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International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com May 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476
606 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
A Study of Socio- Economic Aspects of Women Entrepreneurs
Dr. Shalini Gupta
Professor of Eminence
Desh Bhagat University
Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab
Mr. Chetan Gupta
International Institute of Management
Bhuvneshwar
Orisha
Women owned businesses are increasing fast in the economies of almost all the countries. The latent entrepreneurial
potentials of women have gradually been coming out with the growing sensitivity to their role and economic status in the
society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women to undertake business ventures.
Women Entrepreneurs generally establish an enterprise to meet their personal needs and become economically
independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who are capable of
contributing values both in family and social life. With the ever growing role of media, women are becoming increasingly
aware of their traits, rights and also the work situations. The glass ceilings are shattered and women are found involved
in every line of business, from pappad to power cables. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women of
digital era are growing so rapidly that the job seekers are turning into job creators. They are flourishing as designers,
interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economic
participation.
The emergence of women entrepreneurs and their contribution to the national economy is quite visible in India. The
number of women entrepreneurs has grown over a period of time, especially in the 1990s. They are making their
presence felt on the entrepreneurial scene in the country despite heavy odds. Although their number might appear small
given the size of the country's population but they have made a significant dent in fighting social discrimination and lack
of access to information, skills and credit.
Research methodology
1. The objective of the study of the socio economic profile of women entrepreneur for this hypothesis
experiments. Hypothesis is the study is that there is no co relation between socio economic profile of women
entrepreneur with the place of entrepreneurship. The women entrepreneurs from manufacturing, trading and
service units having business turnover Rs 10 Crore and above were selected from the Northern region
covering Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Chandigarh. Primary data was collected by taking face to face interview
on a slandered questionnaires and the following
The analysis which follows depicts the socio-economic profile of the women entrepreneurs in India. Besides
the motivational factors, the conceptual factors regarding choice and location of business and choice of
product line have also been discussed in this study.
4.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Socio-economic profile of women entrepreneurs includes information about their age, marital status,
educational level, training level and business experience. The family profile of women entrepreneurs includes
information about their type of family (joint family or nuclear family), occupation and generation levels of the
family.
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com May 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476
2 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
4.1.1 AGE
Age is an important factor which may influence the performance of the entrepreneurs. Age of the women
entrepreneurs varied from less than 35 years to more than 45 years in general at the time of the establishment
of the enterprise. The sample respondents have been categorized into three classes on the basis of the age
group for the purpose of analysis. These classes are: Less than 35 years, 35- 45 years and more than 45 years.
The table 4.1 highlights the frequency distribution of sample women entrepreneurs in terms of their age along
with the chi square value calculated from the data:
Table 4.1
Age of Women Entrepreneurs
State/UT Number of respondents having age of
<35 Years 35-45 years >45
Chi-Square
Χ2
Punjab 6 6 1
3.146
Haryana 2 0 0
Chandigarh 4 3 0
Delhi 5 2 1
Total 17 (56.66%) 11(36.6%) 02(6.6%)
Note: 1. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total respondents
2. Tabulated value of Chi Square at 5% DOF is 12.592
It is evident from table 4.1 that the majority of the women started their entrepreneurial career at an age less
than 35 years (56.66%). This shows that they started their entrepreneurial journey at a quite young age after
completing their education and discharging their matrimonial engagements. The findings of the study match
the results shown by Allen Anderson in his study titled „Why aren‟t there more women managers‟ in which he
opines, “In general women go through the initial hassles of traditional role. Before any woman embarks on a
career she must get her priorities set. She would certainly marry and have a family. But, her husband as well
as her family might have to sacrifice, emotionally as well as practically as she pursues her career, which
obviously can be done after subsequent years of marriage. Women in general drift into a job or become career
minded when at the age of 30-35 they realize that they may have to work for the rest of their life1.”
Some of the women under study were in jobs and gave up their lucrative salary packages for their passions to
start an enterprise. The second category of women who started their enterprise falls in the age group of 35-45
years and it comes to be 36.6% of the total women entrepreneurs under study. The third age group was found
to be of those respondents who started the enterprise at the age of more than 45 years which is 6.6 % of the
total number of respondents. These women seem to be quite matured ones and have started their ventures only
after gaining full, experience and confidence in the field.
The value of chi-square (3.146) was found to be insignificant at 5% level of degree of freedom when
compared with the tabulated value. It indicates that there is no significant relationship between the place of
entrepreneurship and the age of women entrepreneurs under study.
4.1.2 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
Educational level is another important factor which may influence the performance of the entrepreneurs.
There is no doubt that successful women entrepreneurs are reasonably educated. The formal education not
only helps them in acquiring knowledge but also develops the much needed skills and attitudes in their day to
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com May 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476
3 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
day job performance. In a country like India, formal education is always looked upon as an important means
to improve one‟s socio-economic position in the society.
The sample respondents have been categorized into three classes on the basis of their educational qualification
for the purpose of analysis. These classes are: Under-graduates, Graduates and Post-graduates. The table 4.2
highlights the frequency distribution of sample women entrepreneurs in terms of their educational
qualification. In order to know the significant difference between the place of entrepreneurship and the
educational level, chi square value has also been calculated from the data in the table:
Table 4.2
Educational Level of Women Entrepreneurs
State/UT Educational Qualification
Chi-Square
Χ2
Under
Graduate
Graduate Post Graduate
Punjab 03 04 06
5.59 Haryana 0 02 0
Chandigarh 02 04 01
Delhi 01 03 04
Total 06(20%) 13(43.33%) 11(36.67%)
Note: 1. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total respondents
2. Tabulated value of Chi Square at 5% DOF is 12.592
Table 4.2 indicates that the value of chi-square (5.59) was found to be insignificant at 5% level of degree of
freedom when compared with the tabulated value. It indicates that there is no significant relationship between
the place of entrepreneurship and educational qualification of women entrepreneurs under study.
The table reveals that 43.33% of the respondents are graduates and 33.33% of the women entrepreneurs under
study are post-graduates or with some technical/professional qualification. It signifies that majority of the
women under study are with sound educational background. This is a very healthy sign that women with high
educational background are becoming entrepreneurs. They find it not only as a means of financial support but
also as a means to express their minds and convert their talents into their life satisfying activities. Also women
entrepreneurs who are highly qualified are able to negotiate with government policies and procedures well and
are able to withstand challenging times.
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4 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
20% of the women respondents were found to be under-graduates. However in close interviewing, they were
found to be street smart women even with lesser qualifications.
It is a fact that entrepreneurship is a cake not only for the educated but women who are burdened with social
pressures can also have a taste of it. Education is a powerful tool in breaking down barriers in the path of
successful entrepreneurship. This study also reflects that good educational background and success are
directly proportionate to each other. As women are educated, pressure for change, covert or overt, is exerted
on accepted social norms militating against women.
4.1.3 MARITAL STATUS
Marital status of women contributes significantly in the performance of an enterprise. Finney, S.
Ruth2
in his study „Towards a Typology of Women Entrepreneurs-Their Business Ventures and Family‟
concludes that there is always a man who helps to pave the way for a woman desiring to enter into a male
dominated field. The table 4.3 depicts the frequency distribution of sample women entrepreneurs in terms of
their marital status.
Table 4.3
Marital Status of Women Entrepreneurs
State/UT Married Unmarried Widow
Punjab
Haryana
Chandigarh
Delhi
11
01
06
06
01
0
01
01
01
01
0
01
Total 24(80%) 03 (10%) 03 (10%)
Note: 1. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total respondents
The table 4.3 reveals that majority of the women entrepreneurs (80%) were married at the time of the
start of their entrepreneurial career. This signifies that women generally enter into business ventures only after
marriage because they feel that they will fit best into their entrepreneurship only with the help of their
husbands. The table at the same time also highlights that 10% unmarried respondents and 10% widow
respondents of the sample were also successful in their ventures. But during the face to face interview, it was
found that such women entrepreneurs face many difficulties not only in the course of their ventures but also in
getting a proper groom for marriage. The overall conclusion that may be drawn is that the married women
have a better edge on others as for as success of the enterprise is concerned.
4.1.4 FAMILY STRUCTURE
The structure of family of women plays a significant role in her entrepreneurial activities. The sample
respondents have been broadly classified into two categories on the basis of their family structure namely
nuclear and joint families. The table 4.4 highlights the frequency distribution of sample women entrepreneurs
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com May 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476
5 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
in terms of their family structure. In order to know the significant difference between the place of
entrepreneurship and the family structure, chi square value has also been calculated from the data in the table:
Table 4.4
Family Structure of Women Entrepreneurs
State/UT Family Structure Chi-Square
Χ2
Nuclear Joint
Punjab 10 03
0.35
Haryana 01 01
Chandigarh 06 01
Delhi 06 02
Total 23(76.67%) 07(23.33%)
Note: 1. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total respondents
2. Tabulated value of Chi Square at 5% DOF is 7.815
It is evident from table 4.4that value of chi square was found to be insignificant at 5% degree of freedom. This
shows that there is no significant relationship in the family setup of successful women entrepreneurs with the
place of entrepreneurship.
Women entrepreneurs face a lot of challenge when they move out of the protected confines of their homes and
dive into the entrepreneurial sea. A lot of women have to face the problems of joint family as expectations
from husband and in-laws run high. This is also the problem with women who come out from nuclear families
where the issue of balancing life and work is a hassle as most of the respondents started their entrepreneurial
journey early in life and had young children to look after.
As 76.67 % of the women in study come from nuclear families, their interview reveals the challenges they
faced by leaving their young children at home. Many women entrepreneurs confessed that sometimes they felt
very guilty on the ground that they had to spend long hours at their workplace at the cost of their children and
some times they felt that they should give up their enterprise. However, the zeal for entrepreneurship did not
allow this to happen but they accepted that it was not an easy path to tread.
There is no doubt that the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs at the socio-personal level are much
higher than those faced by their male counterparts and this makes women entrepreneurs‟ entrepreneurial
journey tougher and more challenging
4.1.5 FAMILY OCCUPATION
Family occupation has a strong bearing over the choice of career by women. The women who hail
from entrepreneurial families or who get married into such families, naturally develop a the tendency for
leaning towards entrepreneurship. The career of husbands in most of the cases also affects the transformation
of women into entrepreneurs. For the purpose of studying the impact of family occupation of women
entrepreneurs, the occupation of their parents, parents-in-laws and husbands have been taken into
consideration. The tables 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 highlight the frequency distribution of sample women entrepreneurs
in terms of their family occupation.
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6 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
Table 4.5
Family Occupation of Parents of Women Entrepreneurs
State/UT Service Business/
Profession
Agriculture Others
Punjab
Haryana
Chandigarh
Delhi
03
01
03
02
07
01
04
04
02
0
0
0
01
0
0
02
Total 09( 30%) 16 (53.33) 02 (6.67%) 03(10%)
Note: 1. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total respondents
Table 4.6
Family Occupation of Parents in Law of Women Entrepreneurs
State/UT Service Business/
Profession
Agriculture Others
Punjab
Haryana
Chandigarh
Delhi
02
01
02
01
06
01
04
05
02
0
0
0
02
0
0
01
Total 06 (22.22%) 16 (59.25%) 02 (7.40%) 03 (11.11%)
Note: 1. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total respondents
Table 4.7
Family Occupation of Husbands of Women Entrepreneurs
State/UT Service Business/
Profession
Agriculture Others
Punjab
Haryana
Chandigarh
Delhi
02
01
02
01
05
0
0
04
02
0
0
0
02
0
0
01
Total 06 (25%) 13 (54.16%) 02 (8.33%) 03 (12.5%)
Note: 1. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total respondents
The tables 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 reveal that majority of the women entrepreneurs hail from
business/professional families which indicates that business family background plays a vital role in the entry
of women in the world of entrepreneurship. The tables also reveal that a few women entrepreneurs belong to
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7 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
service family background. Besides, even a lesser number of women belong to agriculture and other family
backgrounds. It is evident from the tables that business family background has a strong impact on the success
of women entrepreneurs.
4.1.6 GENERATION LEVELS
The experience in the entrepreneurship affects the success of enterprise. The sample respondents have been
broadly classified into three categories viz. First Generation Level, Second Generation Level and Third
Generation Level. The table 4.8 highlights the frequency distribution of sample women entrepreneurs in
terms of different generation levels. In order to know the significant difference between the place of
entrepreneurship and the generation levels, chi square value has also been calculated from the data in the
table:
Table 4.8
Generation Levels of Women Entrepreneurs
State Generation Levels
Chi-Square
Χ2
First Second Third
3.82 Punjab
Haryana
Chandigarh
Delhi
11
01
04
05
02
01
02
02
0
0
01
01
Total 21 (70%) 07 (23.33%) 02(6.67)
Note: 1. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total respondents
2. Tabulated value of Chi Square at 5% DOF is 12.592
It was found from the table that 70% of the women entrepreneurs under study belong to first level generation
which means that 70% of the respondents under study have the minds and body behind their enterprise. It was
basically their idea to start a business enterprise which they conceived, it would become the strongest and
successful enterprise of the country in times to come. 23.33 % respondents belong to the second generation
and 6.67 % of the women entrepreneurs belong to the third generation entrepreneurs. It is evident from the
value of the chi-square that there is no correlation between the levels of generation and the success of the
women entrepreneurs to the state/union territory they belong to.
4.1.7 FORMAL TRAINING
Successful running of business enterprise requires knowledge, skills and attitude. The sample respondents
have been broadly classified into three categories as for as their training level is concerned for the purpose of
the study. These include entrepreneurs with no training, basic training and professional training. The table 4.9
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8 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
highlights the frequency distribution of sample women entrepreneurs in terms of the training level. In order to
know the significant difference between the place of entrepreneurship and the training levels, chi square value
has also been calculated from the data in the table:
Table 4.9
Training Level of Women Entrepreneurs
State Training Levels Chi-Square
Χ2
No Training Basic Training
Professional
Training
Punjab 06 05 02
11.15
Haryana 0 01 01
Chandigarh 0 03 04
Delhi 0 05 03
Total 06( 20%) 14 (46.67%) 10 (33.33%)
Note: 1. Figures in parentheses show percentage of total respondents
2. Tabulated value of Chi Square at 5% DOF is 12.592
It is no surprise that 80% of the respondents fall in the category of trained entrepreneurs of which 46.67% fall
in the basic training category and the rest in professional training category. It is evident from the table that
value of chi square is insignificant at 5% level of degree of freedom. It shows that there is no significant
relationship between the training level and success of women entrepreneurs at different places of their
business.
The overall analysis of the socio-economic factors brings to light that all the socio-economic factors are
independent of the state/UT to which they belong. The value of chi square in all the above factors was found
insignificant in comparison to the tabulated value which signifies that there is no correlation between the
socio-economic profiles of women entrepreneurs with the place of entrepreneurship. Hence, hypothesis H01 is
accepted.
4.2 MOTIVATIONAL AND OTHER FACTORS FOR STARTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP BY
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
4.2.1 MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS
These factors include to earn money, to secure social prestige, to serve society, to invest surplus funds
of family, to provide employment to others, non-availability of jobs, to motivate other women, to gain
economic independence and to gain sense of achievement. The analysis for the importance of motivational
factors has been carried out as under in table 4.10:
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9 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
Table 4.10
Importance of Motivational Factors
Factors Percentage of Sample Respondents
χ2 MI I N LI LE. I
To Earn Money 33.33 30 10 20 6.67 8.33
To Secure Social Prestige 0 0 20 16.67 63.33 40.33*
To Serve Society 10 20 10 53.33 6.67 22.33*
To Invest Surplus Funds of
Family 0 0 20 0 80 72
*
To Provide Employment to Others 10 30 10 30 20 6
Non-Availability of Job 0 0 10 70 20 51*
To Motivate Other Women 20 20 6.67 33.33 20 5.33
To Gain Economic Independence 73.33 16.67 10 0 0 56.33*
To Gain Sense of Achievement 53.33 26.67 10 10 0 26.33*
Notes: MI=Most Important, I=Important, N=Neutral, LI=Less Important, LE.I=Least Important, *Significant
at 0.05 level
The table 4.10 highlights that 63.33% of the women entrepreneurs have displayed an important reason
to start their business ventures with an eye to earn money. 20% of them categorized them in the less important
grade and for another 6.67%, it is least important. Entrepreneurs like Sapna Gupta purely wanted to combine
their teaching skills with their passion for well groomed personality. She says, “It was least important for me
to focus on money as I was much more enamoured of the drive to train air-hostesses for world class airlines.”
The table reveals that 80% of the women entrepreneurs, which comes out to be vast majority, have given no
importance to secure social prestige. The table further shows that only 30% of the total women in study
displayed a strong emotion to serve the society and 60% of them again categorized a less important factor for
starting the enterprise. Rajni Bector wanted to deliver quality products to the localities as there was a lot of
quality product gap in what was deserved and what was available. It was purely Rajni‟s desires to bring to
people the best that propelled her to start Cremica. For the 53.33% of women entrepreneurs, it was less
important a motivating factor.
All the respondents started small and grew with time over the years. The table depicts that for 80% of women
entrepreneurs in study it was the least important motivating factor to invest surplus funds of the family, as
they were all small and needed small investments. 20% of women entrepreneurs stood neutral to this query.
The table reveals that 40% of the women entrepreneurs under study displayed strong emotions to provide
employment to deserving and help them grow up in life independently. For Poonam Berry of Leader Valves
and Ritu Nanda of Escolife it was a major driving force to generate employment for the deserving candidates
as they felt the deserving lost in the race due to unethical factors which decide job hiring in government
organization. Ms. Blossom Kochhar of Aroma Magic today trains many to become financially and socially
independent. The table shows that for 80% of women entrepreneurs in study non availability of job was a less
important factor. Almost all the women in study belong to respectable families and displayed a high passion to
work on their own rather than on a job. 40 % of the women entrepreneurs wanted a kind of movement to be
started. It was important for them to motivate other women around them to become socially and financially
independent. However, 50% of the respondents showed no concern regarding motivating other women and
preferred to concentrate on their own jobs. Entrepreneurs like Anupama Arya from Mobera Systems and
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10 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
Shalini Verma of Shalin Impex today employ more women with a passion to develop a sense of freedom and
self- respect among women at all levels.
All women entrepreneurs displayed a high emotion to make themselves independent. The table depicts that
90% of the women in study have voted the most important motivating factor to start their own ventures as a
high need to make themselves independent. 10% of the women respondents stood neutral and gave no opinion
regarding this factor. Entrepreneurs like Neelam Handa of Neelam Boutique, Ms. Mridula Jain of Shingora
Shawls, and Archana Nagpal of Anna Enterprises vociferously stand united to work for their financial and
social independence. The high adrenaline which flows in the veins of these young and dashing entrepreneurs
has helped them reach the pinnacle of glory.
The table highlights that a high 80% attribute their growth to their passion for high achievement in life and are
happy that they could make it. 10% of the women stood neutral and 10% dubbed this factor as less important
to them. To quote, entrepreneurs like Kiran Mazumdar Shaw of Biocon, Rajni Bector, Vandana Luthra, Priya
Paul today stand as giant entrepreneurs in a highly male dominated business world and are outstanding
examples for others who wish to establish themselves.
The value of chi square which is significant (more than the table value of 9.488) in respect of certain factors
indicates that there is a significant difference attached to the importance of that factor among the respondent
women entrepreneurs.
4.2.1.1 SECTOR WISE ANALYSIS OF MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS
The motivational factors analyzed above have been further analyzed on the basis of different sectors
to which the women entrepreneurs belong. The table 4.11 depicts different motivational factors for starting an
enterprise on the basis of their importance to the women entrepreneurs in different sectors. Weighted average
score has been calculated for different factors of motivation by assigning weights to the relative importance
given to them by the respondents. The results of mean scores so obtained have been further tested with the
help of one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Table 4.11
Motivational Factors-Sector Wise
Sectors
Factors
Manufacturing Service Trading Value of
‘F’
To earn money
To secure social prestige
To serve society
To invest surplus funds
To provide employment
Non-availability of jobs
To motivate other women
To make oneself independent
To achieve in life
3.86
0.9
1.06
0.93
1.27
1.00
0.8
3.93
3.06
4.5
1.1
1.33
1.00
1.47
1.33
1.06
4.6
3.73
1.3
0.3
0.53
0.27
0.40
0.27
0.33
1.33
1.26
12.34
Note: Tabulated value of F at 5% DOF is 2.51
The table depicts that the highest importance has been given to make one independent by the women
entrepreneurs in all the sectors under study. The next in importance comes the objective of earning money
followed by to achieve something worthwhile in life. It shows that to gain economic independences has been
the most important motivating factor which inspired the women entrepreneurs to start their ventures. It also
shows that for the other factors of motivation, the women entrepreneurs showed less inclination for starting
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11 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
their ventures. From the value of F, it is quite evident that there is a significant difference in the importance
given to different motivational factors by the women entrepreneurs under study. Hence, the hypothesis H02
established for the purpose has been rejected.
4.2.2 CONCEPTUAL FACTORS
These factors reflect the conception of idea regarding the establishment of an enterprise by signifying
the inspiration behind its establishment. These include advice from family members/relatives, impact of well
established women entrepreneurs, advice from friends, encouragement from government officials, business
family background, and easy availability of finance. These factors have been analyzed in table 4.12 as under:
Table 4.12
Importance of Conceptual Factors
Factors Percentage of Sample Respondents
χ2 MI I N LI LT.I
Advice from family members 0 40 30 6.67 23.33 16.33*
Impact of well established women entrepreneurs 10 20 40 30 0 15*
Advice from friends 20 40 10 30 0 15*
Encouragement from government officials 0 0 0 20 80 72*
Business family background 40 40 10 10 0 21*
Easy Availability of Finance 0 50 10 30 10 24*
Notes: MI=Most Important, I=Important, N=Neutral, LI=Less Important, LE.I=Least Important, *Significant
at 0.05 level
There was a strong division when women entrepreneurs were asked how they got the idea of establishing their
enterprises. Table 4.12 shows that while 40% did agree that family members and relatives were instrumental
in helping them establish their enterprise, 6.67% and 23.33% disagreed with this view. It has been observed in
the study that though family members do play an important role of initial role models or guides but they may
also act as barriers to the initial idea of an independent business enterprise by a family woman. 30% of women
entrepreneurs in study do agree that other well established women entrepreneurs did play the part of role
models in their lives and initially they were much enthused by their role models. However, 40% remained
neutral and 30% of them termed this factor as less important.
Friends and well-wishers play an important role in the life of each one of us. It is always said that advice from
sincere friends may help us reach the height of success and fame. Entrepreneurs like Rima Jain, Sangeeta
Bakshi and Sushma Barlia agree that had timely advice and help not come from their close friends, they would
have not reached where they are today. As per the table, 60% of the respondents of the women entrepreneurs
in study stand united when it comes to accepting that encouraging advice from their friends helped them beat
business blues from time to time. It seems government agencies play a very poor role in helping women
entrepreneurs to establish their enterprise. Most women entrepreneurs have openly averred that government
agencies are poorly equipped with technical know- how and financial assistances. All of them unanimously
agree that far from encouragement, government agencies do not even entertain their entrepreneurial case.
The table shows that 80% of the women in study did get the idea of establishing their business enterprises as
they hailed from business backgrounds and their families were doing exceedingly well in their own areas.
Charmed with the success of their husbands and in-laws, they decided to start their own ventures.
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12 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
Entrepreneurs like Priya Paul from Surindera Parks Hotel and Monica Malhotra Kandhari from MBD Group
got their initial taste of business from their business families. 10% of the respondents preferred to be neutral
where as 10% termed it as less important.
The table also shows that 50% of the respondents feel easy availability of finance as a motivating idea to
establish their own enterprise while 40% of them disagree. 10 % of the women entrepreneurs in study remain
neutral.
The value of chi square which is significant (more than the table value of 9.488) in respect of certain factors
indicates that there is a significant difference attached to the importance of that factor among the respondent
women entrepreneurs.
4.2.2.1 SECTOR WISE ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL FACTORS
The conceptual factors analyzed above have been further analyzed on the basis of different sectors to which
the women entrepreneurs belong. Table 4.13 depicts different conceptual factors for starting an enterprise on
the basis of their importance to the women entrepreneurs in different sectors. Weighted average score has
been calculated for different conceptual factors by assigning weights to the relative importance given to them
by the respondents. The results of mean scores have been further tested with the help of one way analysis of
variance (ANOVA).
Table 4.13
Conceptual Factors-Sector Wise
Sectors
Factors
Manufacturing Service Trading Value of
‘F’
Advice from Family members
Impact of well established Women
Entrepreneurs
Advice from Friends
Encouragement from Government
Officials
Business Family Background
Easy Availability of Finance
3.87
1.73
2.40
0.8
3.13
2.67
4.46
1.93
3.00
1.06
3.67
2.93
1.2
0.6
1.13
0.27
1.13
0.87
13.26
Note: Tabulated value of F at 5% DOF is 3.11
The table depicts that the highest importance has been given to advice from the family for establishing an
enterprise by the women entrepreneurs in all the sectors under study. The next in importance comes the
business family background followed by easy availability of finance. It shows that to advice from family
members has been the most important conceptual factor which inspired the women entrepreneurs to start their
ventures. From the value of F, it is quite obvious that there is a significant difference in the importance given
to different conceptual factors by the women entrepreneurs under study. Hence, the hypothesis H03 established
for the purpose has been rejected.
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com May 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476
13 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
4.2.3 CHOICE OF PRODUCT LINE
The factors affecting the choice of product line include high demand of the product, ready market,
high rate of return and limited requirements of mobility. These have been analyzed in table 4.14 as under:
Table 4.14
Choice of Product Line
Factors Percentage of Sample Respondents
χ2 MI I N LI LT.I
High Demand
73.33 16.67 0 10 0 56.33
Ready Market
26.67 43.33 10 20 0 16.33
High Rate of Return 63.33 30 6.67 0 0 44.33
Limited Requirement
of Mobility
26.67 63.33 10 0 0 42.33
Family Business in
the Same Line
20 63.33 10 6.67 0 38.33
Notes: MI=Most Important, I=Important, N=Neutral, LI=Less Important, LE.I=Least Important, *Significant
at 0.05 level
Table 4.14 shows that 90% of the women entrepreneurs attribute high demand factor to be
responsible for the choice of their product line. They believe that initially when they started their ventures it
was easier for them to cater quality products to the existing demand rather than research the market for
potential needs.
Entrepreneurs like Rajni Bector and Sangeeta Bakshi started marketing products which were in high
demand. 10% of the respondents stand against this reason.
The table further highlights that for 70% of the women entrepreneurs in study, the major factor of choosing
product line was a ready market and they did not have to go through the tedious task of creating the need.
Another 20% who catered to a niche market shared that ready market need was not as important and their
product line was developed on certain other factors.
For any sharp businessman returns are generally the most important factor. All the women
entrepreneurs in question agreed that they chose their product lines carefully on the guidelines of high return
on investment.
The table depicts that 93.33% of the women entrepreneurs agreed that it is important for them to select their
product line based on high rate of returns.
As most of the women entrepreneurs who started their ventures were with a family and also had young
children who needed their presence at a hand‟s distance. As per the table 90% of the respondents agreed to the
limited requirement of mobility for the reason that they had to balance their work with their family life.
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com May 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476
14 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
83.33% of the women in study asserted that choice of product line come from their family businesses.
However, 6.67% replied in negative for their family business guidance as a factor responsible for the choice of
their product line.
The value of chi square which is significant (more than the table value of 9.488) in respect of certain factors
indicates that there is a significant difference attached to the importance of that factor among the respondent
women entrepreneurs.
4.2.3.1 SECTOR WISE ANALYSIS OF CHOICE OF PRODUCT LINE
The factors affecting choice of product line analyzed above have been further analyzed on the basis of
different sectors to which the women entrepreneurs belong. The table 4.15 depicts different factors affecting
the choice of product line for starting an enterprise on the basis of their importance to the women
entrepreneurs in different sectors. Weighted average score has been calculated for different factors by
assigning weights to the relative importance given to them by the respondents. The results of mean scores
have been further tested with the help of one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Table 4.15
Analysis of Choice of Product Line- Sector wise
Sectors
Factors
Manufacturing Service Trading Value of ‘F’
High Demand
Ready Market
High Rate of Return
Limited Requirement of Mobility
Family Business in the same Line
3.6
3.27
3.6
3.2
3.46
4.27
3.53
4.13
3.67
4.0
1.27
1.06
1.27
1.06
1.0
13.20
Note: Tabulated value of F at 5% DOF is 3.48
The table highlights that the highest importance has been given to high demand and high rate of return for
selecting the product line for establishing an enterprise by the women entrepreneurs in all the sectors under
study. The next in importance comes the family business in the same line followed by ready market and
limited requirements of mobility. From the value of F it is quite clear that there is a significant difference in
the importance given to different factors for choosing the product line by the women entrepreneurs under
study. Hence, the hypothesis H04 established for the purpose has been rejected.
The overall analysis of the socio-economic factors brings to light that these factors have no correlation with
the success and place of the entrepreneurship. In the same way, the analysis carried out for motivational and
other factors shows that there is a significant difference in the importance given to different factors by the
women entrepreneurs under study.
International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences
www.ijetmas.com May 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476
15 Dr. Shalini Gupta, Mr. Chetan Gupta
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