral
arm
band
mam
mal
; rib
not
spec
ified
smoo
thed
and
pol
ishe
d on
the
ext
erio
r an
dde
cora
ted
alon
g th
e ed
ges
wit
h ob
lique
stri
atio
nsB
usby
(19
79:6
0, n
o im
age)
Span
gea
rly
16th
C.
Anc
. Hur
on
arm
band
hum
an c
rani
alno
t sp
ecifi
edde
cora
tion
con
sist
s of
a s
erie
s of
sm
all
inci
sion
s se
t w
ithi
n pa
ralle
l lin
es f
ound
alon
g bo
th e
dges
and
in t
he c
entr
e is
an
S-sh
aped
pat
tern
Car
ter
(198
1:33
, fig
.f)
Nod
wel
l14
th C
.U
nkno
wn
arm
band
not
spec
ified
hous
eha
s 2
para
llel r
ows
of s
mal
l dot
s on
the
exte
rior
sur
face
Wri
ght
(197
4:26
4, f
ig.2
5)N
odw
ell
14th
C.
Unk
now
nar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edm
idde
nin
cise
d m
edia
l lin
e, in
cise
d tr
iang
les
on e
ithe
rsi
de f
illed
wit
h ve
rtic
al o
r ob
lique
inci
sed
lines
Wri
ght
(197
4:27
4, f
ig.1
2)N
odw
ell
14th
C.
Unk
now
nar
mba
ndno
t sp
ecifi
edm
idde
ntw
o m
edia
l lin
es o
f do
ts d
ecor
ate
the
exte
rior
face
Wri
ght
(197
4:27
2, p
l. X
IV, f
ig. 8
)Sc
out
1330
-142
0M
OI
arm
band
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
seri
es o
f tr
iang
les
fille
d w
ith
para
llel l
ines
whi
ch e
xten
d of
f an
inci
sed
line
alon
g th
e ce
ntre
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1241
)N
odw
ell
14th
C.
Unk
now
nar
mba
ndri
bho
use
has
2 lin
es o
f sm
all d
ots
alon
g bo
th s
ides
of
the
outs
ide
face
Wri
ght
(197
4:10
1, n
o im
age)
Hol
ly14
th C
.M
OI
arm
band
deer
; ant
ler
not
spec
ified
shor
t in
cise
d no
tche
s al
ong
both
edg
es; 2
inci
sed
para
llel l
ines
dow
n ce
ntre
fill
ed w
ith
hori
zont
al li
nes
from
whi
ch s
hort
dia
gona
lno
tche
s ra
diat
eN
eeds
-How
arth
and
Wat
son
(200
7)
Anc
. Hur
on=
Anc
estr
al H
uron
Anc
. Neu
tral
= A
nces
tral
Neu
tral
St.-
LI=
Sain
t-La
wre
nce
Iroq
uoia
nE
OI=
Ear
ly O
ntar
io I
roqu
oian
E-M
OI=
Ear
ly t
o M
iddl
e Ir
oquo
ian
MO
I= M
iddl
e O
ntar
io I
roqu
oian
lizards and squirrels in various colours, not justblack. Engelbrecht (2003) has argued that it islikely that tattoo designs held spiritual meaningfor the wearer (or others), perhaps conferringprotection, or reminding the wearer of theirguardian spirit. In this way, bodily decorationshould be seen as a material manifestation of thespiritual world.
In that tattoos are essentially patterns of dots,it is tempting to relate bracelets decorated withdots to arm tattoos. With very few exceptions,they are the only bone or antler artifact class dec-orated by lines of dots. Indeed, almost 60 percentof all bracelets are decorated with row(s) of dots,some connected by incised lines. The number ofrows ranges from one to four, although mostbracelets are decorated with two rows. They alsohave filled triangles of dots along the lines orincised filled triangles on one or both sides ofincised lines. Some authorities view such triangulardesigns as Thunderbird tails and wings while zig-zag lines have been related to lightning energy sym-bols or snake manifestations, both referencing theeternal conflict between the lower and upperworlds (Fox 2004). On the other hand, dottedlines have also been seen as journeys or quests, bothreal and metaphorical, the latter in search ofguardian manitous. One bracelet was decoratedwith a red ochre-stained motif that appeared asflames or waves filled with parallel lines andnotched along its edges–interpreted by theresearcher as the flaming arrows from thunderbird(Finlayson 1998:3:1308, Drawing 5.27).
The use of dots is also prominent in the deco-ration of Iroquoian ceramic pipe effigies. A par-ticularly striking example was recovered from theancestral Huron Mantle site, which is locatednear Stouffville, Ontario (Figure 4). The line ofdots around the face is very similar to the deco-ration on the head of a Mohawk bone figurine(Snow 1995b:186, Figure 4.49), both of which,in turn, are similar to the tattoo on an illustrationof Joseph Brant’s grandfather (Figure 5).
As the data in Table 3 indicate, decoratedbracelets or armbands occur most frequently onMiddle Ontario Iroquoian sites located in south-western Ontario, which have traditionally beenidentified as ancestral Neutral. They were either
manufactured from antler, with at least one iden-tified to deer, or from large mammal rib, likelydeer or bear. In at least one case, human cranialbone was employed.
Beads and Tubes
Table 4 lists objects identified as decorated beadsor tubes. This type of artifact consists of tubularobjects that range in length from a few centime-tres to over 15 cm. They have been described asbeads, tubes, shamans’ tubes, sucking tubes andtally beads. Researchers have come up with vari-ous criteria to differentiate between beads andtubes, usually based on length (Thomas1998:88). Lennox (1981:306) defined beads asmeasuring less than 100 mm and tubes as beinggreater than 100 mm in length. In comparison,Wright (1981:94) used 55 mm as the benchmarkbetween the two types of artifacts based on thebimodal distribution of lengths within his datafrom the Walker site. Other researchers declineto define a distinguishing marker between beadsand tubes. The specimens listed here have beenclassified as they were in the literature.
These objects are mostly fashioned from mam-mal and bird long bones, whose shapes naturallylend themselves to the manufacture of these arti-facts. Of the mammals, deer is by far the mostcommon. Beads/tubes have also, however, beenmanufactured from dog/wolf, lynx, raccoon, aswell as from human bone.
Over three-quarters of the decorated beads/tubeswere recovered from Neutral sites in southwestern
20 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Figure 4. Human effigy from a ceramic smoking pipe from thelate sixteenth century Mantle site (Archaeological Services Inc.).
Ontario. While ancestral Huron sites have yieldedjust less than ten percent of all the decoratedbeads/tubes, the remaining 15 percent is distrib-uted in almost equal parts among ancestralNeutral, St-Lawrence Iroquoian, Seneca, MiddleOntario Iroquoian and Mohawk sites. Since prove-nience was specified for only three of the 82 exam-ples found in the published literature (two fromburials and one from a post mould), it is impossi-ble to reach any conclusions about context.
For type of decorations, over 65 percent of theobjects recorded in Table 4 consists of transverseincisions, short notches or possibly scoring. Whilean attempt was made to differentiate between alter-ations resulting from decoration as opposed tomanufacture, some of the marks are probably dueto manufacture, especially those formed by repeti-tive scoring followed by snapping of the bone.Short incisions, usually when evenly spaced overthe surface of the bead, have also been consideredto be some sort of tally system. Annular grooves(16 percent), triangles (six percent), and variouszigzag motifs (four percent) were also recorded.
A few examples exhibit more complex designsor combinations of motifs. An interesting speci-men comes from the Middle Ontario Iroquoian
Rife site in southwestern Ontario. The bead ortube is covered by seemingly random wavy lines– amain one, which runs the entire length of the bead,and small ones that veer off from the long line andoff from each other (Finlayson 1998:3:1254). Ithas been suggested that the lines might representsome sort of map, perhaps for a physical or spiritu-al journey.
Pins
This category of artifact (Table 5) includes allelongated pin-like implements, whether or notthe researcher thought they were used as perfo-rating devices. Certainly a few with styloid-tipped points and opposing, finely notched prox-imal ends have been found; these may have func-tioned as tattooing needles.
Most of these objects are decorated withincised geometric patterns, most often filledright-angled triangles (thunderbird tails andwings), but also chevrons, zigzags, as well asoblique, vertical and horizontal lines (lightningenergy symbols or journey or snake manifesta-tions). The other frequent decoration is notchingof bases and lower edges, which thereby creates
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 21
Figure 5. Mohawk Warriorcirca 1710. Courtesy NationalArchives of Canada 2897086.
22 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Tabl
e 4.
Bea
ds a
nd tu
bes.
Site
Dat
e (A
D)
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Squi
reU
nkno
wn
Unk
now
nbe
adno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edsh
ort
inci
sed
lines
alo
ng o
ne o
f it
s si
des
Squi
re (
1958
:8)
Pipe
line
1400
-145
0A
nc. N
eutr
albe
adno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cisi
on e
ncir
clin
g th
e ex
teri
or s
urfa
ce, l
ocat
edat
bea
d’s
cent
reB
usby
(19
79:5
0, n
o im
age)
Pipe
line
1400
-145
0A
nc. N
eutr
albe
adno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cisi
on e
ncir
clin
g th
e ex
teri
or s
urfa
ce, l
ocat
ed a
ton
e en
d of
bea
dB
usby
(19
79:5
0, n
o im
age)
Gle
nbro
ok15
35St
-LI
bead
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
2 de
eply
inci
sed
lines
aro
und
the
circ
umfe
renc
eat
eac
h en
d; t
rian
gula
r in
cro
ss s
ecti
onPe
nder
gast
(19
81:2
1, n
o im
age)
Gle
nbro
ok15
35St
-LI
bead
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
deco
rate
d w
ith
para
llel i
ncis
ed li
nes
near
one
end
Pend
erga
st (
1981
:21,
no
imag
e)G
lenb
rook
1535
St-L
Ibe
adno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
shal
low
inci
sed
lines
aro
und
the
circ
umfe
renc
e10
mm
apa
rt o
n on
e en
dPe
nder
gast
(19
81:2
1, n
o im
age)
Chr
isti
anso
nca
161
5N
eutr
albe
adca
nis;
rad
ius
not
spec
ified
fine
tran
sver
se in
cisi
ng
Fitz
gera
ld (
1982
:202
, no
imag
e)C
hris
tian
son
ca 1
615
Neu
tral
bead
hum
an; u
lna
not
spec
ified
fine
tran
sver
se in
cisi
ng
Fitz
gera
ld (
1982
:349
, fig
.6)
Chr
isti
anso
nca
161
5N
eutr
albe
adde
er; r
ibno
t sp
ecifi
edfin
e tr
ansv
erse
inci
sing
Fitz
gera
ld (
1982
:349
, fig
.11)
Chr
isti
anso
nca
161
5N
eutr
albe
adm
amm
al; l
ong
bone
not
spec
ified
fine
tran
sver
se in
cisi
ng (
5 ex
ampl
es f
ound
)Fi
tzge
rald
(19
82:2
02, n
o im
age)
McG
aw15
th C
Anc
. Hur
onbe
adno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edse
ries
of
inci
sed
notc
hes
alon
g on
e la
tera
l sid
ePi
hl (
2003
:55,
pl.2
9)K
irch
e16
th C
.A
nc. H
uron
bead
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
has
smal
l inc
ised
line
s ru
nnin
g pe
rpen
dicu
lar
to t
he lo
ng a
xis
Ram
sden
(19
89:1
01, p
l.7-4
)K
irch
e16
th C
.A
nc. H
uron
bead
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
scor
ing
alon
g le
ngth
of
bead
and
has
sm
all
tria
ngul
ar n
otch
es a
long
one
edg
eR
amsd
en (
1989
:101
, pl.7
-3)
Dra
per
late
15t
h C
Anc
. Hur
onbe
adno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edtr
aces
of
scor
ing
alon
g le
ngth
of
bead
, wit
h a
heav
ier
groo
ve n
ear
the
mid
dle
Ferg
uson
(19
79:1
07, f
ig.6
)C
amer
on15
75-1
595
Sene
cabe
adde
er; r
ibbu
rial
-chi
ldde
ep g
roov
e ar
ound
cir
cum
fere
nce
arou
ndm
id p
oint
; rou
nd c
ross
-sec
tion
; 2 b
eads
not
seve
red
Wra
y et
al.
(199
1:22
9, f
ig.7
.17)
Rife
earl
y 14
th C
.M
OI
bead
bird
; lon
g bo
neno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d lin
es w
hich
may
rep
rese
nt a
map
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1254
)M
cCar
thy
1600
-165
0A
nc. N
eutr
albe
adno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edse
ries
of
shor
t no
tche
s al
ong
leng
th o
f on
e su
rfac
eFi
nlay
son
(199
8:16
73,2
)Ja
rret
t-La
hmer
16th
C.
Anc
. Hur
onbe
adbi
rd; l
ong
bone
not
spec
ified
pair
ed p
ara
llel s
cori
ng t
owar
d ea
ch e
ndC
oope
r (2
005:
88, n
o im
age)
Unk
now
nn/
an/
abe
adde
er; l
eg b
one
not
spec
ified
4 no
tche
s at
eac
h en
d an
d 5
notc
hes
at m
idpo
int;
notc
hes
go a
roun
d ci
rcum
fere
nce
Boy
le (
1890
:54,
fig
.132
)A
nder
son
late
13t
h C
.M
OI
bead
fra
gmen
tbi
rdno
t sp
ecifi
ed3
to 4
inci
sed
lines
enc
ircl
ing
the
bead
nea
rth
e m
idpo
int
Ber
g an
d B
urse
y (2
000:
13, f
ig.g
-h)
Bar
kca
150
0A
nc. H
uron
bead
pre
form
?bi
rd; l
ong
bone
not
spec
ified
groo
ves
cut
arou
nd c
ircu
mfe
renc
eSu
tton
(19
90:8
1, p
l.7-6
)G
rim
sby
1640
-165
0N
eutr
alsu
ckin
g tu
bede
er; r
adiu
sbu
rial
se
ries
of
notc
hes
alon
g on
e ed
geK
enyo
n (1
982:
54, p
l.48)
Hoo
d16
30-1
641
Neu
tral
tube
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
zigz
ag p
atte
rn a
long
leng
th, w
ith
notc
hes
onsi
des
Lenn
ox (
1984
:100
, fig
.34)
Hoo
d16
30-1
641
Neu
tral
tube
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
stra
ight
ang
le t
rian
gles
wit
hout
bot
tom
edg
e,pa
ralle
l ver
tica
l lin
es in
tri
angl
esLe
nnox
(19
84:1
00, f
ig.3
4)H
ood
1630
-164
1N
eutr
altu
beno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edzi
gzag
pat
tern
(bu
t w
ith
mor
e th
an o
nein
cisi
on p
er s
ide)
Lenn
ox (
1984
:100
, fig
.34)
Hoo
d16
30-1
641
Neu
tral
tube
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
over
lapp
ing
zigz
ag p
atte
rn b
etw
een
two
grou
psha
s zi
gzag
ove
rlap
ped
wit
h cu
rved
line
s Le
nnox
(19
84:2
21, f
ig.1
1)B
ogle
I16
30-1
641
Neu
tral
tube
deer
; rad
ius
hous
e po
st3
grou
ps o
f ch
evro
ns o
n on
e si
de; o
ther
sid
eha
s zi
gzag
ove
rlap
ped
wit
h cu
rved
line
s Le
nnox
(19
84:2
21, f
ig.1
1)
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 23
Tabl
e 4.
Bea
ds a
nd tu
bes.
Site
Dat
e (A
D)
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Wal
ker
1640
Neu
tral
tube
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
3 se
ries
of
shor
t in
cise
d no
tche
s al
ong
leng
thof
one
sid
eW
righ
t (1
981:
201,
fig
.10)
Wal
ker
1640
Neu
tral
tube
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
seri
es o
f sh
ort
obliq
ue p
aral
lel l
ines
bou
nded
by 2
long
itud
inal
line
s W
righ
t (1
981:
201,
fig
.9)
Alle
n16
46-1
666
Moh
awk
tube
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
2 in
cise
d lin
es a
roun
d ci
rcum
fere
nce
at b
oth
ends
Snow
(19
95b:
392,
fig
.9.2
9)A
llen
1646
-166
6M
ohaw
ktu
beno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
inci
sed
lines
aro
und
circ
umfe
renc
e at
one
end
(oth
er e
nd b
roke
n)Sn
ow (
1995
b:39
2, f
ig.9
.29)
Alle
n16
46-1
666
Moh
awk
tube
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
2 in
cise
d lin
es a
roun
d ci
rcum
fere
nce
at b
oth
ends
as
wel
l as
in t
he m
iddl
e; h
alf
of t
ube
seem
s to
be
cove
red
wit
h lig
htly
inci
sed
hour
glas
s sh
apes
fill
ed w
ith
lines
Snow
(19
95b:
392,
fig
.9.2
9)A
lder
son
Farm
Wes
t15
th C
.A
nc. N
eutr
altu
beno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed3
inci
sed
groo
ves
on o
ne e
nd, 3
on
the
mid
dle
and
2 on
the
sur
vivi
ng p
orti
on o
f th
e ot
her
end
Finl
ayso
n (1
998:
1279
)H
ood
1630
-164
1N
eutr
altu
be
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
smal
l sha
llow
line
s cu
t ac
ross
a h
igh
ridg
e on
the
tube
(3
exam
ples
fou
nd)
Lenn
ox (
1984
:100
, no
imag
e)Li
teU
nkno
wn
Anc
. Hur
ontu
be f
ragm
ent
long
bon
eno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
lines
inci
sed
arou
nd t
he c
ircu
mfe
renc
e Pe
nder
gast
(19
72:3
2, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
deer
; rad
ius
not
spec
ified
shor
t pa
ralle
l inc
isio
ns a
long
late
ral e
dges
(12
exam
ples
fou
nd)
Lenn
ox (
1981
:307
, tab
le 4
3; 3
95, f
ig.3
)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
dde
er; r
adiu
sno
t sp
ecifi
edpa
ralle
l inc
isio
ns a
cros
s po
ster
ior
surf
ace
(5 e
xam
ples
fou
nd)
Lenn
ox (
1981
:307
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
deer
; rad
ius
not
spec
ified
inci
sed
tria
ngul
ar p
atte
rns,
fill
ed w
ith
para
llel
or c
ross
hat
ched
inci
sion
s (3
exa
mpl
es f
ound
)Le
nnox
(19
81:3
07, t
able
43;
395
, fig
.2.4
)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
dde
er; r
adiu
sno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d re
ctan
gula
r ar
eas
fill
ed w
ith
oppo
sed
para
llel l
ines
and
cro
ss h
atch
ed p
atte
rns
Lenn
ox (
1981
:307
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
dog;
rad
ius
not
spec
ified
para
llel i
ncis
ions
on
3 si
des
Lenn
ox (
1981
:307
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
dog;
tib
iano
t sp
ecifi
edch
evro
n m
otif
on e
nd, i
ncis
ed li
nes
and
scor
edno
tche
s on
2 e
dges
Lenn
ox (
1981
:308
, tab
le 4
3; 3
95, f
ig.8
?)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
ddo
g; t
ibia
not
spec
ified
scor
ed p
aral
lel l
ines
Lenn
ox (
1981
:308
, tab
le 4
3; 3
95, f
ig.9
)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
dly
nx; r
adiu
sno
t sp
ecifi
edsh
ort
para
llel i
ncis
ions
on
2 ed
ges
Lenn
ox (
1981
:308
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
raco
on; t
ibia
not
spec
ified
notc
hed
edge
Lenn
ox (
1981
:308
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
raco
on; f
emur
not
spec
ified
scor
ed lo
ngit
udin
ally
Lenn
ox (
1981
:308
, tab
le 4
3, 3
95, f
ig.1
0)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
dm
amm
alno
t sp
ecifi
edpa
ralle
l inc
isio
ns (
2 ex
ampl
es f
ound
)Le
nnox
(19
81:3
08, t
able
43,
no
imag
e)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
dm
ediu
m m
amm
alno
t sp
ecifi
edno
tche
d ed
geLe
nnox
(19
81:3
08, t
able
43,
no
imag
e)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
dtu
rkey
; hum
erus
not
spec
ified
shor
t pa
ralle
l inc
isio
ns o
n 2
edge
sLe
nnox
(19
81:3
09, t
able
43,
no
imag
e)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
dtu
rkey
; tib
io-t
arsu
sno
t sp
ecifi
edsh
ort
para
llel i
ncis
ions
on
one
edge
Lenn
ox (
1981
:309
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
swan
; hum
erus
not
spec
ified
notc
hes
on o
ne e
ndLe
nnox
(19
81:3
09, t
able
43.
no
imag
e)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
dm
ed-la
rge
bird
; rad
ius
not
spec
ified
para
llel i
ncis
ions
on
one
side
Lenn
ox (
1981
:309
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
med
-lar
ge b
ird
not
spec
ified
para
llel i
ncis
ions
(2
exam
ples
fou
nd)
Lenn
ox (
1981
:310
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
med
-lar
ge b
ird
not
spec
ified
para
llel o
bliq
ue in
cisi
ons
Lenn
ox (
1981
:310
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
med
-lar
ge b
ird
not
spec
ified
scor
ed lo
ngit
udin
ally
Lenn
ox (
1981
: 310
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
altu
be/b
ead
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
tria
ngle
s fil
led
wit
h pa
ralle
l obl
ique
s Le
nnox
(19
81:3
10, t
able
43,
no
imag
e)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
tube
/bea
dno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edsh
ort
para
llel i
ncis
ions
on
one
edge
Lenn
ox (
1981
:310
, tab
le 4
3, n
o im
age)
Unk
now
nn/
an/
ata
lly b
one/
bead
long
bon
eno
t sp
ecifi
edno
tchi
ng a
long
leng
th o
f be
adB
oyle
(18
88:5
2-53
)
24 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Tabl
e 5.
Pins
.
Site
Dat
e (A
D)
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Kin
g’s
Fore
st P
ark
1250
-130
0E
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
mid
den
care
fully
wor
ked
all o
ver
wit
h in
cise
dge
omet
ric
desi
gn a
t it
s ba
seFo
x (1
967:
20, f
ig.2
)Li
teU
nkno
wn
Anc
. Hur
onpi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edha
s 5
deep
not
ches
on
one
edge
nea
r th
e po
llen
d gi
ving
it a
sca
llope
d ed
gePe
nder
gast
(19
72:5
5, f
ig.2
)Li
teU
nkno
wn
Anc
. Hur
onpi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
eded
ges
notc
hed
deep
ly w
ith
2 pa
irs
of n
otch
esal
ong
it le
ngth
on
low
er h
alf
of a
wl;
2pe
rfor
atio
nsPe
nder
gast
(19
72:5
5, f
ig.1
)Li
teU
nkno
wn
Anc
. Hur
onpi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edex
tern
al s
urfa
ce d
ecor
ated
alo
ng o
ne e
dge
wit
hin
cise
d lin
es a
long
one
edg
e; o
ther
edg
ede
cora
ted
wit
h in
cise
d lin
es w
hich
for
mri
ght-
angl
ed t
rian
gles
fill
ed w
ith
3 or
4 in
cise
dlin
es p
aral
lel t
o th
e ve
rtic
al s
ide
of t
he t
rian
gle
Pend
erga
st (
1972
:55,
fig
.3)
Sale
mU
nkno
wn
St-L
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed3
unco
nnec
ted
righ
t-an
gle
tria
ngle
s al
ong
one
edge
, whi
ch a
re f
illed
wit
h pa
ralle
l inc
ised
line
sPe
nder
gast
(19
66:3
2, n
o im
age)
Law
son
1475
-150
0A
nc. N
eutr
alpi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edre
fuse
dep
osit
crud
e in
cise
d de
cora
tion
Win
tem
berg
(19
39:9
7, f
ig.1
8)La
wso
n14
75-1
500
Anc
. Neu
tral
pin
not
spec
ified
refu
se d
epos
itin
cise
d re
ticu
late
des
ign
on o
ne s
ide
and
notc
hes
on b
oth
edge
sW
inte
mbe
rg (
1939
:97,
fig
.20)
Law
son
1475
-150
0A
nc. N
eutr
alpi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed3
notc
hes
at b
ase,
2 n
otch
es o
n on
e ed
ge n
ear
base
Win
tem
berg
(19
39:9
7, f
ig.2
2)La
wso
n14
75-1
500
Anc
. Neu
tral
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
4 fa
int
notc
hes
alon
g on
e ed
ge; 2
dee
per
groo
ves
near
mid
dle
Win
tem
berg
(19
39:9
7, f
ig.2
3)M
iddl
epor
t14
th C
.M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
seri
es o
f no
tche
s ac
ross
sur
face
nea
r ba
seW
inte
mbe
rg (
1948
:71,
fig
.25)
Mid
dlep
ort
14th
C.
MO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edse
ries
of
notc
hes
alon
g ed
ge n
ear
base
Win
tem
berg
(19
48:7
1, f
ig.2
6)M
iddl
epor
t14
th C
.M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
3 de
ep in
cisi
ons
acro
ss o
ne s
urfa
ce n
ear
base
Win
tem
berg
(19
48:7
1, f
ig.3
1)M
iddl
epor
t14
th C
.M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
3 de
ep g
roov
es a
roun
d ci
rcum
fere
nce
near
base
; not
ches
alo
ng o
ne e
dge?
Win
tem
berg
(19
48:7
1, f
ig.3
2)U
ren
1250
-130
0M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
depo
sit
3 in
cise
d lin
es a
roun
d ci
rcum
fere
nce
at b
ase
Win
tem
berg
(19
28:9
1, f
ig.1
9)U
ren
1250
-130
0M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
depo
sit
groo
ve a
roun
d ci
rcum
fere
nce
at b
ase
Win
tem
berg
(19
28:9
1, f
ig.2
0)U
ren
1250
-130
0M
OI
pin
rib
depo
sit
edge
s of
exp
ande
d ba
se a
re o
rnam
ente
d w
ith
shal
low
not
ches
Win
tem
berg
(19
28:9
1, f
ig.2
1)U
ren
1250
-130
0M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
depo
sit
2 de
ep g
roov
es a
roun
d ci
rcum
fere
nce
near
bas
eW
inte
mbe
rg (
1928
:91,
fig
.22)
Mill
er
12th
C.
EO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edse
ries
of
notc
hes
alon
g bo
th e
dges
; gro
ups
ofho
rizo
ntal
ly in
cise
d lin
es o
n on
e su
rfac
eK
enyo
n (1
968:
71, f
ig.1
1)Pi
pelin
e14
00-1
450
Anc
. Neu
tral
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
4 ho
rizo
ntal
inci
sion
s at
bas
eB
usby
(19
79:5
1, n
o im
age)
Pipe
line
1400
-145
0A
nc. N
eutr
alpi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edan
obl
ique
inci
sion
at
the
tip
Bus
by (
1979
:51,
no
imag
e)G
lenb
rook
1535
St-L
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
notc
hes
one
oppo
site
the
oth
er 1
0mm
fro
mth
e po
ll en
d; e
ach
side
dec
orat
ed w
ith
fine
tran
sver
sely
inci
sed
lines
on
the
edge
s Pe
nder
gast
(19
81:1
77, f
ig.1
6)M
yers
Roa
d12
80-1
340
EO
I/E
-MO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edsw
eatlo
dge
4 an
nula
r gr
oove
s ca
rved
in t
he p
roxi
mal
edg
egi
ving
eff
ect
of a
row
of
3 pe
a-si
zed
balls
Ram
sden
et
al. (
1998
:183
, fig
.5.1
8b)
Mye
rs R
oad
1280
-134
0E
OI/
E-M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
has
two
oppo
sing
row
s of
fin
e no
tche
s in
cise
din
the
pro
xim
al e
ndR
amsd
en e
t al
. (19
98:1
83, f
ig.5
.18a
)
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 25
Tabl
e 5.
Pins
.
Site
Dat
e (A
D)
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5Se
neca
pin
bear
; os
bacu
lum
buri
al-a
dult
mal
e3
“bar
bs”
on e
ach
side
of
blun
t en
d (r
epre
sent
ing
feat
her
fletc
hes
on a
rrow
sha
ft)
Wra
y et
al.
(199
1:22
8, f
ig.7
.16)
Cay
adut
ta15
25-1
580
Moh
awk
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
inci
sed
wit
h 2
tria
ngle
s fil
led
wit
h m
ore
lines
,re
stin
g on
3 h
oriz
onta
l lin
esSn
ow (
1995
b:18
4, f
ig.4
.45)
Cam
eron
1575
-159
5Se
neca
pin
bear
; os
bacu
lum
buri
al-a
dult
mal
e3
“bar
bs”
on e
ach
side
of
blun
t en
d (r
epre
sent
ing
feat
her
fletc
hes
on a
rrow
sha
ft)
Wra
y et
al.
(199
1:22
8, f
ig.7
.16)
Man
tle15
00-1
530
Anc
. Hur
onpi
nde
er; m
etap
odia
lm
idde
nin
cise
d w
ith
hori
zont
al li
nes,
tri
angl
es f
illed
wit
h pa
ralle
l lin
es, v
erti
cal l
ines
W
illia
mso
n an
d C
lish
(200
3)A
ntre
x13
00-1
400
MO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edm
idde
n4
notc
hes
at b
lunt
end
as
wel
l as
4 no
tche
son
bot
h ed
ges
near
at
blun
t en
dR
ober
tson
and
Will
iam
son
(200
2, n
o im
age)
Sale
mU
nkno
wn
St-L
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d ch
evro
nsPe
nder
gast
(19
66:3
2, n
o im
age)
Law
son
1475
-150
0A
nc. N
eutr
alpi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edre
fuse
dep
osit
fain
tly in
cise
d zi
gzag
on
one
side
Win
tem
berg
(19
39:9
7, f
ig.1
9)M
iddl
epor
t14
th C
.M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
notc
hes
alon
g on
e ed
ge n
ear
tip
Win
tem
berg
(19
48:7
1, f
ig.2
8)M
iddl
epor
t14
th C
.M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
notc
hes
alon
g on
e ed
geW
inte
mbe
rg (
1948
:71,
fig
.29)
Pipe
line
1450
Anc
. Neu
tral
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
notc
hed
alon
g on
e ed
geB
usby
(19
79:5
3, f
ig.b
)G
lenb
rook
1535
St-L
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edde
ep n
otch
es o
n op
posi
te e
dges
17m
m f
rom
poll
whi
ch h
as b
een
grou
nd s
moo
thPe
nder
gast
(19
81:2
3, n
o im
age)
Gle
nbro
ok15
35St
-LI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
deep
not
ches
on
oppo
site
sid
esPe
nder
gast
(19
81:2
3, n
o im
age)
Gle
nbro
ok15
35St
-LI
pin
deer
; uln
ano
t sp
ecifi
edde
cora
ted
wit
h 3
shor
t in
cise
d ob
lique
line
sm
idw
ay o
n th
e sh
aft
Pend
erga
st (
1981
:23,
no
imag
e)Sa
lem
Unk
now
nSt
-LI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
deco
rate
d w
ith
light
obl
ique
ly in
cise
d lin
es(2
exa
mpl
es f
ound
)Pe
nder
gast
(19
66:3
2, n
o im
age)
Mac
Dou
gald
U
nkno
wn
St-L
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edtw
o in
cise
d ri
ght-
angl
e tr
iang
les
fille
d w
ith
ncis
ed p
aral
lel l
ines
alo
ng o
ne e
dge
on o
nesi
de; s
imila
r si
ngle
tri
angl
e on
sam
e si
de b
utop
posi
te e
dge;
Pend
erga
st (
1969
:53,
fig
.10)
Mill
er12
th C
.E
OI
pin
chan
nel c
atfis
h;bu
rial
sp
ine
mod
ified
by
notc
hing
alo
ng o
ne e
dge
at le
ast
Ken
yon
(196
8:69
, fig
.6)
pect
oral
spi
neLa
wso
n14
75-1
500
Anc
. Neu
tral
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
“cri
ss-c
ross
” de
sign
on
one
side
, par
alle
l in
cisi
ons
on o
ther
Win
tem
berg
(19
39:9
7, f
ig.2
1)A
rbor
Rid
ge14
th C
.M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
polis
hed
and
desi
gns
on b
oth
side
s; o
ne s
ide
has
doub
le z
igza
g ru
nnin
g ov
er e
ntir
e le
ngth
;ot
her
side
has
a s
mal
l dou
ble
zigz
ag a
long
both
edg
esA
dam
s (2
003:
26, f
ig.1
5, 2
86E
L4)
Arb
or R
idge
14th
C.
MO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
eda
few
inci
sed
lines
une
venl
y sp
aced
ove
rsu
rfac
e; n
otch
at
blun
ter
end
Ada
ms
(200
5: 1
2s10
e-12
-1)
Arb
or R
odge
14th
C.
MO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edsm
all b
urnt
fra
gmen
t; in
cise
d zi
gzag
-lik
epa
tter
n on
one
sid
e, h
oriz
onta
l inc
isio
ns o
not
her
Ada
ms
(200
5: 2
s6e-
11)
26 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Tabl
e 5.
Pins
.
Site
Dat
e (A
D)
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Arb
or R
idge
14th
C.
MO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edpo
lishe
d; n
otch
ed o
n on
e ed
ge a
nd 3
obl
ique
inci
sion
s ne
ar b
ase
Ada
ms
(200
3:26
, fig
.15,
885
E)
Arb
or R
idge
14th
C.
MO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edsh
ort
obliq
ue n
otch
es a
long
ent
ire
edge
Ada
ms
(200
3:26
, fig
.15,
10s
8E)
Unk
now
nn/
an/
api
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edno
tche
d bl
unt
end;
3 v
erti
cal l
ines
con
nect
edw
ith
diag
onal
line
sB
oyle
(18
90:5
4, f
ig.1
30)
Unk
now
nn/
aM
ohaw
kef
figy
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
carv
ed h
uman
fac
e at
end
of
awl;
inci
sed
chev
rons
and
hor
izon
tal l
ines
alo
ng le
ngth
of
awl t
o ab
out
1/3
of w
ay t
owar
ds t
he p
oint
Snow
(19
95a:
59, f
ig.1
1.13
)M
iller
12th
C.
EO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edlig
ht in
cisi
ons
alon
g ed
ges
near
bas
e; h
ole
atba
seK
enyo
n (1
968:
71, f
ig.7
)M
iddl
epor
t14
th C
.M
OI
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
groo
ves
alon
g on
e ed
ge; d
eepe
r gr
oove
acr
oss
surf
ace
near
bas
eW
inte
mbe
rg (
1948
:71,
fig
.27)
Wal
ker
1640
Neu
tral
pin
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
high
ly p
olis
hed,
car
ved
bone
sha
ft, c
aref
ully
inci
sed
Wri
ght
(198
1:20
3, f
ig.5
)H
utch
inso
n14
th C
.M
OI
pin
mam
mal
pit
butt
end
dec
orat
ed w
ith
at le
ast
2 an
nula
rgr
oove
s cu
t to
cre
ate
a se
ries
of
pea-
size
d ba
lls(o
nly
one
ball
surv
ived
due
to
brea
kage
)B
alm
er a
nd S
tanc
hley
(20
03:8
3, p
l.10d
)R
ifeea
rly
14th
C.
MO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d an
nula
r gr
oove
s fo
rmin
g ro
w o
fpe
asiz
ed b
alls
at
prox
imal
end
(4
balls
)Fi
nlay
son
(199
8:12
55, 1
443-
7)W
inki
ng B
ull
1450
-150
0A
nc. N
eutr
alpi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed6
smal
l not
ches
alo
ng o
ne e
dge
of b
lunt
end
;3
smal
l not
ches
on
one
surf
ace
of b
lunt
edg
e(n
o “b
alls”
)Fi
nlay
son
(199
8:12
74)
Ant
rex
14th
C.
MO
Ipi
nde
er; m
etap
odia
l m
idde
nan
nula
r gr
oove
s ne
ar o
ne e
nd c
reat
ing
3“b
alls”
Rob
erts
on a
nd W
illia
mso
n (2
002)
Hol
ly14
th C
.M
OI
pin
deer
; met
apod
ial
swea
tlodg
ean
nula
r gr
oove
s ne
ar o
ne e
nd c
reat
ing
2 “b
alls”
Nee
ds-H
owar
th a
nd W
atso
n (2
007)
Nod
wel
l14
th C
.U
nkno
wn
pin
not
spec
ified
hous
eca
rved
at
one
end
(1 b
all)
Wri
ght
(197
4:24
8, f
ig.9
)G
rand
view
1400
-145
0A
nc. H
uron
pin
deer
; met
atar
sal
mid
den
inci
sed
annu
lar
groo
ves
form
ing
row
of
7 ba
llsat
pro
xim
al e
nd; p
olis
hed,
blu
nt, u
nalte
red
tips
Tho
mas
(19
99:1
15, p
l.13g
)G
rand
view
1400
-145
0A
nc. H
uron
pin
mam
mal
; lon
g bo
nesw
eatlo
dge
inci
sed
annu
lar
groo
ves
form
ing
row
of
4 ba
llsT
hom
as (
1999
:109
, no
imag
e)G
rand
view
1400
-145
0A
nc. H
uron
pin
mam
mal
; lon
g bo
nepi
t in
hou
sein
cise
d an
nula
r gr
oove
s fo
rmin
g 1
ball
Tho
mas
(19
99:1
09, n
o im
age)
Gra
ndvi
ew14
00-1
450
Anc
. Hur
onpi
nde
er; m
etat
arsa
l sw
eatlo
dge
Inci
sed
annu
lar
groo
ves
form
ing
row
of
2 ba
llsT
hom
as (
1999
:115
, pl.1
3f)
Gra
ndvi
ew14
00-1
450
Anc
. Hur
onpi
nm
amm
al; l
ong
bone
swea
tlodg
eIn
cise
d an
nula
r gr
oove
s fo
rmin
g ro
w o
f 6
balls
Tho
mas
(19
99:1
09, n
o im
age)
Ure
n12
50-1
300
MO
Ipi
nno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
ed2
inci
sed
groo
ves
at t
he p
roxi
mal
end
Wri
ght
(197
9:12
6, f
ig.3
6a)
Gra
ndvi
ew14
00-1
450
Anc
. Hur
onm
inia
ture
pin
not
spec
ified
swea
tlodg
eha
s sh
allo
w a
nnul
ar c
onst
rict
ion
near
the
prox
imal
end
Tho
mas
(19
99:1
15, p
l.13h
)
scalloped edge(s). One example has three “barbs”on each side of a blunt end, suggesting, to theauthors, feathers on an arrow shaft. The mostunusual specimen has a carved human face at thebase with incised chevrons and horizontal linesextending for about two-thirds of its length.
Approximately one-quarter of the pin-like arti-facts are modeled on their proximal ends to pro-duce a series of annular constrictions that appearas small, pea-sized, ball-like formations (Figure6). They have only been found on fourteenth-and early fifteenth-century sites and, of the com-plete specimens, lengths vary from 4.5 cm(described as a miniature) to 12.4 cm, with anaverage of 9.4 cm (excluding the miniature). Thenumber of balls ranges from one to seven with anaverage of 3.5. They are all manufactured fromlarge mammal leg bones, four of which wereidentified as deer metapodials. The miniature isreminiscent of the miniature points and pipesthat may well have functioned as charms or talis-mans, as is the case with modified teeth of bearand various canid species.
These objects have often been identified as bod-kins, a term used widely to describe a weaving tool.While most bodkins have holes at their base ends,small, pointed instruments of carved bone havebeen used by traditional weavers around the worldto make holes, to lift, push, insert, or adjust ele-ments of weaving, including the warp and woofthreads in cloth weaving and the strands of finesplit materials in basket weaving. Similarly shapedtools are also used for the traditional practice ofscrimshaw, the etching of designs into whalebone,ivory or other substances, which is then filled withcolour to bring out the designs.
Yet, these tools rarely display needlepoint forms.Consequently, they have also been identified ashairpins, a conclusion that is consistent with thefact that they are the only artifact in this categoryto have been found on the floors and fill layers ofsemi-subterranean sweat lodges, where prove-nience has been specified. It is possible that long-haired individuals used these pins to manage theirhair. The high level of polish usually found onthese artifacts could easily be attributed to the nat-ural oils found in hair or the animal grease some-times applied to the hair during certain rituals.
According to Fox and Hamell (this volume),there is a parallel in Iroquoian symbolismbetween rattlesnakes and hair, more specificallywith the story of Atotarho (Hale 1833:26) orAdodarhoh, whose long hair was adorned bysnakes (Parker 1916:17). Indeed, Fox has sug-gested that the decorated ends of these objectsmight represent rattlesnake tails, similar to a pol-ished antler tine artifact recovered from the bot-tom of a storage pit on an Early Iroquoian villagein southwestern Ontario (Fox 1982; Fox andHamell, this volume). Their frequent discoveryin semi-subterranean sweat lodges—more than250 examples have been documented on morethan 40 mid-to-late thirteenth-through-late fif-teenth-century Iroquoian villages across southernOntario (MacDonald and Williamson 2001)—may relate to curing societies and to other cere-monies, such as snake-related rituals connectedwith rainfall held in sacred contexts (Fox andHamell, this volume). Indeed, the discovery ofanimal skulls on the living floors of sweat lodges,in particular deer and bear as well as the wing ofa great horned owl, and their subsequent use ashuman burial areas, point to considerable sacredsignificance for such places (MacDonald andWilliamson 2001:72). Robert Hall, employing auterine metaphor, has described how Ojibwaappear to each other as bears, ritually cleansedand reborn, following a sweat (Hall 1997:125).The discovery of an awl (Wray et al. 1991:228,Figure 7.16), made from a bear baculum andplaced with the burial of an adult male, similarlysuggests that the material and element fromwhich the artifact was made form part of themeaning of the artifact.
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 27
Figure 6. Example of a “bodkin,” from the late thirteenth cen-
tury Antrex site (Archaeological Services Inc.).
Miscellaneous Artifacts
Three decorated bone artifacts that clearly relate tohunting and fishing have been recorded (Table 6).Their rarity in the archaeological record might sig-nal that such objects were not customarily decorat-ed by Northern Iroquoians, although it is acknowl-edged that bone artifacts in general, decorated ornot, are comparatively rare in the Iroquoian archae-ological record. Of the three identified artifacts, twoare harpoons and one is a projectile point. One ofthe harpoon heads was found in a longhouse, whilethe provenience of the others was not specified.One of the harpoons is entirely covered with even-ly spaced annular grooves (Wright 1981:203,Figure 2), while the other has finely etched lines onat least one of its surfaces. The projectile point hasevenly spaced notches (Parker et al. 1990:Plate 8).
The other miscellaneous decorated bone andantler specimens consist of types of artifacts that donot fit any prescribed category. These objects aremanufactured from deer bone and antler, mooseantler, human bone, and fish bone. They have beenfound in middens, burials, and pits within the sitesof almost every Northern Iroquoian group.
One such complex artifact, discovered on theancestral Huron Mantle site, was manufacturedfrom a combination of mammal and bird bone. Itconsists of a longer polished and notched piece ofwolf/dog metapodial that has been inserted into ashorter piece of bird long bone (Figure 7). Itsintended function or meaning is unknown.
Some of the hypothesized identifications for theother artifacts include ceramic vessel and pipe dec-orators, handles, spatulates and knives. In addition,one of the antler artifacts, with some of the mostprovocative decoration that rivals all other decora-tion found, is a Seneca ladle (Prisch 1982:83). Theuppermost part of the handle consists of a carvedprofile of an elderly woman holding a cane. Herspine is carved in jagged angles and a probableheaddress is represented. The provenience of thisparticular artifact was not specified.
Conclusions
This brief review is far too provisional to allow us todraw any major conclusions about which animals
might have been preferred for making bone toolsthat were then decorated. (It is also difficult toascribe particular functions to tools based ontheir archaeological contexts.) Such an objectivewould have required inventorying undecoratedbone tools as well.
With respect to Yellowhorn’s (2006) argumentson achieving a truly indigenous perspective in the
28 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Figure 7. Undetermined decorated bone artifact from the earlysixteenth century Mantle site (Archaeological Services Inc.).
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 29
Tabl
e 6.
Misc
ella
neou
s and
und
eter
min
ed.
Site
Dat
e (A
D)
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Wal
ker
1640
Neu
tral
harp
oon
antle
rho
use
enti
re s
peci
men
inci
sed
wit
h un
iform
ly s
pace
den
circ
ling
lines
Wri
ght
(198
1:20
3, f
ig.2
)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
caha
rpoo
nm
amm
al;
not
spec
ified
notc
hed
deep
ly o
n bo
th e
dges
at
the
butt
long
bon
een
d; e
xter
ior
side
has
line
of
shor
tin
cise
d lin
es a
long
its
leng
th; s
ingl
e ba
rbSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (
2001
:370
, fig
.7.4
1)C
arso
n15
th C
.A
nc. H
uron
proj
ecti
le p
oint
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
has
5 no
tche
s ar
rang
ed lo
ngit
udin
ally
on
its
tria
ngul
ar p
rism
atic
sha
ft w
ith
3 ad
diti
onal
notc
hes
carv
ed u
pwar
d in
to it
s ba
sePa
rker
et
al. (
1990
:32,
pho
to 8
)C
hris
tian
son
ca 1
615
Neu
tral
disc
mam
mal
mid
den
flat
surf
ace
has
stri
atio
ns r
adia
ting
fro
m t
hece
nter
; rou
ghly
cir
cula
rFi
tzge
rald
(19
82:3
49, f
ig.1
7)Pi
pelin
e14
00-1
450
Anc
. Neu
tral
hand
lem
amm
al;
not
spec
ified
smoo
th a
nd p
olis
hed
exte
rior
sur
face
lo
ng b
one
wit
h 3
hori
zont
al in
cise
d lin
es in
the
cent
re o
f th
e fr
agm
ent;
haft
Bus
by (
1979
:60,
no
imag
e)G
arog
a15
25-1
580
Moh
awk
knife
han
dle
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edca
rved
wit
h ch
evro
ns, b
ands
aro
und
circ
umfe
renc
e an
d lin
es a
long
leng
thSn
ow (
1995
b:15
9, f
ig.4
.23)
Law
son
1475
-150
0A
nc. N
eutr
alkn
ife-l
ike
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
basa
l end
dec
orat
ed w
ith
fain
tly in
cise
dlin
es; h
ighl
y po
lishe
dW
inte
mbe
rg (
1939
:97,
fig
.12)
Stee
le16
35-1
650
Sene
cala
dle
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edca
rvin
g in
pro
file
of a
n el
derl
y fe
mal
e ho
ldin
ga
cane
; spi
ne c
arve
d in
jagg
ed a
ngle
s; b
reas
t is
pend
ulou
s; h
eadd
ress
or
hair
cut
in b
angs
repr
esen
ted
Pris
ch (
1982
:23)
Law
son
1475
-150
0A
nc. N
eutr
alpi
pew
apit
i; ph
alan
xre
fuse
dep
osit
deco
rate
d w
ith
notc
hes
and
inci
sed
lines
and
desi
gns
Win
tem
berg
(19
39:9
3, f
ig.1
7)D
utch
Hol
low
1605
-162
5Se
neca
pipe
mar
ker
deer
; ant
ler
mid
den
seri
es o
f no
tche
s al
ong
one
of t
he t
ines
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:77
, fig
.3.2
1)C
olem
an16
th C
.A
nc. N
eutr
alpo
ssib
le s
crap
er?
mam
mal
;no
t sp
ecifi
edal
tern
atel
y be
velle
d al
ong
one
edge
Mac
Don
ald
(198
6:93
, pl.1
2-12
)lo
ng b
one
Cal
vert
12-1
3th
C.
EO
Ira
ttle
snak
ece
rvid
; ant
ler
stor
age
pit
five
groo
ves
arou
nd t
he c
ircu
mfe
renc
era
ttle
eff
igy
of a
ntle
r ti
neFo
x (2
003:
3, f
ig.1
)H
ood
17th
C.
Neu
tral
spat
ulat
ece
rvid
; met
acar
pal
not
spec
ified
mod
ified
into
kni
fe-l
ike
form
by
grin
ding
and
seve
ral s
mal
l sha
llow
inci
sion
s ha
vebe
en c
ut in
to t
he s
harp
ened
edg
e,cr
eati
ng a
ser
rate
d ed
ge e
ffec
tLe
nnox
(19
84:1
61, f
ig.9
)M
yers
Roa
d12
80-1
340
EO
I/E
-MO
Isp
atul
ate
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edw
ide,
fla
t ob
ject
sha
ped
som
ewha
t lik
e a
spat
ula;
dis
tal e
nd o
f bl
ade
cut
at a
n an
gle
and
is n
otch
ed; “
hand
le”
brok
en o
ff a
t a
perf
orat
ion
Ram
sden
et
al. (
1998
:189
, fig
.5.2
1)B
ecks
tead
Unk
now
nSt
-LI
spat
ulat
e ‘p
addl
e-no
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edha
ndle
ext
rem
ity
notc
hed;
exp
ande
dsh
aped
’ too
l‘p
addl
e’ e
nd; d
ecor
ated
wit
h a
very
sha
llow
inci
sed
mot
if on
one
sid
e; m
otif
cons
ists
of a
ban
d of
left
obl
ique
line
s be
twee
nho
rizo
ntal
line
sPe
nder
gast
(19
84:4
4, n
o im
age)
30 Ontario Archaeology No. 79/80, 2005
Tabl
e 6.
Misc
ella
neou
s and
und
eter
min
ed.
Site
Dat
e (A
D)
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Cay
adut
ta15
25-1
580
Moh
awk
tabl
etno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edfu
lly in
cise
d w
ith
vert
ical
line
s, h
oriz
onta
llin
es, c
hevr
ons,
dia
gona
l lin
esSn
ow (
1995
b:18
5, f
ig.4
.46)
Cle
arvi
lle15
th C
Anc
. Neu
tral
ratt
le d
isc
hum
an; c
rani
alno
t sp
ecifi
edin
cise
d lin
es r
esem
blin
g a
sunb
urst
or
frag
men
tst
arbu
rst
as w
ell a
s a
stic
k fig
ure
imag
eof
a h
eadl
ess
indi
vidu
alJu
ry (
1941
)U
nkno
wn
n/a
n/a
case
rib
not
spec
ified
hollo
wed
out
, inc
ised
wit
h ha
wk
bill
mar
king
sin
row
s an
d di
amon
d pa
tter
nB
oyle
(18
97:6
0-61
, fig
.29-
30)
Mill
er12
th C
.E
OI
pott
ery
mar
ker
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
ed3
thic
k no
tche
s al
ong
one
edge
; ova
l in
cros
s-se
ctio
nK
enyo
n (1
968:
73, f
ig.1
)R
icha
rdso
nU
nkno
wn
EO
I/M
OI
pott
ery
mar
ker
turt
le; p
last
ron/
not
spec
ified
seri
es o
f sm
all n
otch
es c
ut in
to o
ne
cara
pace
late
ral e
dge
(2 e
xam
ples
fou
nd)
Pear
ce (
1977
:139
, fig
.12p
)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
capo
tter
y m
arke
rm
oose
; ant
ler
mid
den
rais
ed r
idge
s of
equ
al w
idth
s on
one
sid
eSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
351,
fig.
7.22
c)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
capo
tter
y m
arke
rm
oose
; ant
ler
mid
den
rais
ed r
idge
s of
equ
al w
idth
s on
one
sid
e; h
assm
all n
on-r
idge
d pa
rtSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
351,
fig.
7.22
a)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
capo
tter
y m
arke
rm
oose
; ant
ler
mid
den
long
bla
nk b
ody
wit
h ra
ised
rid
ges
of e
qual
wid
th o
n on
e si
de o
f on
e en
dSe
mpo
wsk
i and
Sau
nder
s (2
001:
351,
fig.
7.23
)D
ykst
ra15
th C
.A
nc. H
uron
awl w
ith
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
one
end
has
para
llel l
ines
of
inci
sed
lines
spat
ulat
e ti
pst
arti
ng f
rom
bot
h ed
ges
alm
ost
mee
ting
in t
he m
iddl
e; o
ther
sid
e ha
s fa
int
cros
s-ha
tche
d in
cisi
ons
and
poss
ibly
ano
ther
mot
if bu
t to
o ha
rd t
o se
e w
ith
the
nake
dey
e; s
light
ly s
callo
ped
edge
sT
hom
as (
2006
:72,
pl.6
.1)
Mac
Mur
chy
late
15t
h C
.A
nc. P
etun
unde
term
ined
surf
ace
look
s lik
e fla
t bo
ne, i
ncis
ed c
hevr
ons
over
who
le s
urfa
ce; 6
not
ches
alo
ng o
ne s
ide
Gar
rad
(197
8:34
, fig
.19)
Bec
kste
adU
nkno
wn
St-L
Iun
dete
rmin
edhu
man
; hum
erus
not
spec
ified
dist
al e
nd o
f sh
aft
show
s si
gn o
f sc
rapi
ng a
ndpo
ssib
le in
cisi
ng in
a r
ando
m p
atte
rnPe
nder
gast
(19
66:7
4, n
o im
age)
Ben
nett
late
13t
h C
.M
OI
unde
term
ined
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
zigz
ag in
cisi
ons
on o
ne f
ace
and
obliq
uein
cisi
ons
on o
ther
fac
e; o
f 2
surv
ivin
g ed
ges,
one
is p
lain
, the
oth
er h
as a
ser
ies
of n
otch
essp
aced
1m
m a
part
Wri
ght
and
And
erso
n (1
970:
58, n
o im
age)
Hoo
d17
th C
.N
eutr
alun
dete
rmin
edde
er; m
andi
ble
not
spec
ified
dist
al e
dge
has
been
cut
into
a s
erie
s of
V-s
hape
d no
tche
s an
d po
ints
Lenn
ox (
1984
:161
, fig
.11)
Nod
wel
l14
th C
.U
nkno
wn
unde
term
ined
not
spec
ified
hous
eha
s an
etc
hed
X o
n on
e fa
ce a
nd lo
ngit
udin
algr
oove
s an
d co
rner
not
ches
on
othe
r fa
ceW
righ
t (1
974:
168,
no
imag
e)
Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 31
Tabl
e 6.
Misc
ella
neou
s and
und
eter
min
ed.
Site
Dat
e (A
D)
Aff
init
yA
rtif
act
Type
Mat
eria
lP
rove
nien
ceD
escr
ipti
onR
efer
ence
Ham
ilton
1638
-165
0N
eutr
alun
dete
rmin
edde
er; r
ibno
t sp
ecifi
edsm
all n
otch
es c
ut in
to e
dges
(2
exam
ples
fou
nd)
Lenn
ox (
1981
:313
, no
imag
e)H
amilt
on16
38-1
650
Neu
tral
unde
term
ined
deer
; rib
not
spec
ified
crud
ely
inci
sed
cris
s-cr
oss
patt
ern
on o
ne s
ide
Lenn
ox (
1981
:313
, no
imag
e)C
hris
tian
son
ca 1
615
Neu
tral
unde
term
ined
chan
nel c
atfis
h;no
t sp
ecifi
eded
ge o
ppos
ite
the
barb
s of
the
spi
ne
pect
oral
spi
nem
odifi
ed b
y no
tchi
ng t
o pr
oduc
e a
sym
met
rica
lly b
arbe
d ap
pear
ance
alo
ngth
e su
rfac
eFi
tzge
rald
(19
82:3
49, f
ig.2
1)K
irch
e16
th C
.A
nc. H
uron
unde
term
ined
antle
rno
t sp
ecifi
edsu
rfac
e of
tin
e is
car
ved
para
llel t
o th
e lo
ng a
xis
resu
lting
in li
near
sha
llow
gro
oves
Ram
sden
(19
89:5
0, n
o im
age)
Bar
k ca
150
0A
nc. H
uron
unde
term
ined
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
ther
e ar
e gr
oove
s al
ong
sect
ions
of
its
late
ral
edge
s on
bot
h of
its
broa
d fa
ces
Sutt
on (
1990
:81,
pl.7
-9)
Gar
oga
1525
-158
0M
ohaw
kun
dete
rmin
edde
er; u
lna
not
spec
ified
deep
gro
ove
alon
g sh
aft
and
anot
her
groo
vear
ound
cir
cum
fere
nce
near
the
hea
d of
the
bone
Snow
(19
95b:
157,
fig
.4.1
9)W
iace
k13
50-1
400
MO
Iun
dete
rmin
edm
oose
; ant
ler
not
spec
ified
shal
low
gro
ove
enci
rcle
s on
e en
d of
the
cyl
inde
rLe
nnox
et
al. (
1983
:97,
no
imag
e)Fa
ctor
y H
ollo
w16
10-1
625
Sene
caun
dete
rmin
edde
er; a
ntle
rm
idde
nan
tler
beam
wit
h sc
ratc
hes
runn
ing
alon
g it
sle
ngth
Sem
pow
ski a
nd S
aund
ers
(200
1:35
6, fi
g.7.
27)
Win
king
Bul
l14
50-1
500
Anc
. Neu
tral
unde
term
ined
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
notc
hing
alo
ng o
ne s
ide
of a
rtifa
ct; r
ound
ed t
ipFi
nlay
son
(199
8:15
05, 8
)H
&R
14th
C.
MO
Iun
dete
rmin
edno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edbi
-poi
nted
art
ifact
; sho
rt “
barb
s” o
n bo
th e
dges
of o
ne e
nd, a
nd s
hort
“ba
rbs”
on
one
edge
of
othe
r en
dFi
nlay
son
(199
8:14
10, 9
)C
amer
on16
th C
.O
neid
aun
dete
rmin
edno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edev
enly
spa
ced
notc
hes
on o
ne e
ndPr
att
(197
6:21
7, 1
6)H
olly
14th
C.
MO
Iun
dete
rmin
edno
t sp
ecifi
edm
idde
nfla
t pi
ece,
wit
h in
cise
d cr
oss-
hatc
hed
lines
over
who
le o
f on
e su
rfac
e; a
few
par
alle
ldi
agon
al li
nes
on o
ther
sid
eN
eeds
-How
arth
and
Wat
son
(200
7)M
antle
1500
-153
0A
nc. H
uron
unde
term
ined
wol
f/do
g;no
t sp
ecifi
edtr
iang
ular
cro
ss s
ecti
on w
ith
notc
hes
met
apod
ial:
inci
sed
alon
g 3
edge
s; 2
pie
ces
one
inse
rted
an
d bi
rdin
oth
erW
illia
mso
n an
d C
lish
(200
6)A
rbor
Rid
ge14
th C
.M
OI
unde
term
ined
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
shor
t in
cise
d lin
es a
roun
d ed
ges
in g
roup
sof
3-5
Ada
ms
(200
5: 3
s6e-
12-1
)U
nkno
wn
n/a
n/a
unde
term
ined
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
spat
ulat
e in
sha
pe w
ith
shar
p no
tchi
ng a
roun
ded
ge o
f “h
ead”
Boy
le (
1899
:20,
fig
.8)
Unk
now
nn/
an/
aun
dete
rmin
edno
t sp
ecifi
edno
t sp
ecifi
edfla
t, lo
ng p
iece
of
bone
, cur
ved
at b
oth
ends
wit
h no
tchi
ng a
long
bot
h ed
ges
at o
ne e
ndB
oyle
(18
92:2
0, f
ig.1
3)U
nkno
wn
n/a
n/a
unde
term
ined
not
spec
ified
not
spec
ified
inci
sed
loze
nge
patt
ern
Boy
le (
1888
:34,
fig
.25)
interpretation of artifact manufacture and decora-tion, it is unlikely we will ever know, with certain-ty, the original intent of the artists who fashionedor subsequently altered artifacts such as the BabyPoint comb. We can, however, look for parallelinterpretations in the symbols that were routinelymanipulated in other contexts where art wasemployed (i.e., rock art, body art, bark scrolls,other forms of material culture, oral histories, etc.).
In the future, one challenge will be to separatechoices that were inspired by worldview fromchoices dictated by logistical considerations—notthat these two choices are necessarily unrelated.While it might be tempting to argue, for example,that Iroquoian perforating devices were made outof deer bone because it was primarily deer hidesthat would be worked with those tools, it is equal-ly likely that deer bone was the most commonmaterial available for manufacturing tools.
Similarly, conclusions about the discovery ofmany bone tools in sweat lodges must be tem-pered with the observation that, outside of mid-dens, such places represented the largest conven-ient holes to be filled with refuse; and it is notalways easy to differentiate between objectsplaced on living floors and those deposited in fill.While the initial function and use-history ofsweat lodges is of immense interest, so too are thecircumstances and lines of decision-making thatled to their being filled with organic and inor-ganic waste.
Finally, it is also tempting to look at these datain light of our constant search for ascribing eth-nicity to populations in the precontact archaeo-logical record. The exclusivity of combs toNeutral and Iroquois groups and the generallyrestricted distribution of human figurines, mas-kettes and armbands are both noteworthy obser-vations. They are comparable to the observationthat the turn-of-the-fourteenth-century Moatfieldsite population along the central north shore ofLake Ontario practiced a burial pattern that isclearly consistent with later Huron practice(Williamson and Pfeiffer 2003). On the otherhand, it is acknowledged that, before the intro-duction of maize (possibly by an Iroquoianspeaking group) in the first half of the first mil-lennium A.D., the various populations in the
Great Lakes region likely shared a pan-Algonquian ideology with a common icono-graphic vocabulary. This fact explains, for exam-ple, the shared use of icons such as thunderbirdsamong (and beyond) historic Iroquoian andAlgonquian societies and the widespread use ofbear ceremonialism. It is in this realm, therefore,that we might find useful data for reconstructingthe social and political networks that led to theformation of the Haudenasaunee, Neutral andWendat confederacies and, perhaps more impor-tantly, the foundation for bringing them andAlgonquian-speaking groups back together tomanage consensually the risk to their collectivecultural heritage posed by twenty-first centurydevelopment.
Acknowledgements. We thank David Robertson,Bob Pearce, David Smith, Catherine Sutton andespecially William Fox for their various com-ments and willingness to discuss related issuesemerging out of their own research. William Foxand Michael Spence provided helpful commentson an earlier draft of the paper. We also acknowl-edge Stephen Cox Thomas for his observationsconcerning the Baby Point comb, not the least ofwhich was identifying its source material asmoose antler.
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Williamson and Veilleux Iroquoian Decorated Bone and Antler Artifacts 37
Une analyse d’artefacts décorés en os et en bois de cervidés des Iroquoiens du nord
La pratique des Iroquoiens du nord de créer des motifs finement gravés sur des outils en os et en boisde cervidés est examinée dans le contexte de communication de messages symboliques, soit privémentou publiquement. Cet article présente les résultats d’une analyse de la littérature archéologique, quic’est concentrée sur le symbolisme inhérent des motifs, ainsi que sur les rôles sociétaux des animauxdesquels les artefacts furent produits. Des tableaux de provenance et d’attributs descriptifs sontprésentés pour chaque classes d’artefacts, ainsi qu’un résumé de leurs faits saillants et de leurs ten-dances décoratives.
Ronald F. Williamson and Annie VeilleuxArchaeological Services Inc.528 Bathurst StreetToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S [email protected]@iasi.to