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A Review of Technological Developments in Microwave Power Dividers
APARNA B BARBADEKAR 1, PRADEEP M. PATIL 2
1 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, AISSMS IOIT, Pune, India. 2 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, JSPM/TSSM’S COE, Pune, India.
Abstract
This paper presents a literature review on the milestone of technological developments in
microwave power dividers with regards to size reduction for system integration. This research
review has been carried out primarily to collect statistical data about S parameters, size and
bandwidth of different microwave power dividers and to study their interdependency while
developing multiband dividers. Wilkinson power divider (WPD), the first of its kind suffers from
narrow bandwidth and large size at a low frequency band. Over the years, dividers have been
changing their structure so that they can be more compatible for system integration. Various
design approaches have been used to minimize the power divider in terms of size such as a
parallel strip line, branch directional couplers, bridge-T coils etc to replace quarter wave λ /4
transmission line, where lambda (λ) is wavelength. In order to meet the demanding
communication standards, research attempts have been made to address the requirements for
multiband and broadband power dividers. The result obtained from the statistical data shows
that the proposed study could realize the reduction in the circuit size when compared with
conventional WPD. The results show the size reduction of the modified WPD operating at single
frequency varies from 57.67% to 91.25%.The size reduction is obvious with multiband dividers.
It is further observed that the isolation loss goes down by 30.5% to 27.2% when output ports
vary from 4 to 6.
Keywords: Single frequency, dual frequency, miniaturization, Wilkinson power divider
integration, S-parameter.
1. Introduction
Microwave power dividers are extensively used to divide the power from input port to output
port. T-junction and resistive type are least preferred due to their isolation being poor as
compared to third type Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) [1]. WPD plays a significant role in
communication systems because of its characteristics namely, simple configuration, the matching
of impedance and isolation at output ports [2-3].The WPD being large in size particularly at low
frequency because of the limitations of λ /4 transformers in each transmission path [4].WPDs are
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ISSN No : 1006-7930
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of two types: equal or -3dB power divider and unequal power divider. Equal split power divider
finds it application in base station to drive the power equally, in wireless communication systems
and also signal processing applications. These power dividers are easy to design and implement.
However unequal power dividers [5] have a fabrication limitation of printing a thin conductor
width. Figure 1 shows conventional diagram of equal power divider and Figure 2, shows
equivalent transmission line circuit. The characteristic impedance is presented by Z0 and the λ
represents wavelength.
Researchers have been motivated by the latest technologies in cellular communication to put in
the effort to reduce the size and improve the bandwidth in order to design a more compact power
divider [6-15]. In order to meet the demanding standards of communication, researchers have
also made efforts to address the requirements of the broadband and multi band power dividers
[15-33].This paper presents a thorough survey of various design methodologies that have
evolved over the years for system integration and that are being utilized to minimize the
dimensions of the power dividers. Different techniques such as parallel strip line [7], branch
directional coupler [10], transmission lines [11], bridge-T coils [14] etc have been brought into
use instead of the λ/4 transmission line in the traditional WPD.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 review the research work in this field. Section 3
presents statistical data of S-parameters. Sections 4 presents the Results and Discussion and the
Conclusion based on our survey are given in section 5.References are cited at the end of the
paper.
2. Research work Review
The history of conventional WPD was summarized in [1-5] by the different authors. The WPD
had drawbacks such as narrow bandwidth and larger size due to the use of λ /4 transmission line
sections and its single frequency operation. In [6] the use of lumped passive components instead
of the transmission line section was suggested to reduce the circuit size. The lumped passive
components required in the network were obtained by equating ABCD matrices,
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[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽ℓ 𝑗𝑍𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽ℓ
𝑗𝑌𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽ℓ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽ℓ] = [
1 +𝑍𝑇2
𝑍𝑇12𝑍𝑇2 +
𝑍2𝑇2
𝑍𝑇1
1
𝑍𝑇11 +
𝑍𝑇2
𝑍𝑇1
] (1)
From the above equation, the loss of transmission line section was not directly correlated to the
electrical length. Therefore the proposed WPD [7] can be implemented by λ /4 or 3λ /4 branches
[8].However, a limited bandwidth because of inductors with a high Q factor and a higher
insertion loss were the drawbacks that emerged. A novel idea was presented by Leung Chiu et
al. in [9] which included the use of parallel strip line structure. The design equations used were,
𝑅 = 2𝑍1 (2)
𝑍𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 = √(1 + 𝑘)𝑧1𝑧3 (3)
𝑍𝐴 = 𝑍𝐷 = √(1 +1
𝑘) 𝑧1𝑧2 (4)
Where Z1, Z2, Z3 are input impedances shown in Figure 1(a) at port 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
However, the structure introduced a discontinuity for the divider along with a reduction in
performance of the circuit. . In 2008, Jun-Bo Jiang et al, introduced the use of a bent microstrip
line in place of straight microstrip line to reduce the circuit size [10]. In [11], a novel compact
CNS power divider shown in Figure 1(e) was designed which used an equivalent low pass filter
circuit instead of the λ/4 transmission lines. The observation here was that the center frequencies
reflection coefficient was offset slightly to the low frequency. Using structures that were based
on the two branch directional coupler theory was suggested by Kejia Ding et al. [12]. Even/odd
modes motivation method [13] was used to design and analyzed the power dividers useful in
microwave circuits and antenna fed network. The structure based on single layer microstrip line
with capabilities to design different types of power dividers was proposed in [14]. It could reduce
occupational area and suppresses harmonic [15], multiband [16-17], and arbitrary dividing ratio
[18-19].The power divider used two section transmission line, two inductors and two resistors as
shown in Figure 1(b).
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Figure 1 (a) Modified WPD with a swap and shunt resistors, (b) Layout of unequal power divider, (c)Circuit model
of 4- way power divider, (d) Schematic of n-way power divider
A compact 1:1 and 1:9 dividers at 1GHz frequency totally based on Wilkinson topology was
designed with the use of two microstrip circuits [20]. In the present topology, the first stage was
1:2 power divider were as second stage used was two power dividers but converted to three
output ports[21].The resultant 1:6 power divider could separate an incoming signal with
equivalent amplitude of outputs into 6 output ports. Replacement of all λ /4 lines [22] with the
use of step impedance resonator (SIR), implementation of glass based TFIPD technology [23]
and the use of Bridge T-coils [24-25], to reduce the size without affecting the operational
bandwidth of the proposed power divider shown in Figure 1(c). In n-way power divider with n
quarter wave transmission line was presented in [26].Each line had a characteristic impedance
that is √𝑛 Z0 and isolation impedance Zis as shown in Figure 1(d).Isolation impedance acted as
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open circuit because of symmetry of the structure. Hence perfect input match and equal power
division was possible irrespective of electrical length θ.Hence in the reduction in the circuit size
and isolation loss [27-28] was possible with the proposed power dividers.
Various design approaches of power dividers [6-28] could effectively reduce size up to 90 %
[11], but at a single frequency. Therefore in order to address the demand of the standards of
telecommunication, researchers have focused their attentions toward the design of broadband,
dual band and multiband power dividers.
Figure 2(a) Three-way power divider based on NabuoNagai, (b) WPD in microstrip form
In 2013, a planar six-way power divider [29] was presented which was based on Nobuo Nagai
theory [30] to reduce the size area with a good harmonic suppression. The structure shown in
Figure 2(a) was two dimensional, easy to design and symmetrical. The planar structure sections
in cascade used to increase bandwidth. UBW power divider was designed in[31] with the use of
three open stubs on each branch and use of defected ground structure (DGS) on the back of inter
digital coupled lines. Multistage λ /4 impedance transformers were used to increase the
bandwidth and reduced the size of proposed UWB power divider in [32].The physical model
shown in Figure 2(b) was simulated with HFSS software to get the desirable result.UWB, strip
line, power divider operating over the frequency band [2-28] was presented in [33]. The thick
layers provided at the top and bottom of the dielectric use increase the width of strip lines and
reduced the effect of fabrication tolerances on the divider performances. Modeling approach
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based on conventional line theory was presented in [34] to analyze the performance of unequal
dual frequency power divider.
Figure 3 (b) dual band coupled line WPD, (c) Standard model cell for dual band power divider
Dual band coupled line WPD was proposed in [35]. The structure shown in Figure 3(a) had two
section coupled lines and two isolation resistors which leads to minimize the size of the power
divider. Based on theoretical analysis power divider could operate over wide frequency range (1
to 3) without additional requirements on microstrip fabrication and could cover all other dividers
[36-39]. A generalized WPD with various features such as equal [40-44] or unequal power
divisions [45-46] power dividers was useful for dual band applications. The planar structure
proposed in [47] and based on a recombient structure concept in[48] was useful to design a novel
three way dual band, arbitrary planner power divider (can be generalized to any number). The
large separation between W1 and W2 shown in Figure 3(b) reduced the parasitic effect without
reducing the efficiencies of the power divider. Multisection impedance transformers were
proposed [48] to increase the operation band with two-section transmission lines [49] with two
isolation resistors were in the structure. The offset double side parallel strip provided high
impedance in unequal power dividers. A presentation in [50] brought forth a generalized WPD
that included lumped elements were able to enable dual band and unequal power division. This
particular divider had an edge in the characteristics of isolation and bandwidth of reflection at the
output terminals as well as in the choice of inductance. Moreover, this was accomplished with no
degradation in the impedance as well as in the power division characteristics. Haijun Fan et al,
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came up with an innovative, reconfigurable structure with a high dividing ratio power divider
[51]. Merely three p-i-n diode were utilized without any d.c. blocking capacitors. The planar,
wide band with tunable power division ratio was the focused of the design in [52]. The proposed
power divider use λ /4 wavelength three line parallel couples structure with controllable coupling
factors using two centrally connected varactors. Even/odd mode [53] analysis could be used for
the proposed structure. The different power division ratios were obtained by changing the
coupling factors between the central line and two side lines. The artificial transmission line
(ATL) technology [54]and double sided parallel strip lines (DSPSL) were used in design a 4:1
unequal WPD[55].It was found that ATLs reduce the size of microwave components at low
frequency band and hence minimize the structure so as to suit for wireless communication
applications. The concept of complete termination for 3dB power dividers was presented in
Hybrid microstrip form [56].The accuracy of design approach was confirmed with the
measurement of S-parameters based on their characterization.
Filtering power dividers have been he focused of the multiple studies in the recent times. The
proposed power divider in [57] was a narrow bandwidth with a wide stop band. A three terminal,
two-pole band pass filters [58] and low pass filter [59] were used to substitute two- quarter wave
length transformers in the conventional WPD. In [60] there was a report of a novel class of
power dividers that filtered on the basis of quasi-band pass section. It had features like frequency
controllable single/multiband operation.The operation was scalable to multiple bands using a
design methodology that was simple. Innovative wide band power dividers that include filter
function is proposed was searched and presented in [61]. The schematic of this proposed power
divider is shown in Figure 4(a). The electrical lengths θ and port impedances Z0 were set as 𝜋
2 at
the center frequency fc. Due to the use of transversal signal-interference section [62]. The
bandwidth was increased to a 90% due to the additional transmission zeros and poles as
compared with conventional power divider. Use of isolation resistor with series of resistor-
inductor-capacitor network, increased the isolation bandwidth to about 200%.The power divider
could be a practical substitute of traditional WPD. The structure [63] with a pair of short ended
parallel coupled lines (PCLS) could realize multiple transmission zeros and poles so as to
achieve a wide filtering response. The isolation resistors R1 and R2 shown in Figure 4(b) were
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added for matching and isolation between port 2 and 3.The features of the divider were compact
size, sharp selectivity wide bandwidth and filtering function.
Figure 4(a) Generalized model of dual band WPD with RLC circuit, (b) Wide band filtering power divider FPD
3. Statistical data analysis:
In this section, we have summarized all the reviewed literature. Table 1 compares S-parameters,
Table 2 compares various technologies used for size reduction and Table 3 compares various
parameter variations due to different design technologies used.
Table 1.Performance comparison of S-parameters
Reference
paper
Return
loss
(dB)
Insertion
loss (dB)
Isolation
(db)
Size in area
mm2
Center
Freq.
(GHz)
Comments
6 >30.4 <0.16 27 0.015 4.5 GHz CMOS technology is used in
fabrication.1:2 WPD.
9 2 <0.7 >25 25.10cm2 2GHz
A parallel - strip swap was used to
enhance isolation. 1:1 PD
10 Good 4.77 >30 31.32 0.9 GHz
Bent micro strip line reduced the size
of the divider.1:2,1:12 unequal PD.
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11 Not
quoted
Not
quoted
Not
quoted 0.36 1.616
LTCC technology was used to reduce
the size.1:3 WPD
12 <-20 Not
quoted >17 87.40 2.5GHz
Two branch directional couplers used
to simplify the design and fabrication
power divider.
14 27.34 3.34 30 3.78 cm2 1 GHz Transmission lines and inductors
20 <12.3 <7.8 <12.8 DiClad 527
substrate 1.5 GHz Microstrip technology.
22
-20
<.02
-20
14.4
1.6 – 2.1
Pass band
Compact WPD with LTCC technology.
<-20
0.5
>20
1.7 - 3.7
Pass band
24 15 1.75 15 21.16 1.6
Glass-based TFIPD technology was
used to compact chip size. Broad band
4 –way PD.
26 16.2 4.8 24 0.06 2 n-way WPD reduced the insertion loss
& circuit size.
29 -20 8 >20 Not quoted 1.71-2.5 Planner six-way broad band,1:6 PD
based on Nubuo Nagal theory.
31 < 10 Small < -10 0.285 3.1 – 10.6 Inter-digital coupled-lines used in
design of UWB
32 < 1.25 -3.5 -22 9.30cm2 2 – 8 HFSS used to accelerate to the design
process.3dB UWB PD.
33 1.5 0.4 -18 8.36cm2 2 – 18
Coupled strip lines used to improve
isolation and impedance matching at
high frequencies.UWB PD.
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34
50 -- >50
FR4
substrate
f1=0.9
Genetic algorithm is proposed in
design optimization Dual Frequency
unequal PD. 50 -- >50
FR4
substrate f2=1.8
35
>25 >-3.15 >30 2.36cm2 f1=1.1
Coupled-line circuit structure is used.
>25 >-3.19 >30 2.36cm2 f2= 2.2
47 Not
quoted
1.51
<-21
F4B
Substrate
f1=0.6
Proposed design theory for generalized
power dividers
1.57 -9.8 F4B
Substrate f2=2.45
48
>15
-7.36
-26
Not quoted
f1=2.45 WPD is implemented on DSPSL. HFSS
optimization technique was used. Multi
section 2way power divider.
>15
-7.37
-25
f2=5.25
50
<-20
-4.77
< -20
Rogger-RT
5880
f1=1
Lumped elements enable dual band
(DSPSL) unequal power division in the
proposed divider.
<-20 1.76 <-20 f2=1.8
51 >15.4 1.6 >18 Roger 6002 5
Simulations are executed by HFSS and
ADS with pin diode equivalent circuits
.1:5 power divider.
52 10 3.5 – 5.8 >15 6.0cm2 0.7 – 1.4
Ring cavity multiple –way technique is
used.
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54 10 1.17 15 20.90 cm2 0.9
4:1 unequal WPD with artificial
transmission line (ATL) are used to get
high impedance.
55 >-20 Not
quoted >-20 12cm2 3.5
Even-odd mode analysis was used in
generalized power divider.
56
>25 4.75 23 0.02λ g2 0.9 Branch directional coupler is used.
59 Not
quoted
Not
quoted
0.9
Not
quoted
RO4003
Microstrip
Substrate
0.8 to 1.2 Reconfigurable , single /multiband
Filtering PD.
60 <-15 >17 0.80 λg×0.50
λg
1.55 -4.24
Wide band filtering PD operation by
embedding transversal filters is
realized.
61 >19.5 4.77 19.5 0.34 3.3 Asymmetric 3-way equal wide band
filtering PD.
Table 1 contains main variables of RF and microwave power dividers such as return loss,
insertion loss, isolation and size. Various reference papers are reviewed along with technology
used. The return loss shown in Table 1 varies from 15dB[14] to 30.4dB [6] for power dividers
operating at single design frequency[6-28].The dual frequency power dividers[21-25] show
excellent return loss from 15dB to 50dB.The highest insertion loss is observed is 8dB[16] and
lowest is 0.16dB[6] due to CMOS technology used. It is further observed that isolation loss
reduces with increasing output ports. In general the reduction in isolation marked is 30.5% to
27.2% when output port varies from 4 to 6.
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Table 2: Performance Comparison of different technologies used in size reduction
Reference
Paper
Center
Frequency
GHz
Size of
designed
PD
Conventional
WPD
reduction
in size
Technology used for replacement of
λ/4 transmission line
9 2 25.10cm2 62cm2 59.5%
Parallel strip line
10 0.9 31.32 cm2 74 cm2 57.67% Bent microstrip line in place of straight
microstrip line
11 1.616 0.36mm2 3.6mm2 90% Replacement of λ/4 transmission lines
with equivalent circuit
12 2.59 87.40 mm2 200 mm2 56.3% Branch directional couplers
14 1 3.78 cm2 9.28 cm2 60% Transmission lines, inductors
24 1.6 21.16 mm2 100 mm2 78.8% Bridge T coils in place of λ/4 lines.
26 2 0.06mm2 0.12mm2 50% Physical output port isolation
Performance comparison of different technologies use for size reduction of the power dividers is
shown in Table 2, which precisely shows the effects of technology used for replacement of λ/4
transmission line. The reduction in size of the power dividers varies from 50% [15] to 90% [9]
when compared with conventional WPD.
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Table 3.Performance comparison of parameters due to different design technologies used in microwave power
dividers
Reference
Paper
Isolation
(dB)
Phase
deviation
(in degree )
Amplitude
Deviation
(dB)
Size
(mm2)
Type of power divider
10 >30 0.35 ±0.023 31.32
3- way ,miniaturized ,wide band
WPD
14 30 ±2 -- 3.78 cm2 1:9, compact, microstrip WPD
24 15 ±6 0.6 21.16 4-Way broadband WPD
33 18 5 ±0.2 8.36cm2 In phase ultra wide band PD
51 18 -1.66 0.09 -- Reconfigurable 1:5 unequal PD
52 >15 ±5 ±0.7 6cm2 UWB, multiple way 1:32 inphase PD.
54 15 -5.1 ±0.53 20.90cm2 4:1 miniaturized unequal WPD
56 23 0.16 ±0.15 0.2 λg2 3-Terminal filter based WPD
60 >17 -0.65 0.72 0.80
λg×0.50 λg
UWB 3dB Filtering PD .
61 >14.9 -5.5 0.6 0.34 Asymmetric 3-way equal wide band
PD
Table 3 compares the performance comparison parameters due to the change in design
technologies. The effect of amplitude balance and phase balance which is due to replacement of
λ/4 transmission line is shown in Table 3. The amplitude variation observed is 5dB in the power
dividers operating at 2-18GHz.The minimum phase balance is 0.3̊ at 0.9GHz and maximum is ±6̊
at 1.6GHz, which may destabilized the operation of power divider.
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4. Result and discussion
The most significant parameter in the design of the power dividers is size. Various technologies
are used to reduce the size of the conventional WPD. It is observed from Table 2 that the
reduction in size of the power divider varies from 50% to 90%. It depends upon how efficiently
one can modify the λ/4 transmission line with available technology. For other types of power
dividers from Table 1, size reduction is not an issue because of their wide band, ultra wide band
and dual band frequencies. Size reduction and improvement in bandwidth is obvious in these
power dividers.
The return loss reveals how much of the incidence power is lost due to miss match at the input.
The return loss is good for power dividers operating at single design frequency [1-28]. It varies
from 15dB [24] to 30.4dB [6] and the reflection varies from 0.20 to 0.0. It indicates that
maximum power is delivered to the load in case of power dividers operating at a single
frequency. The return loss in case of UWB [29-33] power dividers is very small. It varies from
1.2dB [32] to 1.5dB [33] and the reflection varies from 0.71 to 0.31. The dual frequency power
dividers [34-50] show excellent return loss variations from 15 dB to 50dB with reflection
variation from 0.09 to infinity. The power dividers [51-63] represent a new class of filter based
power dividers and show satisfactory return loss in Table 1.
The loss of signal power that results when a device is inserted in a transmission line is insertion
loss. It is expressed in dB. Excessive length is the most common reason for reducing insertion
loss. Excessive insertion loss can also be caused by poor terminated connectors/plugs. Reflected
losses, dielectric losses and copper losses increase insertion loss. It is observed that for all types
of power dividers the insertion loss is greater than the minimum specified i.e. 0.5dB shown in
Table 1. In broadband design, insertion losses are higher because it is physically a longer device
and hence accumulates more radiation, dielectric, and conductor losses. The highest insertion
loss observed is 8dB [29]. The lowest insertion loss is 0.16dB [6] due to CMOS technology used
in fabrication.
Isolation refers to a signal leak between open contacts. The larger the isolation value, the smaller
the leak, and the less interference indicating favorable characteristics. Isolation can be improved
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over 20dB by using a good termination device. There are various factors which affects isolation,
namely, termination, discontinuities, structure of the device, mismatching losses and
manufacturing tolerances. It has been observed that the isolation reduces with increasing output
ports. For a 4 port power divider the observed value of isolation is 15dB when the ideal value is
21.6dB and for 6 port power divider the observed value is 12.8dB where as the ideal value is
17.6dB. In general the reduction in isolation is 30.5% and 27.2% for port-4 and port-6
respectively as shown in Table 1.
Some of the issues raised during the literature survey are:
Amplitude balance depends upon the evenness with which the power is split among the output of
power divider. However, there is a possibility of a small variation in the amplitude of each of the
signals. It is observed from Table 3, that the amplitude variation is 5dB in a power divider
operating at 2-18 GHz.
The phase balance is what indicates the differential phase shift of the output signals of the power
divider. In an ideal case each output signal should remain unchanged and the same at each port.
However in practice each signal at the output varies in phase by a few degrees. The minimum
phase balance at 0.9GHz is 0.3 ̊ and it is maximum of ±6 ̊ at 1.6GHz i.e. the phase balance
usually increases with increasing frequency as observed from Table 3. If it is more than the
allowed limit, it may destabilize the operation of power divider.
Inaccuracies in the calibration process can also cause errors in the results. The possible cause of
deviation between the measurement and simulation process may be due to the dimensions of the
wafer and its structures, like transmission lines can vary from production. Also the thickness of
the substrate can vary causing a deviation from the predicted behavior.
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5. Conclusion
The main scope of this paper is to present previous statistical data available on microwave power
dividers. We have reviewed multiple approaches for the design of multiband power dividers.
More ever, a discussion on varying frequencies and power rations for multiband WPDs using
various methods has been conducted. The size reduction marked varies from 57.67% to 91.25%.
It is further observed that the isolation loss goes down by 30.5% to 27.2% when output ports
vary from 4 to 6.The main variables of RF and microwave power dividers have a barter
relationship and hence the selection is made by the designer depending upon the requirements of
the applications.
Future work
In the area of wideband and ultra band filter design, the technique for co-design of filters and
power dividers is a new topic of interest. Using computer aided design tools capable of analysis
of microwave circuits, the calculation of the amplitude and phase of the scattering parameters
can be done very accurately. The use of a multilayer substrate can be useful for increasing the
bandwidth, reducing the size and improve the isolation of power dividers.
Acknowledgment
Ms.Aparna Balaji Barbadekar has been working as Assistant Professor in department of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering at Vishwakarma Institute of Information
Technology, Pune, till date.She is getting good support from her parent institute and the guide.
Dr. Pradeep Mitharam Patil who is presently working as Professor of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering at JSPM/TSSM’S COE Pune, (India). He is member of various
professional bodies like IE, ISTE, IEEE and Fellow of IETE. He has been recognized as a PhD
guide by various Indian universities like University of Pune, Shivaji University, Kolhapur and
North Maharashtra University Jalgaon. His research areas include pattern recognition, neural
networks, fuzzy neural networks and power electronics.
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References
[1] E. J. Wilkinson, “An N-Way Hybrid Power Divider,” IRE Transactions on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, Vol. 8 Issue 1, pp. 116-118, 1960.
[2] D. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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