a. sound-to-spelling: vowels sound spelling (ipa) · pdf fileactor, after, british,...

1 Revised 17 August 2014

© Copyright Derek Kwok, www.ipa.edu.hk

A. Sound-to-Spelling: Vowels

Sound (IPA)

Spelling (letter)

Examples

1 / / / /

e equal, the, we

ea each, read, seat, sea

ee eel, beef, seed, see

e_e theme, these

ie_e believe

ei_e receive i_e police, machine

y any, baby

ie movie

ey abbey

2 / /

i it, his, crisis

e enough, before, decide

y system, bicycle

ui build

a_e damage, image

u busy, business

o women

3 / /

e egg, best, red, sent

a any

ea head, read (past) ie friend

ei leisure

u bury

4 / / a act, began

ai plait, plaid

5 / /

ear early, earn, pearl

ur urge, burn, turn, occur

er perfect, prefer

ir bird, first

our journey

or word, work

eur chauffeur, entrepreneur



Sound (IPA)

Spelling (letter)

Examples

6 / /

a ago, about, account, company, camera

e children, centre, the

i family

o obey, o’clock, today, control, police

u support, octopus

aa Isaac

ae Michael

ai mountain

ar forward, beggar

ea ocean ei foreign

eo pigeon

eu amateur

er advertising, other

ia Asia

ie ancient

iu Belgium

oa cupboard

oe does (weak form)

oi tortoise

ou colour, thorough

or oxford, forget, comfort, doctor

ua equal ue conquer

ui biscuit

uo liquor

ur surprise

ure nature, picture

ou famous

our colour, labour



Sound (IPA)

Spelling (letter)

Examples

7 / /

u up, under, cup, luck, brush

o another, brother, colour, honey

o_e come, above, one

ou country, young, cousin, double, enough

oo blood, flood

8 / /

oo food, too, balloon

ou group, you

oe shoe, canoe

eu eulogy

u truth, brutal o do

o_e move

u_e abuse, assume

ui juice, bruise

ue true, blue, argue

e jewel

ew crew, blew, chew

9 / /

oo book, foot

u bush, put, bull

o woman, to

ou could, would

10 / /

or order, port

ore more ou bought

our court, your

oar board, roar

ar award

a also, fall

au author, caught, cause

aw awful, law, saw, dawn

oor door, floor



Sound (IPA)

Spelling (letter)

Examples

11 / /

o odd, hot, job

au because, sausage

ua quality

a wash

e encore, entrepreneur

12 / /

ar arm, park, far

a after, father, banana

au aunt

er sergeant

13 / /

a able ai aid, paid, again

ay say, may

ey they

ei eight, veil

a_e make, same

14 / /

o open, most, no

oa oak, road

oe toe

ou soul, dough

ow bowl, ow

au mauve

eau bureau

15 / /

i idea, blind, Christ, China, bicycle i_e time, side, while

ai aisle, Cairo, Dubai

ei height, either, Einstein, Leica

ie lie, die, pie, fried

ui guide, guise

uy buy, guy

y by, sky, fly, cycle

ye bye, dye

eye eye, Cheyenne / /

igh high, right, might

oi choir



ia Goliath

Sound (IPA)

Spelling (letter)

Examples

16 / /

ou out, found

ow down, town

ough drought, bough

au Saudi, gaucho, pilau

17 / /

oi oil, coin

oi_e choice

oy toy, boy

uoy buoy

18 / /

ear ear, hear, dear, spear eer beer, career, cheer

ere here, mere, sphere

ier pier, tier, bier

19 / /

air air, chair, dairy, cairn

are care, bare, dare, ware

ear bear, wear

eir their, heir

ere there, where

ae aerial

ar area, parent, vary

aire millionaire

er concerto, Cher

aer aerial, aerobic e bolero

ayor mayor

eah yeah

20 / /

ur jury, fury, plural

ure cure, assure, insure

our tour, amour, bourgeois

eur euro, Europe

oor boor



B. Sound-to-Spelling: Consonants

Sound (IPA)

Position Spelling (letter)

Examples

1 / /

Beginning p- pen, page, pan, pair, pan, park, people, party

Ending

-p cup, cap, deep, drop, gap, help

-pe hope, grape, pipe, shape, tape, Skype, swipe, wipe

Middle

-p- apart, ape, apologize, deeper, paper

-pp- apple, appear, apply, appoint, happen, happy, hippo, pepper

Rare -gh hiccough

2 / /

Beginning b- bed, bad, back, bake, ball, baby, basket, bike

Ending -b club, bulb, cab, grab, job, pub, rob, rub, verb

-be cube, globe, robe, tube, tribe

Middle

-b- about, above, baby, table, debate, number, football, goodbye, handbag

-bb- bubble, hobby, rabbit, ribbon, rubber, stubborn

3 / /

Beginning t- take, talk, tall, tea, toy, teach, table, teacher

Ending -t boat, cat, sit, hat, shirt, shout, art

-te ate, taste, bite, late, date, kite, note, minute

Middle

-t- actor, after, British, calculator, cartoon, certain, chapter

-tt- attack, attention, better, bottle, cotton, letter, little

Rare -tte cassette

4 / /

Beginning d- dog, dark, day, desk, difficult, dirty, doctor, duck

Ending

-d bad, bend, card, find, food, afraid, aloud, around

-de fade, grade, hide, side, ride, made, outside, provide

-dd add, odd Middle -d- radio, accident, adult, Friday, garden, greedy,



holiday

-dd- address, ladder, midday, middle, riddle, saddle, sudden

Sound (IPA)


Examples

5 / /

Beginning

c- car, call, careful, cold, come, control, cup, cut, customer

k- key, kick, kid, kind, king, kiss, kite, kitchen

ch- chemical, chemistry, choir, chord, cholera

qu- / /

quick, queen, quiet, question

Ending

-k ask, back, bark, book, cook, dark, look, mark

-ke bake, bike, Coke, joke, like, make, snake, wake

-c music, magic, public, clinic, panic, picnic, plastic, traffic

-ck attack, black

-ch stomach

-che ache, toothache

-que cheque

Middle

-k- basket, blanket, breakfast, broken

-c- across, Africa, because, become, barbecue, difficult

-ck- bucket, chicken, cricket

-ch- echo, school, Michael, orchestra

-cc- account, accuse, occur, broccoli, hiccup, occasion

Special qu-

/ / quick, queen, quiet, question

6 / /

Beginning g- game, get, give, girl, go, good, guard, guitar

Ending

-g bag, big, dig, dog, fog, leg

-gue catalogue, colleague, dialogue, fatigue, league

Middle -g-

again, ago, sugar, August, begin, dragon, finger, program, regulation, vinegar

-gg- juggle, luggage, struggle



Sound (IPA)


Examples

7 / /

Beginning

f- face, fan, fat, father, few, first, food, forget, Friday

ph- phone, photo, photograph, phrase, physics, Philipe

Ending

-f beef, deaf, if, self, leaf

-ff cliff, off, sniff, staff, stiff, stuff

-fe life, safe, wife, knife

-ph graph, Joseph, photograph, triumph

-gh cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough

Middle

-f- afraid, Africa, after, awful, before, careful

-ff- afford, coffee, different, difficult, effect, effort, offer

-ph- alphabet, dolphin, elephant, microphone, nephew, telephone

Rare -ffe giraffe

-gh- laughter

8 / /

Beginning v- van, vase, very, view, violin, visit, voice

Ending -ve above, alive, arrive, behave, believe, curve, drive, give, love

Middle -v- clever, cover, conversation, discover, driver, eleven, ever, every, fever, invent, never, over

Rare -vv- luvvie, bevvy, divvy

9 / /

Beginning th-

thank, thick, thief, thigh, thin, thing, think, third, three, throw, through, thunder, thirsty, thirteen, thirty, thousand, theatre, Thursday, thermometer

Ending -th

bath, beneath, both, birth, cloth, depth, earth, fifth, fourth, health, length, month, mouth, north, path, smooth, south, strength, teeth, tooth, truth, underneath,

special e+x- example, exam

Rare gh- ghost

-gg egg



with, worth

Middle -th-

anything, bathroom, birthday, clothes, earthquake, everything, healthy, nothing, rhythm, something, toothache, toothbrush, toothpaste

Sound (IPA)


Examples

10 / /

Beginning th- that, the, their, them, then, there, these, they, this, those, though, than

Ending -th with, mouth(v), smooth

-the breathe, bathe, teethe

Middle -th-

together, altogether, another, bother, brother, other, either, father, mother, feather, grandfather, grandmother, leather, neither, rather, weather, whether, within, without

11 / /

Beginning sh- she, ship, shirt, shoes, shop, should, shout, shoulder, shampoo

Ending -sh English, astonish, British, brush, bush, cash, crash

Middle

-tio(n) dictation, cautious, conversation

-c- magician, musician, physician

-s- Asia, Asian, censure, conversion

-sh- bookshop, cashier, cushion, mushroom

-ch- machine, Michelle

-ss- pressure, tissue, assure, permission

Rare

ch- chef, chassis, Chanel

sch- schedule, schwa s- sugar, sure

-che moustache, quiche, Porsche

-sc- conscience

12 / /

Middle -su- measure, pleasure, casual

sio(n) revision, conclusion, explosion

Rare g- genre, Gigi

-ge garage, mirage, message



Sound (IPA)


Examples

13 / /

Beginning ch- chair, chalk, choose, China, chicken, chapter, chocolate

Ending

-ch each, beach, coach, lunch, March, much

-tch match, catch, fetch, hatch, pitch, scratch, switch

Middle

-ch- teacher, grandchild, handkerchief, mischievous

-tch- butcher, kitchen

-tu- actual, picture, , creature, future, nature, furniture, century, congratulations

-st- question, digestion, Christian, exhaustion

14 / /

Beginning j-

jam, job, juice, joke, June, just, jacket, Japan, jungle

g- gentle, giant, giraffe, generous, gymnastics

Ending -ge

age, arrange, cage, huge, large, change, damage

-dge edge, fridge, porridge, bridge

Middle

-g- pigeon, danger, urgent, stranger, suggest, teenager, passenger, vegetable

-j- enjoy, injure, subject

-d- schedule, education

-g- regime



Sound (IPA)


Examples

15 / /

Beginning

s- sad, say, sea, sit, sell, sing, six, some, sorry

c- cell, cent, ceiling, central, centre, circle, city, cereal, certainly

Ending

-ss class, cross, dress, chess, across, actress, address, careless

-s bus, gas, plus, cups, asks, cats

-ce dance, chance, face, ice, juice, nice, peace

-se case, chase, horse, house, mouse, nurse, promise

-x box, fax, fox, fix

Middle

-s- ask, absent, also, answer, asleep, basket

-ss- essay, classmate, classroom, glasses, lesson, message

-c- capacity, parcel, peaceful, pencil, policeman -sc- muscle, discipline

Rare

sc- scene, science

ps- psycho, psychology

-z blitz, glitz, hertz

16 / /

Beginning h- head, heat, high, horse, hello, holiday, hungry Rare wh- whole, who, whose, whom

Middle -h- ahead, behind, anyhow End - no ending / /

17

/ /

Beginning l- leg, look, love, light, lunch, lion, lemon, lesson

End

-l girl, oil, pearl, pool, April, until, usual

-ll all, ball, fall, call, still, ill, tell, wall

-le able, tale, male, mile, pale, hole, apple

Middle -l- along, also, aloud, below, colour

-ll- allow, collect, pillow, pollution, village, wallet

/ /

Beginning r- rain, ran, red, rice, read, rock, repair, rubber

wr- write, wrong, wrist, wrap End (US) -r car, far, water, doctor

Middle -r-

agree, April, area, around, already, brown, eraser

-rr- borrow, carrot, carry, correct, ferry, lorry



Rare rh- rhyme, rhinoceros

Sound (IPA)


Examples

18 / /

Beginning

y- yes, you, yet, year, young, yellow, yacht

u- use, useful, user, unit

eu- Europe, euro Middle -y- beyond, canyon

Rare ew- ewe

19 / / Beginning

w- walk, wait, want, well, west, wake, win, windy

wh- what, where, when, which, white Rare o- one, once

20 / /

Beginning m- man, milk, mouth, must, mother Ending -m arm, mum, calm, alarm

Rare -mn column, autumn

Middle -m- drama, camera, damage, homework

-mm- common, summer, hammer, swimming

21

/ /

Beginning

n- not, name

kn- knife, know, knock

gn- gnaw

Ending

-n pen, run

-ne line, wine

-gn sign

Middle -n- any

-nn- annoy

/ / Ending -ng king, sang, hang Middle -n- angry, blank, drinking

a. sound-to-spelling: vowels sound spelling (ipa) · pdf fileactor, after, british,...

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