a short battery primer

7/24/2019 A Short Battery Primer

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Product Engineering ProcessesBattery Primer

A short battery primer

Handbook of batteries, Linden and Reddy



Short Primer on BatteriesTypes

Primary (dry cell): non rechargeable

low power applicationsinfrequent use

Secondary: rechargeable

high discharge rates

frequent use



Short Primer on BatteriesSelection considerations

Physical characteristics: size, shape weight

Voltage: nominal, maximum, minimum, discharge profile

Load current: rate, constant power, constant resistance, pulsedDuty cycle: continuous, intermittent, cyclic

Charge/discharge cycle: cycling (float), deep cycle, efficiency of charging

Temperature range: maximum, minimum and nominal

Service life: required operation time

Safety: failure rates, leakage, off-gassing, toxicity, disposalEnvironment: vibration, acceleration, orientation

Maintenance: regular upkeep, replacement

Cost: initial, life-cycle cost



Short Primer on BatteriesCell voltage

Cell voltage

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metal

hydride (s)

Lithium-ion (s)

Battery type

V o l t a g e

( V )



Short Primer on BatteriesSpecific energy

Specific energy

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160


hydride (s)

Lithium-ion (s)

Battery type

S p e c i f i c e n e r g y ( W h / k g )



Short Primer on BatteriesEnergy density

Energy density

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450


hydride (s)

Lithium-ion (s)

Battery type

E n e r g y d e n s i t y ( W h / l )



Short Primer on BatteriesSelf discharge

Shelf life

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metal hydride

(s)

Lithium-ion (s)

Battery type

S h

e l f l i f e ( m o n t h s @ 2 0 C e l c i u

s )



Short Primer on Batteries

Estimated cycle life

Typical cycle life

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200


hydride (s)

Lithium-ion (s)

Battery type

T y p i c a l c y c

l e

l i f e

( d i s c h a r g e / c h a r g e c

y c l e s )




Temperature rangeOperating temperature

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80


hydride (s)

Lithium-ion (s)

Battery type

T e m p e r a t u r e ( C e l c i u s )




Relative cost

Cost

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metal hydride

(s)

Lithium-ion (s)

Battery type

R e l a t i v e c o s t / W h




Voltage and state-of-charge




Temperature and energy density




Temperature and shelf life




Power and discharge rate

1000

100

10

1

0.2

0.1 1 10 100 1000

Hours to discharge

W a t t s / l i t r e

Alkaline (p)

Nickel-Cadmium (s)

Nickel-metal hydride (s)

Lithium ion (s)




Secondary battery comparison

advantages disadvantages Cycle life Life (years)

Lead-acid SLI (starting, lighting, ignition) low cost, high availability,high current, lowtemperature, good floatservice, maintenance free

low cycle life, shallowdischarge cycles, lowenergy density, poorcharge retention,h dro en evolution

200-700 4

Lead-acid traction lowest cost of deep cycle

systems

low energy density, less

rugged, hydrogenevolution

1500 6

Lead-acid stationary designed specifically forfloat charging cycles

hydrogen evolution 25

Lead-acid portable maintenance free, long flatservice life, low and hightemperature, operates inan osition

Cannot be storeddischarged, lower cyclelife, difficult for smallbatteries

250 8

Nickel-Cadmium (sealed) rugged, excellent storage,high current, lowtemperature, operates inan osition

high cost, memoryeffect, poor for floatservice

500 5

Nickel-metal hydride rugged, high energy

density, high current,operates in any position,ood c cle life

high cost (between

Nickel-Cadmium andLithium ion)

600 5

Lithium ion rugged, high energydensity, high specificenergy, operates in anyposition, good cycle life, lowself dischar e

lower current, very highcost

1000+




Cycle life and discharge depth (lead-acid)




Secondary battery charging

charge method current rate C(A) charging energy efficiency

Lead-acid constant current, constant voltage 0.1 75%Nickel-Cadmium (sealed) constant current 0.3 60%

Nickel-metal hydride constant current, constant voltage 0.1 60%

Lithium ion constant current, constant voltage 0.2 95%




Constant voltage charging (lead-acid)




Constant current charging (lead-acid)

a short battery primer

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