a ship deperming coil system using high temperature … · 2018. 4. 9. · deperming are mostly...

Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering 8 (2018) 1-9 doi 10.17265/2159-5879/2018.01.001

A Ship Deperming Coil System Using High Temperature Superconducting Cable Technology―Refrigeration―

Megumi Hirota Naval Ship Magnetic & UEP Research Committee, Non-Profit Organization, Tokyo 1130023, Japan

Abstract: The purpose of ship deperming is to reduce its permanent magnetism to avoid the threat of magnetic sea-mines which appeared first in battlefields in World War II and stored by many navies and unanimous groups since then. Magnetic fields for deperming are mostly generated by electric current through conductor cable and the intensity of such fields decreases with the distance from the cable. In order to impose sufficient field to the ship, the deperming cable is tightly wrapped around the hull of the ship. A cable with superconducting material as the conductor is expected to pass high electric current because of its zero-electric resistivity and has potential to make deperming coil system more separated from the ship hull. In the previous study, we designed superconducting coil system set flat on the seabed for ship deperming by calculating magnetic field generated by the coil based on the characteristic of HTS (high temperature superconducting) tape seen in published papers. This time we have kept our design to utilize HTS tape conductors that are existing and readily available in the open market. In addition, the limitations of the manufacturing potential and capacity of the HTS tape conductor industry have been taken into account for the design. Then we designed the refrigerating system which is to keep the superconducting property of the cable materials. Key words: Deperming, magnetic, ship, refrigeration, helium, radiation, superconducting.

1. Introduction

After the discovery of superconducting phenomenon in 1911 by Kammering Onnes [1], its characteristics of zero-electric resistivity were expected to lead to many attractive applications, such as no loss electric current transmission. However, due to the sensitive characteristics of the superconducting material between its electric, magnetic and temperature characteristics, and also due to the low temperature requirement for the superconducting phenomenon, large-scaled systems were required to incorporate the necessary cooling capacity by means of using refrigerators. Electric power transmission is among the successful trial cases of using HTS cables, with extremely low power loss in long distance and overcoming refrigeration problem of long cable [2-4]. The use of superconducting cables in conjunction with high-field magnets has seen its application in multiple

Corresponding author: Megumi Hirota, Dr., representative,

research field: ship magnetic detection.

areas such as nuclear fusion, material research and human diagnosis. This is due to its ultra-low power consumption requirements [5, 6]. HTS cable with current capacity of 100 kA has been developed for fusion reactor magnets [7].

Deperming of ship has been operated by many navies since World War II and although the magnetic fields required is as modest as a few milli-Tesla, in order to impose magnetic fields to specimens that are physically larger in scale such as ships, a system of a larger electric current cable and a power supply with higher capacity is needed. By using superconducting cable for ship deperming a reduction of the scale of power supply is expected even when its refrigeration is included. This is made possible with the system we designed, the HTS coil system flat on seabed by calculating magnetic field inside ship [8]. This design enabled that the electric current capacity of one cable is 100 kA, and one-unit coil of the length is 1,100 m set flat at the depth of 12 m. The calculation was based on the HTS materials’ characteristic data found in

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[g/s]

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m the start of c


Heat invasioniation from raliquid nitroge

: Heat cTime to cool t

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mperature of thher temperageted critical t helium gas

ough to cool hout liquid ni

Temperaturadiation s

[K]70rt7070707070

cooling with VH

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he conductor ature than r

current of ths supply wit

the conductitrogen coole

ure of hield

Time[d

2(3

Hegas = 9.5 g/s.

ucting

uctor is calculd, which is a

elium gas. r to 50 K by a2. The tem

m the start of mperature is sn shield cooln be cooled e gas supply.

shield, even wm at room tem

balances at 7equired to

he HTS tapesth actual amtor with 1,10

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to 50 K day] tem

2.4 3.5)* 42 22 15 11 6

ulated mainlyat T70, cooled

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with high gasmperature, the

0 K, which isachieve our. This means

mount is not00 m lengthhield.

Balanced mperature [K]

70.6

y d

f f h .

d y n s e s r s t h


7

5.3 Power for Refrigeration

The HTS deperming system using flat coil on seabed is only realized by superconducting cables using the benefit of its zero-electric resistivity and smaller power supply. However, refrigeration system is required for better superconducting property. We designed the HTS deperming system with liquid nitrogen cooled radiation shield and helium gas cooled conductor, and then estimated the power consumption for refrigeration.

According to Watanabe [2], refrigeration system to cool their conductor to 70 K consists of two TB (Turbo-Brayton) type cryocoolers, two Stirling type cryocoolers and three circulation pumps. Cooling power of one of the TB types is reported as 2 kW at 66 K. Other cryocoolers have similar capacities. The recent development of TB cryocooler for long power transmission line has 10 kW cooling capacity at 70 K with power consumption of 170 kW [16].

Helium gas cooling of the conductor of 1,100 m deperming cable to 50 K in a few days needs 23.5 g/s of helium gas at 40 K as listed in Table 2. The test results of variable temperature helium refrigerator/liquifier for nuclear fusion test facility are reported by Hamaguchi et al. [17], where the cooling capacity was estimated as 1.6 kW at 33 g/s with supply and return temperature 40 K/49.3 K, respectively. With reported power consumption of the main compressor to be 239 kW, we assume the refrigerator coefficient of performance to be 0.03. Overall, the power of helium gas cooling system is calculated to be 292 kW. In summary, we expect nearly 1 MW power consumption of cryocoolers and related equipment for a unit of deperming coil to be required. This is comparable to the estimated power consumption of the conventional deperming system.

6. Results and Discussion

The design of the HTS deperming system consists of a few units of HTS coil set flat on seabed, cryocooler, related equipment and power supply for each coil.

Maximum current is 100 kA and the length is 1,100 m for each coil cable. Our planned conductor of the cable consists of four strands of 6 CORC in one cable, operated at 50 K. As an optimum heat design of the cable, radiation shield is cooled by liquid nitrogen and the conductor is cooled by helium gas. Obtaining the parameters for heat exchange from the test results of 1,000 m HTS cable for power transmission line, cooling time of the conductor of our deperming coil radiation shield is calculated less than 2 hours. Similar calculation was conducted for cooling conductor by helium gas and cooling time. Duration of a few days was the result calculated when the supply of helium gas is 9.5 g/s at 40 K. The total power consumption for both cryocooler and related equipment was estimated at nearly 1 MW, which is comparable to the estimated conventional deperming system.

The advantages of HTS deperming system are easy deperming operation without heavy manual load of wrapping cable on ship and it is expandable to be used for larger ship than the size originally intended to be used for when then system is originally designed. Comparable power consumption for refrigeration system to the power consumption of conventional system concludes one of the problems of HTS deperming system. Starting from this concept design described here, real design of HTS deperming system will be proceeded considering costs, maintenance and market supply of each equipment.

One of the other problems of HTS deperming system is to design short connection between the supply inlet and return outlet of coolant at the cable. This is because the conductor forms a loop which is common structure of magnets. However, the length between the supply port of coolant and return for deperming system, careful design of the cooling in this part will be needed.

7. Conclusions

We designed a new HTS deperming system for naval ship, by first calculating from the magnetic field, and next from the refrigeration design. Our designed


8

system is to set flat on seabed, which has easy operational load but there are few experimental verifications on this status. Considering the market supply of HTS conductor, four strands of six CORCs in one were selected which is operated at 50 K. Cooling system of the conductor was calculated to be realized by pressurized helium gas at 40 K with radiation shield cooled by liquid nitrogen. The power consumption of the cooling system is estimated at nearly 1 MW, which is comparable to estimated conventional deperming systems. Having cleared one of the main problems of HTS deperming systems, we consider proceeding further with this project.

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the board of the Naval Ship Magnetic and UEP Research Committee for continuous support to the research, especially Kaiyo Denshi Kogyo Co., Ltd. for providing venues for our internal conferences. We appreciate Mr. Watanabe M., Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Professor Kiss T., Kyushu University and Dr. Tachikawa K., National Institute for Material Science for their invaluable input to proceed our research. This work was collaborated by Mr. Mukoyama S., Mr. Fukushima H. and Mr. Takagi T. from Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd. and Dr. Yoshida S. from Taiyo Nippon Sanso Co.

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Helium Temperatures.” Commun. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden. 12: 120.

[2] Watanabe, H., Ivanov, Y. V., Chikumoto, N., Takano, H., Inoue, N., Yamaguchi, S., Ishiyama, K., Oishi, Z., Koshizuka, H., Watanabe, M., Masuda, T., Hayashi, K., and Sawamura, T. 2017. “Cooling and Liquid Nitrogen Circulation of the 1,000 m Class Superconducting DC Power Transmission System in Ishikari.” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 27 (4).

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[4] Dietz, A. J., Cragin, K., Gold, C., and Bromberg, L. 2013. “Superconducting Power Transmission for Directed Energy Applications.” In Proceedings of the 16th US-Japan Workshop on Advanced Superconductors. University of Dayton.

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[17] Hamaguchi, S., Iwamoto, A., Takahata, K., Takeda, S., Imagawa, S., Mito, T., Moriuchi, S., Oba, K., Takami, S., Higaki, H., Kumaki, T., and Nadehara, K. 2016.

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a ship deperming coil system using high temperature … · 2018. 4. 9. · deperming are mostly...

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