a students basic guide to - tafe nsw · a students basic guide to referencing: ... (s) year, book...

A student’s basic guide to referencing:

Harvard style

TAFE NSW Libraries

July 2017

A student’s basic guide to referencing: Harvard style July 2017 V2 Page 1 of 26

Table of Contents Table of Contents

Topic Page

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

Bibliography and Reference List ............................................................................................................................................................. 3

Acceptable abbreviations in the Reference List ....................................................................................................................................

4

Examples

Books ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Translated books .............................................................................................................................. 7

Secondary sources, citing multiple sources, Corporate Author……………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

eBooks ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Theses & Ephemera ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Journals, Newspaper, & Magazine Articles, Articles retrieved from Databases ............................................................................ 10

Figures: Original / Website / Database / Print ............................................................................................................................ 12

Government Publications ..............................................................................................................................................................

13

Standards....................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

ABS, Legal sources ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Acts of Parliament, Bills & Cases .................................................................................................................................................. 15

Conference papers ........................................................................................................................................................................

16

Lecture notes, Motion Picture Videos, DVDs & Online videos ...................................................................................................... 17

TV & Radio Programs, Podcasts ................................................................................................................................................. 18

Webpages, documents from websites ......................................................................................................................................... 19

Facebook and Twitter ................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Blog Posts & Wikis Webpages ...................................................................................................................................................... 21

Personal communications & Music recordings ........................................................................................................................... 22

Sample APA Reference - List .......................................................................................................................................................... 23


Introduction Why reference

Most of the work you produce requires referencing to demonstrate that you have researched and considered the ideas of others in researching your topic or presenting your argument.

Referencing is also necessary because it prevents you from ‘plagiarising’, which can lead to an automatic fail result. Plagiarism is using someone else’s thoughts, words or ideas and writing them as if they were your own.

Referencing tells the reader where the original idea/ information can be found.

What should be referenced?

Anything that you have read or heard that has influenced your writing:

A concept or idea

A paraphrased quote

A direct quote

Personal communication

Class notes

Script or screenplay

A contestable argument

General knowledge does not need to be referenced, for example:

Canberra is the capital of Australia.

But if you read that

‘The Yass – Canberra plains were chosen because of the snow in Dalgety …’ this would have to be referenced.

A contestable argument that would need to be referenced may be:

It is a fact that Lady Denman, rather than the Surveyor Scrivener actually proclaimed the name Canberra.

The Harvard style is an author-date referencing system with two key components:

Citations in the text.

A reference list at the end of the paper.

1. In-text referencing

This is a short notation within the essay, report or written answer, indicating where the source of the information or idea can be found.

Always include the author’s surname, the year of publication and the page number(s) if available.

If there is no author, use the title of the work.

If the author is not known but the organisation which produced the work is known, list the organisation as author.


What is the difference between a Bibliography and a List of References?

A bibliography is comprehensive, as it lists all the reading you did, including background reading. A list of references, on the other hand, contains only the works you have cited in the text of your assignment.

Using referenced quotes Use quotes wisely and don’t use too many – no more than 10% of the essay or report.

Direct quotes (word for word) should be kept to a minimum.

Avoid making your essay/report just a chain of quotes, as this does not show any evidence that you have understood or evaluated what you have read.

Direct quotes (citations) Short quotes

If the quotation is less than about thirty words, it should be contained within the text inside single quotation marks.

For example: Cultural planning in regional communities is central to providing services other than roads, rates and rubbish. Academic and arts critic Drew Blundell claimed ‘a town without art is a place without heart’ (2009, p. 60).

Longer quotes Longer quotations should be set out as separate passages without quotation marks. The passage should be indented and typed in a smaller font or narrower line spacing than the rest of your text.

For example: Many local government advocates believe that planning in regional communities is central to providing services other than roads, rates and rubbish. This strategy is supported by academic and art critic Drew Blundell who argues that

Regional communities facing the challenges of shifting industries have the opportunity to revitalise and to tap into regional flagship programs if the community cultural programme continues. Bureaucrats bent on changing a successful program risk inflicting more harm on towns that are already hurting (2009, p. 13).

Please note that paraphrased information – ideas, concepts, thoughts and arguments from someone else that you have put in your own words - must also be referenced to acknowledge the source.

For example: Regional cultural programs are critical to the health and well being of a community (Blundell, 2009, pp. 13-17).

This guide is created and maintained by TAFE NSW Libraries. This guide is based on the Harvard style as set out in Snooks and Co. (rev.) 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Milton, Qld. Copies are available from all TAFE NSW libraries.

A range of bibliography and reference guides are accessible from your TAFE NSW library website.

Before using this referencing style, check for the style preferred by the Course Coordinator.

Please note: Not all links in this guide will take you directly to the webpage cited. Some may require a login to access the citation. Links may also become out of date

http://tafecat.tafensw.edu.au/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/57/1/506/X/BLASTOFF?user_id=tafeweb


Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list include:

ch. chapter

edn edition

ed. (eds) editor (editors)

Ltd Limited

n.d. no date

n.p. no place

no. number

p. (pp.) page (pages)

ser. series

suppl. supplement

rev. revised

vol. (vols) volume (volumes)

Note that where an abbreviation ends with the last letter of the word, no full stop is required.

Some other points to note:

Book titles are italicised. Minimal capitalisation is recommended. Capitalise only the first word of the title and any proper nouns.

Journal titles are italicised. Maximal capitalisation* is recommended There is no comma or full stop between the authors' names and year of publication. Commas are used to separate all other elements. Give the journal name in full e.g. Journal of Immunology not J Immunol .

Reference entries always finish with a full stop.

Use angle brackets to contain web addresses.

Place of publication is entered as city only unless the location is ambiguous or obscure where a qualification of state or country is added.

Give the publisher as it appears in the item. Do not include the city or state if it is part of the publisher name.

No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication.

In-text citation of multiple authors, use ampersand - & - before last author surname if inside brackets. Use ‘and’ before last author surname if outside brackets.

A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier with a more stable link than a URL to a publication such as a journal article. When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate content. No concluding full stop is necessary following a DOI.

“viewed”, “accessed” “retrieved from” “available from" are sometimes used interchangeably, but “viewed” is used in this document.

*First letters of all words in Journal title are capitalised except articles (unless articles are first word of title eg: the, a,in, of) Subtitles (after a colon) are similarly treated.


Source In-text referencing examples Bibliography/ Reference list examples

Book - Single author The assumption that a child’s personality is largely moulded by parental nurturing has been challenged (Homer 2003, p. 27).

Homer, OJ 2003, Contemporary Australian families, Odyssey Press, Melbourne.

OR Bland (1998, pp. 1-3) argued that parents do significantly influence the personality development of their children.

Bland, R 1998, Are parents the problem?, 2nd edn, Papaya Press, Adelaide.

OR It was argued by Shaw in 2007 (pp. 1-33) that parents do not mould the personality of their children to any significant extent

Shaw, G 2007, Healthy families, People’s Press, Prahran, Vic. • No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication

Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Books by multiple authors

It has been argued that early exposure to commercial television inhibits creativity in children (Black, Smith & Carver 2006, pp. 59-63).

Black, B, Smith, H & Carver, L 2006, Idiot boxers?, Marigold Press, Melbourne.

OR Wilkinson, Blundell and Martin in 2010 (pp. 14-50), suggest that violence in the media desensitises audiences to real violence.

Wilkinson, K, Blundell, A & Martin, JM 2010, Violence in the media, Socialist Press, Sydney.

OR ‘Violence in cartoons can be harmful to toddlers...’ (Mason et al. 2009, p. 7).

Mason, J, Eddie, M, Corliss, H & Black, N 2009, Pacifism is primary, Spinifex Press, Honolulu.

• If more than three authors, list the first author’s name followed by et al.

• List names of all authors in bibliography/ reference list, even if more than three Author Surname, Initial(s), Author Surname, Initial(s) & Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, Publisher, Place of Publication.



Two or more books -one year same author

Employers look for communication skills in all areas (Rushton 2007a, pp. 27-31). • Add a lower case letter immediately after the year to identify the correct source

Rushton, L 2007a, Communicating culture, People’s Press, Lima.

Rushton, L 2007b, Facilitating integrated learning, Waratah Press, Darwin.

No author (Advertising in the Western Cape 2010, p. 14) (Book title Year, page number)

Advertising in the Western Cape 2010, ABC Publishers, Cape Town. Book title Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.

No date Academic study is more challenging (Douglas n.d., p. 203) ... Douglas, G n.d., Studying at university: a student guide, Waupub, Walcha, NSW.

Edited books Climate change science is based on empirical evidence, not opinion (Parnaut 2011, p. 67)

Parnaut, H (ed.) 2011, Climate change conspiracy?, Phoenix House, Melbourne. • Refer to the editor (s) as if they were the author

Book: Chapter, essay or article in an edited book or anthology (Compiled works)

Abbott (2010, p. 32) believes the horror film… Chapter Author(s) Surname (Year, page number) if applicable • Acknowledge author of the chapter or article. Do this also for sections of books, eg prefaces, forewords and introductions • In text, cite the specific item that you use. The details of the book it was published in are listed in the reference list

Abbott, S 2010, ‘High concept thrills and chills: the horror blockbuster’, in I Conrich (ed.), Horror zone: the cultural experience of contemporary horror cinema, I.B. Tauris, London, pp. 27–44. • The entry in the reference list should appear under the name of the author of the chapter, not the editor(s) of the book • Include the name(s) of the editor(s) after the title of the chapter – note that initials in this position appear before the family name • Provide the page numbers of the entire chapter Chapter Author(s) Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Article or Chapter title', in Editor Initial(s) Surname (ed./eds), Book title: subtitle, Publisher, Place of Publication, page numbers of chapter.



Encyclopedias In m-commerce the token can be a symbol string …. (Khashchanskiy & Kustov 2007). • If quoting from an encyclopedia, use page numbers if in print; if online use the method for quoting from an online book • Where the author is identified for entries in print or online encyclopedias, provide the author and year as for other authored sources

Khashchanskiy, V & Kustov, A 2007, 'Acoustic data communication with mobile devices' in D Taniar (ed.), Encyclopedia of mobile computing and commerce, doi: 10.4018/978-1-59904-002-8 • Include encyclopedia sources in the reference list only where the author is identified for individual entries • The web address should be the main website address, not the address of the particular entry you looked up • As with an online book, omit publisher and place of publication details Author Surname, Initials Year, 'Title of entry', in Editor Initial(s) Surname(s) (ed./eds), Title of encyclopedia, doi or viewed Day Month Year, database or <URL>.

Dictionaries The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines political correctness as.. • Cite dictionaries in text by title (as per books with No Author); however, no entry in the reference list is required

Translated book Popowski’s (1796) work provides an approach to the subject that was widely popular at the time.

Popowski, E 1796, The coming of age: a discussion of rites of passage, trans. S Muller, Phoenix Press, Baulkham Hills, NSW. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, trans. Translator Initial(s) Surname, Publisher, Place of Publication.

http://www.lib.uts.edu.au/help/referencing/harvard-uts-referencing-guide/other-sources#dictionaries



When one author refers to another (secondary source)

Ocean acidity is rising (Brown in Jones 2010, p. 34). OR Brown (quoted in Jones 2010, p. 34) suggests that ‘acidity levels..

• Name the original author, then the author of the secondary publication which cites the original (primary) source • Use “cited in” when info about the original source is paraphrased and mentioned in the secondary source • Use “quoted” when the secondary source includes a quote from the original source/study

Jones, G 2010, Ocean acidity, Teatree Press, Darwin.

• List the secondary source (the source that you read)

Citing multiple sources simultaneously in a sentence

For Flower et al. (1990); Mateos & Solé (2009); McGinley (1992) and Spivey (1997) academic reading often involves…

OR Synthesising requires making decisions about organising the material from multiple sources (Flower et al. 1990; Mateos & Solé 2009; McGinley 1992; Spivey 1997).

•When quoting, for clarity quote sources separately

Flower, L, Stein, V, Ackerman, J, Kantz, MJ, McCormick, K & Peck, WC 1990, Reading to write, Oxford University Press, New York.

Mateos, M & Solé, I 2009, 'Synthesising information from various texts: a study of procedures and products at different educational levels', European Journal of Psychology of Education, vol. 24, pp. 435-451.

McGinley, W 1992, 'The role of reading and writing while composing from multiple sources', Reading Research Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 227-248.

Spivey, NN 1997, Reading, writing and the making of meaning: the constructivist metaphor, Academic Press, San Diego.

Corporate author (Organisation as author)

‘Restaurants reviewed were selected randomly and received no financial rewards’ (Australian Catering and Cafes Council 2011).

OR According to the Australian Catering and Cafes Council (2011) restaurants reviewed….

Report compiled by Engineers Without Borders Australia [EWBA] (2015) indicates that… • For corporate authors with long names, spell out the full name of the body and include an abbreviation in square brackets in the first in-text reference.

• Use the abbreviation in subsequent references

Australian Catering and Cafes Council 2011, Good food guide, Gourmet Press, Canberra. Corporate Author Year, Book title, Publisher, Place of Publication.



eBooks freely available

Zoellner (2017, p. 92) suggests • If page number is not available for a quote or paraphrase, include chapter, section, paragraph or figure number (eg, ch. 3, sec 2, para. 1, fig. 5) when available, or n.p. for no page given Zoellner (2017, ch. 3, para. 1) suggests … OR Zoellner (2017, n.p.)

Zoellner D 2017, The Northern Territory’s history of public philanthropy, eBook, viewed 14 April 2017, <https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/vocational-education-and-training>. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, eBook title, format, viewed Day Month Year, <URL >.

eBook accessed via a subscription database

(Woodham 2004)

Woodham, JM 2004, A dictionary of modern design, eBook, viewed 25 July 2007, Oxford Reference Online. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, eBook title, format, viewed Day Month Year, Database.

eBook accessed via an eBook reader

Smith (2008) states that…. OR (Smith 2008)

Smith, A 2008, The wealth of nations, Kindle edition, viewed 20 August 2010, <http://www.amazon.com>. OR Smith, A 2008, The wealth of nations, Adobe Digital Edition, doi: 10.1036/007142363X Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, eBook title, e-reader edition, doi or viewed Day Month Year, Database or <URL>.

eBook: Chapter, essay or article in an edited book or anthology

Harper (2002) analyses….

OR Harper (2002, p. 182)

• Author Surname (Year, page number if applicable) • Similar to an edited print book

Harper, W 2002, ‘Newton’s argument for universal gravitation’, in IB Cohen & GE Smith (eds), The Cambridge companion to Newton, Kindle edition, pp.174-201, viewed 27 June 2016, <http://www.amazon.com>. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Chapter title', Editor Initial(s) Surname(s) (ed./eds), eBook title, e-reader edition, page numbers of chapter, doi or viewed Day Month Year, Database or <URL>.



Ephemera*( pamphlets, brochures, factsheets, and flyers) : print

Ephemera: online

Beyondblue (2010) suggests… Author Surname OR Corporate Author (Year, page number if applicable) (NSW Health 2011)

Beyondblue 2010, Sleeping well, booklet, Beyondblue, Hawthorn West, Vic. Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Corporate Author Year, Title of item, type of publication, Publisher, Place of publication. NSW Health 2011, Welcome to the emergency department, pamphlet, NSW Health, Sydney, viewed 8 August 2012, <http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/resources/hospitals/going_to_hospital/pdf/ed_brochure.pdf>. Author Surname, Initial(s) OR Corporate Author Year, Title of item, type of publication, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Thesis -Print

Unpublished Thesis

Online Thesis

• Use the format for books if citing a published thesis Sakunasingha 2006, p. 36) (Nassif 1984)

• Title of the unpublished thesis is not italicised and is placed in quotation marks. Sakunasingha, B 2006, 'An empirical study into factors influencing the use of value based management tools', DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Title’ abbreviated name of degree thesis, Name of Institution, Location of institution. Nassif, N M 1984, 'Theoretical aspects of the continuously varying schedule process for timber drying', M Eng. thesis, University of Technology Sydney, viewed 23 November 2009, <http://hdl.handle.net/2100/263>. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Title’ abbreviated name of degree thesis, Name of Institution, Location of institution, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Newspaper, journal or magazine articles - print

Author known – 1 Author

Jackson (2007, p. 54) reported that drug therapy in Australia...

Author known – 1 Author

Jackson, A 2007 ‘New approaches to drug therapy’, Psychology Today and Tomorrow, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 54-59.

Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Article title', Newspaper or Magazine Title, volume number, issue number, page range.



Newspaper, journal or magazine articles – print (cont.)

2-3 Authors

(Browne & Hemsley 2010, p. 25)

4 or more Authors (James et al. 2009, p. 249) Author unknown - the title becomes the author. ‘Australia Day has been ruined’ (‘Forget the beer and the barbie’ 2010, p. 1) • If more than three authors, list the first author’s name followed by et al. • Use ampersand - & - before the last name

2-3 Authors

Browne, G & Hemsley, M 2010, 'Housing and living with a mental illness: exploring carers' views', International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 22-9.

4 or more Authors James, KR, Hart, BT, Bailey, PCE & Blinn, DW 2009, 'Impact of secondary salinisation on freshwater ecosystems: effect of experimentally increased salinity on an intermittent floodplain wetland', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 246-58. Author unknown – the title becomes the first entry. ‘Forget the beer and the barbie’, 2010, Lake Macquarie News, 20 December 2010, p. 1. • The names of all authors should be provided in the reference list - do not use et al. • If the journal issue has both a number and an identifier such as a month or quarter, choose one and use it consistently • Journal titles are given maximum capitalisation. Only the first letter of the title is capitalised in journal articles

Newspaper, journal or magazine articles – online

Subscription database

(Kuttner 2003, p. 26)

An examination of the literature (Dale & Hill 2010) showed that work related stress claims…

• Provide the same information as you would for a printed journal/Magazine Newspaper article and add a retrieval statement that will identify the source of this information

Complete URLs should be given for publicly accessible databases; for databases requiring login, use database name.

Kuttner, R 2003, 'The great American pension-fund robbery', Business Week, 8 September, pp. 24-26, viewed 20 January 2012, <http://www.businessweek.com/>.

Kumari Tiwari, R, & Debnath, J 2017, ‘Forensic accounting: A blend of knowledge’, Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, vol. 25, no. 1, pp.73-85, viewed 6 June 2017, ProQuest Central.

• If the journal issue has both a number and an identifier such as a month or quarter, choose one and use it consistently

• Can use the words “accessed” “retrieved” “available from" or “viewed” as required

Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Article title', Newspaper or Magazine Title, Day, Month, page range, doi or viewed Day Month Year, Database or <URL>.



Figures:

viewed in person -

(include Artworks, Charts, Diagrams, Drawings, Graphs, Images, Paintings Photographs, Prints, Tables, etc)

A very colourful vase belonging to that period is Plique a jour (Gustav Gaudernack 1907) • Names of works are italicised • Author/Artist/Creator/Designer and date in brackets after the name

Gaudernack, G 1907, Plique a jour, enamelled vase, Kunstindustrimuseet, Oslo. • The original work such as a painting you physically viewed in a Gallery or Museum, not an online representation Author/Artist/Creator/Designer Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title, format, dimensions (if known), Museum or Gallery, City.

Format includes any other details to describe the item

Figures : Online - In website

Figure 1. (Margund Sallowksy 2006) captures the inventive building design at Bunswick Campus OR The map shows the Parish of Maroota during the 1840s (Map of the Parish of Maroota , County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849) • Figures included in text must be numbered e.g. Figure 1. or Fig.1 or Figs. 1,2,3. Captions need to be descriptive or include the title of the image and placed directly under image

• If there is no named artist/ author, use image title followed by the date

• "Year" refers to the year that the image or artwork was created. If you don’t know the date, use n.d. (no date). If date is approximate, use c. (circa)

Sallowksy, M 2006, RMIT buildings - Brunswick Campus, digital image, RMIT University, viewed 12 January 2012, <http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=218ujxd8tspl1>. Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849, digital image of cartographic material, National Library of Australia, viewed 13 April 2007, <http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-f829>. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title, format, Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Publisher includes name and place of the sponsor of the source if known

Figures : Online - In a subscription database

.....(Le Corbusier Notre-Dame du Haut, exterior, Oxford Art Online database)

Le Corbusier, c. 1950-1954, Notre-Dame du Haut, exterior, digital image, viewed 12 January 2012, Oxford Art Online. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title, format, viewed Day Month Year, Database.

Figures : Print Annie Liebovitz's photographic work Robert La Fosse, New York City 1990 (Liebovitz 2002, fig. 6) captures the essence of the dancer's pain........

Liebovitz, A 2002, Dancers: photographs by Annie Liebovitz, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title, Publisher, Place of Publication.



Government publications – tips

Treat a government document as a book, report, or brochure.

Often the author of government publications is a department or agency. Cite the full name (use correct capitalisation of departments or agencies as they appear in the source) in the first instance and give the abbreviation in brackets. Then use the abbreviation in subsequent references.

If a person is named on the title page, use her or him as author.

If a document has no obvious author, cite the sponsoring agency as the author.

If the authoring organisation is also the publisher, use the author's abbreviated form in the publisher's details.

Document prepared by a branch or other division of a government agency - cite the agency as the author and acknowledge the branch or division after the title (In-text only refer to the agency).

Government publications: Departmental author, print Departmental author, online

What is different about higher education is 'the effective coupling and integration of the generic outcomes of a general education with preparation for specialised and professional participation in the workforce' (Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training 2002, p. 3). Name of Government Agency Year, page number. (Foreign Investment Review Board [FIRB] 2012, p. 1)

For departmental authors with long names, spell out the full name of the body and include an abbreviation in square brackets in the first in-text reference.

Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training 2002, Striving for quality: learning, teaching and scholarship, DEST no. 6891.HERC02A, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Government Name, Name of Government Agency Year, Title, report no. xxx [if available], Publisher, Place of Publication. Foreign Investment Review Board [FIRB] 2012, Australia’s foreign investment framework, FIRB, Canberra, viewed 24 September 2013 <http://www.firb.gov.au/content/guidance/downloads/gn1_jan2012.pdf>. Government Name, Name of Government Agency Year, Title, report no. xxx [if available], Publisher, Place of Publication, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Standards: print Standards: online

…and including data in computer systems, created or received and maintained by an organisation (Standards Australia 1996, p. 7) as well as… Standards Australia (2000) specifies the materials and strength requirements for roof bars. OR The 'rear roof bar shall remain fixed to the roof under a force of 0,5Fa' (Standards Australia International 2000, p. 3)

Standards Australia 1996, Records management, AS 4390, Standards Australia, Sydney. Standards Australia International 2000, Road vehicles: roof load carriers: roof bars, AS 1235-2000, Standards Australia, Sydney, viewed 3 February 2012, <http://infostore.saiglobal.com/store/Details.aspx?ProductID=218577>. Standards Australia Year, Title, AS number, Standards Australia, Sydney, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.



Australian Bureau of Statistics (publication – with identifying number includes report numbers, catalogue numbers, etc.)

(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] 2014) • Use 'Australian Bureau of Statistics' as the Author and ABS in subsequent citations • If included, use ABS catalogue number after the title Use 'cat. no.' for the catalogue number (Australian Bureau of Statistics Year)

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, Overseas arrivals and departures, Australia, cat. no. 3401.0, ABS, viewed 3 October 2014, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/3401.0Main+Features1Aug%202014?OpenDocument>. Australian Bureau of Statistics Year, Title, cat. no. , ABS, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Legal sources- tips Citations of Legislation (Acts, Bills) and Cases may be integrated into the sentence or cited in round brackets at the end of the sentence.

Legislation (Acts, Bills), and Cases are cited in-text by title.

Legislation (Acts, Bills), and Cases are only included in a list of references if they are important to the understanding of the work.

Create a separate section for acts and bills within the reference list, under the sub-heading 'Legislation'. List acts and bills alphabetically.

Create a separate section for cases within the reference list, under the sub-heading 'Cases'. List cases alphabetically.

There is no full stop at the end of reference list entries for Acts, Bills or Cases.

Even if viewed electronically, Legislation (Acts, Bills), and Cases are generally referenced as if in print.

Legislations - Acts, Bills, Regulations, rules and by-laws, should be cited exactly - avoid altering spelling or capitalisation to suit the reference style. Articles (a, an or the) should not be omitted.

Most Acts have a short formal title that can be used for citation purposes.

Legislation viewed in an annotated legislation textbook is cited in Legislation format, not Book format, unless referring to the editorial commentary/analysis, rather than the legislative provision.

Jurisdiction: - make it obvious in the text, e.g. Victoria's Equal opportunity Act 1995 prohibits'… or place the abbreviated information in brackets after the date, e.g. the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) ...

Units of division: - For sections, you may need pinpoint reference abbreviations. These should not appear at the beginning of a sentence. - for Acts and regulations, pinpoint references for page, paragraph, section, clause, etc. can be used . For example, s. = section; pt. =

part, ss = sections. They should not appear at the beginning of a sentence:

Examples: In ss 4-7of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) ... OR The Commonwealth’s Copyright Act 1968, s.4, ...

- for Bills pinpoint references are often to clauses or subclauses. For example, cl. = clause; sub-cl. - for Cases pinpoint reference to a page (number), paragraph (number in square brackets), section ('s' followed by number), etc. Use the

term ‘at’ rather than ‘p’ (for page) eg Greutner v. Everard (1960) 103 CLR 177 at 181



Legislation: Acts of Parliament

It is unlawful for an educational authority to discriminate against a person on the ground of the person's age (Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cwlth)). … (Banking Act 1959 (Cwlth), s. 5) Victoria's Residential Tenancies Act 1997 ... • In subsequent references do not include the date Title of the Act Year (Abbreviation of the jurisdiction Title of the Act Year (Abbreviation of the jurisdiction), section number(s)

Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cwlth) Banking Act 1959 (Cwlth) Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (Vic) Title of the Act Year (abbreviation of the jurisdiction)

When citing legal sources outside Australia, include the country

Legislation: Bills Children’s Services Amendment Bill 2011 (Vic), s.45a states that, 'the Secretary may decide to cancel a service approval to the extent it relates to an approved associated children's service'. Title of Bill Year (Abbreviation of the jurisdiction), section number(s)

Children’s Services Amendment Bill 2011 (Vic) Title of Bill Year (Abbreviation of the jurisdiction)

Bill titles are not italicised as they are not “published” material

Legal Cases The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 54 In Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI (2009) HCA 39 at 27, it is stated that… Case name (Year) volume number Abbreviated name of report series judgement number

Case name (Year) volume number Abbreviated name of report judgement number series at pinpoint.

The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 54 Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI (2009) HCA 39



Conference papers: Use minimal capitalisation for conference names , but maximal for proper nouns such as the name of the organisation included in the conference name, eg, Proceedings of the thirty-third conference of the Society for International Orienteering: ‘where are we now’

For Conference papers, distinguish between: conference proceedings: where the papers presented at a conference have been collected by an editor(s) and published and paper presented at a conference: an (unpublished) item from a conference – not the collection of items from a conference (perhaps found on the internet or as a single manuscript)

The citation pattern will be similar to a chapter in an edited book (see above). Adapt the citation for author or editor(s).

Published conference paper/ Proceedings: - print

Wilde & Cox (2008, p. 115) Wilde, S & Cox, C 2008, 'Principal factors contributing to the competitiveness of tourism destinations at varying stages of development', in S Richardson, L Fredline, A Patiar & M Ternel (eds), CAUTHE 2008: tourism and hospitality research, training and practice: "Where the 'bloody hell' are we?", Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, pp. 115-8.

• Put the conference name in italics

Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Title of paper', in Editor Initial Surname (ed.) Title of published proceedings-may include place held and date, Publisher, Place of Publication, page range.

Published conference paper/ Proceedings: - online

Gurgenci (2011, p. 81) noted that ‘the only geothermal power plant in the country is still the Birdsville geothermal power station’.

Gurgenci, H 2011, ‘What will make EGS geothermal energy a viable Australian renewable energy option?’, in AR Budd (ed.) Proceedings of the 2011 Australian geothermal energy conference, Geoscience Australia, Melbourne, pp. 81–84, viewed 7 July 2016, <http://www.ga.gov.au/webtemp/image_cache/GA20166.pdf>.

• For papers available online, include viewed date and URL (web site address)

Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Title of paper', in Editor Initial and Surname (ed.) Title of published proceedings which may include place held and date, Publisher, Place of Publication, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Unpublished conference paper

(Olasoji & Draganova 2010) • Not all conference papers are collected and published in ‘proceedings’ of a conference

Olasoji, R & Draganova, C 2010, ‘Mobile learning portal for computing students’, paper presented to IADIS international conference, mobile learning 2010, Porto, Portugal, 19 – 21 March 2010. • For unpublished papers, include the phrase ‘paper presented to...’ before the name of the conference. You do not need to put the conference name in italics

Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Title of paper', paper presented to Name of the conference, Place of the conference, date held.



Lecture notes Study Guides

'Illegal or unauthorised access to information does not leave a theft record' (Thomas 2010).

Thomas, B 2010, Security and controls, lecture notes, Systems Design BCO3144, Victoria University, delivered 2 September 2010. • Use the lecturer’s name as source of lecture notes, add Course Name and Code Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title of study guide or lecture notes: subtitle, medium, Course name Unit code, Name of educational body, viewed / delivered Day Month Year.

Motion pictures, videos and DVDs

The life of a shearer is conveyed powerfully in Sunday too far away (1975). The video recording Grumpy meets the orchestra (2009) highlights a range of musical styles.

Sunday too far away 1975, motion picture, South Australian Film Corporation, Adelaide. Grumpy meets the orchestra 2009, video recording, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney. • Format: use motion picture, video recording, DVD as appropriate Movie Title Year of production, format, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Online video Freely available

Online video Database

The basics of accrual vs. cash accounting are set out in a simple model (Foltz 2012) Fukuyama (2006) demonstrates the use of various pieces of equipment for interval training.

Foltz, B 2012, Accounting 101: Accrual accounting in Excel, online video, viewed 28 June 2017, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NC7I5kWNeI>. Title Year, online video, Producer (if available), viewed Day Month Year <URL>.

Include Author details if known Fukuyama, M 2006, Done in 30 minutes, online video, viewed 6 April 2011, Kanopy Database. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title, online video, viewed Day Month Year, Database.

Complete URLs should be given for publicly accessible databases; for databases requiring login, use database name.

For TV programmes, replace online video with television program as in the example below



TV program or Radio program

(Search for meaning 1998)

Search for meaning 1998, radio program, ABC Radio, Sydney, 24 March. Title of program Year of broadcasting, format, Broadcasting station, Day Month of broadcast. Road to nowhere -Part one - Australian story 2012, television program, ABC TV, 6th February, viewed 16 February 2012, <http://www.abc.net.au/austory/specials/roadtonowherepartone/default.htm>. Title of program Year of broadcasting, format, Broadcasting station, Day Month of broadcast, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Online podcasts In 305 AD, Diocletian and Maximian voluntarily abdicated the throne (Duncan 2011). (Small town salvation 2009)

Duncan, M 2011, The history of Rome, audio podcast, accessed 16 February 2012, <http://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/the_history_of_rome/2011/03/129-abdication.html>. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title of podcast, medium, Program Name (if known), Station name (if known) Station location (if known), Day Month of broadcast (if known), accessed Day Month Year, <URL>.

For audio podcasts, use "accessed" rather than "viewed". Small town salvation 2009, video podcast, Compass Television Program, ABC TV, Sydney, 1 November, viewed 16 February 2012, <http://www.abc.net.au/compass/s2707046.htm>.

Title of podcast Year, medium, Program Name (if known), Station name (if known) Station location (if known) Day Month of broadcast (if known), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>. • Works without an author are listed by the first significant word in their title

If you download a podcast from a website, it may be an audio file or a video file. Details of the radio or television program (program name, station name, station location, and broadcast date) should be provided.



Webpages, documents from websites & websites - Tips

In-text citation

Where possible, it is best to cite a webpage rather than an entire website – this provides a more accurate indication of your source. However, to avoid very long URLs, it is acceptable to cite a homepage URL.

When you have printed a document or webpage, do not cite the printed page numbers. This will not assist your reader to find the source.

Page numbers should be provided for documents that are paginated. For unpaginated documents, you may cite the chapter/section heading or the paragraph number.

Reference list Tip: to find the date of a webpage look for 'last updated' date, which is usually in the footer.

Webpage / Document from a webpage: Author known

CSI job descriptions vary throughout the world (Baldwin 2006). 'Sexual violence is not cultural, it is a crime' (Department of Justice 2007, p. 2). It is estimated that between 3 and 8 per cent of pregnant women will develop gestational diabetes around the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy (Diabetes Australia 2010, para. 1).

Baldwin, HB 2006, How to become a CSI, International Crime Scene Investigators Association, viewed 14 February 2012, <http://www.icsia.org/faq.html>. Department of Justice 2007, Step forward: getting help about sexual violence, Northern Territory Department of Justice, viewed 25 August 2010, <www.nt.gov.au>. Diabetes Australia 2010, Gestational diabetes, Diabetes Australia, viewed 26 November 2013, < http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/en/Understanding-Diabetes/What-is-Diabetes/Gestational-Diabetes>. • The Author could be an organisation, rather than an individual Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title, sponsor of site, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Webpage / Document from a webpage: Author unknown

People are now using technology to assist their writing of poetry (Overload Poetry Festival 2011).

Overload Poetry Festival 2011, Beat, viewed 16 February 2012, <http://www.beat.com.au/content/overload-poetry-festival-0>. • If author is unknown use the title of the text and date Title Year, sponsor of site, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.



About Facebook & Twitter posts

Facebook and Twitter posts are generally not considered to be scholarly If you cite them, provide enough information to access the source. Generally

this will include the author or user name, date of post (if available), title of post, the type of post* in square brackets (e.g. [Facebook update] or

[Twitter post]), the retrieval date** and the URL.

*Do not provide type of post if the post has the source included in the URL e.g. www.facebook or https://twitter.

**Do not provide a retrieval date if the post has a specific date associated with it already (e.g., status updates, tweets, photos, and videos.

Provide the name of the page or the content or caption of the post (up to the first 40 words) as the title.

Facebook & Twitter posts – General

Gregory Andrews uses Twitter (http://www.twitter.com/TSCommissioner) and Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/TSCommissioner) to keep citizens up to speed on initiatives regarding Australian Threatened Species.

• To cite Facebook and Twitter in general just mention the URL in text in parenthesis. No reference list entry

Facebook posts – Personal Communications – accounts which are not publicly accessible

Gregory Andrews, Threatened Species Commissioner (personal communication [Facebook], April 10, 2016) asked us to spare a thought for migratory birds today.

• If you paraphrase or quote from social media but your readership is unable to access the content (e.g., because of privacy settings or it is a private message), treat as a personal communication. You may choose to identify the source [Facebook] or [Twitter] as a reference list entry is not required for personal communication

• Information obtained by conversation, letter, interview, private social media posts or email, without supporting data is cited in the text only, NOT in the reference list

http://allfacebook.com/facebook-status-updat_b68871

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/paraphrasing/

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/direct-quotations/



Facebook posts – - publicly accessible accounts Twitter Posts

Threatened Species Commissioner, 2016 (BirdlifeAustralia, 2016). • If you paraphrase or quote retrievable information from social media, provide an in-text citation (with author and date) and a reference list entry

Threatened Species Commissioner 2016, Spare a thought for migratory birds today, 10 April, viewed 20 May 2016, <https://www.facebook.com/TSCommissioner>. BirdlifeAustralia 2016, The Green Growth Plan spells bad news for #carnabysblackcockatoo in Perth, 2 May, viewed 11 November 2017, <https://mobile.twitter.com/BirdlifeOz/status/727377714777198592?p=v>.

Author, Username or Group Name Year, Title of post (up to about 15 words), date month of post, viewed Day Month Year, <url>. You do not need to list the name of the platform (eg. Facebook, Twitter) if it is clear in the url.

Blog or Wiki Blog Vande Moere (2012) ’explores the symbiotic relationship between creative design and the field of information visualisation’ in his blog. Wiki (‘Current research topics’ 2010)

Blog Vande Moere, A 2012, Information aesthetics, weblog, viewed 17 February 2012, <http://infosthetics.com/>. Blog post Wilton, P 2010, ‘Proteins prove their metal’, Oxford science blog, weblog post, 7 July, viewed 17 February 2012, <http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/science_blog/100707.html>. Wiki 'Current research topics' 2010, Robotics wiki 2010, wiki article, 19 October, viewed 17 February 2012, <http://robotics.caltech.edu/wiki/index.php/Main_Page>. • State the owner of the blog or wiki (if known) as follows: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Title of post’, Name of wiki or blog if known, weblog post or wiki article, date of post or article (if applicable), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>. • If author unknown, cite by title

https://mobile.twitter.com/hashtag/carnabysblackcockatoo?src=hash



Personal communications

In an email dated 6 May 2011, Ms C Jones confirmed that… OR It was confirmed recently via email that the crime was committed during daylight hours (C Jones 2011, personal communication, 6 May).

Make reference to the type of communication in the text. For example: During a phone interview conducted on 11 October 2011, Professor Sally Richards stated that... • Obtain the permission of the person being referred to • Initials of the person precede the surname • Consider indicating the role of the person being cited and their organisation

Initial Surname Year, personal communication, Day Month

• Information obtained by conversation, letter, interview, private social media posts or email, without supporting data is cited in the text only, NOT in the reference list

Music recording ‘The road is full of music, stories everywhere’ (Rose 2011).

Rose, C 2011, ‘Roadie’, On travelling free, audio recording, Siren Sounds, Sydney. Artist Surname, Initial(s) Year, ‘Track’, Title of recording, format, Recording company, Place of Publication.


Sample Harvard Reference List /Bibliography

Your Reference List /Bibliography should appear on a separate page at the end of you assignment. List your sources in alphabetical order as in the example below.

Abbott, S 2010, ‘High concept thrills and chills: the horror blockbuster’, in I Conrich (ed.), Horror zone: the cultural experience of contemporary horror cinema, I.B. Tauris, London, pp. 27–44.

Australian Catering and Cafes Council 2011, Good food guide, Gourmet Press, Canberra.

Beyondblue 2010, Sleeping well, booklet, Beyondblue, Hawthorn West, Vic.

Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training 2002, Striving for quality: learning, teaching and scholarship, DEST no. 6891.HERC02A, Australian Government Publishing

Service, Canberra.

Diabetes Australia 2010, Gestational diabetes, Diabetes Australia, viewed 26 November 2013, < http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/en/Understanding-Diabetes/What-is-

Diabetes/Gestational-Diabetes>.

Douglas, G n.d., Studying at university: a student guide, Waupub, Walcha, NSW.

Foltz, B 2012, Accounting 101: Accrual accounting in Excel, online video, viewed 28 June 2017, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NC7I5kWNeI>. Harper, W 2002, ‘Newton’s argument for universal gravitation’, in IB Cohen & GE Smith (eds), The Cambridge companion to Newton, Kindle edition, pp.174-201, viewed 27 June 2016,

<www.amazon.com>.

Homer, OJ 2003, Contemporary Australian families, Odyssey Press, Melbourne.

Jackson, A 2007 ‘New approaches to drug therapy’, Psychology Today and Tomorrow, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 54-59.

Khashchanskiy, V & Kustov, A 2007, 'Acoustic data communication with mobile devices' in D Taniar (ed.), Encyclopedia of mobile computing and commerce, doi: 10.4018/978-1-59904-002-8

Olasoji, R & Draganova, C 2010, ‘Mobile learning portal for computing students’, paper presented to IADIS international conference, mobile learning 2010, Porto, Portugal, 19 – 21 March

2010.

Parnaut, H (ed.) 2011, Climate change conspiracy?, Phoenix House, Melbourne.

Popowski, E 1796, The coming of age: a discussion of rites of passage, trans. S Muller, Phoenix Press, Baulkham Hills, NSW.

Rushton, L 2007a, Communicating culture, People’s Press, Lima.

Rushton, L 2007b, Facilitating integrated learning, Waratah Press, Darwin.

Sallowksy, M 2006, RMIT buildings - Brunswick Campus, digital image, RMIT University, viewed 12 January 2012, <http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=218ujxd8tspl1>.


Sakunasingha, B 2006, 'An empirical study into factors influencing the use of value based management tools', DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW. Smith, A 2008, The wealth of nations, Adobe Digital Edition, doi: 10.1036/007142363X

Threatened Species Commissioner 2016, Spare a thought for migratory birds today, 10 April, viewed 20 May 2016, <https://www.facebook.com/TSCommissioner>. Wilkinson, K, Blundell, A & Martin, JM 2010, Violence in the media, Socialist Press, Sydney.

Zoellner D 2017, The Northern Territory’s history of public philanthropy, eBook, viewed 14 April 2017, <https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/vocational-education-and-training>. Legislation

Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cwlth) Children’s Services Amendment Bill 2011 (Vic)

Cases

Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI (2009) HCA 39

_____________________

*include Legislation and/or Cases/ sections of a reference list only if it is important to an understanding of the work

The copy of this guide on the TAFE wide Equella collection remains the most up to date version. Printed copies are considered uncontrolled.

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