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A~axt exfg dlso{ssl`c tbk uaxlf{s ~xkuamk`t aghluamk`oks- aghlc{ltlks- of`e{slf`s a`d

of`txadlotlf`s l` amm ga``kx fe O^L"G,s oxltlolsgs a~~xfaob a`d attlt{dk tfaxds tbk [^A

cfukx`gk`t uls''uls tbk gkdla s ~kxok~tlf` fe tbk O^L"G,s aotlultlks l` tbk ~ast f`k

|kax a`d a~axt exfg dkaml`c ltb tbk obaxaotkxlstlo ldkfmfcloam sblets a`d oba`cks l`

O^L"G,s sta`d a`d ~fmlolks f` uaxlf{s lss{ks ltb dleekxk`t ~kxs~kotluks - tbls ~xksk`tatlf`

lmm amsf bauk l` lts dlsoxktlf` a xlcbt tf oxltloamm| a`am|zk bat tbk O^G aot{amm| a`ts

tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t tf df.

Hkefxk cfl`c e{xtbkx f` tbk ~atb fe mffil`c l`tf amm tbksk dktalms l` tbk ~ma|cxf{`d fe

of`tkg~fxax| L`dla` ~fmltlos- elxst fe amm k lmm bauk tf {`dkxsta`d tbk e{`dagk`tam

`at{xk- obaxaotkx a`d stx{ot{xk fe tbk Ofgg{`lst ^axt| fe L`dla "Gaxrlst, ltb a hxfad

f{tmffi- xatlf`am a~~xfaob a`d oxltloam eao{mt| fe gl`d.

Baul`c a cxkat {`dkxsta`dl`c fe tbk L`dla` ^s|obk- tbk O^G i`k ukx| kmm tbat lt f{md

`kukx oatob tbk ea`o| fe tbk L`dla` ~kf~mk- bfkukx oatob| lts smfca`s ga| hk a`d tbls as

tbk xkasf` tbat tf s~xkad lts axka fe l`em{k`ok lt adf~tkd tbk d{hlf{s ~fmlo| fe l`elmtxatlf`

l`tf ~fmltloam ~axtlks l` ~fkx tf l`em{k`ok tbklx fxil`c a`d tf xkoi tbfsk fxca`lzatlf`s

exfg ltbl`. Ofgg{`lst hkbaulf{x a`d ~fmlo| bas ama|s hkk` d{hlf{s- dlsx{~tluk a`d

dkok~tluk. L` ~xk'l`dk~k`dk`ok ~kxlfd lt s`kaikd l`tf tbk Of`cxkss {`dkx tbk `agk a`d

st|mk fe Of`cxkss _folamlst ^axt|. Sbk` l` 1

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dkgfoxao| tbf{cb lt dld ama|s ~xktk`d tf hk lts obag~lf`. Lt tbxluks l` tbk dlotatfxsbl~ fe

tbk ~xfmktaxlat. L` [__X ofgg{`lsts kstahmlsbkd tbklx stxf`cbfmd f`m| hkoa{sk fe tbk

tfxt{xk obaghkxs fe _taml`. Tbf{sa`ds fe ~kf~mk bf dld `ft acxkk ltb _taml` kxk

h{tobkxkd l` tbk gfst l`b{ga` ga``kx. ^kf~mk dld `ft i`f bat ba~~k`kd tf tbklx

~axk`ts- oblmdxk` a`d exlk`ds taik` aa| h| tbk X{ssla` adgl`lstxatlf`. Tbk L`dla`

ofgg{`lsts df xkgkghkx tbk dlotatfxlam xkclgk fe Bltmkx a`d bls oxlgks- h{t kaslm| cmfat

fukx bat _taml` dld l` [__X. Amtbf{cb _taml`s s{ookssfxs- Ibx{sbobku a`d Hxkzb`ku dld

catbkx sfgk agf{`t fe gfxam stxk`ctb tf dk`f{`ok _taml`- h{t tbk lxf`| ls tbat tbk L`dla`

hxa`d fe ofgg{`lsts ~xkekxxkd tf xkgal` g{tk.

L`em{k`okd h| efxklc` ldkfmfc|- `atlf`amlsg bas `kukx hkk` tbk stxf`c ~fl`t fe tbk L`dla`

ofgg{`lsts. L` L`dla tbk| bauk dls~ma|kd tbklx xa`i f~~fxt{`lsg xlcbt exfg tbk hkcl``l`c.Sbk` Ca`dbl cauk tbk Q{lt L`dla oamm- lt kxk tbk ofgg{`lsts bf sldkd ltb tbk Hxltlsb

a`d a`tkd tbkg tf sta| f`- a`d tbk Of`cxkss tf s{~~fxt tbk Sax. Sbk` tbk Mketlsts ef{`d

`f taikxs agf`c tbk ~kf~mk fe L`dla efx tbklx l`eagf{s dfotxl`k tbat ~fkx emfs tbxf{cb

tbk haxxkm fe tbk c{`- tbk| oba`ckd tbklx taotlos- a`d jfl`kd kmkotfxam ~fmltlos. _l`ok tlmm

1

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ltbf{t xks~f`slhlmlt|. Lt ls {s{x~l`c amm tbk oxkdlt efx kukx|tbl`c ~fsltluk tbat [^A dfks-

a`d ~assks f` tbk hmagk tf tbk [^A efx kukx|tbl`c cfl`c xf`c. Lt ls k`jf|l`c hftb tbk

fxmds- tbk x{ml`c a`d tbk f~~fsltlf`.

Xkukxsl`c tbk oask fe tbk hlc elsb dkuf{xl`c a sgamm f`k- tbk sgamm elsb fe tbk Mketlsts ls

tx|l`c- a`d ltb s{ookss tf a cxkat krtk`t tf sammf tbk hlc elsb fe [^A a`d Of`cxkss. Hk

lt tbk oask fe l`oxkask l` tbk ~xloks fe ~ktxfm- dlkskm- offil`c cas- ~fkx- atkx- EDL l`

okxtal` skotfxs- ^_[ dlsl`ukstgk`t- a`d amm ftbkx ga``kx fe dfgkstlo a`d efxklc` ~fmlolks

ltb s~kolam xkekxk`ok tf kof`fglo ~fmlolks fe tbk [^A- tbk Mketlsts bauk hkk` as hxauk l`

f~~fsl`c lt l` tbk ~xl`t a`d kmkotxf`lo gkdla as tb| axk kai l` mkttl`c [^A bauk lts a| l`

tbksk gattkxs. L` tbk mast kki fe Fotfhkx- tbk| fxca`lzkd a` amm'L`dla stxlik acal`st tbksk

gkas{xks fe tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t tbk| s{~~fxt.

Tbk gfgk`t tbk| cf lmd l` tbklx dk`{`olatlf` fe [^A ~fmlolks- lggkdlatkm| ofgks a`

l`ultatlf` kltbkx exfg tbk bkad fe tbk cfukx`gk`t- tbk ^xlgk Gl`lstkx fx exfg bkad fe tbk

ofamltlf` a`d Of`cxkss- _f`la Ca`dbl efx a exlk`dm| gkktl`c at m{`ob- dl``kx fx hxkaieast.

L` tbk skkt sgkmm a`d emauf{x fe tbk gf{tbatkxl`c o{lsl`k skxukd at tbk gkktl`cs- tbk

~mlcbt fe tbk ofggf` ga` ckts dxf`kd a`d ck`kxamm| f` gfst fe tbk fooaslf`s- tbk Mket

mkadkxs oagk f{t satlselkd ltb tbklx tamis. Tbk| auk xkd emacs l` ~{hmlo a`d cluk a cxkk`

slc`am tf tbk [^A at tbksk ~xluatk gkktl`cs. Sblmk g{`obl`c tbksk dkmloaolks tbk| skkg

a~fmfcktlo tf Ga`gfba`s cfukx`gk`t efx tbklx ~{hmlo of`d{ot h{t kr~mal` aa| tbklx

ofg~{mslf` tf adf~t s{ob ~{hmlo sta`ok tf s{xuluk l` tbk ~fmltlos fe tfda|. Ftbkxlsk- bf

oa` tbk| kr~mal` tbklx of`txadlotfx| hkbaulf{x6 Lg~fxta`t O^G mkadkxs axk f` xkofxd

baul`c sald sf ga`| tlgks tbat [^A sbf{md `ft taik tbklx s{~~fxt efx cxa`tkd. Tbk| bauk

fetk` sald ukx| hxaukm| l` tbk ~{hmlo tbat k df `ft f`m| haxi- k oa` hltk tff. H{t d{xl`c

tbk mast 88 gf`tbs f` amm tbk lg~fxta`t lss{ks blob- l` tbklx ~kxok~tlf` bauk dlxkotm| b{xt

tbk ofggf` ga`- tbk| bauk ealmkd tf hltk kuk` f`ok. Lt `f a~~kaxs tbat kltbkx tbklx haxi ls

bfmmf- fx tbk| df `ft i`f bf tf hltk kuk` bk` ~xfufikd a`d obammk`ckd fx tbk| df`t

bauk tbk tkktb tf hltk fx tbklx tkktb sta`d hxfik`.

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Tbk [^A a`d tbk ofgg{`lsts axk ~xksk`tl`c a stxa`ck ~bk`fgk`f` fe ofamltlf` ~fmltlos l`

blob tbk of`emlots a`d of`txadlotlf`s f{t`{ghkx tbk {`a`lglt| fe tbf{cbt a`d aotlf`.

Kukx| ftbkx da|- f{x `ks gkdla emasb tbk xk~fxt fe f`k Mket of`stlt{k`t fx tbk ftbkx

ammkcl`c tbat tbk cfukx`gk`t ls cfl`c astxa| f` tbk ~xfulslf`s fe tbk @atlf`am Ofggf`

Gl`lg{g ^xfcxaggk "@OG^, acxkkd tf h| tbkg. Bkxk f`k sa` skk tbat tbk dlukxck`ok fe

ulks ls gfxk ~xfgl`k`t tbat tbk s~bkxk fe acxkkgk`t. Tbk {`dkxm|l`c gkssack exfg tbk

Gaxrlsts ls tbat lts s{~~fxt tf tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t ls a gattkx fe ofg~{mslf` a`d dfks `ft

stkg exfg a`| ~fmltloam of`ulotlf`. Tbat s~kais ufm{gks efx tbk ~fmltloam ldkfmfclks fe tbk

Mket ~axtlks a`d tbklx of`ulotlf`s a`d ~xl`ol~mks. Lt bas `f`k a`d dls~ma|kd `f`k. Amm lt bas

ls lts sbfxt tkxg stxatkc| tf ~xfgftk lts `axxf skmelsb ack`da a`d ukstkd l`tkxksts. @ftbl`c

gfxk. Of`okx` efx ~kf~mks l`tkxksts a`d tkaxs efx tbk ~ffx a`d fxil`c omass axk j{st a

bfar.

Aetkx dlso{ssl`c tbk a~~xfaobks a`d aotlf`s fe tbk ofgg{`lsts exfg tbk ~xk'L`dk~k`dk`ok

~kxlfd tf tbk ~xksk`t datk- `f tbls ~a~kx bas xkaobkd a ~fl`t bk` k lmm a`am|zk tbk

O^Gs oxltlolsgs fe tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t f` uaxlf{s exf`ts mlik dfgkstlo- efxklc`-

kof`fglo- kto ofg~xlsl`c ga`| lss{ks l` a dktalmkd a`d ofg~xkbk`sluk ga``kx tail`c l`tf

aoof{`t fe amm tbk ulks a`d oxltlolsgs gadk h| tbk gkdla fe O^Gs oxltlolzl`c attlt{dk

tfaxds tbk ~fmlolks fe tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t.

Tbk O^Gs oxltlolsgs axk fe uaxlkd a`d dleekxk`t `at{xk xa`cl`c exfg tbk lss{ks fe ^atk`t

Hlmm tf tbk ^k`slf` Hlmm a`d exfg dlsl`ukstgk`t lss{k tf tbk L`df'[_ {omkax dkam. F` Lxa`

uftl`c lss{k- tbk O^G oxltlolzkd tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t efx uftl`c ltb tbk kst acal`st Lxa`

at tbk LAKA hfaxd gkktl`c f` _k~tkghkx 84 at Ulk``a tf xkekx tf tbk [`ltkd @atlf`s

_ko{xlt| Of{`olm lss{ks xkmatkd tf Lxa`s `{omkax ~xfcxaggk. Tbk O^G sa lt as a`

aha`df`gk`t fe @f`'Amlc`gk`t- as aotl`c {`dkx ~xkss{xk exfg tbk [_- as ulxt{amm|

of`ukxtl`c L`dla l`tf a` amm| fe tbk [_ dfl`c lggk`sk dagack tf L`dlas sta`dl`c agf`c

tbk @f` Amlc`kd a`d dkukmf~l`c of{`txlks. Lt ax`kd tbat tbk cfukx`gk`t sbf{md i`f

tbat lts ~xf'[_ sta`d f` tbk Lxa`la` lss{k lmm `ft hk aook~tahmk tf tbk ~kf~mk fe L`dla. 1

1 L`dla |lkmdkd tf [_ ~xkss{xk- sa|s Mket- @kk`a U|as- Tbk Bl`d{- _k~tkghkx 8;- 8>>;.

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Lt amsf cauk lts ofgga`d tf tbk cfukx`gk`t tbat bk` l` @fukghkx tbk Lxa` `{omkax

q{kstlf` acal` oagk {~ hkefxk tbk LAKA- L`dla bas tf taik a sta`d l` of`sf`a`ok ltb a`

l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo| a`d `atlf`am l`tkxksts8- a`d tbk cfukx`gk`t g{st f~~fsk a`|

dlsoxlgl`atfx| txkatgk`t tf Lxa`? a`d lt sbf{md `ft k`dfxsk tbk hmaoigalm h| tbk `{omkax

bauks4. O^G ck`kxam skoxktax| ^xaiasb Iaxat- blmk of`dkg`l`c tbk cfukx`gk`ts sta`d

l` Lxa`- sald- L`dla'Lxa` xkmatlf`s of{md `ft hk bkmd bfstack tf tbk [_; a`d tbk [^A

cfukx`gk`t g{st aot l` L`dla s l`tkxksts a`d ~{xs{k a` l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo|. Efx

blg lt ls lg~fxta`t `ft tf cluk l` tf tbk [_ ~xkss{xk 5. Tbk O^Gs ulk as tbat tbk

Ga`gfba` _l`cb cfukx`gk`t bas oaukd l`tf tbk [_ ~xkss{xk3 a`d aoofxdl`c tf ^xaiasb

Iaxat- tbk ^xlgk Gl`lstkx ls dlxkotm| xks~f`slhmk efx tbls statk fe aeealxs2 a`d tbk O^G

a`d tbk Mket ~axtlks oa``ft of{`tk`a`ok tbls `k dlxkotlf` fe efxklc` ~fmlo| j{st tf hk a hk`kelolax| le tbk L`df'[_ `{omkax

acxkkgk`t. Bk e{xtbkx axc{kd tbat tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t bas taik` a gajfx stk~ blob

adukxskm| aeekots L`dlas l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo| a`d lts stat{s l` tbk @f`' Amlc`kd

gfukgk`t-11 a`d lt bas dkmlhkxatkm| lc`fxkd tbk lggfxam a`d lmmkcam ~fsltlf` fe tbk [_

a`d Skstkx` ~fkxs18. Sblmk {ttkxl`c bls ulks tbat h| uftl`c ltb tbk [_- L dla ls

hkofgl`c ~axt| tf a`ftbkx l`eagf{s krkxolsk l` l`tlgldatlf` a`d ofkxolf` acal`st a

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Lhld.-; Df`t cluk l`tf ~xkss{xk f` Lxa`- Tbk Bl`d{- _k~tkghkx 13-8>>;.5Lhld.-"q{ftkd exfg kf~mks Dkgfoxao|,3Mket skks xkd- cfut xkh{ts- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- _k~tkghkx 85- 8>>; "amsf l` ^kf~mks Dkgfoxao|- _k~tkghkx

8;- 8>>;-^c 1,2

Iaxat blts f{t at ^G f` Lxa` uftk- Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- _k~tkghkx ?>- 8>>; "amsf l` ^kf~mks Dkgfoxao|-

Fotfhkx 8- 8>>;- ^c ?,L`dlas l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo| aeekotkd :Iaxat- Tbk Bl`d{- _k~tkghkx ?>- 8>>;"amsf l` ^kf~mks

Dkgfoxao|- Fotfhkx 8- 8>>;- ^c ?,11

Lhld.-18

^kf~mks Dkgfoxao|- Fotfhkx 8- 8>>;- ^c ?.1? Lhld.- "amsf l` L`dlas l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo| aeekotkd :Iaxat- Tbk Bl`d{- _k~tkghkx ?>- 8>>;,14 Lhld.-

1;Lhld.-

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of{`tx| ltb blob lt bas exlk`dm| xkmatlf`s a`d ultam k`kxc| staiks1?- Iaxat oa{tlf`kd tbk

cfukx`gk`t tbat h| tbk `krt hfaxd gkktl`c fe tbk LAKA l` @fukghkx- tbk L`dla`

Cfukx`gk`t lmm bauk tf {`df tbk dagack df`k14 hkoa{sk Lxa`la` `{omkax lss{k ls `ft a

elt oask efx xkekxxl`c tf tbk [`ltkd @atlf`s _ko{xlt| Of{`olm1; a`d tf gaik tbk L`dla`

cfukx`gk`t adf~t s{ob a ~fsltlf`- bk dkomaxkd tbk `koksslt| efx amm tbk Mket a`d

dkgfoxatlo efxoks tf gfhlmlzk tbk ~kf~mk l` dkek`sk fe a` l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo|15.

Tbk ~fmlth{xf fe tbk O^L"G, lss{kd a statkgk`t f` _k~tkghkx 8;-8>>; blob sa|s tbat tbk

xksfm{tlf` adf~tkd h| tbk l`tkx`atlf`am atfglo k`kxc| ack`o|"LAKA, f` tbk Lxa` `{omkax

lss{k ls {`j{stlelahmk a`d f`k'sldkd13 a`d lt ls sbagke{m tbat L`dla bas uftkd ltb tbk [_

a`d tbk Skstkx` of{`txlks tf xkekx Lxa` tf tbk [@ _ko{xlt| Of{`olm {`mkss lt ofg~mlks ltb

tbk dkga`ds gadk12.Oxltlolzl`c tbk ~xf'Agkxloa` tlmt l` L`dlas efxklc` ~fmlo|- Gaxrlstmkadkx _ltaxag \kob{x| kuk` a`tkd tbk of`stlt{tlf` tf hk agk`dkd tf gaik lt ga`datfx|

efx tbk cfukx`gk`t tf skki ^axmlagk`ts a~~xfuam f` lg~fxta`t efxklc` ~fmlo| dkolslf`s

mlik tbk uftk f` Lxa`. Kr~mal`l`c tbk tbkfxktloam a~~xfaob fe bls ~axt|- bk- blmk s~kail`c tf

tbk HHO Bl`dl _kxulok aetkx L`dla uftkd acal`st Lxa` at tbk l`tkx`atlf`am atfglo k`kxc|

ack`o|"LAKA, gkktl`c- sald- f{x {`dkxsta`dl`c ls tbat l` tbk ~xksk`t olxo{gsta`oks- tlgk

bas ofgk efx agk`dl`c tbk of`stlt{tlf` tf gaik lt fhmlcatfx| efx tbk cfukx`gk`t tf skk tbk

a~~xfuam fe ^axmlagk`t hkefxk tail`c a ik| efxklc` ~fmlo| dkolslf` a`d tbk slc`l`c fe

l`tkx`atlf`am txkatlks- blob ls `ft xkq{lxkd ~xksk`tm|1

14Lhld.-

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15Lhld.-

13^kf~mks Dkgfoxao|-_k~tkghkx8;-8>>;-^c 1."amsf l` Mket skks xkd- cfut xkh{ts- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b-

_k~tkghkx 85- 8>>;,12

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Xks~f`dl`c tf a q{kstlf` fe [^A cfukx`gk`ts l`sk`sltluk`kss efk Mket ~axtlks of`okx`s

a`d tail`c tbkg efx cxa`tkd- bk sa|s lt ls `ft ofxxkot tf sa| tbls. Bfkukx f` tbls

~axtlo{max lss{k "uftl`c acal`st Lxa`,- lt ls dkel`ltk tbat tbk cfukx`gk`t bas `ft ofg~mktkm|

mlstk`kd tf {s81. F` tbls lss{k tbk O^G of`sta`tm| ax`kd a`d tbxkatk`kd tbk cfukx`gk`t

tf ltbdxa s{~~fxt a~axt exfg gail`c ~xftksts- stxliks a`d acltatlf`s. Tbk| txlkd tbklx

hkst tf ikk~ a ~xkss{xk f` tbk cfukx`gk`t tf aook~t tbklx dkga`ds. As \kob{x| sald l` tbk

of`tl`{atlf` fe bls l`tkxulk l` tbk HHO Bl`dl _kxulok tbat le tbk cfukx`gk`t l`slsts tbat

lt a`ts tf oaxx| f` mlik lt bas df`k f` tbk Lxa` lss{k- tbk` lt sbf{md amsf i`f tbk

of`skq{k`oks. Le lt a`ts tf cf tf tbat mkukm tbk` k f{md amsf skk l` tbk ofgl`c da|s f`

bat tf df88.

^xaiasb Iaxat- ck`kxam skoxktax| fe tbk O^L "G, tfmd l` a` l`tkxulk tbat tbk dkolslf` tfxldk ltb tbk [_ a`d tbk K.[. of{`txlks at Ulk``a as a skxlf{s dk~axt{xk exfg L`dlas

l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo| a`d exfg tbk ofggf` l`tkxksts fe @AG of{`txlks8?. Bk sald

tbat tbk O^L "G, ~ma``kd tf fxca`lzk `atlf`'ldk xammlks tf ~xftkst acal`st tbk

cfukx`gk`ts sta`d f` Lxa`84. Txkatl`c tbls lss{k as a mltg{s tkst fe tbk cfukx`gk`t- Iaxat

sald- le tbk cfukx`gk`t taiks a sta`d acal`st Lxa` at tbk `krt LAKA gkktl`c "sobkd{mkd tf

hk bkmd f` @fukghkx 84,- tbk Mket lmm xalsk tbk gattkx l` ^axmlagk`t8;. Tb{s exfg tbk

ahfukgk`tlf`kd eaots lt ls omkax `f tbat tbk O^G sbfkd a cxkat il`d fe xksk`tgk`t

acal`st tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t.

As eax as tbk gkdlas oxltlolsg fe O^Gs sta`d f` tbls lss{k ltb tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t ls

of`okx`kd- tbat ls amsf l` ~mk`t|. Krok~t tbk Bl`d{ a`d tbk Exf`tml`k blob kr~xksskd

h| ~{xsl`c tbklx ml~s a`d gal`tal`l`c a stf`| slmk`ok- amgfst amm `ks~a~kxs a`d gacazl`ks

kxk oxltloam tfaxds tbk O^G. Xkjkotl`c amm tbk cfukx`gk`ts axc{gk`ts- tbk O^G

omalgkd tbat tbk dkolslf` bad hkk` taik` {`dkx Agkxloa` ~xkss{xk- of`skq{k`tm|

s|ghfmlzl`c L`dlas l`ahlmlt| tf of`d{ot a` l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo| a`d lt asikd tbk

cfukx`gk`t tf xkulsk lts sta`d f` Lxa` at tbk `krt gkktl`c fe LAKA l` @fukghkx-

81 Lhld.-88Lhld.-8?

Tbk L`dlas Ufmtk' eaok- Jfb` Obkxla` -Exf`tml`k- Fotfhkx 81-8>>;- ^c 1?>84

Lhld.- ^c 1?1.8;

Tbk Hama`ol`c Aot- _a{xahb _b{ima- L`dla Tfda|- @fukghkx 82- 8>>;- ^c ?8.

8/8/2019 A SURVEY INTO THE CPMS APPROACH TOWARDS THE CONGRESS AND THE MEDIAS CRITICISMS OF CPM, 2004-20

10/45

ftbkxlsk le lt uftks tbk a| lt dld l` _k~tkghkx- lt f{md eaok skxlf{s of`skq{k`oks fe

blob f`k of{md hk tbk O^G a`d ftbkx ammlks jfl`l`c ba`ds tfcktbkx tf k`s{xk tbk

cfukx`gk`t el`ds lt dleelo{mt tf stkkx ~k`dl`c mkclsmatlf` l` ^axmlagk`t- tbk cfukx`gk`t

amf`k lmm `ft hk ahmk tf glstkx adkq{atk `{ghkx tf of`d{ot lts mkclsmatlf` h{sl`kss. H{t

batkukx tbk dkolslf` f` tbk uftk- tbk cfukx`gk`t amsf dfks`t lsb tf hk skk` as baul`c

lts efxklc` ~fmlo| l`em{k`okd h| tbk Mket85. Lxa` ls tbk i`lek tbk Mket bas hkk` dxlul`c l`tf

tbk Of`cxkss a` l`ob dkk~kx kukx| kki83.

Tbk jfl`t xamm| tbk Mket a`d tbk _^ bkmd l` M{oi`f f` tbk lss{k f` @fukghkx 14 xkkikd

fe ~fmltloam hmaoigalm- a` kr~xksslf` fe tbk Mkets lmml`c`kss tf {sk tbk `{ghkxs cagk l`

^axmlagk`t tf ba`dloa~ tbk cfukx`gk`t82. Tbk Of`cxkss ls l`dkkd kmkotfxamm| stlmm tff

kai tf taik tbk Mkets obammk`ck gatob tbxkat ltb tbxkat. Tbk Lxa` lss{k bas hxf{cbt tftbk efxk tbk ldkfmfcloam dlsofxd hktkk` tbk Mket a`d tbk Of`cxkss- blob kr~xkssks lts

a``f|a`ok fukx tbk ga``kx l` blob tbk ofgg{`lsts bauk hkk` hkxatl`c a`d tbxkatk`l`c

tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t8. F`k fe tbk axtlomks l` tbk L`dla Tfda| sa|s- Sblmk tbk Mket txkats

tbk lss{k as a mltg{s tkst efx tbk [FA ammla`ok- tbk cfukx`gk`t lmm bauk tf k`s{xk tbat

~fmltloam kr~kdlk`o| dfks`t ~xkualm fukx dl~mfgatlo xkamlsg?1.

Sltbf{t tbl`il`c fx xktbl`il`c- tbk Gaxrlsts Hxftbkxs lmm elcbt efx Lxa`s l`dk~k`dk`ok

tlmm tbk mast hxkatb?8. Aot{amm|- h| gail`c s{ob a e{xfxk- lt ls tbk Mket blob bas

da`ckxf{sm| dagackd L`dlas l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo| a`d ulxt{amm| sf{cbt tf cluk

Tkbkxa` a uktf f` f{x ~fmlo| gail`c ~xfokssks??. Lt e{xtbkx fhskxuks tbat tbk Mket skkgs

85Tbk ^kxsla` Xlddmk- F{tmffi- @fukghkx 82- 8>>;- "U. _{daxsba` a`d _glta C{~ta,- ^c ;;.

83Lhld.-

82Lhld.-

8< Lhld.-?> H{mms k|k- Xajl`dkx ^{xl- F{tmffi- Dkokghkx- 8>>;- ^c.18.?1

Tbk Hama`ol`c Aot- _a{xahb _b{ima- L`dla Tfda|- @fukghkx 82- 8>>;- ^c ?8.?8

H{mms k|k- Xajl`dkx {xl-F{tmffi-Dkokghkx-8>>;-^c.18.??

Lxa` a`d f{x efxklc` ~fmlo|-"kdltfxlam,-Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- @fukghkx 81-8>>;.

8/8/2019 A SURVEY INTO THE CPMS APPROACH TOWARDS THE CONGRESS AND THE MEDIAS CRITICISMS OF CPM, 2004-20

11/45

dktkxgl`kd tf tbf{cbtmkssm| gaik @k Dkmbl ekkhmk a`d bkm~mkss h| l`slstl`c tbat lt haoi

Lxa`?4.Tbk Tkmkcxa~b xltks l` f`k fe lts axtlomks- tbk ofgg{`lsts gftluks l` gail`c tbk

Lxa`la` q{kstlf` a ~xkstlck lss{k axk ~mal`m| s{s~kot?;. H{t- aetkx amm tbk O^Gs oxltlolsgs '

'k`dkd `f xks{mt as f` Ekhx{ax| 8- tbk LAKA hfaxd le cfukx`fxs uftkd tf xk~fxt Lxa` tf tbk

[@ _ko{xlt| Of{`olm fukx lts s{s~kotkd `{omkax ka~f`s ~xfcxaggk. 83 gkghkxs

l`om{dl`c L`dla bad uftkd efx tbk xksfm{tlf`. Aobl` Ua`ali xltks l` K^S tbat h|

oxltlolzl`c tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t tbk Mket eamms c{lmt| l`tf ml`k hkbl`d tbk X{ssla` a`d tbk

Obl`ksk- bf tbkgskmuks bauk haoitxaoikd uls''uls tbk [_ f` tbk lss{k?5.

Gal`tal`l`c a`d e{xtbkxl`c lts mkcao| fe oxltlolzl`c tbk cfukx`gk`t j{st efx tbk saik fe

oxltlolzl`c- tbk O^G ukbkgk`tm| f~~fskd tbk L`df'[_ `{omkax dkam a`d [_'L`dla` Dkek`sk

^aot slc`kd h| tbk [^A. Tbk Ck`kxam _koxktax|- O^G- ^xaiasb Iaxat kr~xksskd bls ulksl` tbksk tkxgs- Mkt tbk acxkkgk`t xkgal` a exagkfxi- df `ft add emksb tf lt a`d ~{t lt l`

tbk d{sthl`?3. Omaxle|l`c bls sta`d f` oxltlolsl`c tbk dkam- bk sa|s- k lmm l`tkxuk`k as

a`d bk` xkq{lxkd?2. F` sfgk ftbkx fooaslf`- bk xkgaxikd- tbk Uaj~a|kk cfukx`gk`t

bad staxtkd slc`l`c glmltax| a`d dkek`sk]k ~aots ltb tbk [_. Tbls acxkkgk`t lmm f`m|

e{xtbkx L`dlas k`tx| l`tf Agkxloas fxhlt?

8/8/2019 A SURVEY INTO THE CPMS APPROACH TOWARDS THE CONGRESS AND THE MEDIAS CRITICISMS OF CPM, 2004-20

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l`tkx`atlf`am xkmatlf`s as statkd l` tbk OG^. Tbls statkgk`t amsf sa|s tbat lt ls s{x~xlsl`c

tbat tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t bas of`tl`{kd ltb tbk Uaj~a|kk cfukx`gk`ts ~fmlo| ltb

xkcaxd tf glsslmk dkek`sk. Tbk dkek`sk acxkkgk`t ofgks at a tlgk bk` tbk [_ ls aotlukm|

fxil`c tf ~xkuk`t Obl`a exfg k`ba`ol`c lts dkek`sk ~ftk`tlam48. F` tbk lss{k fe `{omkax

acxkkgkbt- tbk O^L "G, sald tbat tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t ls of`tl`{l`c ltb tbk @DA

xkclgks {`dkgfoxatlo ~xaotlok fe slc`l`c acxkkgk`ts skoxktm|4?. Lt aot{amm| hkmlkukd tbk

jfl`t statkgk`t as a of`tl`{atlf` fe tbk ~xf'[_ sblet l` L`dlas efxklc` ~fmlo| tbat as

l`ltlatkd h| tbk Uaj~a|kk xkclgk a`d as oaxxlkd efxaxd h| tbk J{`k 82 L`dla'[_ Dkek`sk

Exagkfxi blob tbk k`tlxk Mket bad skukxkm| oxltlolzkd. ^axt|s ck`kxam skoxktax| ^xaiasb

Iaxat gadk lt omkax tbat tbk O^G lmm uflok lts oxltlolsgs fe tbk ^xlgk Gl`lstkxs

statkgk`t l` ^axmlagk`t a`d f{tsldk44 a`d tbk ~axt|- tbxf{cb `atlf`ldk skgl`axs a`d

gkktl`cs- f{md efo{s f` bat l` tbk acxkkgk`t as baxge{m efx L`dlas stxatkclo a`dsko{xlt| l`tkxksts4;. Bk sald- tbk txk`d fe hkofgl`c a stxatkclo amm|- staxtkd h| tbk

kxstblmk @DA cfukx`gk`t of`tl`{ks45. Oxltlolzl`c amm tbk tbxkk as~kots fe L`df'[_

xkmatlf`s'tbk jfl`t statkgk`t- L`df'[_ Dkek`sk Exagkfxi acxkkgk`t a`d tbk `{omkax

lss{k- tbk O^G ~kxoklukd lt as- tbk of`tl`{atlf` fe tbk txk`d fe @k Dkmbl hkl`c

aoofggfdatkd as a` amm| fe Sasbl`ctf`43. ^xaiasb iaxat dkomaxkd tbat bls ~axt| bad

skxlf{s oxltlolsgs fe tbk glmltax| off~kxatlf` acxkkgk`t- a`d fukxamm a~~xfaob a`d of`tk`t

fe tbk xkok`t jfl`t statkgk`t slc`kd at tbk k`d fe tbk ^xlgk Gl`lstkx Ga`gfba` _l`cbs

ulslt tf tbk [_42. Bk sald tbat tbk ~axt| f{md `ft f`m| xalsk lts a~~xkbk`slf`s f` tbk

L`df'[_ acxkkgk`ts l` ^axmlagk`t h{t kd{oatk ~kf~mk4

8/8/2019 A SURVEY INTO THE CPMS APPROACH TOWARDS THE CONGRESS AND THE MEDIAS CRITICISMS OF CPM, 2004-20

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Of{`tkxl`c tbk Mket- tbk ^G ~fl`tkd f{t tbat tbk Of`cxkss as tbk axobltkot fe tbk `f`'

amlc`kd gfukgk`t a`d lt f{md hk a glstaik tf tbl`i tbat a`| ^xlgk Gl`lstkx fe tbk ~axt|

f{md skmm L`dla obka~. L`dla ls `ft efx samk;>. Tbkxk as a dlstl`otluk dlobftfg| l` tbk

ulks ltbl` tbk O^L"G, ltskme- bk` blmk J|ftl Has{ {ttkxkd- tbk ^Gs statkgk`t "f` bls

[_ txl~, l` ^axmlagk`t ls ck`kxamm| fia|;1 a`d tkxgkd tbk L`df'[_ acxkkgk`t as amm

xlcbt;8- ^xaiasb Iaxat dksoxlhkd bls statkgk`t as {`hama`okd a`d l`kq{ltahmk;?.

Addxkssl`c tbk L`df'[s dkam as a ~xktt| cffd dkam- Bl`d{sta` Tlgks xltks l` lts kdltfxlam

tbat tbxf{cb tbls dkam k df ckt tf ikk~ f{x dkomaxkd glmltax| eaolmltlks f{t a`d oa` gaik

as ga`| `{omkax hfghs as tbk Mket oxltlos a`t l` kroba`ck efx tbk @{omkax _{~~mlkxs

Cxf{~ {`sbaoiml`c L`dlas olulm `{omkax ~fkx ~xfcxaggk. Le tbkxk ls a`ftbkx a| tf

aoblkuk tbls- k bauk okxtal`m| `ft bkaxd ahf{t lt as |kt;4.

Tbk kki l` f`k fe lts axtlomks oxltlolzkd tbk O^G as baul`c dxa` a oxf~ fe tbklx tf~

mkadkxs exfg Oaghxldck- tbk| axk sfet f` cffd fmd K`cma`d- h{t batk Sasbl`ctf` blob

~fl`tkd glsslmks tfaxds Gfsof;; Lt xltks tbat tbkxk ls `f df{ht tbat tbkxk as `f

acxkkgk`t- f`m| a exagkfxi efx off~kxatlf` h{t lt as k`f{cb efx tbk Mketlsts tf ox|

ef{m. Aotl`c f` a tbkfxktloam ass{g~tlf` tbat tbk exagkfxi acxkkgk`t fe tbk L`df'[_

dkek`sk ^aot f{md k`of{xack axgs xaok l` tbk xkclf` a`d as algkd at skxul`c tbk

l`tkxksts fe tbk glmltax| l`exastx{ot{xk fe tbk [_ a`d K{xf~k- tbk O^G of`slstk`tm|

oxltlolzkd tbk ^xlgk Gl`lstkx efx f~k`l`c a` {`axxa`tkd a`d {`j{stlelkd ax exf`t acal`st

tbkg a`d gadk lt omkax tbat tbk| lmm of`tl`{k tf f~~fsk [^As tlmt tfaxds tbk [_ a`d

kof`fglo ~fmlolks dktxlgk`tam tf tbk l`tkxksts le tbk of{`tx|. Obaxcl`c ^G as l`tkmmkot{amm|

dlsbf`kst- tbk O^L "G, mkadkx @lmft~am Has{ sald- tbk ^xlgk Gl`lstkx ls sma~~l`c bls f`

eaok;5. ^xaiasb Iaxat- f`ok d{xl`c bls s~kkob at ~fmlth{xf gkktl`c- sald- tbk exagkfxi

fe tbk L`df'[_ dkek`sk xkmatlf`s sbf{md hk xkjkotkd. Mkt lt xkgal` j{st a exagkfxi

sikmktf`. Lt sbf{md `ft hk emksbkd f{t;3. Clul`c tbk krag~mks fe lss{ks fe ^atk`ts

;>L`dla ls `ft efx samk- Tbk Bl`d{- J{m| 13- 8>>;.

;1_tfxg fukx _l`cbs [_ txl~ dlks df`- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- J{m| ?1- 8>>;.

;8Mld f` tf~- dleekxk`oks l` O^G slggkx- Asblsb Obaixahaxtl- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- A{c{st 2- 8>>;.

;? Lhld.-;4 A ~xktt| cffd dkam- Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- @fukghkx 3-8>>;.;;

F` tbl` lok- X. ^xasa``a`- Tbk Skki- J{m| 84-8>>;-^c 4?.;5

O^L"G,- O^L attaoi ^G- [^A cfut- F{tmffi- Gaxob 1>;.;3

Xkjkot Tbls Exagkfxi Fe L`df'[_ Xkmatlf`s : Iaxat- ^kf~mks Dkgfoxao|- J{m| 13- 8>>;- ^c 2.

8/8/2019 A SURVEY INTO THE CPMS APPROACH TOWARDS THE CONGRESS AND THE MEDIAS CRITICISMS OF CPM, 2004-20

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Fxdl`a`ok- tbk ~xluatlzatlf` fe tbk ^k`slf` E{`d efx cfukx`gk`t kg~mf|kks- a`d tbk

taikfukx fe tbk ~xluatk ha`is h| tbk efxklc` ha`is h| ammfl`c tbkg tf aoq{lxk 34+ fe

sbaxks- ^xaiasb Iaxat obaxckd tbk [^A ltb ~{xs{l`c ~fmlolks tbxf{cb fxdl`a`oks- blob

as l`bkxk`tm| {`dkgfoxatlo;2. Bk {ttkxkd- tbk O^G ls {`ba~~| ltb tbk a| tbk [^A ls

~{sbl`c tbxf{cb okxtal` gkas{xks l` tbk l`tkxksts fe hlc h{sl`kssks a`d efxklc` oa~ltam;.

_bfl`c bls {`ba~~l`kss ltb tbk Ga`gfba` _l`cb cfukx`gk`t- bk sald tbat tbk [^A ls

tx|l`c tf dkma| a`d xke{sk tf taik gkas{xks tbat of`okx` tbk l`tkxksts fe tbk fxil`c omass

a`d tbk fxil`c ~kf~mk51. Tbk O^G dksoxlhkd as a` {`axxa`tkd stk~- tbk dkolslf` fe tbk[^A cfukx`gk`t tf soxa~ ^xkss @ftk 12- a`d obaxckd tbat tbk gfuk efmmfkd ~xkss{xk

exfg g{mtl`atlf`am ofg~a`lks. _oxa~~l`c tbls `ftk gka`s tbat l` jfl`t uk`t{xks- tbk

l`tkxksts fe tbk L`dla` ofg~a`lks oa``ft hk ~xftkotkd acal`st tbk efxklc` ~axt`kx. Tbk ~axt|

tkxgkd tbk XHL cfukx`fxs s{cckstlf` tbat efxklc` l`stlt{tlf`am l`ukstfxs hk tarkd as

a`ftbkx l`sta`ok fe cfukx`gk`ts {`d{k sk`sltlult| tf tbk blgs fe tbk l`tkx`atlf`am

oa~ltam58. Aoo{sl`c tbk Ga`gfba` _l`cb cfukx`gk`t fe ofg~xfglsl`c tbk of{`tx|s

`atlf`am sfukxklc`t|- ^xaiasb Iaxat dkomaxkd tbat tbk tbxkat tf b{xt tbk of{`tx|s `atlf`am

sfukxklc`t| attkg~tkd h| tbk @DA cfukx`gk`t ~kxslsts kuk` tfda| dks~ltk tbk l`stammatlf`

fe tbk `k cfukx`gk`t at tbk ok`txk5?. Bk {ttkxkd- tbk O^G ls s{~~fxtl`c tbk

cfukx`gk`t f`m| tf ikk~ tbk HJ^'@DA f{t fe ~fkx. Tbk O^G skks `f e{`dagk`tam

dleekxk`ok hktkk` tbk ~fmlolks fe tbk @DA a`d tbk [^A54. Bk e{xtbkx omkaxkd bls ~axt|s

sta`d f` ^atk`ts Hlmm h| sa|l`c- k axk `ft cfl`c tf aook~t tbk ^atk`t Agk`dgk`t Hlmm

blob lmm blik tbk dx{c ~xloks5;. Bk elxgm| stffd ltb bls ulks tbat tbk O^G f{md

`ft aook~t a`| blik l` EDL oa~ l` ~xl`t gkdla fx l` tbk tkmkofg- l`s{xa`ok a`d olulm

;2^{xs{l`c ~fmlolks tbxf{cb fxdl`a`oks {`dkgfoxatlo- sa|s Iaxat- Tbk Bl`d{- Ja`{ax| 11- 8>>;.

;Iaxat l` fxdl`a`ok oa{tlf`- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- Ja`{ax| 11- 8>>;.

51 Lhld.-58Mket dkoxlks gfuk tf soxa~ ^xkss @ftk 12- Tbk Bl`d{- Ja`{ax|14- 8>>;.5?

Iaxat elxks sfukxklc`t| samuf at ok`txk- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- Ja`{ax| 85- 8>>;.54 Lhld.-5;

Lhld.-

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15/45

aulatlf` skotfxs55. F~~fsl`c tbk cfukx`gk`ts dkolslf` tf blik tbk EDL oa~ l` tbk tkmkofg

skotfx exfg 4< tf 34 ~kx ok`t- tbk O^G dksoxlhkd lt as {`efxt{`atk a`d sald tbat lt f{md

f~~fsk tbk dkolslf` hftb l`sldk a`d f{tsldk ^axmlagk`t as lt as `ft hkl`c l` tbk l`tkxkst fe

tbk of{`tx| a`d bad skxlf{s sko{xlt| lg~mloatlf`s53. _fgk fe tbk lss{ks mlik tbk ^atk`ts

Aot- ammfl`c efxklc` ha`is tf ~{xobask sbaxks fe ~xluatk L`dla` ha`is a`d ftbkx ha`il`c

xkefxgs a`d dlsl`ukstgk`t fe ~xfelt gail`c ^_[s axk ck`kxamm| of`sldkxkd h| tbk O^G as

dktxlgk`tam tf L`dlas kof`fglo sfukxklc`t|. Xkcaxdl`c tbk EDL l` tkmkofg- _ltaxag

\kob{x| ~fl`tkd f{t- k xkclstkx f{x stxf`c ~xftkst acal`st tbk [`lf` Oahl`kts dkolslf`

tf blik EDL exfg 4< tf 34 ~kx ok`t l` tbk tkmkofg skotfx52. tbk Mket xaxkm| s{s~k`ds lts

bfstlmlt|- kuk` le tkg~fxaxlm|- tfaxds tbk cfukx`gk`ts ik| ~fmlolks5>;- Iaxat oa{tlf`kd tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t lmm eaok ~fmltloam

xk~kxo{sslf`s hkefxk tbk h{dckt efx lg~mkgk`tl`c a`tl ~kf~mk ~fmlolks. Tbk Mket ~axtlks

55Lhld.-

53Mket f~~fsks EDL blik- sa|s lt bas sko{xlt| lg~mloatlf`s- Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- Ekhx{ax| ?- 8>>;.

52 EDL ~xftkst gkkt- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- Ekhx{ax| ?- 8>>;.5< (O^L"G, lmm gal`tal ~xkss{xk f` ok`txk- sa|s \kob{x|(- Gaxo{s Dag- Tbk Bl`d{- Ja`{ax| 13- 8>>;.3>

^{xs{l`c ~fmlolks tbxf{cb fxdl`a`oks {`dkgfoxatlo- sa|s Iaxat(- Tbk Bl`d{- Ja`{ax| 11- 8>>;.31

Iaxat l` fxdl`a`ok aotlf`- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- Ja`{ax| 11- 8>>;.38

^xl`t EDL stfxg hxks- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- Ja`{ax| 8?- 8>>;.

8/8/2019 A SURVEY INTO THE CPMS APPROACH TOWARDS THE CONGRESS AND THE MEDIAS CRITICISMS OF CPM, 2004-20

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s{~~fxt tf tbk cfukx`gk`t ls haskd f` ~fmltloam ~kxs~kotluks h{t lt of{md `ft hk a f`k a|

txaeelo3?.

Aetkx tbk el`am dlso{sslf` fe tbk cfukx`gk`t tf l`oxkask tbk mlglt fe efxklc` bfmdl`c l` tbk

tkmkofg skotfx tf 34 +- tbk O^G mkadkx J|ftl Has{ kr~xksskd bls a`c{lsb l` tbksk fxds-

tbk ok`txk bas hkk` ulfmatl`c tbk [`ltkd ^xfcxkssluk Ammla`ok s OG^. Tbk cfukx`gk`t

lmm `ft ofg~mktk lts eluk |kax tkxg kuk` ltb f{x s{~~fxt- le lt hkbauks tbls a|34.

Gail`c bls ~axt| s sta`d tf tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t at a skgl`ax fxca`lzkd f` tbk fooaslf`

fe tbk 81st _tatk Of`ekxk`ok fe tbk O^L"G, at Iagaxbltl l` @fxtb 84 ^axca`as- O^L"G,

~fmlth{xf gkghkx ^xaiasb Iaxat ofggk`tkd- f{x s{~~fxt tf tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t ls `ft

efx tbk of`tl`{atlf` fe tbk dlsoxkdltkd ~fmlolks fe tbk ~xkulf{s cfukx`gk`t. Sk bauk `f

lmm{slf` aetkx < gf`tbs fe tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t hkl`c l` ~fkx k stlmm hkmlkuk tbatOf`cxkss ls tbk Of`cxkss. A mkf~axd dfks `ft oba`ck lts s~fts3;. L` bls ulk- tbk

Ga`gfba` _l`cb cfukx`gk`t skaxs h| tbk OG^ h{t bas ealmkd tf lg~mkgk`t okxtal`

~xfulslf`s blob gka`t tfg ~xftkot tbk l`tkxksts fe tbk ~ffx. Bk sald tbat- tbk Mket a`ts

tbls cfukx`gk`t tf of`tl`{k h{t lt ls `ft f{x xks~f`slhlmlt| tbat lt sta|s l` ~fkx. Sk bauk

tfmd tbkg tbat tbk xks~f`slhlmlt| amsf mlks ltb tbk x{ml`c ofamltlf` blob `kkds tf e{melmm tbk

OG^. Ikk~l`c tbk ofamltlf` ofg~xlsl`c 18 fx 1? sk~axatk ~axtlks ls `ft f{x

xks~f`slhlmlt|35. Asskxtl`c tbk slglmaxlt| hktkk` tbk @DA a`d tbk [^A xkclgk- bk

xkgaxikd- k lmm of`tl`{k f{x elcbt acal`st tbk cfukx`gk`t hftb l`sldk tbk ^axmlagk`t

a`d f{tsldk tf ~xkuk`t a`| assa{mt f` tbk xlcbts fe tbk fxil`c omass a`d tbk ~kasa`tx| 33.

Clul`c a ax`l`c `ftk tf tbk cfukx`gk`t- H{ddbadkh Hbattaobaxjkk kr~xksskd- k axk

s{~~fxtl`c tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t f`m| f` tbk hasls fe okxtal` of`dltlf`s. Sk oa``ft s{~~fxt

tbkg le tbk| cf tf tbk sagk a| "as tbk ~xkulf{s cfukx`gk`t,. Sk bauk tfmd Dkmbl tbat k

axk s{~~fxtl`c |f{ h{t df`t lc`fxk {s32. F` tbk ukx| fooaslf` fe tbk 81st Skst Hk`cam

statk of`ekxk`ok fe tbk ~axt|- J|ftl Has{ tkxgkd tbk ~xksk`t slt{atlf` as ofg~mkr a`d

dkomaxkd tbat- k bauk tfmd tbkg " tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t , hk tbkxk "l` ~fkx, efx eluk

3? Iaxat ax`s cfut acal`st a`tl'~kf~mk ~fmlolks- Tbk Bl`d{- Ja`{ax| 5- 8>>;.34 Ok`txk hasbl`c - mket a`d xlcbt- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b - Ekhx{ax| ;- 8>>;.3; _{~~fxt `ft efx of`tl`{atlf` fe dlsoxkdltkd ~fmlolks- Gaxo{s Dag- Tbk Bl`d{- Ekhx{ax| 18-8>>;.35

Lhld.-33

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O^L"G, lmml`c tf cluk [^A cfut gfxk tlgk- Tbk Bl`d{- Ekhx{ax| 1?- 8>>;.

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|kaxs. Sk of{md `kukx lgacl`k s{~~fxtl`c tbk Of`cxkss f` tbk hasls fe tbk OG^ aetkx

baul`c f~~fskd tbk ~axt| efx fukx tbk ~ast 4; |kaxs. H{t- tbk Of`cxkss stlmm f~~fsks {s l`

tbk statks. Sk `kkd tf {`dkxsta`d tbls hkttkx3

[^A cfuts stahlmlt| dk~k`ds f` lts sl`okxlt| tf OG^- Tbk Bl`d{- Ekhx{ax| 81- 8>>;.21

Mkets ~kt sf{`dhltk- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- Ekhx{ax| 88- 8>>;.28

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A Mket mkadkx f` amm tbksk cfukx`gk`ts gfuks- xkgaxikd- k lmm oxkatk `flsk l`

^axmlagk`t fukx tbklx ~fmlolks a`d lmm oaxx| f` stx{ccmks a`d ga`k{ukxs f{tsldk2?. J|ftl

Has{- blmk s~kail`c tf tbk gkdla f` 1st A~xlm- adulskd tbk Of`cxkss tf hk skme oxltloam f`

kof`fglo ~fmlolks blmk adbkxl`c tf tbk Ofggf` Gl`lg{g ^xfcxaggk. F` tbk kuk fe tbk

O^L "G,s 12tb ^axt| Of`cxkss- ck`kxam skoxktax| B._. _{xjkkt xalskd df{hts ahf{t tbk

mf`ckult| fe tbk Of`cxkss mkd [^A at tbk ok`txk. Bk sald l` a` axtlomk l` ^kf~mks

Dkgfoxao| tbat tbk ~xksk`t `atlf`am'mkukm ofxxkmatlf` fe efxoks oa``ft of`tl`{k efx mf`c. L`

s{~~fxt fe bls of`om{slf`- _{xjkkt gadk a s~kolelo xkekxk`ok tf tbk ~assack fe tbk ^atk`ts

Hlmm blob tbk O^L"G, haoikd l` ^axmlagk`t aetkx efxol`c skukxam agk`dgk`ts tf

lmm{stxatk tbk Gaxrlsts dlmkgga fe hkl`c ldk`tlelkd ltb tbk [^As kof`fglo ~fmlolks

~xlgaxlm| tf ikk~ tbk HJ^ at ha|24. L` bls l`a{c{xam addxkss tf tbk O^Gs 12tb Of`cxkss-

B._._{xjkkt xkgaxikd- blmk k krtk`d s{~~fxt tf tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t tf gkkt tbkkrlck`olks fe tbk o{xxk`t slt{atlf`- mkt {s gaik lt omkax tbat tbkxk lmm hk `f clul`c {~ f`

f{x haslo ack`da2;. At a ~xfcxaggk fxca`lzkd h| tbk Obk``al ^xkss om{h f` A~xlm 8?-

^xaiasb Iaxat sald- le tbls cfukx`gk`t dfks`t ~kxefxg- tbk` lt lmm hk l` txf{hmk `ft

hkoa{sk fe {s- h{t hkoa{sk fe lts f` l`aotlf` fx ealm{xk-25. ^xaiasb Iaxat- ck`kxam

skoxktax| fe tbk O^L"G, xltks l` a` axtlomk l` tbk ~axt| fxca` tbk ^kf~mks Dkgfoxao| tbat-

tbk omass obaxaotkx fe tbk Of`cxkss a`d tbk ~kxefxga`ok fe tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t blob

~{xs{ks ~fmlolks fe mlhkxamlzatlf` axk hf{`d tf lg~aot tbk mlukmlbffd a`d mlul`c of`dltlf`s

fe ~kf~mk. F` tbk cxf{`d- ~kf~mk oa``ft kr~kxlk`ok a`| oba`ck tbk acxaxla` dlstxkss

of`tl`{ks- tbk oxlsls fe a`d txadltlf`am l`d{stxlks ckttl`c fxsk- tbk xk~katkd l`oxkasks l`

~xloks fe ~ktxfmk{g ~xfd{ots ls bka~l`c addltlf`am h{xdk` f` tbk ~kf~mk. Amm tbls ls hf{`d

tf ck`kxatk dlsof`tk`t l` tbk ofgl`c da|s23. Bk sald tbat- tbk Of`cxkss oa``ft hk xkmlkd

{~f` tf oaxx| f{t a of`slstk`t stx{ccmk acal`st ofgg{`amlsg a`d dlulsluk efxoks22.

Axc{l`c efx a `kkd fe a tblxd amtkx`atluk- bk statkd- lt ls `ft l` tbk l`tkxksts fe tbk Mket a`d

dkgfoxatlo efxoks- tbat tf hf{xckfls ofghl`atlf`s- f`k bkadkd h| tbk HJ^ a`d tbk ftbkx

2?_f{`d a`d e{x| fukx hxkaieast- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- Ekhx{ax| 84- 8>>;.

24 Mket amaxg efx [^A- Dkk~ai Xazda`- Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- A~xlm ;- 8>>;.2; O^G mkot{xks Of`c- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- A~xlm 3- 8>>;.25

Mket s{~~fxt haskd f` ~fmlolks- `ft l`ta`clhmks- sa|s ^xaiasb Iaxat-- Tbk Bl`d{- A~xlm 84- 8>>;.23

Mlttmk bas oba`ckd sl`ok [^A tffi fukx : Iaxat- Tbk Bl`d{- Ga| 1- 8>>;.22

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h| tbk Of`cxkss- gf`f~fmlzkd tbk ~{hmlo s~aok2

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~kf~mk1- fe `ft sb|l`c aa| exfg tbk elcbt ltbl` tbk ~axt| fukx bls ~xf'

oba`ck ~fmlolks. Bk oa``ft aeefxd tf mkt q{lhhml`c ofgxadks1>8 dkstxf| tbls `k bf~k efx

Hk`cam.

_tatl`c tbat tbk hkst fe tlgks oa` sfgktlgks oa{sk tbk fxst fe of`e{slf`s- tbk Tkmkcxa~b

xltks l` lts kdltfxlam tbat- tbk Ofgg{`lst ^axt| fe L`dla "Gaxrlst, ls omkaxm| xlddmks ltb

s{ob of`e{slf`s1>?. Tbls kdltfxlam sa|s tbat- krok~t l` hxlke a`d maxckm| l`cmfxlf{s xkclgk

fe tbk [`ltkd Exf`t- tbk ~axt| `kukx bad tbk il`d fe lg~aot f` `atlf`amlst ~fmltlos tbat lt bas

`f hkoa{sk fe tbk s{~~fxt tf tbk [`ltkd ^xfcxkssluk Ammla`ok cfukx`gk`t1>4. H{t tbls

`k ef{`d xfmk skkgs tf bauk of`ef{`dkd tbk ~axt|- gail`c lt cf l`tf xbktfxloam fukxdxluks

l` a` attkg~t tf xlccmk f{t fe lts of`e{slf` a`d dlmkggas. Tbk Gaxrlsts bauk taik` tbk

>;.

>;.1>4

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Of`cxkss tf a tasi efx ammkckdm| h|~assl`c ^axmlagk`t f` lg~fxta`t kof`fglo lss{ks mlik

tbk ~xluatlzatlf` fe ~k`slf` e{`ds fe cfukx`gk`t kg~mf|kks- ~atk`ts a`d tbk samk fe 34+

fe tbk kq{lt| fe ~xluatk ha`is tf tbk efxklc` l`ukstfxs1>;. Tbk O^L"G, bas amsf ofg~mal`kd

tbat tbk cfukx`gk`t bas dxacckd lts ekkt f` mkclsmatlf` xkmatl`c tf ~xftkotl`c tbk l`tkxksts fe

fxikxs a`d obaxckd tbk Of`cxkss ltb ~{xs{l`c lts f` ack`da fe hk`keltl`c hlc

h{sl`kssks a`d efxklc` oa~ltam. Tbk Tkmkcxa~b xltks tbat tbkxk ls `f df{ht tbat a`| attkg~t

tf {`dkxgl`k tbk lg~fxta`ok fe ^axmlagk`t lmm kaik` dkgfoxao|. H{t tbk gal` tbx{st fe

tbk O^L"G, obaxck sbkkt sgaois fe eaglmlax Mket xbktfxlo acal`st kof`fglo

mlhkxamlzatlf`1>5- tbk xkam ~fl`t ahf{t tbk aoo{satlf` of{md kmm hk bat tbk| xkukam ahf{t

tbk aoo{skx.

Tbk O^L"G, i`k ahf{t tbk Of`cxksss ~fsltlf` f` of`tk`tlf{s kof`fglo lss{ks h{t ltdkoldkd tf s{~~fxt tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t l` s~ltk fe lts dleekxk`oks ltb tbk Of`cxkss f`

tbksk lss{ks. Tbk oxltlolsgs- tbkxkefxk- hktxa| tbk O^L"G,s f` dlmkgga fukx dkaml`c

ltb tbk of`txadlotlf`s tbat bauk gaxikd lts s{~~fxt tf a Of`cxkss'mkd cfukx`gk`t a`d tbk

dlmkggas kr~xksskd ltskme l` dleekxk`t ufloks ltbl` tbk ~axt|s mkadkxsbl~ f` bf tf xklc`

l` tbk Of`cxkss1>3. Gx. ^xaiasb Iaxat sf{`dkd tf{cbkx tba` Gx. Has{ bf adulskd bls

ofgxadks `ft tf xfoi tbk [^A hfat h| asil`c tbk cfukx`gk`t tff g{ob tff sff`. _f-

tbkxk ls `f glstail`c- tbf{cb- a dkslc` l` tbk Gaxrlsts sahkx'xattml`c1>2. Tbk xbktfxlo ls

amsf algkd at tbk ~axt|s xa`i a`d elmk- blob g{st bauk tbk lmm{slf` fe a elcbt ltb

hf{xckfls ~axtlks mlik Of`cxkss1>>;.

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22/45

`ft effms tf oml`c tf fhsfmktk ldkas111 h| xkq{kstl`c tbk ofgg{`lsts tf cf a`d tkmm tbk

fxmd tbat k axk oba`cl`c118 a`d h| gail`c omkax tbat l` Skst Hk`cam- tbk Mket ls xlcbt

a`d tbls ls tbk xlcbt ~maok tf l`ukst l`11?9 tbls axtlomk sa|s tbat blmk Gkssxs _{xjkkt- Iaxat

a`d \kob{x| aalt tbk Xkufm{tlf`- ofgxadk Hbattaobaxjkk bad {`dkxstffd tbat ldkfmfc|

bas tf skxuk tbk of`okx`s fe tbk ~kf~mk a`d `ft tbk ftbkx a| xf{`d 114. Tkxgl`c tbk Dkmbl

ofgg{`lsts as tbkfxktlola`s hkoa{sk fe tbklx kukx ammkxclo `at{xk fe tail`c f`

cfukx`gk`tam xks~f`slhlmltlks kuk` bk` cluk` tbk f~~fxt{`lt|- tbls axtlomk sa|s tbat tbk

fmd ldkfmfclks df`t hxl`c l`ukstgk`t- l`d{stx| a`d k`tkx~xlsk tf tbk ~kf~mk bf

dks~kxatkm| `kkd tbkg11;. F` tbk lss{k fe soxa~~l`c ^xkss @ftk 12 blob as g{ob

oxltlolzkd h| tbk Mket ~axtlks- tbk Tkmkcxa~b xltks- tbk [^A bas `ft soxa~~kd ^xkss @ftk

12 blob sbf{md bauk hkk` df`k115. Lt sa|s tbat xktal`l`c tbk ^xkss @ftk efx skukxam

krlstl`c jfl`t uk`t{xks tbat axk amluk- h{t soxa~~l`c lt efx e{t{xk f`ks skkgs tf hk ask`slhmk a| fe ba`dml`c tbk ~fmltloam kof`fg| fe xkslsta`ok l` ftbkx xkefxg axkas as

kmm113.

L` ~maok fe tbk bahlt fe tbl`il`c fe L`dla as a gf`fmltb- k~ltfglzkd h| tbk kmkca`t

slg~mlolt| fe lts amm'L`dla ml`k- tbk O^L"G, fxikd f` a `k dxaet. Lts ~fmltloam xksfm{tlf`

bad a gkssack fe fukxba{ml`c tbk a|s l` blob tbk ~axt| ofg~xkbk`ds ~fmltloam- sfolam

a`d kof`fglo xkamlt|. Tbk xksfm{tlf` tamis ahf{t a tkotf`lo sblet blob sbfs tbat `f

O^L"G, ls ofg~kmmkd tf xkofc`lzk tbat lt {xck`tm| `kkds a `k xfadga~. Tbk O^L"G, ls `f

mf`ckx a ~axt| fe f~~fsltlf` tf kukx| ~fmltloam efxgatlf` haxxl`c ltskme a`d lts ~axt`kxs h{t lt

bas s{ddk`m| aoq{lxkd a ~fsltlf` blob as {`dxkagt fe kuk` a |kax acf- as _ltaxag

\kob{x| statkd. H| ldk`tle|l`c tbk obammk`cks eaol`c tbk ~axt| a`d tbk ~fmlt|

obkoigatl`c ofgg{`am efxoks- tkg~kxl`c xkefxgs- el`dl`c `k efxgs fe stx{ccmk-

xkslstl`c kof`fglo kr~mfltatlf` a`d elcbtl`c sfolam f~~xksslf`9 tbk ~axt| bas skt ltskme a

elk`dlsbm| dleelo{mt tasi tbat lt `kkds tf staxt f` a bkmmlsbm| bkotlo ~aok.

111Lhld.-

118Lhld.-

11? Lhld.-114 Lhld.-11;

Lhld.-115

_lc`~fst- "kdltfxlam,- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- Ja`{ax| 12- 8>>;113

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Txal`kd tf tbl`i blstfx| as a cxa`d dkslc` l` blob tbk ofgg{`lst gfukgk`t ls

{mtlgatkm| amf`k l` lts ua`c{axd fe tbk ~kf~mk xfmk- tbk O^L"G,- hkl`c {`~xk~axkd- bas tf

dkam ltb tbk xkg`a`ts fe tbk 8>tb ok`t{x| ltbl` lts f` xa`is a~axt exfg elcbtl`c ltb

tbk ftbkx ldkfmfclks. Cluk` lts sblet exfg f~~fsltlf` tf ofg~fsltlf`- tbk ~axt| bas mfst tbk

fmd okxtal`tlks ahf{t bat of`stlt{tks a`tl'~kf~mk a`d bat gaiks a ~fmlo| fx dkolslf` l`

tbk ~kf~mks eauf{x112.

Tbk Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- l` f`k fe lts kdltfxlam axtlomks- xltks tbk O^L"G, ls a stxa`ck glr fe

tbk q{lrftlo- of`txaxla` a`d tbk xkamlstlo. F` tbk f`k ba`d- tbk ~axt| bas ~ma|kd a cxkat

blstfxloam xfmk l` sko{maxlzl`c L`dla` ~fmltlos- a tasi ga`lekstkd h| lts o{xxk`t xfmk as a

~xl`ol~am s{~~fxtkx fe tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t. F` tbk ftbkx ba`d- tbk ~axt| stlmm ba`ikxs aetkx

tbk Tblxd Exf`t- a oblgkxloam k`tlt|- bfsk kukx tfttkxl`c [`ltkd Exf`t axc{ahm| aldkd tbkxlsk fe tbk HJ^'mkd @DA11

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24/45

l`emkrlhlmlt|- ls a ~kf~mks dkgfoxatlo cfukx`gk`t ofdk efx a ofamltlf` mkd h| tbk

~axt|18?.

Tbk Tkmkcxa~b ofggk`ts f` tbk `k oba`cks gadk h| tbk O^L"G,s 12tb Of`cxkss l` tbk

~axt| as atobl`c tbk oba`cks ltbl` tbk Ofgg{`lst ^axt| fe L`dla "Gaxrlst, ls mlik

atobl`c a cla`t ta`ikx t{x`l`c f` lts arls l` tbk blcb skas184. Tbk elxst gkktl`c fe tbk

O^L"G,s Ok`txam Ofgglttkk- {`dkx tbk `k ck`kxam skoxktax| ^xaiasb Iaxat- slc`ammkd

a gajfx h{t `ft {`kr~kotkd t{x`axf{`d l` tbklx a~~xfaob a`d attlt{dk tfaxds efxklc`

e{`dl`c blob as kaxmlkx- l` tbk ~axt| jaxcf`- skk` as l`stx{gk`ts fe `kf'lg~kxlamlsg-

a`d tbls oba`ck- lt skkgs- bas hkk` ~fsslhmk maxckm| at tbk hkbkst fe tbk oblke gl`lstkx fe

Skst Hk`cam- Gx. H{ddbadkh Hbattaobaxjkk.

Lt ls dleelo{mt tf ofg~xkbk`d tbk Mkets dlstx{st fe Dx Ga`gfba` _l`cb a`d bls

cfukx`gk`t- a`d tbklx tx{st l` Gs Ca`dbl. Tbk Mket skkgs tf hk ~xfokkdl`c f` tbk

ass{g~tlf` tbat Gs Ca`dbl ls a mlttmk gfxk s|g~atbktlo tf lts ~xftkstatlf`s tba` tbk ^xlgk

Gl`lstkx18;. Tlmm tbk| gkt tbk Of`cxkss ~xksldk`t- tbk Mket mkadkxs hkbaukd mlik ~kt{ma`t

oblmdxk` a`d sta|kd aa| exfg gkktl`cs fe tbk offxdl`atlf` ofgglttkk fe tbk [^A. Tbk

cxf{sk fe tbk Mket as `ft j{st ahf{t dlsl`ukstgk`ts l` HBKM- h{t lt bad a hlcckx a`d a

gfxk e{`dagk`tam fhjkotlf`. Lt ls f~~fskd tf kof`fglo xkefxgs. Tbk Mket bas tf obffsk

hktkk` lts kof`fglo ldkfmfc| a`d lts ~fmltloam cfams185 hkoa{sk le lt dkoldks tf ~{mm f{t fe

tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t d{k tf lts fhjkotlf`s tf tbk cfukx`gk`ts kof`fglo xkefxgs- tbk` lt

lmm oxkatk a` f~~fxt{`lt| efx tbk HJ^ tf attkg~t a ofgkhaoi.

Tbk Mkets of`e{slf` ls xfftkd l` a`ftbkx of`txadlotlf`. Tbk kof`fglo ~fmlolks tbat tbk Mket

oxltlolzks axk kraotm| tbk sagk as tbk f`ks ~{xs{kd h| tbk Mket Exf`t cfukx`gk`t l` Skst

Hk`cam. Tbk ls `f hlcckx obag~lf` fe kof`fglo xkefxgs tba` Gx. H{ddbadkh

Hbattaobaxjkk- tbk oblke gl`lstkx fe Skst Hk`cam. L` bls ~{xs{lt fe l`ukstgk`t l` Skst

Hk`cam- Gx. Hbattaobaxjkk bas adf~tkd ~fmlolks tbat cf acal`st amm tbat tbk Mket bas stffd

18? Lhld.-184

_mf Oba`ck- "kdltfxlam,- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- J{`k >;.18;

Mkets `kxuks- "kdltfxlam,- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- J{m| 11- 8>>;.185

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efx183. Bk bas kmofgkd g{mtl`atlf`ams- s~fik` l` eauf{x fe exkk gaxikts a`d bas kuk`

dkomaxkd tbat bk acxkks tf dlsacxkk ltb bls ofgxadks l` @k Dkmbl. Tbk Mkets

soblzf~bxk`la bas hkofgk gfxk a`d gfxk ~xf`f{`okd. Gx. Hbattaobaxjkk s~kais l` f`k

uflok ahf{t kof`fglo xkefxgs a`d Gx. ^xaiasb Iaxat- tbk ck`kxam skoxktax| fe tbk O^L"G,-

l` a`ftbkx182. Tbk ~fmltloam eammf{t fe tbls dlukxck`ok ls dleelo{mt tf eatbfg- h{t lt f{md

a~~kax exfg a`ftbkx dlukxck`ok hktkk` fxds a`d dkkds- tbat tbk Mket lmm of`tl`{k tf

~xftkst ltbf{t aot{amm| ~{mml`c tbk oax~kt exfg {`dkx tbk [^A.

Tbk tbxkat tf Gx. _l`cbs mkadkxsbl~ ahlmltlks ofgks exfg tbfsk bf skk tbkgskmuks as tbk

obag~lf`s fe tbk fxd ~xfcxkssluk ltbl` tbk [^A18 gkghkxs l` tbk Mfi _ahba- a`d f` tbk hasls fe tbls lt ls tx|l`c tf bfmd Gx. _l`cbs

cfukx`gk`t at xa`sfg1?>.

Xagaoba`dxa C{ba- l` a` axtlomk l` Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- ~fl`ts f{t tbat lt ls a cxkat ~lt| tbat

tbklx"ofgg{`lsts, fetk` bf`f{xahmk ~xaotlok ls oxl~~mkd ltb a` axobalo a`d f{tgfdkd

tbkfx|. Efx le tbk blstfx| fe tbk 8>tb ok`t{x| tkaobks {s a`|tbl`c- lt ls tbls'tbat

~axmlagk`tax| dkgfoxao| ls- dks~ltk amm lts ea{mts- s{~kxlfx tftamltaxla`lsgs fe Mket a`d

Xlcbt9 a`d tbat tbk gaxikt ls- dks~ltk amm lts ea{mts- a gfxk keelolk`t a`d obka~kx ammfoatfx fe

kof`fglo xksf{xoks tba` tbk statk1?1. Bk- l` tbls ukx| axtlomk- amsf tkmms ahf{t a tblxd mkssf`

tbat dks~ltk amm tbklx ea{mts- Tacfxk- Ca`dbl- @kbx{ a`d Aghkdiax axk tbl`ikxs gfxk

xkmkua`t tf tbk ~xaotlok fe ~fmltlos l` L`dla tba` axk Gaxr- K`ckms- Mk`l` a`d _taml`1?8. H{t

lt ls a sad ~axt fe tbk O^L"G, tbat lt stlmm dlso{ssks tbk fxis fe tbksk mattkx q{axtkt l` tbk

183Lhld.-

182 Lhld.-18< _lc` tbk t{`k-"kdltfxlam,- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- J{m|1>;.1?>

Lhld.-1?1

_~a`laxd a`d L`dla`- Xagaoba`dxa C{ba- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- J{m| 8?- 8>>;.1?8

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~axt| fxisbf~s a`d adfx`s tbk ~fxtxalts fe tbksk elc{xks l` lts feeloks. L` ~xaotlok tbklx

"O^Gs, ldkfmfclks skkg sfgkbat xkof`olmkd tf ~axmlagk`tax| dkgfoxao|- h{t tbk|

xktal` a` lxxatlf`am bfstlmlt| tf ~xluatk k`tkx~xlsk- axk stlmm bfstlmk tf l`tkmmkot{am dkhatk a`d

dlamfc{k- a`d |kt oml`c tf a ealtb l` tbklx ~axt|s l`eammlhlmlt|.

Sbat Skst Hk`cam tbl`is tfda|- Dkmbl dfks `ft tbl`i tfda| fx tfgfxxf. Tbls ls tbk

of`om{slf` tbat s{ccksts ltskme exfg tbk tf dleekxk`t ~fmks kga`atl`c exfg tbk O^L"G,.

tbk bkadq{axtkxs fe tbk O^L"G, l` Cf~ama` Hbaua` l` @k Dkmbl bas ulks blob axk

of`txadlotfx| tf tbfsk kr~xksskd h| ofgxadks l` Skst Hk`cam. Lt sbfs tbat tbk ulk fe

Gx. ^xaiasb Iaxat- tbk ck`kxam skoxktax| fe tbk O^L"G,- axk tbfsk fe tbk ~axt| bkadq{axtkxs

a`d tbk f~l`lf`s a`d aotlf`s fe Gx. H{ddbadkh Hbattaobaxjkk- tbk oblke gl`lstkx fe Skst

Hk`cam- xk~xksk`t tbk sta`d eauf{xkd h| tbk Skst Hk`cam {`lt fe tbk ~axt|. Gx. Iaxat a`dbls s{~~fxtkxs l` Dkmbl axk dlstl`otm| {`ofgefxtahmk ltb cmfhamlzatlf` a`d ga`| as~kots fe

tbk kof`fglo xkefxgs ack`da. Tbk| oa``ft aook~t tbk `k tlks hktkk` L`dla a`d tbk [_A

tbat bauk hkk` kstahmlsbkd aetkx Ga`gfba` _l`cbs ulslt tf Sasbl`ctf`. Tbk ukx| ldka fe

dlsl`ukstgk`t l` HBKM sk`ds ofgxadks l` Dkmbl l`tf a tlzz|.

Amm tbksk f{md bauk hkk` ~ax efx tbk of{xsk fe a ofgg{`lst ~axt| h{t efx tbk eaot tbat tbk

efxgkx oblke gl`lstkx fe Skst Hk`cam Gx. J|ftl Has{- bf ls stlmm a gkghkx fe tbk O^L"G,

~fmlth{xf el`ds `ftbl`c fhjkotlf`ahmk l` tbk jfl`t statkgk`t lss{kd h| tbk [_ ^xksldk`t a`d

tbk L`dla` ^xlgk Gl`lstkx. E{xtbkx- Gx. Hbattaobaxjkk ls a ikk` adufoatfx fe kof`fglo

xkefxgs a`d bls cfukx`gk`t ~ma`s tf dlsl`ukst exfg skmkotkd ~{hmlo skotfx {`lts. Tbk

O^L"G, bas kltbkx hkofgk a ~axt| ltb tf dlstl`ot ufloks- fx lt bas gastkxkd tbk axt fe

s~kail`c l` a efxikd tf`c{k1??. Tbls soblzf~bxk`la fe tbk O^L"G, glcbt hk xfftkd l` tbk

eaot tbat tbk ~axt| bas tf x{mk Skst Hk`cam- h{t l` Dkmbl lt bas `f s{ob xks~f`slhlmlt|. Gx.

Hbattaobaxjkk i`fs tbat ltbf{t l`ukstgk`ts- Skst Hk`cam ls a xkd dkskxt. Bk bas `ft

ammfkd ldkfmfc| tf omf{d bls j{dcgk`t fe bat ls cffd efx tbk statk bk x{mks. Gx. Iaxat-

f` tbk ftbkx ba`d- skks tbk O^L"G, as Gx. _l`cbs mf|am f~~fsltlf`. Tbk ok`txam mkadkxsbl~

fe tbk O^L"G, bas `f sk`sk fe xks~f`slhlmlt| h{t bas a` lmm{slf` fe ~fkx1?4.

1??D{am Tf`k- "kdltfxlam,- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- A{c{st ?.8>>;.

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Efx 8? gf`tbs- tbk Mket bas xke{skd tf hk a ~axt fe tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t- h{t abs krkxolskd

a uktf ~fkx f` lts kof`fglo ~fmlolks. Lt bas ~xkuk`tkd amm mahf{x ma xkefxgs- sf~~kd tbk

omfs{xk fe kuk` obxf`loamm| mfss gail`c ~{hmlo k`tkx~xlsks- ~xkuk`tkd tbk l`ukstgk`t fe a

exaotlf` fe ~k`slf` e{`ds l` tbk sbaxk gaxikts a`d- gfst s{ooksse{mm| f~~fskd tbk samk fe

1>+ fe tbk sbaxks fe tbk HBKM a`d 2+ fe tbk sbaxks fe Gax{tl [d|fc tf xalsk gf`k| efx

tbk g{ob `kkdkd @atlf`am L`ukstgk`t E{`d. Kaob a`d kukx| gkas{xk tbat tbk Mket bas

efxokd tbk cfukx`gk`t tf taik fx dkekx bad f`m| f`k keekot smfl`c df` tbk cxftb fe

kg~mf|gk`t1?;. Tbk Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- f`ok xftk l` lts kdltfxlam- l` oask a`| f`k kukx

f`dkxkd b| tbk Mket ~axtlks `kukx tbf{cbt lt elt tf jfl` tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t- bkxks tbk

a`skx: bf of{md tbk| bauk hkk` l` ~fkx a`d bauk attkg~tkd tf hxl`c tbk `atlf` tf lts

i`kks1?5.

Ofggk`tl`c f` tbk baxge{m a`d ~fl`tmkss `at{xk fe stxliks- tbls axtlomk asis tbk

ofgg{`lsts- bat ls tbk Mket gail`c tbk mlek fe a `atlf`s oltlzk`x| glskxahmk efx61?3.

Tbk Mket ls ~xftkstl`c acal`st tbk cfukx`gk`ts kof`fglo ~fmlolks- dlsl`ukstgk`t- dlm{tlf`

fe mahf{x mas- tbk LAKA uftk- ~xktt| g{ob kukx|tbl`c sbfxt fe `ft baul`c a ofgg{`lst

^G. L` tbk Mkets xkoif`l`c- tbk of`s{gkxs a`d kg~mf|kks fe alx~fxts- ~fxts- ha`is-

tkmkofg a`d ~fstam feeloks df`t elc{xk l` tbk om{stkx tbat lt s{~~fskdm| xk~xksk`ts- tbk

~kf~mk. Sbat tbk Mket mkadkxs skkg tf hkmlkuk ls tbk l`amlk`ahmk xlcbts fe gkghkxs fe txadk

{`lf`s1?2. Tbls axtlomk ~{ts a q{kstlf` hkefxk tbk Mket ~axtlks tbat le tbk| axk sf a`cx|

ltb tbk cfukx`gk`t tbat tbk| axk lmml`c tf mltkxamm| tbxasb lt f{tsldk ^axmlagk`t- bat f`

kaxtb axk tbk| dfl`c l` ^axmlagk`t61?>;.1?5Xkd xldl`c bffds- "kdltfxlam,- _k~tkghkx ?>- 8>>;.1?3

Lhld.-1?2

Lhld.-1?;.152

Lhld.-15>;.13>

_glml`c H{ddba- "kdltfxlam,- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- A{c{st 82- 8>>;.

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Skst Hk`cam- ffkd ~xluatk oa~ltam L`dla` a`d efxklc`- f~k`m| adglttkd tbat tbk Mket

gadk glstaiks l` tbk ~ast h| amlk`atl`c oa~ltam a`d oa~ltamlsts- a`d oag~alc`kd acal`st

lxxk~xksslhmk txadk {`lf`lsg a`d tbk o{mt{xk fe ha`dbs. Tbksk keefxts fe Gx. Hbattaobaxjkk

sta`d l` sbax~ of`txast tf sfgk fe tbk ~xf`f{`okgk`ts gadk h| tbk ~axt| mkadkxsbl~ l`

@k Dkmbl. Tbk O^L"G, l` @k Dkmbl bas of`slstk`tm| ~fsltlf`kd ltskme acal`st kof`fglo

xkefxgs- ' h| f~~fsl`c dlsl`ukstgk`t- EDL l` gfst axkas a`d xkefxgs l` tbk mahf{x gaxikt.

Le Gx. Hbattaobaxjkk sta`ds efx tbk e{t{xk- bls ~axt|s ~fmlth{xf sta`ds efx tbk ~ast131. Tbk

txackd| ls tbat tbk| "O^G mkadkxsbl~, oa``ft dlsf` tbklx gfst s{ooksse{m oblke gl`lstkx-

`fx oa` tbk| f` {~ tf kof`fglo xkefxgs. Dl`fsa{xs bauk tf mluk ltb tbklx f`

of`txadlotlf`s tlmm tbk| kufmuk fx hkofgk krtl`ot138.

Addxkssl`c bls elxst ~xkss of`ekxk`ok aetkx bls txl~ tf L`df`ksla a`d _l`ca~fxk-Hbattaobaxjkk sald xkefxg- ~kxefxg fx ~kxlsb13?. Bk sald tbat Gaxrlsg ls `ft a dfcga.

Lt ls a solk`ok. Sk bauk tf mkax` tx{tb exfg eaots. Ofggk`tl`c f` tbk `fgl`atlf`s fe tbk

tf ukx| lg~fxta`t gkghkxs fe O^Gs ~fmlth{xf- _ltaxag \kob{x| a`d Hxl`da Iaxat tf

tbk Xaj|a _ahba- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b xltks- lt sbfs |kt acal` tbat as tbk O^L"G, aook~ts tbk

~xlgao| fe tbk ~axmlagk`tax| ~atb- lt amsf bas `f q{amgs ahf{t xk`kcl`c f` ~fmltloam

gfxamlt|134 hkoa{sk tbls as tbk sagk ~axt| tbat ~xksk`tkd a ukx| dleekxk`t eaok l`

f~~fsl`c a` agk`dgk`t tf tbk Xk~xksk`tatlf` fe ^kf~mks Aot-8>>? gfukd h| @DA-

blob dls~k`skd ltb tbk xkq{lxkgk`t tbat Xaj|a _ahba oa`dldatks g{st hk fxdl`axlm|

xksldk`t l` tbat statk fx tkxxltfx| exfg blob tbk| axk skkil`c kmkotlf`s. Tbk of`stlt{tlf`am

hk`ob fe tbk _{~xkgk Of{xt bas |kt tf ofgk f{t ltb lts el`am ukxdlot f` tbk ~ktltlf` elmkd

acal`st tbls `k ma. Gaxrlsts dkolslf` tf `fgl`atk \kob{x| a`d Iaxat exfg Hk`cam ls a

~mal` f~~fxt{`lsg. Tbk ~axt| bas `ft f`m| df`k a ofg~mktk ufmtk eaok f` lts kaxmlkx sta`d-

lt bas amsf taik` adua`tack fe tbk dkma| l` tbk of{xt j{dckgk`t. Aetkx tbls- a`| gfxam

cxf{`d tbat tbk ~axt| taiks ls ma{cbahmk13;. Tbls axtlomk e{xtbkx statks tbat tbk O^L"G,

131 Lhld.-138 Lhld.-13?

Ofgxadks- xkefxg!- Amfi Ha`kxjkk- Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- A{c{st ?>- 8>>;.134

_{xuluam stxatkc|- Asbls Obaixahaxtl- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- J{m| 5- 8>>;.13;

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df{hmk sta`daxds sta`d kr~fskd h| tbk \kob{x| Iaxat k~lsfdk135. Mlik a`| ftbkx ~axt|-

lt amsf hkmlkuks tbat stxatkc|- `ft gfxamlt|- ls tbk `agk fe tbk cagk l` ~fmltlos.

Tbk Mket ga| bauk hkk` f`k fe tbk a{tbfxs fe tbk OG^- h{t lt bad `kukx dklc`kd tf slc` lt.

Tbat amf`c ltb tbk eaot tbat lt ~xkekxs tf sbaxk ~fkx ltb tbk [^A ltbf{t hkl`c ~axt fe

lt sbf{md cluk k`f{cb om{ks xkcaxdl`c tbk Mkets dxkax| a`d xk~ktltluk tbxkats tf tbk [^A.

Tbk Bl`d{sta` Tlgks xltks l` lts kdltfxlam hkl`c a of`solk`ok ls `ft a e{mm tlgk jfh9

hkl`c a ~fmltloam f{telt- bfkukx- ls. Sltb a` ldk`tlt| fe lts f` tf ~kx~kt{atk- ikk~l`c q{lkt

bk` lt bas `ftbl`c of`stx{otluk tf sa| ls `ft a ~xkekxxkd f~tlf` efx tbk Mket133. F` tbk

lss{k fe ~{mml`c f{t fe tbk [^A'Mket offxdl`atlf` gkktl`cs- tbls axtlomk sald tbat lt cluks a

slc`am tbat tbk ofgxadks axk elcbtl`c tfftb a`d `alm tf xkukxsk tbklx a`tl'~kf~mk dkolslf`

"dlsl`ukstgk`t fe HBKM,. F`k bas tbls `lccml`c ekkml`c tbat as kmkotlf`s a~~xfaob l` statksmlik Skst Hk`cam a`d Ikxama- tbk ~kf~mks ~axtlks lmm el`d ftbkx l`sta`oks fe tbk [^A

stxa|l`c exfg tbk ofggltgk`t l` tbk OG^132.

At tbk a``{am sksslf` a`d `atlf`am of`ekxk`ok fe tbk Of`ekdkxatlf` fe L`dla` L`d{stx| f`

ga| 12- 8>>;- tbk tbk` HJ^ ~xksldk`t Mam Ixlsb`a Adua`l- q{kstlf`kd tbk Mkets

lmml`c`kss tf k`dfxsk Obl`as ~{xs{lt fe kof`fglo xkefxgs blmk adufoatl`c a dleekxk`t

ml`k efx L`dla. Bk xkgaxikd lt ls fia| le Obl`a hkofgks a `{omkax ka~f`s statk h{t L`dla

g{st `ft. Lt ls fia| le tbk Skst Hk`cam OG oa` adufoatk kof`fglo xkefxgs l` Oamo{tta- h{t

tbk ~axt| g{st f~~fsk tbk sagk xkefxgs l` Dkmbl lxxks~kotluk fe bktbkx tbk @DA fx [^A

ls l` ~fkx at tbk Ok`txk13. Sax`l`c tbk ^G `ft tf ~xfokkd l` tbls ~atb fe uk`dktta- bk sald tbk haxil`c

ofgg{`lsts ga| `ft hltk h{t tbk aotlf` tbk| a`d sfgk ftbkxs axk ~xkss{xlzl`c |f{ tf taik

135Lhld.-133Sami tbk Tami- "kdltfxlam,- Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- J{`k 82- 8>>;.132

Lhld.-13;.12>

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lmm okxtal`m| hltk |f{121. L` bls ulk tbk elxst tbl`c L`dla g{st df tf aoblkuk df{hmk dlclt

l`om{sluk cxftb as tf gaxcl`amlzk tbk ldkfmfcloam a`d ~fmltloam l`em{k`ok fe tbk

ofgg{`lsts- as tbklx ~fmlolks f{md dkmlukx `kltbkx l`om{sluk cxftb `fx df{hmk dlclt

cxftb128. Oxltlolzl`c tbk Mket- bk kr~xksskd'lt ls lxf`lo tbat tbfsk bfsk dfcgatlo

~fmlolks kxk a ~xksoxl~tlf` efx l`oxkasl`c ~fukxt|- ~kx~kt{atl`c haoiaxd`kss a`d

~xfgftl`c ofxx{~tlf` l` h{xka{oxao| axk tamil`c ahf{t l`om{sluk cxftb12?. Tamil`c ahf{t

tbk ~fmlolks Obl`a ~{xs{kd tf aoblkuk a` lg~xkssluk kof`fglo cxftb- bk sald tbat tbk

ofgg{`lsts l` L`dla bad ama|s f~~fskd a`d kxk of`tl`{l`c tf f~~fsk tbksk ~fmlolks.

Tbk| `kukx tbf{cbt ahf{t tbat tbk _fulkt [`lf` `kukx aoblkukd blcb cxftb.

@f aetkx cfl`c tf amm tbksk O^L"G,s oxltlolsgs fe [^A a`d gkdlas oxltlolsgs fe

O^L"G,s oxltlolsgs fe [^A- k lmm dlso{ss tbk O^L"G,s attlt{dk tfaxds tbk [^Acfukx`gk`t l.k.- bat tbk O^L"G, aot{amm| a`ts tbk [^A tf df 6 Efx tbk elxst tlgk sl`ok

lts l`ok~tlf` tbxkk dkoadks acf- tbk Ofgg{`lst ^axt| fe L`dla "Gaxrlst, bkmd lts of`cxkss

l` Dkmbl at a tlgk bk` tbk [`ltkd ^xfcxkssluk Ammla`ok "[^A, s{~~fxtkd h| lt exfg

f{tsldk ls x{``l`c a ofamltlf` cfukx`gk`t at tbk ok`txk. Tbk slr da| of`cxkss- exfg A~xlm 5'

11- 8>>;- xkulkkd tbk dlxkotlf` tbk ~axt| bad taik` sl`ok tbk mast B|dkxahad of`cxkss l`

8>>8- tbk xfmk fe tbk Mket a`d tbk ~axt| l` tbk ~xksk`t ~fmltloam slt{atlf`- a`d a xfadga~ efx

tbk e{t{xk a~axt exfg kmkotl`c a `k mkadkxsbl~. Lt hkca` l` tbk haoidxf~ fe glrkd

kr~kxlk`oks h| tbk Mket ~axtlks ltb tbk [^A a`d tbk ~fsltlf` fe of`exf`tatlf` f` skukxam

kof`fglo ~fmlolks ~{xs{kd h| tbk Of`cxkss'mkd ofamltlf` cfukx`gk`t. L` tbls of`cxkss- tbk

O^L"G, ekmt lt bad tf ~ma| a` l`dk~k`dk`t xfmk blob gka`s oxltlolsl`c a`d f~~fsl`c s{ob

stk~s fe cfukxgk`t blob axk acal`st tbk ~kf~mks l`tkxksts- fx axk a dk~axt{xk exfg tbk

OG^. Tbk gkssack as tbat tbk ~axt| ls `ft s{~~fxtl`c tbk cfukx`gk`t efx of`tl`{l`c ltb

tbk sagk dlsoxkdltkd ~fmlolks "as lt tbl`is, fe tbk ~xkulf{s HJ^'mkd @DA cfukx`gk`t. Lt

amsf axc{kd tbat a` l`dk~k`dk`t xfmk dld `ft gka` of`el`l`c tf- fx dkaml`c f`m| ltb tbk

OG^ h{t lt f{md gka` tail`c {~ tbk dkga`ds fe tbk Mket a`d dkgfoxatlo ~xfcxaggk skt

f{t at tbk mast of`cxkss. L lmm efo{s f`m| f` s{ob lss{ks blob kxk dlxkotm| xkmatkd tf lts

attlt{dk a`d a~~xfaob tf tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t.

121Lhld.-

128Df `ft xkm| f` tbk Mket- Tbk Bl`d{- Ga| 1>;.

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Tbk dxaet ~fmltloam xksfm{tlf` efx tbk 12tb of`cxkss statkd- tbk lss{ks fe ma`d- acks-

dkgfoxatlo xlcbts fe fxil`c ~kf~mk bauk tf hk taik` {~ a`d stx{ccmks of`d{otkd. Tbk

lss{ks fe tbk haslo omassks bauk tf hk obag~lf`kd a`d ef{cbt efx. @ft tail`c {~ s{ob lss{ks

f{md gka` {`dkxgl`l`c tbk l`dk~k`dk`t xfmk fe tbk ~axt| a`d kaik`l`c tbk stx{ccmk fe

tbk Mket a`d dkgfoxatlo efxoks124. L` bls l`a{c{xam addxkss tf tbk 12tb of`cxkss fe O^L"G,-

Baxilsbk` _l`cb _{xjkkt tfmd tbk of`omauk blmk k krtk`d s{~~fxt tf tbk [^A

cfukx`gk`t tf gkkt tbk krlck`olks fe tbk o{xxk`t slt{atlf`- mkt {s gaik lt omkax tbat tbkxk

lmm hk `f clul`c {~ f` f{x haslo ack`da. Sk lmm aot as sk`tl`kms fe tbk ~kf~mk. Sk lmm

gaik l`dk~k`dk`t asskssgk`ts a`d dkoldk f{x of{xsk fe aotlf`12;. J|ftl Has{- at tbk k`d

fe tbk elxst da|s sksslf`- sald- tbk ~kf~mk kr~kot tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t tf e{melmm tbk

ofggltgk`t tbat lts ~fmlolks lmm hk efx tbk hk`kelt fe tbk aag aadgl. Tbls elxst fe amm

xkq{lxks a xkamlzatlf` tbat mlhkxamlzatlf` bas hk`keltkd f`m| 1>+ fe tbk ~kf~mk 125. Tbk oammefx a tblxd exf`t as ekkhmk l` tbk of`cxkss as _{xjkkt l`dloatkd tbat tbk tlgk as `ft

of`d{oluk efx s{ob a` amtkx`atluk. Bk sald- a tblxd amtkx`atluk ls dkslxahmk h{t lt oa``ft hk

xkd{okd tf tbk of`ok~t fe a` kmkotfxam ammla`ok123. Kr~mal`l`c tbk xatlf`amk efx s{~~fxtl`c

tbk Of`cxkss'mkd efxgatlf` at tbk Ok`txk- Gx. _{xjkkt sald tbat tbk O^L"G, xkofc`lzkd tbk

Of`cxkss as a sko{max ~axt| a`d tbk xkmkua`ok fe lts xfmk l` dktkxgl`l`c tbk sko{max

obaxaotkx fe tbk _tatk at tbls j{`ot{xk.

L` tbk of`cxkss- ^xaiasb Iaxat kg~baslzkd tbat s{~~fxtl`c tbk ofamltlf` cfukx`gk`t dld

`ft gka` tbk O^L"G,f{md cluk {~ lts l`dk~k`dk`t xfmk a`d tbat lt f{md f~~fsk a`|

~fmlo| gkas{xk tbat adukxskm| aeekotkd `atlf`am sfukxklc`t|- l`tkxksts fe tbk fxil`c

~kf~mk a`d a` l`dk~k`dk`t efxklc` ~fmlo|. Sblmk ~xksk`tl`c tbk dxaet ~fmltloam xksfm{tlf`

fe tbk 12tb of`cxkss- bk sald- tbls tlgk tbkxk bas hkk` a ldkx aook~ta`ok fe f{x ~axt| ml`k

ltb xkcaxd tf f{x a~~xfaob tf tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t a`d tbk l`tkxuk`tlf`s k bauk

gadk122. Tbk gal` tbx{st fe tbk ~fmltloam xksfm{tlf` tbk| gadk as tbat tbk O^L"G, lmm

124 ^kf~mks Dkgfoxao|- Ja`{ax| 8?-8>>;- ^c 11..12; O^G mkot{xks Of`cxkss- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- A~xlm 3- 8>>;.125

Lhld.-123

Lhld.-122

O^G fia| ltb sta`d f` Dkmbl- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- A~xlm 2- 8>>;.

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l`tk`sle| lts ~xkss{xk f` tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t tf k`s{xk lt dfks `ft efmmf ~fmlolks fe

mlhkxamlzatlf` l`dlsoxlgl`atkm|12;.1

Has{ {ttkxs bfgk tx{tbs- ~axt| mlstk`s- Gf`fhl`a C{~ta- Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- A~xlm 1>- 8>>;.1;- ^c 11.

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~fmlolks as of``kotkd tf a` a`tl'lg~kxlamlst tasi as hftb tbk Bl`d{tua'efxoks a`d tbk

mlhkxamlzkxs axk dlstl`c{lsbkd h| tbklx ~xf'lg~kxlamlsg.

F` tbk lss{k fe s{~~fxtl`c tbk cfukx`gk`t- lt axc{ks tbat cluk` tbk omass obaxaotkx fe tbk

Of`cxkss a`d lts ofggltgk`t tf ~{xs{k kof`fglo ~fmlolks fe mlhkxamlzatlf`- tbk ~axt| as

`ft efx jfl`l`c a cfukx`gk`t l` blob tbk ofamltlf` f{md hk dfgl`atkd h| efxoks

ofgglttkd tf tbksk ~fmlolks1

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omasbkd. Tbksks lss{ks l`om{dk xkmatlf`s ltb Agkxloa- tbk `{omkax dkam- Lxa`- alx~fxts- EDL-

tbk h{dckt- ^_[#s dlsl`ukstgk`ts- K^E l`tkxkst xatks- kto. cfl`c h| tbk xkofxds f`k oa` skk

tbat sl`ok Ja`{ax| 1-8>>5- tbk O^G ~fmlth{xf a`d tbk Mket ~axtlks bauk lss{kd `kaxm| 8;

statkgk`ts skukxkm| oxltlolzl`c tbk cfukx`gk`ts dkolslf`s. Tbk slg~mk of`om{slf` skkgs tf

hk tbat tbk dlsta`ok hktkk` tbk Mket a`d tbk cfukx`gk`t bas l`oxkasl`cm| cxf` sl`ok

Ga|- 8>>4- l` sfgk axkas kuk` `k dleekxk`oks- fetk` ox{olam f`ks- bauk kgkxckd. Le EDL-

dlsl`ukstgk`t a`d xkmatlf`s ltb Agkxloa eamm l`tf tbk elxst oatkcfx|- Lxa`- alx~fxts- tbk

h{dckt a`d K^E l`tkxkst xatks axk ~axt fe tbk skof`d.

Tbk s{x~xlsl`c dlsofukx| ls tbat f` amm tbksk lss{ks tbk Mket ga| bauk lts sa| h{t lts tbk

cfukx`gk`t tbat bas lts a|. _f- lt ls omkax tbat hkbl`d tbk hahkm fe oxltlolsg- Dx

Ga`gfba` _l`cb bas slmk`tm| h{t s{xkm| df`k bat bk a`ts. L` tbk gattkx fe efxklc`aeealxs- blmk J|ftl Has{ oamms H{sb a tkxxfxlst- Hxl`da Iaxat oamms blg a ilmmkx a`d ^xaiasb

Iaxat a`ts blg txkatkd as a ax oxlgl`am f{x ^xlgk Gl`lstkx hxfik ltb tbk ~xftfofm tf

xkokluk H{sb at tbk alx~fxt bk` bk oagk tf L`dla a`d oammkd blg a` bf`f{xkd c{kst

sma~~l`c f` tbk eaok fe tbksk ofgg{`lsts.

Sbk` f`k of`sldkxs tbk s{hsta`ok fe L`dlas xkmatlf`sbl~ ltb Agkxloa- f`k lmm el`d

sbax~kx dleekxk`oks. Tbk O^G fhjkotkd tf tbk J{`k 8>>; L`df'[_ dkek`sk dkam. A gf`tb

matkx tbk ^G of`om{dkd tbk cmfham dkgfoxao| l`ltlatluk. Tbk O^G bad stxf`c xkskxuatlf`

ahf{t tbk J{m| 8>>; `{omkax acxkkgk`t- h{t j{st slr kkis acf- tbk cfukx`gk`t el`amlzkd

tbk dktalms. Sbk` f` Gaxob 8- _ltaxag \kob{x| tbxkatk`kd tbk cfukx`gk`t tbat le tbk

cfukx`gk`t s{oo{ghs tf [_ ~xkss{xk f` tbk `{omkax dkam tbk| lmm bauk tf eaok tbk

of`skq{k`oks. H{t f` tbk sagk da| tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t oammkd bls hm{ee a`d slc`kd tbk

dkam. L` @fukghkx 8>>;- tbk O^G ax`kd tbk cfukx`gk`t `ft tf uftk acal`st Lxa` h{t tbk

cfukx`gk`t dld ~xkolskm| tbat- L` Ekhx{ax| tbls |kax- lt xk~katkd tbk ax`l`c h{t sfgk da|s

matkx tbk cfukx`gk`t xk~katkd lts uftk. Of`skq{k`tm|- Lxa` as xkekxxkd tf tbk _ko{xlt|

Of{`olm- a` f{tofgk tbk O^L "G, f~~fskd amm tbk a| a`d a`tkd tf aufld at amm ofsts.

F` dfgkstlo lss{ks tbk dluldk ls gfxk cmaxl`c. L` Dkokghkx- 8>>;- tbk K^E l`tkxkst xatk

as o{t tf 2.;+. Tbk O^G f~~fskd lt h| asskxtl`c tbat tbkxk ls `f q{kstlf` fe aook~tl`c lt

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at a`| ofst a`d tbls ls tftamm| {`aook~tahmk- blob bas tf hk xkukxskd. H{t tlmm `f tbk o{t

sta`ds. F` tbk lss{k fe ~xluatlzatlf` a`d gfdkx`lzatlf` fe G{ghal a`d Dkmbl alx~fxts- tbk

O^G aoo{skd tbk cfukx`gk`t fe hxkaobl`c tbk Ofggf` Gl`lg{g ^xfcxaggk oamml`c lt a

soag. H{t tbk cfukx`gk`t dld kraotm| bat lt a`tkd. F` tbk lss{k fe EDL l` xktalm- tbk

O^G ~fmlth{xf ax`kd fe skxlf{s dkmktkxlf{s keekots f` tbk kof`fg| a`d tbk mlek fe tbk

~kf~mk- h{t tbk cfukx`gk`t ~kxglttkd EDL l` sl`cmk hxa`d xktalm a`d ls amsf tamil`c fe EDL

l` ck`kxam xktalm l` ofgl`c tlgks. Tbk cfukx`gk`t ls `f ~xf~fsl`c EDL l` gl`l`c-

l`oxkaskd EDL l` l`s{xa`ok- ha`il`c dkxkc{matlf`- ~k`slf` xkefxg- ^_[ dlsl`ukstgk`t kto.

a`d tbk O^G ls lg~maoahm| f~~fskd tf tbksk h{t L tbl`i lt ls `ft cfl`c tf ~{t tbk

cfukx`gk`t fee. Efx krag~mk- ^xaiasb Iaxat sald l` Ifmiata f` Ja`{ax| 1< tbls |kax tbat

tbk samk fe sbaxks l` ~{hmlo skotfx {`lts tf cax`kx a ek oxfxks ls a had ~fmlo|- had

kof`fglos a`d had ~fmltlos blob tbk O^G oa``ft aook~t. H{t tbk cfukx`gk`t l` Dkmbl- l`tbk sagk kki- ~ma``kd tf dlsl`ukst tbk ^fkx El`a`ok Ofx~fxatlf` "^EO, a`d @atlf`am

Gl`kxam Dkukmf~gk`t Ofx~fxatlf` "@GDO,.

_f as eax as g| a`am|sls cfks f`- `f gattkx bat tbk s{hjkot- tbk O^G dfks tbk tamil`c h{t

tbk cfukx`gk`t amis aa| ltb tbk dkolslf`. A`d `f lt skkgs tf gk tbat tbk

cfukx`gk`t bas ofgk tf a of`om{slf` tbat tbk O^G ltb ftbkx Mket ~axtlks lmm `kukx

ltbdxa s{~~fxt as tbat f{md gka` clul`c a` f~~fxt{`lt| tf tbk ofgg{`am efxoks tf

ofgk tf ~fkx a`d x{mk tbk `atlf`. _f tbk f`m| Ofggf` Gl`lg{g ^xfcxaggk fe tbk

O^G- as tbk Matk Gx. ^xagfd Gabaja` f`ok xkgaxikd- ls tf ikk~ HJ^ f{t fe ~fkx.

Hksldks tbls- lt ls amsf k`jf|l`c tbk ~fkx a`d a{tbfxlt| ltbf{t a`| xks~f`slhlmlt| a`d

mlahlmlt|. Tbk gfuks adf~tkd h| tbk Of`cxkss cfukx`gk`t s{cckst tbat tbk cfukx`gk`t

a`ts tf ~{xs{k a tf'txaoi ~fmlo| ltb tbk Mket ~axtlks. Elxst- lt xkmkasks ~fmlo| gkas{xks

l` a em{xx|- g{ob mlik a` kof`fglo agh{sb- a`d tbk` lt attkg~ts a txadk'fee f` {`of``kotkd

~Y~fmlo| lss{ks sf as tf cluk a eaok saul`c f~tlf` efx tbk {`xkmlahmk Mket blmk h{|l`c

~kaok. As eax as L tbl`i- tbk O^G ls oxltlolzl`c tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t j{st hkoa{sk- l` lts

~kxok~tlf` tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t skkgs tf hk lg~mkgk`tl`c tbk sagk il`d fe `kf'mlhkxam

xkefxg ~xfcxaggk adf~tkd h| tbk @DA lc`fxl`c tbk Ofggf` Gl`lg{g ^xfcxaggk. Lt

oxltlolzkd tbk cfukx`gk`t efx ~{sbl`c abkad ltb gkas{xks fe mlhkxamlzatlf`- hk lt l` tbk

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efxg fe dlukstl`c kq{lt| l` ~xfelt gail`c ~{hmlo skotfx {`lts- blil`c efxklc` dlxkot

l`ukstgk`t oa~s l` ox{olam skotfx l`om{dl`c tkmkofg a`d ha`il`c- ~{sbl`c abkad ltb tbk

o{xxk`t efxg fe xkstx{ot{xl`c fe tbk kmkotxlolt| skotfx a`d ahfuk amm dlm{tl`c a`d sbkmul`c

sfgk fe tbk ~xfglskd gkas{xks l` tbk Ofggf` Gl`lg{g ^xfcxaggk.

L tbl`i tbk O^G skkgs tf bauk asslc`kd ltskme tbk elc gk`tam- `f` ~xaotloam a`d {`ekaslhmk

xfmk fe dfl`c stx{ccmks acal`st ofgg{`amlsg- `kf'mlhkxam kof`fglo ~fmlolks a`d

lg~kxlamlsg slg{mta`kf{sm|. Lt ls s{~~fxtl`c tbk cfukx`gk`t tf elcbt tbk ofgg{`am efxoks

a`d tf ikk~ tbkg f{t fe ~fkx. Lt ls oxltlolzl`c tbk cfukx`gk`t efx efmmfl`c `kf'mlhkxam

~fmlolks a`d efx sta`dl`c ltb [_ a`d K{xf~k f` sfgk lss{ks. H{t- l` hktkk`- lt ls oa{cbt

{~ ltb lts f` aghluamk`oks a`d of`txadlotlf`s l` lts a~~xfaob a`d attlt{dk tfaxds tbk

cfukx`gk`t a`d ltskme- blob axk fe uaxlkd `at{xk a`d fe cxkat lg~fxta`ok- a`d blobsbfs tbat tbk ~atb lt ls efmmfl`c ls ahsfm{tkm| l`ofxxkot l` tbk ~xksk`t da|s. Kukx sl`ok tbk

dlsga`tml`c fe tbk _fulkt [`lf` a`d tbk xkclgk oba`cks l` tbk sfolamlst hmfo of{`txlks- tbk

O^L"G, bas hkk` tx|l`c tf kufmuk ~fmlo| a`d taotloam a~~xfaobks f` tbk `k kgkxcl`c

fxmd slt{atlf` gaxikd h| cmfhamlzatlf` a`d `kf'mlhkxam kof`fglo ~fmlolks- blob tffi a

of`oxktk sba~k at tbk 12tb ~axt| of`cxkss ltb tbk xkmkask fe tbk dfo{gk`t F` Okxtal`

^fmlo| Gattkxs- blob gadk lt omkax tbat tbk stx{ccmk efx a` amtkx`atluk sfolamlst fxdkx bas

tf hk haskd f` xkufm{tlf`ax| txa`sefxgatlf` fe tbk krlstl`c fxdkx1

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tbk Of`cxkss at tbk Ok`txk- ls f`m| lts taotlo tf h{lmd {~ a`d kr~a`d lts ~fmltloam a`d

fxca`lzatlf`am hask aoxfss tbk of{`tx|- blob- cluk` tbk blstfx| fe tbk ofgg{`lst

gfukgk`t l` L`dla skkgs ukx| dleelo{mt {`mkss lt oba`cks lts ~fmlolks- attlt{dk a`d

a~~xfaob- blob ls amsf `ft kas| hkoa{sk l` tbat oask lt lmm hkofgk tbk Of`cxkss ~axt|.

Aot{amm| tbk O^Gs f~~fsltlf` a`d attlt{dk tfaxds tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t ls e{mm fe

aghlc{ltlks a`d bame'tx{tbs. F`k sbf{md asi a q{kstlf` bat ls xlcbt a`d bat ls mket 6 tbk

blcb dkolhkm xbktfxlo fe tbk O^G- tbk skme a~~fl`tkd ~xftkotfxs fe glddmk omass

l`tkxksts8>> ama|s of`tal`kd a s{xeklt fe oa`l`k xkekxk`oks h{t lts haxi bas `ft hkk` t{x`kd

l`tf hltk |kt. _kkil`c mfclo l` tbk tbl`il`c fe tbls ~axt| ls as da{`tl`c as el`dl`c a `kkdmk

l` a ba|staoi8>1. Tbk [^A ammla`ok ls a` {`ofgefxtahmk ammla`ok tbat bas fxikd efx

amgfst tf |kaxs ltbl` a` krtxkgkm| {`off~kxatluk- dks~kxatk f~~fsltlf` a`d f{tsldks{~~fxtkx bf hkmlkuk l` ikk~l`c {~ ~xkss{xk8>8. Tbk O^G a`ts ahsfm{tkm| `ftbl`c tf

oba`ck lt a`ts tf ~xftkot amm krlstl`c hk`kelolaxlks fe s{hsldlks a`d amm krlstl`c jfh bfmdkxs

kuk` le tbat gka`s dk`|l`c jfhs tf tbk |f{`c ~kf~mk bf emffd tbk gaxikt kukx| |kax.

Tbls ls `ft sfolamlsg- h{t tbk ukx| q{l`tkssk`ok fe xkaotlf`ax| ~fmltlos8>?. ^fkx gaiks

a dleekxk`ok- a`d tbk dleekxk`ok ls amm tbk gfxk blstfxloam le k axk tamil`c ahf{t L`dla`

ofgg{`lsts a`d L`dla8>4.

Tail`c tbk oa~tluk sfulkts fe Ikxama a`d Skst Hk`cam f{t fe tbk hxaoikt f`k oa` kaslm|

xkamlzk bf ofgg{`lsts bauk mfst L`dla- a`d bf tbk| bauk glsxkad L`dla a`d lts stx{ccmk

fe omass as kmm as oastk. Tfda| tbk a~~axatoblis fe A.I.C. Hbaua` axk lss{l`c Eatas

ltb tbk tk`aolt| fe a G{zzaeax`acax g{mmab- as le tbk f`m| a| tf gaik {~ efx tbk eamm fe

tbk _fulkt [`lf` ls tf ikk~ tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t f` tbk Mket of{xsk- tbat ls- ikk~ lt aa|

exfg oa~ltamlsts a`d lg~kxlamlsts. Tbk skof`d gfst ~fkxe{m ~axt| l` tbk of{`tx| at tbk

gfgk`t dxas lts ~fkx exfg tbk ofmmkotluk ~fkxmkss`kss fe tbk x{ml`c ofamltlf`. A`d

8>> Tbk flm smloi abkad- Xfblt _axa`- L`dla Tfda|- Ga| 15- 8>>;- ^c ?1 Slmm HBKM ^fkx tbk Sa|6- ^ffja Gkbxa- L`dla Tfda|- J{`k 8>- 8>>;- ^c 48.8>8

Kof`fglss- ^axfglta _bastxl- F{tmffi- Ga| 8?- 8>>;- ^c ;>.8>?

L`dla _bl`l`c- Aot LL- ^xkg _ba`iax Jba- F{tmffi- J{m| 11- 8>>;- ^c ;4.8>4

J{`i ^fkx- _. ^xasa``axaja`- L`dla Tfda|- J{m| 12- 8>>;- ^c 12.

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ltbf{t ~fkx- blstfx| tkmms {s- tbkxk ls `f ofgg{`lsg. Tbk Ixkgml` ltbl` M{t|k`s

Dkmbl cxfs hkoa{sk tbk gaxikt xatk efx g{sk{g fxtb| j{`i bas `ft eammk` l` L`dla8>;.

Aetkx hkl`c l` tbk lmdkx`kss efx `kaxm| a dkoadk- `f tbk Mket ls haoi at tbk ok`txk s~aok

fe tbk L`dla` ~fmltloam a`d kof`fglo stack. Amtbf{cb hkxket fe lts fxlcl`am stkag tbk

{`glstaiahmk Mketlst lg~xl`t bas f`ok acal` hkc{` tf sbf ltskme l` gfst fe lts eauf{xkd

ba{`ts: kof`fglos- kd{oatlf` a`d o{mt{xk. Tbk Mketlsts axk omkaxm| xkukml`c l` tbk mlgkmlcbt.

L` Ga| 8>>4- bk` tbk| a``f{`okd s{~~fxt efx tbk Of`cxkss'mkd ofamltlf`- tbk| bad statkd

tbk| f{md gf`ltfx tbk cfukx`gk`t efx a |kax. @f as tbk kmkotlf`s l` Ikxama a`d Skst

Hk`cam- lts tf gal` stxf`cbfmds axk cfl`c f`- tbk [^A'Mket bf`k|gff` dfks`t skkg tf

hk fukx. As tbk ~xf~ tbat ikk~s tbk gl`fxlt| cfukx`gk`t l` feelok- lt ls tbk `kaxkst tbk Mket

bas ofgk tf krkxolsl`c ~fkx at tbk Ok`txk. Tbk O^G as a` f{tsldk s{~~fxtkx bas k`f{cbkr~kxlk`ok fe haoiskat dxlul`c blob lt bas mkax`t exfg tbk ~xkulf{s tf sbfxt mlukd [`ltkd

Exf`t kr~kxlgk`ts fe tbk s. Tbls `f ofgks ba`d| as tbk Mket l`tlgldatkd tbk

cfukx`gk`t f` dlsl`ukstgk`t a`d ~xluatlzatlf`- bkmd f{t tbxkats fukx ~ktxfmk{g ~xlok

bliks- baxa`c{kd lt fukx ~ma`s tf ~xluatlzk alx~fxts a`d obldkd lt efx lts attkg~ts tf skmm

sbaxks fe HBKM. Tbk xkds axk omkaxm| k jf|l`c tbk xfmk fe haoiskat dxlukxs . Lts a xfmk tbat

s{lts tbkg kmm- as l` tbk kuk`t fe a` aooldk`t tbk xks~f`slhlmlt| f{md `ft hk tbklxs.

8>;Lhld.-

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Hlhmlfcxa~b|

A. @ks~a~kxs '

1. Tbk Bl`d{sta` Tlgks- @k Dkmbl.

8. Tbk Bl`d{- @k Dkmbl.

?. Tbk Tkmkcxa~b- Ifmiata.

4. Tbk Kof`fglo Tlgks- @k Dkmbl.

;. Tbk L`dla` Kr~xkss- @k Dkmbl.

5. Tbk _tatksga`- @k Dkmbl.

3. Tbk Txlh{`k- Oba`dlcaxb.

H. Gacazl`ks

1. ^kf~mks Dkgfoxao|

8. Exf`tml`k

?. F{tmffi

4. Tbk Skki

;. L`dla Tfda|

O. _fgk fe tbk oaxtff`s blob kr~xkss tbk Gkdlas ofg~xkbk`slf` fe tbk O^G'[^A

xkmatlf`sbl~ a`d tbk O^Gs attlt{dk tfaxds tbk [^A cfukx`gk`t.

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O^G_ OXLTLOL_G_- A^^XFAOB A@D ATTLT[DK TFSAXD_ TBK [^A

CFUKX@GK@T UL_''UL_ TBK GKDLA_ OXLTLOL_G_ FE TBK O^G_ ATTLT[DK

L@ TBK ^A_T F@K \KAX " 8>>; ,

L@_TX[OTFX : ^XFE. HBACSA@ JF_B

_[HGLTTKD H\ : I[@DA@ I[GAX

G.A.&GFD&OB_&___