a statewide training of community clinicians to treat ... · youths who have been traumatized,...
TRANSCRIPT
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 1
AStatewideTrainingofCommunityClinicianstoTreatTraumatizedYouthsInvolved
withChildWelfare
DeviMiron&MichaelS.Scheeringa
TulaneUniversitySchoolofMedicine
AuthorNote
DeviMiron,DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,TulaneUniversity
SchoolofMedicine;MichaelS.Scheeringa,DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioral
Sciences,TulaneUniversitySchoolofMedicine
ThisresearchwassupportedbytheAdministrationforChildrenandFamilies,
90C01105.
WewouldliketoacknowledgeCamilaWoodmanseeandAlyssaSingerfortheir
contributionstothisproject.
CorrespondenceconcerningthisarticleshouldbeaddressedtoDeviMiron,
DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,TulaneUniversitySchoolofMedicine,
1430TulaneAve.,#8055,NewOrleans,LA70112.E-mail:[email protected]
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 2
Abstract
Despiteconsiderableinvestmentineffortstodisseminateevidence-basedtreatments
(EBTs),fewdataareavailableonhowfrequentlycliniciansachievecompetencein
deliveringthetreatmentsoronwhetherclinicaloutcomesactuallyimprove.TheLouisiana
ChildWelfareTraumaProject(LCTP)wasafive-yeardemonstrationprojectfundedbythe
Children’sBureau.OneoftheaimsoftheLCTPwastotraincommunityclinicians
statewideinanEBTforposttraumaticstressdisorder(PTSD).Atrainingmodelwas
designedtoreachanywillingcommunitypractitionerwithminimaltravel,cost,andtime
involvedfortraineesandtrainer.Ofthe335clinicianswhoattendedaone-daytrainingin
YouthPTSDTreatment(YPT;Scheeringa&Weems,2014),amanualizedtreatmentfor
youthswithPTSD,117beganconsultationcalls.Forty-five(38%)clinicianswhobegan
callsachievedAdvancedtraining,completingatleastonecaseusingYPTandattending
weeklycalls.Ofthe102clientsdiscussedduringcalls,64(63%)completedYPT.Pre-and
post-treatmentmeasureswereavailablefor17(27%)ofthecompleters.All17clients
showeddecreasesintheirPTSDsymptomsbyyouthorcaregiverreport;with12(71%)
showingadecreaseinsymptomcountbyatleasthalfofthepre-treatmentscore.Thisis
thefirstknownreportoftheproportionofcommunityclinicianswhovoluntarily
completedconsultationcallstoachievecompetencefollowinginitialtraininginanEBT.
TheresultssuggestthateffectivenessofanEBTispossibleincommunitysettingsbutis
likelyconstrainedbycliniciansbeingwillingand/orabletocompletetraining
requirementsgearedtowardsachievingcompetencyinandfidelitytotheprotocol.
Becausethemajorityofcliniciansdidnotcompletetrainingrequirements,thissuggests
majorlimitationsinthecurrentmodelsofdissemination.
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 3
Keywords:childwelfare;evidence-basedtreatmentdissemination;PTSDtreatment
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 4
Childreninvolvedinthechildwelfaresystemoftenhavebeenexposedtopotentially
traumaticevents,includingphysicalabuse,sexualabuse,andexposuretodomestic
violence(Griffinetal.,2011;Kolkoetal.,2010).Followingtraumaticexperiences,these
youthsmaydeveloppsychiatricproblemssuchasposttraumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)
andotherdisordersincludingoppositionaldefiantdisorder,separationanxietydisorder,
attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder,andmajordepressivedisorder(DeYoung,
Kenardy,Cobham,&Kimble,2012;Scheeringa&Zeanah,2008;Scheeringa,Zeanah,Myers,
&Putnam,2003).Studieshaveconsistentlydemonstratedsignificantassociationsamong
traumaticandotheradverseexperiences,theonsetofparent-childrelationship
disturbances(e.g.,Lieberman,2004;Lieberman&Knorr,2007),andlaterdiagnosisof
psychiatricandsubstanceabusedisorders(Greenetal.,2010).Childrenexperiencing
traumaalsomayhavetroubleformingtrustingrelationshipswithfamilymembersand
otherscaringforthem,peers,andsiblings.
Giventheprevalenceofexposuretopotentiallytraumaticeventsinthechildwelfare
system,recentlytherehavebeeneffortstodevelopbestpracticesandimprovetrauma-
informedcareservices(Conradi,Wherry,&Kisiel,2011;Murphy,Moore,Redd,&Malm,
2017;Samuels,2011;Strand&Sprang,2018).Theseeffortshavegenerallyembracedthe
SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration’s(2015)conceptofatrauma-
informedsystemthatrealizesthewidespreadimpactoftrauma,recognizesthesignsand
symptomsoftrauma,andintegratesknowledgeabouttraumaintopolicies,proceduresand
practices.
Althoughthereisnoconsensusontheessentialcomponentsofatrauma-informed
childwelfaresystem,theNationalChildTraumaticStressNetwork(NCTSN)outlinesthata
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 5
comprehensivetrauma-informedchildandfamilyservicesystemincludesscreening,
evidence-basedtreatment,resourceavailability,resilience-building,addressingcaregiver
trauma,continuityofcareandcollaboration,careforstaff,andrespondingtotheunique
needsofdiversecommunities.TheNCTSN(2013)hasdevelopedtrainingmaterialsfor
childwelfarestafftoincreasetheirknowledgeoftraumaandimproveresponsivenessto
youthswhohavebeentraumatized,knownastheChildWelfareTraumaTrainingToolkit.
TheChildren’sBureau,anagencywithintheAdministrationforChildrenandFamilies,has
fundedaseriesofdemonstrationprojectstoimprovethecapacityofchildwelfaresystems
torespondtotheneedsoftraumatizedchildren(Samuels,2013).Althoughresultsarestill
pending,theseeffortsmayassistjurisdictionsinrespondingtofederallegislationthat
officiallyrecognizestheprevalenceandimpactoftraumaonchildreninvolvedwiththe
childwelfaresystemandrequiressystemstoscreenandreferforappropriatecare(Child
andFamilyServicesImprovementandInnovationAct,2011).
Inthispaper,wedescribeoneoftheserecentprojects,aimedatenhancingthe
capacityofachildwelfaresystemtoaddressPTSDamongtheyouththeyservewith
evidence-basedtreatment(EBT).EstimatesofyouthswithPTSDinthechildwelfare
systemrangefrom19%forchildrenwhoareplacedinfostercare(Kolkoetal.,2010)to
25%foradultswhohadresidedinfostercareaschildren(Pecoraetal.,2005).Theseare
significantproportionsnotwithstandingthenumberofchildrenwhohavesymptomsbut
whodonotmeetfullcriteriaforPTSDandmayalsobenefitfromEBTforPTSD.
Despitetheneed,childwelfaresystemsoftenhavelimitedcapacitytorespond
effectivelybecausetheyaredependentonpublicfunds(e.g.,Medicaidorotherfederaland
stateprograms)topayforservicesandmanyprovidersareunwillingtoacceptthe
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 6
relativelylowreimbursementratesoffered.Inaddition,somecliniciansavoidworking
withyouthinvolvedinthechildwelfaresystemduetothedocumentationandpossible
courttestimonyrequired.Further,practitionertrainingandexperienceinevidence-based
treatmentstosufficientlyaddresstheneedsoftraumatizedyoutharelacking(Hansonet
al.,2014).
Overthelasttwodecades,therehasbeenacallforclinicianstocompletetrainingin
anddeliverevidence-basedtreatments(EBTs)foremotionalandbehavioralproblems
(McHugh&Barlow,2010;Novins,Green,Legha,&Aarons,2013).Over500EBTsexistfor
childandadolescentmentalhealthdisorders(Dorsey,Berliner,Lyons,Pullman,&Murray,
2016),andextensivedisseminationprojectshavebeenconductedwithenormousfinancial
supportfromnationalandstategovernmentsandprivatefundingsources.Itisnotclear
howeverthatdisseminationprojectshavemetthegoalsofimprovingclientoutcomes
whenextendingbeyondthetightlycontrolledenvironsofrandomizedtrialsandmoving
intouncontrolledcommunity-widedisseminations.
Beforeclientoutcomescanimprove,communityclinicianshavetoadopttheEBTs.
InareviewofthemajorinitiativestodisseminateandimplementEBTs,McHughand
Barlow(2010)notedthatfewdisseminationinitiativesrecordedinformationonthetwo
mostbasicoutcomesrequiredtojustifythemagnitudeoffundingandeffortspent:(1)
numberofclinicianswhofailedtoreachcompetency,and(2)clientsymptomoutcomes.
Withoutsuchbasicmetrics,examinationscannotbegintoexploremediatorsofsuccessful
adoption,suchasdurationofconsultation,thebestsustainabilitymodels(i.e.,“trainthe
trainer”),stakeholdersupportfacilitators,orwaystoaddressthehighlyvariableratesat
whichcliniciansadoptEBTsfortreatingPTSD(Rosenetal.,2015).
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 7
InareviewofdisseminationeffortsBarlow,Bullis,Comer,&Ametaj(2013)
concludedthat“didactictrainingsaloneareinsufficient”(p.19),andtherenowseemstobe
broadconsensusaboutthat.Thedifferenttrainingstrategiesthatprojectshaveusedto
movebeyond“didactictrainingsalone”havebeenvaried[seeCohen&Mannarino,2008,
forareviewofeffortstodisseminatetrauma-focusedcognitivebehavioraltherapy(TF-
CBT)incommunitysettings].Nearlyallofthedifferenttrainingstrategieshaveincluded
ongoingconsultationsforsixto12months,whilethedetailsoffrequency(weeklyversus
lessoften),groupsize,format(in-personversusremote),andexpectationsofparticipation
intheconsultationsvary.Differentrecruitmentstrategieshaverangedfromtrainingany
willingcommunityclinician(Dorseyetal.,2016)tohiringdedicatedprojectclinicians
(Murray,2017).
Disseminationstudiesareonlybeginningtoincludeinformationontraining
requirementsandcompletionrates.Dorseyetal.(2016)describetheWashingtonState
DepartmentofSocialandHealthServicessponsoredtrainingforCBT+(Chorpita,Taylor,
Francis,Moffitt,&Austin,2004;Weiszetal.,2012).Thistrainingincludedathree-dayin-
persontrainingforwhichcliniciansreceived18to20continuingeducationcredits,
followedbysixmonthsofbiweeklyconsultationcallswith10to15traineespercall.
Traineeswereexpectedtoattendnineto12callstoreceiveacertificateofcompletion.The
numberofcliniciansoriginallyinvitedforthetrainingwasnotreportedbutinfourcohorts
oftraineesoverthreeyears,therewere400participantsincludingnon-clinicians(e.g.,
administrators,caseworkers,orotherstaff).Thetotalnumberofcliniciansand
supervisorscompletingthepre-trainingsurveywas284and180completedapost-
consultationfollow-upsurvey.Callattendancedatawereavailableforonly155
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 8
participants.Themeannumberofcallsattendedwas9.4(SD1.9,range1-12),with80%of
the155(n=124)attendingnineormorecalls.However,neitherthepercentageoftotal
availablecliniciansstatewidenorthepercentageofclinicianswhobegantrainingand
completedtrainingexpectationswasreported.
Giventheneedfortrauma-informedservicesforyouthinvolvedwithchildwelfare
andthegapintheextantliteratureregardingEBTtrainingcompletionratesandclient
outcomes,inthisstudywereportdataaddressingtworesearchquestions.First,what
percentagesofcommunityclinicianswhoareinvitedtofree,low-burdentrainingsaimedat
enhancingtheservicearrayforthechildwelfarepopulationwillengagetoachievethree
differentlevelsofcompetency–aminimumlevelofattendanceataone-daytrainingonly,a
basiclevelthatincludedfollow-upphoneconsultationsthatdidnotinvolvetheirown
cases,oranadvancedlevelofcompetencythatincludedfollow-upphoneconsultationsthat
involvedtheirowncasesforthreetosixmonths?Therearenoknownpriorestimatesin
theliteratureofthepercentageofclinicianswhovoluntarilyinitiatedanEBTtrainingand
followedthroughtoachievetrainingexpectations.Intheabsenceofanempirically-derived
parameterweaimedforthebenchmarksuggestedbyDorseyetal.(2016)of80%of
clinicianstocompletetrainingexpectationsandachievetheadvancedlevelofcompetency.
Oursecondresearchquestionwas,whencommunitycliniciansengageintrainingto
achievethefulllevelofcompetency,towhatdegreedotheirclientsimprove?Inthelargest
randomizedcontrolledtrialofanEBTforPTSDinyouths,75%ofthosediagnosedwith
PTSDpriortotreatmentwhoreceivedTF-CBTimprovedtotheextentthattheywerenot
diagnosedwithPTSDfollowingtreatmentcomparedwith49%ofthoseinthenon-EBT
controlgroup.Further,theentireEBT-treatedgroupshoweda57%reductioninPTSD
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 9
symptomseveritycomparedto39%reductioninPTSDsymptomsseverityinthenon-EBT
controlgroup(Cohen,Deblinger,Mannarino,&Steer,2004).Basedonthesepriorfindings,
anexploratoryaimofthestudywasforthemeanPTSDscoreonanobjectivemeasurefor
clientsreceivingEBTforPTSDtoreduceby50%ormorefrompre-topost-treatment.
Method
Participants
ThenationalChildren’sBureaulaunchedaninitiativetofunddemonstration
projectstodisseminateevidence-basedpracticesinchildwelfaresystemsthatfocusedon
traumaandtrauma-relatedproblems.Five-yearprojectswerefundedinchildwelfare
systemsin19differentstatesinaseriesofthreecohorts(fundedin2011,2012,and2013).
TheLouisianaChildWelfareTraumaProject(LCTP)wasoneofthefive-year
demonstrationprojectsfundedbytheChildren’sBureauwiththeirfirstyearbeginningin
2012(http://latrauma.com).TheprimarygoaloftheLCTPwastotrainLouisiana
DepartmentofChildrenandFamilyServices(DCFS)caseworkerstouseanewuniversal
screenfortraumaexposure,trauma-relatedproblems(i.e.,PTSD),andotheremotionaland
behavioralproblems.Inparallelwiththistrainingofcaseworkerstoscreenanddetect
youthsinneedofclinicalservices,anadditionalaimoftheLCTPwastoenhancetheservice
arrayinanticipationofgreaterreferrals.
ParticipantswereclinicianswhoprovidementalhealthservicestoMedicaid-eligible
childrenandadolescentsacrossthestateofLouisiana.Clinicianswhocouldpotentially
receivetrainingintheEBTforPTSDwereidentifiedusingtheexistingLouisianaMedicaid
behavioralhealthproviders’onlinedirectory.Asearchwasconductedwithinthedirectory
usingthefollowingcriteria:1)licensedclinicianswhoidentifiedthemselvesasproviding
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 10
servicestochildrenandadolescentsand2)providerslocatedwithina25-mileradiusof
DCFSofficesinthetargetregionofthestate.Providerswerealsoidentifiedbyaskinglocal
DCFSadministratorsandstaffforalistoflicensedcliniciansandagenciestowhomthey
regularlyreferchildrenforpsychotherapy.Cliniciansfrompublicallyfundedbehavioral
healthservicesclinics,(“HumanServicesDistricts”),werealsoinvitedtothetraining.Some
clinicianslearnedaboutthetrainingbyword-of-mouth.Astheprojectprogressed,the
trainingwasavailabletocliniciansfromregionswheretraininghadalreadybeenprovided
toallowclinicianswhohadmissedprevioustrainingstoattend.
YouthsseenbycliniciansreceivingtrainingthroughtheLCTPweredetermined
eligibletoreceivetheEBTtypicallyiftheydisplayedsignificantsymptomsofPTSD,usually
meetingthecutoffscoreonthemeasuredevelopedfortheLCTP.Theappropriatenessof
clientstoreceivetheEBTwasdiscussedduringconsultationcalls(describedbelow).Given
thattheinformationaboutyouthparticipantswaslimitedtowhatwasneededtoconsultto
cliniciansinscreeningforPTSD,detaileddemographicswerenotcollected.Justlessthan
halfoftheyouthswhoweretrackedbytheclinicianswereinvolvedwithDCFS.TheLCTP
didnotinterfereindecision-makingaboutwhichclientswerereferredtospecificclinicians
fortreatment.Thetrainertrackedtheprogressofclientsdiscussedduringcallsbutdidnot
trackthenumberofclientswhoweredeterminedineligiblefortreatment,thosewho
droppedoutoftreatmentpriortocompletion,orwhetherornottheycontinuedin
treatmentbeyondthecompletionoftheEBTforPTSD.Theprojectwasreviewedand
approvedbytheTulaneUniversityCommitteeontheUseofHumanSubjects.Theproject
metanexemptiondeterminationandinformedconsentswerenotrequired.
Procedures
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 11
ThechildwelfaresysteminLouisianaisastatewidesystemthatisadministeredby
DCFS.Thestateisdividedintoninegeographicregions.TheLCTProlledout
implementationofDCFScaseworkertrainingtousetheTraumaandBehavioralHealth
(TBH)screenandsimultaneouscliniciantrainingtolearntheEBTforPTSDoneregionata
time.Atrainingmodelwascreatedthatcouldreachanywillingsolopractitionerwith
minimaltravel,cost,andtimeinvolvedfortraineesandtrainer.Trainingsweredelivered
tocliniciansinonetotworegionsatagiventimeoverthecourseoffouryears.Pre-and
post-TBHsofclientsreceivingtheEBTwerecollectedbyclinicianscompletingcase
consultationwhenpossible.
YouthPTSDTreatmenttraining.YouthPTSDTreatment(YPT;Scheeringa&
Weems,2014)isanindividuallydelivered,12-sessionmanualizedcognitive-behavioral
therapy(CBT)foryouth,agessevento18years,withPTSD.YPTwaschosenbecauseofits
highlystructured,manual-basedformatthatfacilitatesdisseminationamongnoviceCBT
therapists.YPTincludestraditionalcomponentsofCBTforchildhoodtraumaincluding
psychoeducation,skillbuildinginidentificationandexpressionofemotions,relaxation
exercises,explorationofnegativethoughts,narrativeprocessingoftraumaevents,graded
exposureexercisesinandoutoftheoffice,safetyplans,andinvolvementofcaregiversin
everysession.TheYPTmanualisanolder-ageextensionofthePreschoolPTSDTreatment
(PPT)manualthathasshowngoodefficacyinaprevioustrialwithchildren,agesthreeto
sixyears(Scheeringa,Weems,Cohen,Amaya-Jackson,&Guthrie,2011).Theefficacyof
YPTforthetreatmentofPTSDsymptomsforolderchildrenhasbeendescribedpreviously
(Humphreys,Weems,&Scheeringa,2015;Scheeringa&Weems,2014).
In-persontraining.Clinicianswereinitiallyinvitedtoattendaone-day,in-person
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 12
trainingtobeheldintheirgeographicalregionbymailoremail.Atotalof10trainings
acrossthenineregionswereheld.Interestedclinicianscompletedanapplicationforthe
training,whichincludedquestionsaboutclinicians’credentialsandwhetherornotthey
wereMedicaidproviders,andthereforeeligibletoservechildreninvolvedwithDCFS.In
addition,applicantswereaskedtoagreetocompleteatleastonecaseusingtheYPTmodel
andtoattendweeklyconsultationcallsforsixtoninemonthstoreceivecaseconsultation.
Participationwasvoluntaryandwasnotmandatedbytheclinician’sagencymanagement,
DCFS,managedcareprovidersorotherentities.Alltrainingsessionswerefreeofchargeto
clinicians.
Thetrainer(andfirstauthor)wasapsychologist,licensedtopracticeintheStateof
Louisiana,withexpertiseinworkingwithtraumatizedchildreninvolvedwithchildwelfare.
Atthestartoftraining,shehadsevenyearsofexperienceconducting,supervisingand
consultingontheuseofYPTwithchildrenofallages.
Theone-day,6.5-hourtrainingcoveredassessmentanddiagnosisofPTSD,including
theuseoftheTBH,andthecontentoftheYPTmanualindetail.TheYPTmanualand
handoutswereprovidedtoeachparticipant.Videoexcerptsfromactualtreatment
sessionswereusedtoillustratetreatmentcomponents.Interactiveexercisesallowedfor
participantstopracticetreatmenttechniques.Aportionofthetrainingalsocovered
specialconsiderationsforprovidingYPTtoyouthinvolvedwiththechildwelfaresystem,
includingidentifyingwhichtraumaticeventstotargetintreatment,workingwithfoster
parents,andcommunicationwithDCFSandthecourts.Continuingeducationcreditswere
providedtoeligibleclinicians.
Teleconferenceconsultation.Approximatelyoneweekfollowingthein-person
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 13
training,thetraineremailedparticipantsinvitingthemtosignupforweeklyconsultation
calls.Generally,groupswereformedwithonetofiveclinicians.Groupswerekeptsmallin
orderforeachcliniciantohavetheopportunitytoreceiveconsultationonaweeklybasis.
Aneffortwasmadetogroupcliniciansfromthesameagencytogetherwithnooutside
cliniciansinordertobeabletodiscussagency-specificpoliciesthatmaybeimpactingthe
deliveryofYPT.
Theone-hourcallsweregenerallyheldonaweeklybasisforsixtoninemonthsfor
cliniciansinthetargetregion.Occasionally,acliniciancompletedacasewithinthree
monthsanddiscontinuedconsultationfollowingthecompletionofthecase.Onegroupof
twocliniciansfromthesameagencyattendedcallsforover12monthsduetodifficulty
withretainingclientsinservices.
Attheoutset,thetrainerexplainedthenatureofconsultationandthefactthatthe
therapistwasultimatelyresponsibleforthecareoftheclient.Thetrainerusedacognitive-
behavioralframeworkforconsultationcallsinordertomodelthisapproachfor
participantsandthiswasdiscussedduringthefirstcalltosetexpectations.Thetrainer
emphasizedthatconsultationwouldfocusonPTSD,individualYPTsessions,andissues
relatedtodeliveringYPTtochildreninvolvedwithDCFS.Althoughthecallswere
structured,therewasflexibilitytoallowforclinicianstoaskquestionsanddiscuss
facilitatorsandbarrierstodeliveringthetreatment.Anagendaforeachcallwasset
betweenthetrainerandtheparticipants,includingallocatinganequitableamountoftime
foreachcliniciantodiscusstheircase.
Contentofcalls.Identificationofclientswhowouldbeappropriatetoparticipatein
YPTcomprisedasignificantportionofthediscussionsduringinitialcalls.Cliniciansfirst
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 14
presentedbackgroundinformationonthecase(e.g.,ageofyouth,traumaexposure,child
welfarestatus,andlivingsituation)andthenprovidedtheresultsoftheTBH.Thetrainer
andcliniciantogetherdeterminedtheappropriatenessofbeginningYPTwiththeclient.
Onceanappropriateclientwasidentified,thetrainerreviewedthemanualcontentand
providedstep-by-stepinstructionsfordeliveringeachsessionofYPT.Thetrainermade
suggestionsfortailoringsessionstomeettheneedsofeachindividualclientwhile
maintainingfidelitytothemodel.Assessionsprogressed,clinicianspresentedtheevents
thatoccurredduringthepreviousweek’ssessionandreceivedfeedbackfromthetrainer.
Thetrainerthenpreviewedtheupcomingsession.
TBHadministration.Withtheexceptionofthefirstregionparticipatinginthe
training,clinicianswereaskedtoadministertheTBHtoscreenyouthsforPTSDandassist
indeterminingeligibilityfortreatment.ThecliniciansadministeredtheTBHtochildren
agessevenyearsandup.TheyalsoadministeredtheTBHtocaregiversoftheseyouths,as
wellastocaregiversofyouthsbetweentheagesofthreeandsixyears.Cliniciansconsulted
withthetrainerasneededtoreviewadministration,scoring,andinterpretationoftheTBH.
ClinicianswerealsoaskedtoadministertheTBHfollowingthecompletionoftreatment
whenpossibletodetermineclinicalprogress.CliniciansreportedTBHscorestothe
trainer,pre-andpost-treatmentwhenavailable,whorecordedtheminanExcel
spreadsheet.
Measure
TheTBHwascreatedforthisprojectandconsistsofcomponentstakenfromfour
existinginstrumentsinthepublicdomain(availableathttp://latrauma.com).Themeasure
includesitemsformingfoursubscalesassessingPTSD,internalizingsymptoms,ADHD,and
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 15
externalizingsymptoms.TheTBHalsocontains11questionstocoversubstanceabuse,
psychosis,autism,andpreschoolissues,buttheseitemsdonotfigureintothescoringof
subscales.Acaregiver-reportversionoftheTBHwasdevelopedforcaregiversofchildren,
ages0to18years.Ayouth-reportversionwasdevelopedforchildren,agessevento18
years,withthesameitemsasthecaregiverversionbutpronounsmodifiedappropriately
forself-administration.
OnlythePTSDsubscalewasusedinthecurrentstudy.Thissubscaleconsistsof15
itemsfromthe17-itemChildPTSDSymptomScale(CPSS;Foa,Johnson,Feeny,&
Treadwell,2001).TwoitemswerenotretainedfromtheCPSS,includingtheitemfornot
beingabletorememberanimportantpartofthetrauma.Thisitemhasbeenshown
consistentlytobeoneoftheleastfrequentlyendorseditems(Saul,Grant&Carter,2008;
Scheeringaetal.,2003)andposesdevelopmentalchallengesforaccurateendorsementin
youngerchildren(Scheeringa,2009).Theotheritemthatwasnotretainedwasdifficulty
concentratingbecausethiswasaskedaboutinadifferentsectionoftheTBHandwas
thoughttobeconfusingifaskedabouttwice.TheitemsmapdirectlyontotheDiagnostic
andStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders,FourthEdition(APA,1994)PTSDsymptoms,
andwereeachratedonafour-point(0-3)Likertscale.ThereliabilityforthePTSDsubscale
oftheTBHisverygood(α=.91forcaregiver-reportandα=.93foryouth-report).Ascoreof
11isrecommendedastheclinicalcutoffwhenusingthefullCPSS(Foaetal.,2001).Ascore
of10onthePTSDsubscalewasusedasthecutoffintheLCTPbecausewedidnotusetwo
oftheCPSSitems.
DataAnalysis
Theaimofourfirstresearchquestionwasthat80%ofclinicianswhoattendedthe
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 16
trainingwouldachievetheAdvancedleveloftraining.Because80%wasonlyabenchmark
suggestedbyotherexpertsinthefield(Dorseyetal.,2016)andwasnotderived
empiricallyfromapriorstudy,wedidnotfeelthatsignificancetestsofstatisticalinference
wereappropriate,andtheresultsarereporteddescriptively.
TherewerethreelevelsoftrainingatwhichclinicianswererosteredontheLCTP
website:“One-daytrained,”wasthedesignationgiventoclinicianswhoattendedonlythe
one-dayin-persontraining,includingthosewhosignedupforconsultationcallsbut
droppedoutafteroneortwocalls;“Basictraining,”indicatedthatclinicianshadattended
atleastfivegroupconsultationcallsoverapproximatelyasix-monthperiodasthey
attemptedtoidentifyclientsappropriateforthemodel.Thesecliniciansparticipatedin
otherYPTcasediscussionsbutdidnotcompletetheirowncasesusingthemodel.Oncea
clinicianhadimplementedtheYPTprotocol(completingsevento12sessions)withatleast
oneyouthandhadattendedweeklycallstoreceiveconsultationonhis/hercase,the
clinicianwasdesignatedashavingreceived“Advancedtraining”inYPT.The“Advanced”
cliniciansreceivedcertificatesofcompletionfromtheLCTP.
Todetermineclientprogress,pre-treatmentandpost-treatmentPTSDsubscale
scoresfor17youthswhocompletedYPTwerecompared,andthepercentreductionin
theirscoreswascalculated.Thispercentreductionwascompareddescriptivelytopercent
reductionsthatwereachievedwithTF-CBTinthelargestpriorstudytotreatyouthswith
posttraumaticstress(Cohenetal.,2004).
Results
ClinicianRetention
Table1andFigure1displaythenumberofcliniciansinvitedtoandthe
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 17
number/percentagethatattendedtheone-daytrainingsineachregion.Ofthe2,036
cliniciansstatewidewhowereinvitedtoatrainingsessionheldintheirgeographical
region,335(16%)attended.
Table1alsodisplaysthenumberofclinicianswhoparticipatedintheconsultation
callsandthenumberofclinicianswhocompletedtherequirementsforthedifferentlevels
oftraining.Ofthe117participantswhobeganconsultationcalls,themajority(71%)
completedatleastfivecalls.Although45(38%)ofclinicianscompletedtheAdvanced
trainingexpectations,thiswasfarlowerthanouraimof80%.Thirty-eightclinicians
(32%)completedtrainingexpectationsattheBasicleveland34clinicians(29%)signedup
forconsultationcallsbutdiscontinuedafterzerototwocalls.Finally,218clinicians
attendedthein-persontrainingbutneversigneduptoattendconsultationcalls.No
informationiscurrentlyavailableastothereasonsomanycliniciansneverattended
consultationcalls.
ClientProgress
TheaimsoftheLCTPwerenotfocusedonindividualchildPTSDtreatmentprogress
becauseofconcernsaboutcreatingresistanceamongcliniciansiftheyknewtheywouldbe
requiredtocompleteextrapaperwork.DataontheefficacyoftheYPTdeliveredare
thereforelimited.Althoughpre-treatmentTBHmeasureswereadministeredforeach
client,cliniciansreporteddifficultyincompletingpost-treatmentmeasureswithclientsand
thetrainernoteddifficultycontactingcliniciansoncetheconsultationhadfinished.
Nevertheless,thetrainertracked102clientsdiscussedduringconsultationcalls.Ofthese,
64(63%)successfullycompletedtreatmentandclinicianscompletedpre-andpost-
measureswith17.Ofthoseforwhompre-andpost-treatmentdatawereavailable,the
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 18
meanagewas8years(range=4to17).Fifteenidentifiedasfemalesandtwoidentifiedas
males.All17oftheclientsshowedareductioninPTSDscoresbyeithercaregiveroryouth
report.Accordingtotheyouths’reports,themeanPTSDscoredecreasedfrom26to11.1
(57%reduction).Themeancaregiverratingofyouthsdecreasedfrom26.5to11.5(57%
reduction).Bothoftheseresultsexceededouraimofa50%reductioninPTSDseverity.
Further,12(71%)hadareductioninpost-treatmentPTSDscorebyatleast50%ofthepre-
treatmentscore,withnine(53%)nolongermeetingthecutoffforPTSD.
Discussion
Tobegintoaddressthesignificantimpactoftraumaexposureinthechildwelfare
populationinLouisiana,theLCTPsetouttodisseminateanEBTforPTSDforclinicians
usingareplicabletrainingmodelwithanintentionallylowburden.Thisisthefirstknown
reportoftheproportionofcommunityclinicianswhocompletedconsultationcallsto
achievecompetencyfollowingtheinitialtraining.Ofthe335clinicianswhoattendedthe
initialtraining,only45(13%)completedtherequirementsforAdvancedtrainingstatus.
TheproportionofclinicianswhoachievedAdvancedtrainingstatusappearsdisappointing,
butisconsistentwithotherpreviousanecdotalreportsofpooruptakeofEBTs(McLean&
Foa,2013;Shafranetal.,2009;Zayfertetal.,2005).Ofthosewhomadethecommitment
beyondtheone-daytrainingtoattendconsultationcalls,theproportionofclinicianswho
achievedAdvancedtrainingstatuswasbetter,38%,butstillfarbelowourinitialgoalof
80%.ItisdifficulttointerpretthisresultgiventhatnopreviousstudieshavereportedEBT
trainingcompletionrates.WhileDorseyetal.(2016)providedabenchmarkof80%
cliniciancompletion,theirreportdidnotincludethenumberofcliniciansoriginallyinvited
toparticipateintrainingandcompletiondataweremissingforanumberofparticipants.
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 19
Preliminaryoutcomedatathatwerecollectedbyclinicianswhoremainedactivein
consultationcallsindicatedpositiveoutcomesfortheclients,withclients’PTSDsymptoms
beingreducedby57%,greaterthanouraimof50%,percaregiverandyouthreport.This
reductioninsymptomseverityissimilartotheresultsreportedbyCohenetal.(2004).
Theseresultsprovideuniqueevidencethatdisseminationtocommunityclinicianswhoare
willingandabletoimplementtheEBToutsideofahighlycontrolledrandomizedtrialis
possibleandeffective.
Weelectedtorecruitcliniciansdirectlyforthetrainingasopposedtotargeting
agencies.Thisapproachmayhaveappealedtocliniciansinprivatepracticeandtothose
workinginclinicsalike.ApopularmodelfortrainingcliniciansinEBTsforyouthwhohave
beenexposedtotraumahasbeenthelearningcollaborative,anintensive,multi-layered
methoddevelopedbytheInstituteforHealthCareImprovement,andheavilypromotedby
theNCTSN(e.g.,Ebert,Amaya-Jackson,Markiewicz,Kisiel,&Fairbank,2012).Learning
collaborativesoftentargetagenciesandareincreasinglyassessingandaddressingagency
readinesstoimplementaparticulartreatmentmodel.Thelearningcollaborativemodel
wasacommonchoiceamongotherChildren’sBureaucohortgrantees,butithasseveral
weaknessesthatmakeitillsuitedforastatewidedisseminationduetoseveralissuesin
Louisiana.Learningcollaborativesarelongindurationandrelativelyslowtotraina
workforcetocompetency.Theyaretimeintensiveandrequireasubstantialamountof
missedworktoattendworkshoptrainings.Barrierstoimplementingtheuseofthe
treatmentcanbetimelimitationsduetoagencyproductivityrequirements,organizational
restructuring,andstaffturnover.Learningcollaborativesaredesignedtochangeagency
culturesinrespecttotraumaawareness,andthereforeincludeadministratorsand
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 20
supervisorswhoareexpectedtoreturntotheiragenciesastraumachampions.Thisgoal
ofagencycultureshiftislessrelevantwhenconsideringthat80%ofpsychotherapy
businessesaresolopractices(Curan,2016).
AswithothereffortstodisseminateEBTs,challengeswereidentifiedduringthe
consultation.First,retentionofcliniciansintheconsultationwasnotoptimalandwas
limitedbyseveralfactors.Itispossiblethatthereasonforlackofclinicianparticipationin
theconsultationswasthattheycouldnotidentifyclientsforwhomYPTwouldbe
appropriate.ThiswasamysterytoLCTPstaffasDCFSsimultaneouslycomplainedabouta
lackofprovidersavailabletoreferto.LCTPstaffattemptedtoaddressthisproblemby
providinglistsofcliniciansacceptingreferralstoDCFSstaffduringfollow-upproject
meetings.Inaddition,theYPTtrainerencouragedclinicianstoreachouttoDCFSoffices
personallytorequestreferrals.Theseeffortsweresuccessfulinasmallnumberofcases
butstill,themajorityofclientswhoreceivedYPTwerenotinvolvedwithDCFS.Insome
cases,clientswhobeganYPTsometimesdiscontinuedduetobeingmovedtoafosterhome
inanotherregionorduetocaregiversreportingtoomanystressorstoattendweekly
sessions.Theseissueswereaddressedrepeatedlyinconsultationcallsandclinicians
sometimeswereabletoproblem-solveinordertoretainclients.Forexample,clinicians
wereencouragedtoreachouttoDCFSworkersinordertoengagefamilies.Also,sessions
wereofferedeveryotherweekormultipletimesperweekinordertoaccommodatethe
family’sschedule.InordertoexpandthepoolofEBT-trainedproviders,wedidnotrequire
clinicianstoseeyouthsinvolvedwithDCFSatthetimeofthetraining,onlythatthey
acceptedMedicaidandcouldpotentiallybeprovidersforDCFS-referredyouthsinthe
future.Thus,theLCTPincreasedthenumberofclinicianswithAdvancedtrainingto
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 21
effectivelytreatchildrenwithPTSDinvolvedinchildwelfareacrossLouisianaby45
individuals.Despitetheeffortsinthisproject,furtherintensiveworkneedstobedoneto
makethechildwelfaresystemmoretrauma-informedandtoprioritizestabilityfor
childrensothattheymayreceivethecaretheyneed.Thisimportantsystems-levelwork
wasbeyondthescopeofourstudy.
Anotherissuepossiblyimpactingtheretentionofcliniciansinthetrainingwasthe
timerequiredtocompletetheconsultationcalls,especiallyforthosewithprivatepractices.
Althoughmanyagencymanagersallowedforprotectedtimeforclinicianstoreceivethe
training,somecliniciansinprivatepracticewereunabletocarveouttimetoparticipatein
weeklycalls.Thisbarrierremaineddespiteeffortstoaddressit,includingthetrainerbeing
availableoutsideoftraditionalbusinesshours.
RegardingtheimplementationofYPT,onelimitationoftheprojectwasthatdelivery
ofYPTwastrackedusingself-reportduringconsultationcallsonly.Whilethetrainer
carefullyinquiredaboutandmonitoredfidelitytothemodelwitheachclinician,therewas
nodirectobservationoftheclinician’sservicedelivery,norcollectionofreportsfrom
supervisorsorclientsinmostcases.Further,cliniciansreportedafairamountof
avoidanceonthepartoftheclientandcaregiver.Insomeinstances,cliniciansalso
disclosedtheirownavoidanceduetotheemotionallyintensenatureofthetraumaticevent
beingaddressed.Thetrainerwelcomedthesediscussionsaboutavoidanceandclient,
caregiver,andtherapistreluctancetocompletethetreatmentwasaddressedfromthe
outsetofconsultationandthroughoutthecourseofthecalls.Troublewithshiftingfroma
nondirectivetoadirectiveapproachwasalsoreportedbysomecliniciansduringcalls.In
thesecases,thetrainernormalizedthischallengeandenlistedtheassistanceofother
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 22
membersofthecalltovalidateandsharestrategies.
OurobservationsaresimilartothosedescribedbyHansonetal.(2014),who
interviewed19approvednationalTF-CBTtrainersabouttheirperceptionsofchallengesto
theimplementationofTF-CBT.Trainersbelievedsomeproviderslackedbasictrainingin
CBTandhadtroubleshiftingfromanondirectivetoamoredirectiveapproach.
Intervieweesalsoreportedthatavoidanceofdirectlytalkingaboutthetraumawas
experiencedbothbyclients,caregivers,andattimes,clinicians,andthatthiswasa
significantbarriertothedeliveryofTF-CBTwithfidelity.
Onewaytoimprovefidelitytrackinginthefutureistoincludevideoreviewof
treatmentsessionsaspartofthetraining.Althoughthismayposeabarriertoclinicians
signingupforsuchtraining,improvedandlessexpensivetechnologyismakingtheuseof
thesetrainingmethodsincreasinglypossible.
Anotherlimitationistheverylowrateofpost-treatmentTBHcollection.Although
thetrainertrackedclientprogressthroughclinicianreportqualitativelyduringcalls,itis
possiblethatcliniciansinadvertentlyavoidedpost-treatmentdatacollectionwiththose
clientswhoappearedasiftheywerenotimproving.Further,asthisprojectwasnot
designedasarandomizedcontrolledtrial,thelackofacontrolgroupandthelackof
randomizationofyouthstotreatmentconditionalsolimitthegeneralizabilityofthe
conclusionsthatcanbedrawnfromtheavailableclientdata.Forexample,forasubsetof
individuals,PTSDsymptomscanimprovesimplywiththepassageoftimeandthelackofa
controlgroupmadethisimpossibletoassessinourstudy.
ConclusionsandFutureProspects
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 23
Ourexperiencehighlightsthemajorlimitationsofcommunity-baseddissemination
effortsandprovidessomeinsightsforfuturedirections.Financialincentivesmaybeone
waytoincreasethenumberofclinicianswhoreceivetrainingsinandimplementEBTs.
Somestates,e.g.,CaliforniaandNorthCarolina,withintheirMedicaidprogramsoffersome
programsforhigherreimbursementratesfortheprovisionofEBTsbutthemajorityof
statesand/orprivateinsuranceagencieshavebeenslowtoadoptthispractice.Auditsand
performancefeedbackmaybeothermethodstoenhanceadoptionofEBTsastheyhave
showneffectivenesstoimprovequalityofcareacrossotherhealthcaresectors(Flottorp,
Jamtvedt,Gibis,&McKee,2010).Inthepracticeofpsychotherapy,wheremany,ifnot
most,cliniciansworkoutsideofagencies,andthepsychologicalproblemsarecomplex,
innovativeandnewmethodswillberequiredtomakesubstantialprogressinthisarea.
Inconclusion,findingsfromthepresentprojectindicatethateffectivetraininginan
EBTforPTSDforchildreninvolvedinthechildwelfaresystemispossiblewithminimal
burdenonthetrainer,clinicianand/oragency.However,thisoptimismoughttobe
temperedbythedisappointinglylowproportionsofclinicianswhoelectedtoengagein
suchtraining.Thesefindingsareimportantinlightofthenumerouspreceding
disseminationprojectssupportedwithpublicfundsthatneglectedtogathersuchbasic
metricsasproportionsofclinicianswhoachievedcompetencyandwhetherpatients
improvedornot.Muchworkisneededtomovethefieldforwardandachievethepromise
ofdisseminationofbestpracticesforchildrenandadolescents.
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 24
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Table1
NumberofCliniciansWhoCompletedDifferentLevelsofTrainingineachofNineRegionsandStatewide(PercentageinParentheses)LevelofTraining
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Statewide
Invitedtotraining
70
157
106
86
152
577
500
156
232
2036
Attendedone-daytraining
26
26
28
16
14
51
91
41
42
335/2036(16)
Began
consultationcalls
24
19
13
0
5
8
28
13
7
117/335(35)
CompletedAdvancedtraining
10
6
6
0
2
2
11
5
3
45/117(38)
CompletedBasictraining
4
7
5
0
3
3
8
4
4
38/117(32)
Droppedoutafterlessthantwocalls
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
34/117(29)
One-daytrainedonly(neverbegancalls)
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
218/335(65)
Note.--Datamissing
CLINICIANTRAININGFORTRAUMATIZEDYOUTHS 31
Figure1.Clinicianretentionintraining.“AdvancedTraining”=completedoneYPTcaseandattendedweeklyconsultationcallsoverthreetosixmonths;“BasicTraining”=attendedatleast5consultationcallsoversixmonths.
2,036invitedtotraining
335attended1-daytraining
117beganconsultation
calls
45completedAdvancedTraining
38completedBasic
Training
34didnotcomplete
consultationcalls