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The melding of two ages and cultures—the Romantics and Victorians—created a push and pull between treatment of children as immoral adults and a belief that children should flourish in a creative environment. The literature born from this transition is unparalleled in its combination of the structured and the chaotic, with the choice example being Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.

So… why does it matter?

*The Storyteller, Jodi Picoult

BRITISH

Works Cited Carroll, Lewis. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass. London Collector's Library: CRW Publishing Limited, 2004. 9-128. Print. "Director's tribute to 'amazing' NHS." Orange News. Orange News UK, 27 Jul 2012. Web. 9 Mar 2013. <http://web.orange.co.uk/article/news/director_s_tribute_to_amazing_nhs>. Travers, P.L. Mary Poppins. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1934. Print. Twain, Mark. Four Complete Novels: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. New York

City: Random House, Inc., 1982. Print. Wolf, Abby. "The Golden Age of Children's Literature: An Introduction." The Railway Children. PBS. Web. 9 Mar 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/railway/age_text.html>. Wilder, Laura Ingalls. Little House on the Prairie. New York City: HarperCollins Publishers, 1953. Print. Wullschläger, Jackie. Inventing Wonderland: The Lives and Fantasies of Lewis Carrol, Edward Lear, J.M. Barrie, Kenneth Grahame, and A.A. Milne. New York City: Free Press, 1995. Print.

Acknowledgements Thank you to my honors thesis mentor, Associate Professor Giselle Anatol in the KU English Department.

Thank you to the Center for Undergraduate Research for funding my studies through an Undergraduate Research Award and for this opportunity.

British children’s literature from the 19th – 20th c. (or the “Golden Age”) is commonly analyzed, but not many

studies exist comparing themes of British and American children’s novels. My research studies two texts from

each nation and analyzes what influenced their content and what messages they project onto readers.

A Cultural Comparison of 19th – 20th c. British and American Children’s Literature By Kayla Overbey

A SPOONFUL OF SUGAR:

AMERICAN

“All writers start with a layer of truth, don’t they? If not, their stories would be nothing but spools of cotton candy, a fleeting taste

wrapped around nothing but air.” *

…AFTER

BEFORE… stories were “didactic,” or focused on morality

and religion

books were unimaginative and used to instruct children away from any improper behavior

kids were treated like miniature grownups (which we all know is not a very useful strategy!)

There was “a dawning sense of childhood as a special state, as not just a period of training for adulthood but a stage of life of value in its own right” (Wullschläger 13).

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll

What’s the “Golden Age”

of children’s literature?

The impact that cultural and social norms from a specific time period have on works of literature is unmistakable. For example:

Without World War II, J.R.R. Tolkien’s epic Lord of the Rings trilogy would never have formed into the success that it is today.

African American characters were introduced to the series Dick and Jane as a direct result of social movements in the 1960s.

childhood became a time of irreplaceable innocence

less religious themes —stories shifted to adventure and fantasy

adults protected the simplicity of childhood in a world that was quickly changing

Cultural circumstances impact the formation, content, and success of any text. But what many don’t see is the chain of events that takes place when a child is given a book.

Event impacts society

(ie: Stalin Era in

Soviet Union)

Writers react to the

change (ie: Animal

Farm, George

Orwell,1945)

Kids read text, begin

to understand past

issues

• Carroll (aka Charles Dodgson) was raised in a creative environment, but struggled to adapt to Victorian propriety—tried constantly to return to childhood

• Alice reflects Dodgson’s feelings toward rules—her journey is full of talking animals, an infamous tea party, bouts of random growth, and a very odd version of croquet

• Alice also disapproves of the chaos—she declares the Mad Hatter’s tea party to be “’the stupidest tea-party I ever was at in all my life!’” (Carroll 72-77)

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) by Mark Twain

• published during the Great Depression—connects to the nation moving and adapting to unfamiliar circumstances

• based on true events of Wilder family’s pioneering ventures into the American Midwest; takes place in Kansas during the late 1800s—Western expansion

• family faces danger and political problems, but fights to lay down a “homestead”—what could be interpreted as finding a greater American identity

Little House on the Prairie (1935) by Laura Ingalls Wilder

• 1876 was the American centennial and brought monumental changes to the U.S.—brought the nation into its “adulthood”

• portrayal and death of character Injun Joe is connected to the beginning of the end of the Indian Wars, which lasted for two centuries

• Tom and Huck, though mischievous, confront real danger—they portray a precarious balance between childhood and adulthood

Mary Poppins (1934) by P.L. Travers

• written between World War I and II, when England lacked societal structure, was physically in ruins, and its citizens craved simpler times

• Mary Poppins is organized societal regime—she is timely, strict, and authoritative

• her obsession with order and control is balanced by the fantastic scenarios she introduces to the children—”’I’m afraid we can’t stay,’ Mary Poppins broke in. ‘We’re on our way round the world’” (Travers 82).

This tells us…

AMERICAN values, on the other hand, were focused on forming and solidifying an identity—the split from Britain gave the U.S. the chance to explore new possibilities; the children’s novels reflect the “growing up” America had to do as a nation.

For the BRITISH, there was a strong push to be more imaginative, but the impact of the World Wars simultaneously created a need for societal structure. What resulted in the literature is a sense of nostalgia for a simplistic past/childhood innocence, balanced with carefully constructed rules.

Children (eventually)

change society