a solution for low cost and high performance smart home networking
DESCRIPTION
A Solution for Low Cost and High Performance Smart Home NetworkingTRANSCRIPT
A Solution for Low Cost and High Performance
Smart Home Networking
Yikui Zhang*, Lili Ye*, Liwei Zhu*, Yisheng Lai† *School of Computer Software, Tianjin University
Tianjin City, 300072, P. R. China
†International School, Beijing University of Posts & Telecom
Beijing City, 102209, P. R. China
Abstract— Smart Home System is an intelligent home
network combined with advanced communication technology
to carry out effective control and information exchange. And
home networking is the core to the implementation of a smart
home system. This paper demonstrate a detail comparison and
analysis of the wired and the wireless networking, making
good use of the wired networking which is low-cost, high
security, more stable, the wireless networking which is more
flexible and more expansible. The purpose is to figure out a
feasibility solution to meet the customers’ requirements and
bring the highly-efficient, comfortable, safe, energy saving and
convenient living environment to everyday life. The paper
proposed an approach by using power line communication
technology. It connects entire intranet and several wireless
networking to connect home devices by existed power line, so
that it reduces the cost and increase the security and
performance of smart home. To show how the smart home
networking could be used in people’s daily life, this paper also
gives an example that is the dishes ordering system for
housewife. The system will give the housewife some advices,
connect households and the supermarket to support
procurement requirements.
Keywords-smart home; wired networking; wireless
networking; low-cost; security
I. INTRODUCTION
With the rapid development of computer networking communication technology, the demands of people for the comfortable and intelligent living are increasing. At the same time, there are more and more people concerning about smart home, especially the simple, flexible and reliable smart home network which has started to become the more important part for smart home.
Smart Home is the highly-efficient, comfortable, safe and convenient living environment which uses a home as a platform and puts the buildings, automation and intelligentization in one [1]. It is also a user-friendly application based on computer network technology and networking communication technology. The purpose of smart home is to control the various devices to implement intelligent management through the touch screen, wireless remote controller, mobile phone, web browser or voice recognition system. At the same time, different devices can
communicate with each other in smart home. And it can still run and interact depending on the different states inside without the user’s command. Smart home is giving users the highest level of efficient, convenient, comfortable and security life.
At the moment, as an advanced-technology, the smart home is still in its early stages. Firstly the solutions are not perfect enough and the products are not very mature. Secondly, there emerges a wide variety of smart home standards and alliances, lacking uniform standards. And the costs for smart home are relatively high, only few people can afford to enjoy the convenience brought from smart home. The ultimate goal of these advanced-technologies is to be widely used in people’s lives, to provide a comfortable, convenient and efficient living environment for human beings.
Smart home could be regarded as a system which combines the different kinds of home information management sub-system by using network communication technology. Therefore, to achieve a smart home system, first of all, a communication network should be created at home so that it can provide the necessary access for the family information. Secondly, under the control of the operating system in the home network, smart home can achieve the controlling and monitoring for all the home network appliances by the corresponding hardware and software. Finally, a certain bridge needs to be used to construct a communication with the outside world so as to meet the supply of remote monitoring and information exchange.
Smart Home System is an intelligent home network combined with advanced communication technology, sensing control technology and some embedded systems to carry out effective control and information exchange [2].So the implementation of smart home cannot be live without the intelligent home network. Both wired and wireless network are available for the intranet connection. This paper mainly does the comparison and analysis of these two kinds of networks in order to figure out a better and feasible solution which has a good performance and a low cost. Also, this paper gives an application example which is a housewife ordering system to show how the smart home networking is willing to be applied in people’s daily life to take the convenient life to everyone.
II. HOME NETWORK COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS
The intelligent home networking mainly refers to the physical network. Currently, there are various of networking technology that can be used in smart home. Wired networking including Ethernet, HomePNA[3], HomePlug[4], IEEE1394, USB, etc. Wireless networking including wireless IEEE802.11 series, Bluetooth, HomeRF[5], ZigBee[6], UWB [7] etc.
A. The comparison and analysis of the wired network
Although the routing of wired networking is troublesome, but it is relatively mature, fast and stable. More importantly, its security is relatively high, and the cost is relatively low, which is really good choice to achieve the desired low cost and high performance smart home which can be more widely accepted by the general users. Some of the mainstream wired networks are summarized in TABLE I.
1) Ethernet: Ethernet is a family of frame-based
computer networking technologies for local area networks
(LAN). It is widely used, the software and hardware
resources are very rich, and the cost is relatively low. The
advantage of Ethernet is that the technology is already very
mature, and Ethernet networking devices can be easily
purchased. The home control network can use the Ethernet
as the backbone network ,and use the network adapter to
achieve network interconnection.
2) HomePNA: The HomePNA [3] can be used for
multiple computer users sharing Internet information,
documents and networking games. The technology uses the
reserved telephone plug on the house wall and has strong
anti-interference. It can avoid extra works on wiring. But all
the electric equipment must be based on the same lines, but
the device plugs, such as living room phone line socket, the
television and computer plug, are not in the required
position, so the re-cabling is needed according to the
requirement. At the same time, the kind of networking has
many insufficient in line flexibility and bandwidth.
3) HomePlug: HomePlug is the family name for
various power line communications specifications that
support networking over existing home electrical wiring.
And the HomePlug specifications were developed by the
HomePlug Powerline Alliance [4].
Power line communication (PLC) technology enables
information appliances to communicate through the power
line, without additional wiring. And the cost of using power
lines to achieve smart home network is very low. Power grid
is the most extensive coverage network, and the technology
can easily penetrate into every home and every place of the
house. Network access point is the power outlet, which can
be found everywhere and easily patched; no extra network
lines are needed. Power line carrier communication is more
easily achieved in automatic meter reading, home
monitoring and power-lined electronic appliances. So it is
the most convenient way to achieve intelligent home
networking by power line communication technology.
The major benefit of power line networking is that users
can easily establish a network using an existing home
electrical wiring as the communication medium. Power
outlets can be easily found around the room, there is no
need to drill holes in walls or ceiling to route new wiring
and, as a result, installation is quick, easy and relatively
inexpensive.
The most widely deployed power line networking devices
are "adapters"[8], which are standalone modules pluged into
wall outlets (or power strips or extension cords) and provide
one or more Ethernet ports. In a simple home network, the
Internet gateway router connects via Ethernet cable to a
power line adapter, which in turn plugs into a nearby power
outlet. A second adapter, plugged into any other outlet in the
home, could connect via Ethernet cable to any Ethernet-
enabled device (e.g., computer, printer, IP phone, gaming
station). Data communications between the router and
Ethernet devices would be conveyed over existing home
electrical wiring. More complex networks with multiple
adapters can be implemented by plugging in additional
adapters as needed. A power line adapter may also be
plugged into a hub or switch so that it supports multiple
Ethernet devices residing in a common room.
Increasingly, the functionality found in standalone
adapters is being built into end devices such as power
control centers, digital media adapters, and Internet security
cameras. It is anticipated that power line networking
functionality will be embedded in TVs, set-top boxes, DVRs,
and other consumer electronics, especially with the
emergence of global power line networking standards [9].
Currently there are X-10[10], CEBUS (Consumer Electronic
Bus) and LonWorks[11] as a representative of the system
which use the power line networking as intermediary.
4) IEEE1394: The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus
interface standard for high-speed communications and
isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently used by
personal computers, as well as in digital audio, digital video,
automotive, and aeronautics applications. IEEE1394 has a
wide bandwidth and can support powerful isochronous
transmission for multimedia streaming, it is easy to transmit
a large Audio/Video (A/V) content in real-time. However,
and IEEE1394 has limitations in terms of distance and
mobility. It defines that the distance between two adjacent
connected devices cannot be greater than 4.5 meters.
Another drawback is the cost which is still relatively high.
5) USB: The USB (Universal Serial Bus) defines the
cables, connectors and protocols used for connection,
communication and power supply between computers and
electronic devices. It was designed to standardize the
connection of computer peripherals, such as keyboards,
digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives
and network adapters to personal computers, both to
communicate and to supply electric power. USB has a
significant advantage is that it support hot swaps, that means
you can safely connect or disconnect USB devices when
starting up, achieve true plug and play. However, due to the
internal constraints of USB technology, that only one master
device can exist in a USB topology, which means two
separate USB master devices can’t communicate directly.
TABLE I. THE COMPARISON OF THE WIRED NETWORK
Performance Wired Networks
Ethernet Home
PNA
Home
Plug
IEEE
1394 USB
Data Rate
(Mb/s) 10-1000 10 210
400-
3200 12-480
Transmission Range
100m 300m 300m 4.5m 5m
Security Good Good Good Normal Normal
Anti-jamming Capability
High Medium High Low Low
Cost Medium High High Low Low
These technologies are still continued to be developed,
they each have their own advantages and disadvantages. It is
difficult to decide in what choose which family internal
technology and how to integrate the technology to build a
home network is a hot topic.
B. The comparison and analysis of the wireless network
The wireless networking solve the restrictions of network cabling , while the expansion and flexibility of wireless is relatively strong , once arrangement of wired network completed, it cannot be changed, but the wireless is flexibly to be increase accessing device conveniently. Although there are various wireless networking technologies emerging, but we just cannot say which is better between wirelesses and wired. And we should make a good choice according to the demand situation to find better solutions. The major wireless networkings are summarized in Table 2.
1) Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless
technology standard for exchanging data over short
distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal
area networks (PANs) with high levels of security.
Bluetooth is based on low-cost short distance connection,
which can support both point to point and point to multi-
point connection. In this way, we can connect many
Bluetooth devices wirelessly to form a pieonet , and many
pieonet can inter-connect to form a scattemet. Thus a
flexible and multi-level topology structure is formed to
achieve fast communication among devices. Bluetooth
adopt advanced technologies such as FHSS and TDMA to
construct ways of communication among information
systems. By using FHSS, Bluetooth can achieve high
immunity from interference. Besides, Bluetooth possesses
qualities such as low power usage, low cost, small size, and
adaptable to nearly all devices in all situations. In the future
we can expect information exchange and cross operation
among portable devices from different manufacturers [12].
2) WiFi: WiFi is a wireless technology which is based
on IEEE 802.11 standard. WiFi is a short distance wireless
technology within office and house in the same way as
Bluetooth. Although the data security is not better enough
compared with Bluetooth, WiFi has larger coverage. It is
estimated that WiFi can cover an area of about 300 inches
(about 90meters),thus it is enough to satisfy domestic need,
which have made it the most accepted wireless
communication technology. Moreover, WiFi can reach a
rate of 54mbps to satisfy both individual and social
information need mechanism.
3) HomeRF: HomeRF (home radio frequency) is a
developmental industry standard which is specifically
designed for the home wireless LAN. HomeRF products are
using the shared wireless LAN technology (SWAP) (Share
Wireless Access Protocol), combined with the features of
DECT (Digital Exchange Cordless Technology) and
IEEE802.1l, and providing the support capabilities to voice
and data services. HomeRF is ideal for home networking
environment [5]. With the radio frequency technology, data
will be received accurately and reliably, without objects
blocking the signal transceiver, as long as in the system
coverage, regardless of any position or angle. This system
can reach the coverage of up to 100m in an open
environment. But in houses 30m remote control range is the
maximum limit of radio frequency technology, and if it goes
beyond this distance, wireless signal is susceptible to
interference by the same frequency and the signal is
weakened, and this is one of the largest radio frequency
technology flaws. At the same time, although HomeRF
technology is designed for home users of wireless LAN, but
it is mainly used for computer-based home networks, and
the price is relatively high. These all will cast some adverse
effects on the future development of HomeRF[13][14].
4) ZigBee: ZigBee is a new wire-less internet
technology which is labeled by low rate, short range and
low power consumption. Its characteristics are short range,
low complexity level, self-organization, low power
consumption, low data rate, low cost. ZigBee’s solutions
support for 255 nodes per network, multiple networks can
be connected into large networks. Using ZigBee technology,
transmission distance can reach about 100 meters, which is
related to power output and environmental characteristics.
Although the data transfer rate is only 250kb/s, but in some
application fields in which high-speed transmission is not
required, such as interior lighting and air conditioning
systems controlling, gas meter reading, computer
peripherals, and sensors. Clearly, just with ZigBee
transmission network one cannot complete the main
function of the home network, so locating ZigBee in the
complementary networking technologies is more
appropriate [15].
5) UWB: UWB (Ultra Wide Band) is ultra-wideband
wireless technology. UWB support IEEE802.15.3 streaming
media protocol, the rate is higher than IEEE 802.1la,
IEEE802.llb and considered to be the replace of Bluetooth
and wireless LAN communication technology. Different
from Bluetooth and WiFi which are relatively narrow
bandwidth conventional wireless systems, UWB can
transmit a series of very narrow, low-power pulses on
broadband. Wide spectrum, low power and pulsed data give
UWB the ability to cause less interference than the
traditional narrow-band wireless solution, and the ability to
provide indoor wireless environment the same performance
as the wired one. And it is worth mentioning that, UWB
also enjoys a relatively better confidentiality.
TABLE II. THE COMPARISON OF THE WIRELESS NETWORK
Performanc
e
Wired Networks
Bluetooth WiFi Home
RF ZigBee UWB
Frequency
Band
2.4GHz
2.4G
Hz
3.6GHz
5GHz
2.4GHz
2.4GH
z 868M
Hz
915MHz
3.1GHz
-
10.6GHz(Amer
ica)
6GHz-10GHz(
Europe)
Max Data Rate
3Mb/s 144M
b/s 10Mb/s
250Kb/s
100Mb/s
Transmission
Range
10m-
100m 90m 50m
10m-
100m 10m
Accepted Nodes
8 50 127 255 -
Power High High Medium Low Low
Encryption
Algorithm SAFER+ WPA Blowfish
AES-
128 _
Security Medium Low High High High
Cost Medium High Medium Low Low
In general, WiFi suits well in the enterprise wireless
network in offices; HomeRF can be applied to deal with
mobile data in families and communications between the
voice device and the host; Bluetooth technology can be
applied to any occasion in which wireless solution can
replace cables; ZigBee transmission network itself cannot
achieve the main functions of home network, so it is
complementary networking technology; UWB in every
respect has strong advantages, so it is the ideal wireless
networking technology.
III. DESIGNING THE SMART HOME NETWORKING
Intelligent home network is the most important context of the smart hone.In the smart home network there exists high-speed data devices such as stereo, TV, video camera, and general-speed data devices such as media phone, cordless phone, entrance guard system, while there are also remote meter directly-reading systems, fire or burglar alarm, lighting, electrical control systems all of which are low-rate data devices. From a user’s perspective, user is more inclined to the compatible parts which are low-cost, easy to use, highly reliable, flexible and scalable and support a variety of applications. Therefore, the compound networking which combines the high-speed, stable, low cost and convenience of wired networking with the more flexible wireless networking will be more suitable for the average home user.
According to the requirement, the variety of devices in smart hone can be divided into three categories: one based on video phone, cordless phone, mobile device, laptops, represented by the information device; one is a TV, digital cameras, stereo represented by the traditional entertainment device; third category includes refrigerators, washing machines, and related home control devices [16].
For entertainment applications, such as audio and video, require the network to provide high-bandwidth, real-time, synchronous transmission, this kind of devices can choose IEEEl394, UWB technology, Ethernet. For computing and data communications applications, such as computers, voice services, transmission rate requirements in the tens of kbps to several Mbps, the previously described techniques to meet a lot of data, this kind of devices can choose wired HomePNA, Ethernet networking technology, wireless Bluetooth, WiFi, HomeRF, etc., For home automation in the low-speed control applications, such as the three meters(gas, water, electricity) reading, lighting control, theft prevention, fire alarm, etc., demands dozens of kbps of bandwidth, PLC and the latest ZigBee technology are good choices.
As for the choice of the wireless and wired networkings, should be refer to the specific applications, the wiring convenience, the cost, the reliability, the power and so on. Wired networking has to wiring the cables, but it has little signal attenuation and strong interference immunity. Wireless eliminates cabling, and it is more flexible, but inevitably will face security problems. However, the overall trend from the wireless network technology and demand ratio is continuously increasing. The biggest problem of wired networking technology is facing the wiring problem. In the long run, the wired networking technology has the characteristics of low-cost, high-speed, stability, security advantages, that wireless cannot win at all times.
In order to establish of intelligent networking of the smart home and the communication among smart devices both indoor and outdoor. It also needs to access the Internet through a web browser. This can monitor the various intelligent smart home devices when user is outside. So that a home gateway should be used for this purpose.
Home gateway is the communication centers of the home network. Front of the home network is connected to home gateway, home networking can be connected through the gateway , the gateway is also a configured master node to control the entire network, Each subnet can use different physical media and communication protocols, and gateway master node should be compatible to all communication protocols. Different subnets devices can be communicated with each other to achieve intelligent home control.
In order to enable embedded intelligent devices connecting to the Internet, home gateway needs to support TCP/IP protocol and provide web services. So that can enable users to access server running on the gateway through the network to achieve the remote access and control of these embedded devices. Currently, there are two ways for family to access the Internet, through PC or via Ethernet embedded controller. The advantage of the former one is that there are a lot of available hardware and software resources. However, for the smart home network, the users would prefer
convenient access to services, not the power-consuming and high-cost PCs. Moreover, embedded system is more flexible and mature than PC. Embedded operating system has the advantages of high efficient, real-time, multi-tasks and reliable. And there are some matured embedded operating system existed in the market, such as VxWorks, WinCE, Linux, uCLinux. To reducing the OS cost, high-performance open sources embedded operating system can be chosen to support TCP/IP protocol and run Internet service applications on the gateway.
By comparing and analyzing several mainstream wired and wireless networks mentioned above. From users’ perspective, ordinary users want to buy the safest product in the cheapest price. To meet the wide spread of the smart home to the average user’s home, This approach tries to reduce the total costs and achieve high security. The comprehensive solution for network arranging is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The design of the smart home.
For each family, the power line network is ready-made without the need to rebuild, so it is very convenient .The investment of PLC and maintenance costs of the power line is relatively low. At the same time, power line is also the most extensive coverage of the network, which can easily permeate everywhere in house. And its coverage is the largest than any other network in house. One of the biggest advantages of it is the "plug and play", accessing to power is equivalent to accessing to the network. Users will enjoy the life with an immediate high-speed network from PLC as long as it can connect to any power outlet of the room. Therefore, this approach chooses PLC as an optimal choice to connect various smart devices indoor.
According to the classified categories of home devices, this approach chooses Bluetooth to achieve communications for the moderate rates information devices. Bluetooth has the advantage of low power and low-price, which is better fit for the sharing and interaction of information. Currently, Bluetooth technology is quite mature so that many
manufactured smart devices come up with Bluetooth for device intercommunication.
At the same time, this approach chooses UWB technology to achieve networking communication for the high-speed devices. UWB and Bluetooth’s effective distance and power dissipation is similar, but UWB’s transmission rate is hundreds of times than Bluetooth transfer rate, and the bandwidth is also wider. What’s more, UWB has stronger anti-interference, better security, so UWB is undoubtedly the best choice for the high rate devices in the near future.
ZigBee is the best choices for the low-rate devices without the requirement of high-speed such as indoor lighting, electrical control, three meters reader, security systems and so on. The main characteristics of ZigBee are low-power, low cost, transmission distance up to 100 meters, supporting for more network devices. And multiple networks can also form large networks. From these characteristics of view, it is the most suitable communications technology for low-rate equipment. So ZigBee is the best choice for this approach for low-rate home devices.
IV. AN APPLICATION DESIGN FOR THE SMART HOME
NETWORKING
The purpose of the design of the smart home networking is that applied in the people’s daily life for improving the living quality and convenience. Housewife is a very important group. How to help housewife cook dishes conveniently is a very good prospect. So based on this demand, the technology was used in the intelligent household system for dishes ordering. The terminal has been made and it will connect to the intelligent household system though the power line socket, which reduces the cost of wiring. What’s more the intelligent terminals have built-in wireless module which will communicate with other wireless devices. The application on the wireless device for housewife was added so as to achieve the related operation of quick and safe ordering. The main functions of the intelligent ordering application are described as follows. And the design is shown in the Figure 2. And how the intelligent home system applied is shown in Figure 3.
Firstly, when housewife did not know what dishes should she cooks, the intelligent system will give the housewife some recommendations according to the current situation, such as time, seasons and some physical conditions. When the user likes the dish, he could set this dish into a special list. Second, when the housewife doesn’t know how to prepare a dish, she can find the method by searching through the key words. And the detailed materials, cooking method and attentions will be shown. Third, when housewife face a pile of raw material but don’t know what to cook, she only needs to open application and choose the ingredients she currently have. The system can analyze these ingredients and recommend the dishes from these ingredients which also close to the user preferences. After housewife has finished ordering, this intelligent system can be automatic clearing the weight of all kinds of vegetables, and upload classification to the terminal which also connected to the wireless terminal of the refrigerator. After the system automatically eliminates the weight of the various dishes in
the refrigerator, information is integrated and sent to buy vegetables in the on-line vegetables store. On-line vegetables store will delivery door to door, which largely make the convenience of housewife. Then it initially realizes the intelligent of the household system.
Figure 2. The design of intelligent ordering.
Figure 3. How the intelligent ordering system communicate.
The advantages of this intelligent order application are actually achieved "low cost". Because the system use the power line which can save the cost of the rebuild of the wiring, which satisfies the needs of housewife, and it meets a lot of the housewife’s requirements. Another advantage is the high performance of this technology. In terms of speed, it adopts the technology of combination of wired and wireless, which is faster than the traditional simple wireless. From the anti-jamming and convenient aspects, wireless information is easy to be intercepted by people, give away the important information. So in the terminal server section, the system adopt to the power line transmission is the way to ensure the security of the information exchanging.
The future design about the intelligent household system should also be considered. All of these are based on the proposed technology with low cost and high performance, such as the design can apply this technology on the
automatic fire system in the kitchen with the chips of temperature-sensing and gas timing. Through the wireless transmission of the situation, people in the bedroom can grasp the trends of kitchen. If people are not at home, they can automatically start alarm system and emergency system so that decrease the risk and losses to the minimum. In a word, with this technology of the intelligent household system can be used by the common people and promote the development of intelligent life.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, smart home has been gradually popular, it must be more widely accepted and used with the increasing needs of the energy saving, comfortable, convenient and intelligent living. In this paper, a comparison and analysis to the current intelligent home networking of wired and wireless is presented. According to the trend of the smart home networking, the approach put forward the solution to fulfill the cheaper and safer smart home. The combination with wired and wireless networking will make good use of their respective advantages and shortcomings. And it provides a reference solution for the smart home design with low cost and high performance. The proposed integrated networking model may certainly become the mainstream for smart home networking in the future.
REFERENCES
[1] Qi Zhen-xing, "Discuses the development of China’s Smart Home", Guangxi Journal of Light Industry Press, 2009, pp.63-64.
[2] Wen-Yang Wang, Chih-Chieh Chuang, Yu-Sheng Lai, "A context-Aware system for smart home applications". Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2005, pp.298-305.
[3] Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePNA.
[4] Home RF Working Group, http://www.homerf.org.
[5] Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeRF.
[6] Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee.
[7] Baidupedia, http://baike.baidu.com/view/5958.htm.
[8] PLC product introduction, http://panasonic.jp/p3/plc/feature.html.
[9] IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE P1901 Working Group." Web. 30 June 2010. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1901.
[10] Information about X-10, http://www.x10.org.
[11] LonWorks technology information brief introduction, http://www.safeonline.com.cn/cn/News/NewsText/News_8615.html.
[12] A. Omre, "Reducing healthcare costs with wireless technology", Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, June 2009, pp. 65-70.
[13] Miyahara,Y., "Next-generation wireless technologies trends for ultra low energy", Low Power Electronics and Design 2011 International Symposium on, 2011, pp.345.
[14] Lansford,J., Bahl,P., "The design and implementation of HomeRF: A radio frequency wireless networking standard for the connected home", Proceedings of the IEEE, 2000, pp.1662-1676.
[15] Jianpo Li, Xuning Zhu, Ning Tang, Jisheng Sui, "Study on ZigBee network architecture and routing algorithm", Signal Processing System 2010 2nd International Conference on, 2010, pp.V2-389-V2-393.
[16] Wang Kun, "Research and Implementation of Embedded Home Gateway Based on Bluetooth", Computer knowledge and technology, 2007, pp.20-44.
Housewife starts the order application
Search the main order
Choose the need of items
Search the menu by the
materials
Search the menu by the
name of dishes
Search the menu she onced
labeled like
Show the information of making the dish
Show the possible order of
her intentions
Show all the dishes she
onced liked
Ensure the order she will
choose
Choose some of these she will
make this time
Calculate the rest need of all the kind of materials by
connecting to the application of refrigerator
Upload the information to the internet
Vegetables’ store
Transport the
materials to the
housewife
The Intelligent
Ordering System
The On-line
Supermarket
Purchasing
Delivery
Hand-held terminals
Web Browser