a survey of asia's energy prices - world...

WORLD BANK TECHNCAL PAPER NUMBER 248

ASA TECHNiCAL DEPARTMENT SERIES

A Survey of Asia's Energy Prices

Anil K. Malhotra, Olivier Koenig, and Prasert Sinsukprasert

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WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 248

ASIA TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT SERIES

A Survey of Asia's Energy Prices

Anil K. Malihotra, Olivier Koenig, and Prasert Sinsukprasert

The World BankWashington, D.C.

Copyright @ 1994The International Bank for Reconstructionand Development/THE WORLD BANK1818 H Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

All rights reservedManufactured in the United States of AmericaFirst printing November 1994

Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the developmentcommunity with the least possible delay The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared inaccordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts noresponsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readilyavailable.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s)and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or tomembers of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does notguarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoeverfor any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shownon any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legalstatus of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it shouldbe sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bankencourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when thereproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions forclassroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A.

The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications,which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors,and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Officeof the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or fromPublications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Ina, 75116 Paris, France.

ISSN: 0253-7494

All of the authors are with the World Bank. Anil K. Malhotra is an energy adviser to the AsiaTechnical Department. Olivier Koenig is senior economist in the South Asia, Country Department I.Prasert Sinsukprasert is an energy economist summer intern.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Malhotra, Anil K., 1939-A survey of Asia's energy prices / Anil K. Malhotra, Olivier

Koenig, and Prasert Sinsukprasert.p. cm. - (World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494

248. Asia Technical Department series)ISBN 0-8213-2860-31. Electric utilities-Asia-Rates-Statistics. 2. Petroleum

products-Prices-Asia-Statistics. 3. Fuel-Prices-Asia-Statistics. I. Koenig, Olivier, 1946- . II. Sinsukprasert,Prasert, 1966- . Ill. Title. 1. Series: World Bank technicalpaper ; no. 248. V. Series: World Bank technical paper. AsiaTechnical Department weries.HD9685.A762M35 1994333.79-dc2O 94-16612

CIP

TABLE OF CONTENTSINTROI.U . . . . . . .......................... 1

SUM M ARY OF FI................................Electrici....... y... .................................P etro leu m Prodt. .. ...... .. .. .. ..... ............... . ...........

1.E L T R IC IT Y ... .......... ........... ..................... ..................... ........... .......... ........... .... 19

Electricity Tariffs for Typical Customers( o n Jan uy 1, 1993, i.......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 2

Average Power Tariffs by Consumer Category( Fiscal Year 1992, in Nominal US .Currency .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 22

Electricity Tariffs for Typical Customers( for 1984 - 1993, in Constant 1990 US Currenre )... ........... .......... ........... .... 24

Average Power Tariffs by Consumer Category( for 1984 - 1992, in Constant US Currency) ... ........... .......... ........... .... 32

General Characteristics of Electric Uittiess.C onditions of S . .... .. ........ 1 9........ ........... .......... ........... .... 4Fuel and Other Cost Adjustmeuts4 sme . . . . .Average Consumption of Residential Cnsume... r... ........... .......... ........... .... 3Power Tariffs in Nl eLo c Ur e .... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 44OECD Average i o m n us Currenc...... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 65Power Tariffs in Constant 1990 Local Crucr ........ .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 66Power Tariffs in Constant 1990 US Currency ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 86N otes Specific to Each Country ....... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 108

2. PETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICES......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 114

Petroleum Product and Gas Prices( on January 1, 1993, in U S Currency).......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 115

Petroleum Product and Gas Prices(for 1984 - 1993, in Constant 1990 US Currency).... ........... .......... ........... .... 119

Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Nominal Local Currency......... .......... ........... .... 123Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Nominal US Currency. ........... .......... ........... .... 137Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Constant 1990 Local Currency .......... ........... .... 139Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Constant 1990 US Currency ... .......... ........... .... 153

3 . A N N E X E S .......... ........... .......... ........... ...................... ........... .......... ........... .......... 169

E xchange R ates ..................... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 170C onsum er Price Indices.......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 171Price Survey Questionnaires and Sample Cover Letter ......... ........... .......... ........... .... 172

List of Electricity Utilities and Organizations Providing Energy Price Data........ .... 180Pow er Pricing in C hina .. ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .... 181

The Asia Energy Price Survey Report has been prepared by Anil Malhotra (Energy Adviser), Olivier Koenig (Senior Energy Economist), and Prasert

Sinsukprasert (Summer Intern). The report was reviewed by Peter Eglington (Consultant) and P.T. Venugopal (Consultant).

-iii-

Measures

kWh=Kilowatt-hours (1000 watt-hours)

MW= Megawatt ( 1000 kilowatts)

GW= Gigawatt ( 1 million kilowatts)

Litre= 0.264 gallons

Bbl= Barrel (42 gallons)

Barrel= 158.99 litres

kcal= kilocalories (3.97 BTU)

BTU= British Thennal Unit

TOE= Tonnes of Oil Equivalent

= 10.2 million kilocalories

= 40.5 million BTU

-iv- *

FOREWORD

The World Bank over the past four decades has been deeply involved in the energysector of the developing countries. One of the major policy objectives in the reform of theenergy sector has been the need to set tariffs for electricity and petroleum products suchthat they reflect economic efficiency. But the pace of tariff reform has been different inthese countries and there has been little data available in regard to comparative energyprices. A detailed survey to obtain these data was carried out in collaboration with theagencies in the various countries. This report provides the first cross country comparisonof energy pricing in Asia.

The report provides information on the status of recent electricity and petroleumproduct prices as well as time trends in a number of countries. The individual countriesand utilities may find it useful to analyse the varied tariff reform structures in differentparts of Asia, including changes over time since this may be helpful in the design ofappropriate pricing policies and sector reform.

The cooperation extended by the countries in providing this data for this firstsurvey is deeply appreciated. Future survdys are also planned which would extend thecoverage to more cities and could also focus on some specific themes. We would welcomecomments from the readers.

Harold W. MessengerDirector

Asia Technical Department

--

IN,Ile Asia Energy Price Survey Report pmsents the results of a survey carried out in July 1993 for16 countries in Asia. It is intended to provide a ready reference for Bank staff and outsideorganizations in monitoring energy activity in developing countries of Asia and in maldng cross-country comparisons.

INTRODUCTION the one prevailing in the capital, unlessotherwise indicated.

There has been little data available in regardto cmpaatie enrgypries ad tri~ in The report covers average electricity rates byto comparative energy prices and tariffis in csoe aeoyadi h grgt o

thedevloingcontresin Asia, in particular customer category and in the aggregate forthe developing countries ithe various fiscal years. It also gives pricesinternational comparisons of energy prices.

In rspose o fequnt rquets romour paid by typical customers on January first ofmnebse otres, t es rom or each year since this gives a better idea of themember countries, the Asia Region of the trf tutr n loprisbtetariff structure and also permits betterWorld Bank decided to conduct a detailed intercountry comparisons. The basis of theseenergy price survey to obtain a time series of data are the published tariff of each utility,cross country data at the same point of time and since, sometimes, different taxes (such asto permit consistency in analysis and municipal taxes or VAT) are collected withcomnparison. Unlike the IEA and other the electricity bill, an additional questionnairesurveys, the present survey focused primarily on taxes was also included. An additionalon the developing countries in Asia. questionnaire on terms and conditions of

The Asia Energy Price Survey report is service was also included, which covers,based on data collected in cooperation with notably, connection charges as the latterthe developing countries though a direct sometimes contribute to finance a significant

survey in July- August 1993. The response portion of investments.to this first survey has been very Fto tis irstsurey as ben ery For petroleum products and natural gas,encouraging, particularly in the case of petreprt a d naur gaselectricity, for which time series covering the pies in the port ae te cue pc

lastnin yers hve eenobtanedfro 16 (i.e. "at the pump"), all taxes included, onlast nine years have been obtained from' 16 Jauran Jlyfstoech er.Ncounrie an coerin 21cites. For January and July first of each year. Nopeutrlem ps and navering itul gs Fattempt was made at this stage to analyze thepetroleum products and natural gasresponses were obtained from 10 countries. price build-up and the weight of taxes which

can constitute an important share of theThe report also provides a few benchmarkcomparators, like OECD averages as price.

available from IEA statistics, and FOB The data provided by the countries were inSingapore prices of petroleum products. nominal local currency and local units. The

local consumer price indices (CPI), US

The survey focuses on electricity tariffs, dollar exchange rates, indices ofpetroleum product prices, and when manufactured exports (MUV-G5), and unit

conversion ratios were applied to produceapplicable, natural gas. Coal, for which tbe o rs onr oprsnoquality is an important factor in the price tent bi A f ai onvon

leel ndwos seislmie t .e consistent basis. All financial conversionleve, an whse ue i limtedto afewrates employed in this report were taken

countries, was not included in this first rom plM e in ai a Stasisurvy. Sncein ech ounty picesmay from IMF International Financial Statisticssurvey. Since in each country prices may

vary according to location, the survey limited Yearbook (1993) and UN sources.itself to prices in capital cities of each While care has been taken in selecting thecountry, and a few other major cities in the information and verifying its accuracy,case of China and India. Whenever reference readers are urged to exercise care inis made to a country, the price is implicitly intepreting and in making comparisons

-1-

across countries since often statistical This report is organized in three parts. Part Imethods, coverage and definitions may vary. provides a summary of the main findings ofFor example, petroleum product prices in a the survey. Part II provides detailed data onfew countries are "off-depot" rather than "at electricity tariffs, notably time series in localthe pump". Also, electricity prices in China currencies (current and constant) and USmay not fully reflect the introduction over dollar (constant), while Part III providesrecent years of additional charges for new similar data for petroleum products andplants and Power Development Funds. natural gas.Possible discrepancies should be corrected toobtain prices based strictly on the same We plan to update the survey every year.definition for all countries. As may be seen These future updates, which should befrom the report, the coverage for all simpler in that they will only cover data forcountries is not complete and additional data the current year, should give the opportunityas well as any corrections sent in by the of strengthening homogeneity in datacountries or by staff will be incorporated in definition, and to widen the geographicalfuture edition of this report. scope of the survey, particularly in the case

of petroleum products and gas.

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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS (Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Thailand andVietnam); (ii) Pacific Islands (Fiji, Kiribati

The detailed results from the electricity tariff and PNG); (iii) China; (iv) South Asia- India;and petroleum product price survey are and (v) South Asia- other countries.exhibited in the tables and graphs followingthis summary. For electricity, the detailed Average Tariffstables show tariffs for each category during TABLE 1: AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS in 1992the period 1984 to 1992 in (i) local currency in US cents per kWh (1992 US$)(nominal), (ii) in local currency deflated bylocal consumer price indices (real), and (iii) City Resid, Comm, indus. Totalin constant US dollar terms adjusted by the EAST ASIAunit value index of manufactured exports Bangkok 7.47 6.77 6.77 6.89from the five major industrial market Hanoi 4.26 7.10 - 4.50Jakarta 6.35 11.55 5.98 6.75economies to developing countries on a CIF Kuala 8.37 8.96 5.69 7.09basis (MUV G-5). These background tables unir 10.38 10.30 9.54 10.02and the accompanying graphs provide Seoul 10.40 10.86 5.89 7.44information for inter-city comparisons of SACIFDsome 21 cities in 16 countries. Port Moresby 16.59 18.97 14.31 17.93

Suva 14.98 15.78 10.15Tarawa 23.50 28.64 28.64 -

Without pretense to an exhaustive analysis of CHINABeijing" 3.32 2.91 - 2.43the statistics, the endeavor below is to Guangzhou- 3.51 1.52 2.61

present some of the salient conclusions from Jinan" 3.35 2.92 2.58Shanghar* 4.14 2.78 - 3.18the data, and to indicate the direction for INDIA

improvements in the survey, for further Bangalore 3.32 8.03 5.36 3.20Bombay 4.09 8.85 7.75 6.39research and perhaps for policy reevaluations Calcutta 3.87 6.91 7.15 6.10

in the participating countries. SOUTH ASIA-OTH.Dhaka 4.24 9.50 6.29 5.13

ELECTRICITY Islamabad 2.57 9.44 4.53 3.48Kathmandu 4.12 7.05 4.52 4.64Thimphu 1.54 1.54 1.54 -

Overview of Tariffs Colombo 4.63 9.22 6.98 6.78OECD

Japan* 20.9 - 14.6 -An overview of the tariffs for 1992 in the 16 Average* 13.1 - 7.77 -

countries is shown in Table 1. Average The total also comprised 'agriculture' and other' not shown separatelypower tariff ( as distinct from average typical intable.

tarif) s cmpued he rtioof ota anual * from Energy Prices and Taxes, International Energy Agencytariff) is computed as the ratio of total annual These prices are the average state "based" prices, applicable torevenues to annual sales volume, either in the only central government financed plants. For a detailed note onaggregate or for particular customer groups, electricity pricing in China, see Annex 1.for a utility or a group of utilities in a As a group , East Asian tariffs are at thecountry. Since the average power tariffs for a higher end of the range of tariffs in the 16particular subsector ( e.g. industry) may countries. Hanoi is one notable exceptiondepend on the structure of the sector, with an average of US cents 5.40 /kWh.average rates for typical customer groups are Manila, with an average tariff of US centspresented in Table 2. 10.02 /kWh is at the top end. The Pacific

islands, yeflecting the small scale of mainlyFonsereed of c opars, te ata Ara diesel based operations, average around aconsidered in 5 groups: (i) East Asia hihU cet18kh. Cna as n

high US cents 18 /kWh. China has an

-3-

apparent low average tariff, between US As a matter of interest, Table 1 also includescents 2.43 and 3.18 /kWh. But these tariffs data on average tariffs for the residential andrelate to 'state base prices' which are the base industrial sectors of OECD countries as aprices charged for electricity generated by whole, and Japan. Residential and industrialplants financed by the Central Government consumers in Japan pay extremely highand managed by provincial power tariffs even in comparison to the OECDcompanies. Where power supply is financed countries- US cents 14.6/kWh for industrialby noncentral government sources- and a and 20.09/kWh for residential customers. Asubstantial proportion is so financed- a word of caution is necessary here. Inter-'guidance price differential' is charged in country comparisons should be made takingaddition. This is of the order of US cents 1.5 all relevant factors into consideration. The/kWh at present. An annex explains the World Bank has consistently stressed thattypical electricity pricing mechanism in the determination of electricity tariffs shouldChina. Turning to India, Bombay and be based on two major principles. The firstCalcutta with average tariffs of around US is that tariffs should reflect economic costscents 6.25 /kWh, are not far behind those of of supply, in terms of the structure andthe East Asian cities in general. But in levels. In practice, this principle has beenBangalore, low agricultural tariffs bring taken to mean that consumers should paydown the average to US cents 3.20 /kWh. long run marginal costs of meeting theirOf the other South Asian cities, Colombo demand. The second major consideration isand Dhaka have average tariffs also not far that tariff levels should be set so as to makebehind those of the East Asian cities in power utilities financially viable. With thisgeneral. But Islamabad's low residential and caveat in mind, the analysis of the tariffindustrial tariffs depress its overall average differences among these countries becomesto US cents 3.48 /kWh. interesting so as to identify 'best practices'

and help in the formulation of rationalpricing policies.

-4-

Structure of Tariffs

TABLE 2: ELECTRICITY TARIFFS for TYPICAL CUSTOMERS, on Jan 11993 in US cents per kWh

Small Large Small Large Small Medium Large SrnallCity Country. Resid Rsid Comm Comm Industry industry Industry IrrigEAST ASIABangkok Thailand 4.13 6.75 7.14 6.99 8.77 6.99 5.92Hanoi Vietnam 4.26 4.26 7.10 7.10 4.26 4.26 4.26 4.54Jakarta Indonesia 5.09 111.96 10.11 9.91 6.12 6.05 5.07 -Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 7.66 8.42 9.19 9.19 7.24 7.24 5.59 7.24Manila Philippines 5.98 110.72 11.60 10.53 10.28 9.97 9.71 10.87Seoul Korea 3.89 113.51 6.61 6.49 4.58 4.72 4.69 2.32PACIFIC ISLsPort Moresby PNG 12.96 16.71 18.63 18.63 18.63 18.63 11.75 18.63Suva Fiji - - - - - - -Tarawa Kiribati 22.04 22.04 26.86 26.86 26.86 26.86 26.86 -CHINABeijing China * 3.25 3.25 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.41 2.41 2.22Guangzhou China * 3.44 3.44 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.38 1.38 1.06Jinan China * 3.29 3.29 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.64 2.64 2.29Shanghai China * 4.16 4.16 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.49 2.49 2.19Shangal China 4.25 4.25 7.09 7.09 5.01 5.01 4.79 1.85INDIA

Bangalore S. India 3.28 4.27 9.73 - 6.34 - 7.10 0.15Bombay W. India 4.49 7.02 14.11 14.11 14.05 12.96 9.57 1.53Calcutta E. India 2.59 4.50 8.26 7.57 7.12 7.73 7.38 -SOUTH ASIAColombo Sri Lamka 2.28 8.70 6.74 6.41 5.11 4.78 4.67 -Dhaka Bangladesh 4.23 7.05 9.49 6.28 7.05 6.28 5.77 4.49Islamabad Pakistan - - - - - - -Kathmandu Nepal 1.85 5.88 8.17 7.64 5.07 4.93 4.03 3.17Thimphu Bhutan 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 0.76 -OECDJapanSingapore 13.53 13.53 13.53 8.03 8.03 8.03 8.03 13.53

* These prces are the average state 1based' prices in Jan 1. 1992. Refer detailed note in Annex 1.* These are actual consumer prices based on field surveys.

As shown in Table 1, in all the East Asian customers pay an average of 8.85 c/kWh.countries, average industrial tariffs are lower Agricultural tariffs in most Asian countriesthan the residential ones, and in some are considerably lower than those paid bycountries substantially so. Thus, in Korea, residential customers. The pattern of cross-the average industrial tariff of 5.89 c/kWh is subsidizing residential consumers is alsoalmost half that charged to residential (10.4 found in many of the lowest incomec/kWh) or commercial customers (10.86 countries in Asia and in the World.c/kWh). This pattern is similar to thatobserved in OECD countries: average rates Table 2 indicates the average tariffs paid byin OECD countries are about 7 c/kWh for typical customers. ( The precise definition ofindustrial and just over US cents 10 c/kWh their demand characteristics are given in thefor residential. However, in practically all survey forms in the annexure). Mostthe countries of South Asia (except Bhutan), countries seem to use some form of lifelineindustrial tariffs are significantly higher than rates as revealed by the lower level of pricesresidential, while commercial tariffs are paid by the small ( 50 Kwh/ month)usually the highest. In Bombay ( India), for residential customers. Seoul and Kathmanduexample, the average industrial tariff of 7.75 are typical examples. The difference in pricesc/kWh is almost twice that paid by residential paid by small, low voltage industry and large,customers (4.09 c/kWh) while commercial three- shift industries, supplied at high

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voltage, is quite variable. In some countries, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul, current tariffs incontinued flat rates, low demand charges or US cents per kWh in these cities compareabsence of differentiation according to well with the OECD average. Bangkok hasvoltage, yield similar prices. In Bangkok and significantly reduced nominal tariffs for allBombay, on the other hand, the ratio consumer categories over the years. In Kualabetween small and large industry are 1.48 Lumpur the tariffs for industries and miningand 1.47 respectively were reduced in 1986/1987 while residential

and commercial tariffs were maintained moreTariff Changes during 1984 - 1992 or less at the earlier levels. In Seoul the

commercial tariff was reduced by more thanAs can be seen in Table 3 and in charts half between 1986 and 1990, and similarlyfollowing this section, average tariffs in all the industrial tariffs dropped by about 25%.cities, except Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and In Jakarta and Manila, on the other hand,Seoul have increased during the period tariffs were raised almost in tune with1984-1992 in local-currency nominal terms. domestic inflation. The case of Indonesia,These increases have been substantial in China and India reveal a trend where themany cases: on average over 10% per exchange rates have not kept up with theannum in Shanghai, Beijing, Jinan, Calcutta, differences in inflation (domestic vis a vis theBombay and Bangalore. But except for 7 western exporting countries). In the case ofcities, the tariffs increased less than the local China, tariffs in local real terms have aboutinflation. kept pace with domestic inflation, but a

significant decline in real US dollar terms hasoccurred due to an approximate 140%

TABLE 3: AVERAGE ANNUAL CHANGES IN depreciation of the local currency unit overAVERAGE POWER TARIFFS DURING 1984-92 the period. India has registered goodIN PERCENT (06) increases in tariffs in local real currency; butclties Local oal S the depreciation of the rupee by over 125%EAST ASIA in the period 1984-1992 has resulted in a

agkaa 4.31 -27 95noticeable decline in the tariffs in real USKuala Lumpur -2.53 -4.72 -8.81 dollar terms. Colombo, Dhaka andManila 8.7 2.08 -2.47 Islamabad reveal a picture similar to that of

PACIFIC ISLANDs India's, with tariff increases in nominal localPort Moresby 2.87 -2.14 -3.61curny ni at bot nehl teChinacurny ui ataotoehl teBeijing 10.62 0.59 -7.31 percentages of India and a depreciation of

Jinan . 10.24 024--7.6

Guazhou 6.8 -2.8 -0.4 the local currency unit by about 75% in theShanghai 11.47 1.37 -6.59 period 1984-1992. The average tariffs in all

Bangalore 11.80 3.43 -4.68 the countries in Asia have declined in US realBombay 10.77 2.94 -5.53 terms, at rates varying from 2.47 % to 10.45Calcutta 10.19 2.40 -6.03 .er m. Asiem fom currenSOUTH ASIA % pranm sd rm creccolombo 6.46 -3.96 -5.98 devaluation effects, this trend suggests thatDhaka 5.63 -2.88 -5.37

islamabad 6.39 2.3 -6.48 the beneficial effects of the decline ofinternational fuel prices and possibleproductivity improvements have been passed

Table 1 and 3 indicate that even if tariffs on to customers in these countries.

have declined significantly in Bangkok,

-6-

Changes in Average Power TariffsAverage Annual Rate during 1984-1992

10

-5 0 Y.U.

-15

LOCAL NOMNAL LOCAL REAL US REAL

In contrast to the developing countries in Further AnalysisAsia, electricity tariffs in OECD countrieshave dropped only slightly in real terms Electricity pricing is one of the mostbetween 1984 and 1987 but have remained powerful policy tools to achieve marketbasically stable thereafter. The electricity efficiency, better supply performances and totariffs for residential and industrial customers provide financing for the rapidly growinghave decreased in real terms at an average power sector of many Asian countries.annula rate of 0.8 % and 1.0 % between Further analysis needs to focus on:1984 and 1991.

* relationship between electricity rates andfinancial performance of electric utilities,

* costs of supply versus prices,* quantitative impacts of tariffs on demand

in each consumer category.

-7-

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORY............FISCAL YEAR 1992, IN NOMINAL US CURRENCY

Average Rate for Residential Consumersin fiscal year 3992. i US east per kWH. NOMINAL

0 5 10 lis 24

BaskakKsa Ls par

MannaSeoul

Jakarta

DhakaTbimpha

KathmassBombayCa tna

Banz Otorehalshaad

ColomboOECD Average

Average Rate for Commercial Consumersis fiscalyear 1992. i. US coatpr kWH. NOMINAL

0 5 IO is 20

BagkokKmala Lampar

MassSeont

Shanai aIHilgmlGeando

DmasJakarta

S%aDhaka

ThimphoKathmandu

BombayCalcutta

l383'laaoColombo

OBCD Average

Average Rate for Industrial Consumersin fiscal year 1992. in US coat per kWH. NOMINAL

5 10 is 20

BaagkokKeal Lamp r

ManilaSeoul

SOanghaiGuaesou

JakartaSava

DhakaThimph:

Karhm as.diBombaCaI.ut,y

Islam abadColombo

OBCD Avarage

Average Power Tariffin fiscal year 1992. in US coat per kWH. NOMINAL

0 5 10 1s 20

BasgkokEsala LamperMa ila

Seosat

JakartaSva

DbakaT% i,pbiThLimpam.Eath maadsBombayCalcatta

ColomboOBCD Average

-8-

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORY

FOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY

Avemge Power Tafs for Resddential Consunem Average Power Tarffs for Residental ConsumraEast Asia , In consant US currency Sou Auial , in consa US curncy

20 20

ý15 - >15 •

L r

1964 16 196w 197 196o 1INt 1990 1991 1992 1984 1966 1o96 1967 i9f8 199n 1990 1991 1992

A~eg Power Tariffs for ReuIdential Consumom Av. PoeTarIft' for ResidentIal ConsurnersEat Asiai in cntant US curency Asiali (India), in consant US crrency

20 - 20 -

S15 - -15

10 10

• hanghauanzhou

1984 1985 198 197 1988 1969 1990 1991 1992 1964 1966 1968 1967 198 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Tariffs for Residential Consumers Average Power Tarifts for Residential ConsumersEast Asia ill, in ænta US currncy South Asiall1, In constant US curncy

10 T~uva

26 26

Part M~Wali15 15

Swa10 k --

S5COO~

.* .................... ..

0 ~ 0 1'

1964 1965 196 1967 1968 1969 1990 1991 1902 1964 1985 198 1987 1968 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average P--er Tariff for Residartial ConsOCED MeAw~, In coan,« US5 cw~any

15 »

OECD aeg

19om 190u 186 1957 190 19uo 199 199 1991

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYCOMMERCIAL CONSUMERSpFOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY

Average Powr Tariffs for Commercial Consumers Avemge Power Tariffs for Commercial ConsumersEast Asial, in constant US currency South Asa , in constant US currency

20 - 20

15 - 15

10 ~ 10...-. Dha

5 Bang~ 5 Tir 1

0 0_1984 1985 196 1987 1988 1969 1990 1991 1992 1964 1985 1986 1987 1988 1969 1990 1991 1992

Average PowerTariffs for Comnercial Consumem Aver ower Tariffs for Commerial ConsumermEast Asia li, in cnstant US curency 2Asia 1 (India), in constant US currency

20 .20

S15 !15

Icalcutta

5 19m 5

1984 1985 198 1987 198 1989 190 1991 1992 1984 1965 1966 1967 198 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Tariffs for Comr~ial Consumers Average Pover Tariffs for Commercal ConsumersEast Asia il, in constant US currency South Asia Ill, in constant US curency

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 o 10Islanb

Cola~b5 5-

0 01984 1965 1966 1987 1988 1960 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 16 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

-10-

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYINDUSTRY CONSUME1(S,FOR 1984 -1992, IN CNSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY

Avergs PowerTifs for Indusltdal C«nsume Averge Power Tarifs for Industral ConsumesEst Asia1, In consantUcunny Suth Asia , In constant US currency

20 20

-15 Md 15

10 110 -. .......--. Dak

5 50Kl Lunur ------ thn

1964 1965 1988 1967 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1967 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Arage Power Tarlffs for Inlustrial Consuners Average Power Tariffs for Industrial ConsurerstA5iali, 2 cntat lS cunn South Asa II (ndia), In constant US currency

20 -20-

15 15

1010

5 gal5

1984 1985 198 1987 198 1197 198 9 1990 1991 12

Avage Pcwe Tadwfsfor ~ndustdalCcnsumesmEst Asiall, in coa US cuwrcy Average Power Tariffs for Industrial Consumers

25 South AsiallI, in constant US cunency

20 -0

5 10 clomb

0

1964 1965 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Taris for Industrial ConsunersCICED Averag, in cons~n US currency

15

15

-11-

PETROLEUM PRODUCTSOf all the petroleum products, kerosene

Overview of Prices prices in 1993 probably exhibit the widestrange of variation, from country to country:

Findings are more difficult to summarize for from as high as US cents 35.2/litre inpetroleum product prices than for electricity Bangkok to US cents 9.4/litre in Bombay.tariffs because the exact terms and Kerosene prices in South Asian cities are lessconditions for sales are not always than half those in East Asia. In Indian cities,comparable between countries. For example for example, kerosene is priced at about 10some prices are wholesale whereas others cents per litre which is only about half theare retail. However, some conclusions are already low price for diesel. In contrast,clear. kerosene was priced higher than diesel in

Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul.TABLE 4: PETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICESon January 1, 1993, in US cents per litre, LPG is much cheaper in most South Asia

city Gasoline Diese Kerosene :F cities than East Asia (about half). In 1993,EAST... AI .(Ls) the LPG price in Seoul is reported as US

STASI 77.37 2664 32.22 12.94 cents 57/kg but it is less than 20 cents/kg inKuala 40.58 24.92 25.31 8.42 all Indian cities.LumpurManila 41.84 27.89 27.89Bangkok 33.93 31.19 35.23 13.40 Natural gas prices for power generationJakarta 26.67 13.82 10.67 -SOUTH ASIA range from US$ 2.32/MMBTU in Islamabad,Dhaka 34.21 34.38 34.38 18.23 where domestic natural gas supplies areIslamabad 42.22 19.65 19.26 8.69Colombo 71.74 25.33 19.13 14.13 available, to as high as US$ 5.27/MMBTU in

INDIA Seoul where LNG is imported.Delhi 56.47 19.51 9.73 -Madras 66.32 22.09 10.81 -Bombay 64.54 21.94 9.42 - Change in Petroleum Product PricesCalcutta 59.79 20.51 10.43 -Kanpur 58.67 20.93 10.74 -OECD* On average, automotive fuel prices in AsianJapan 110.9 66.4 - 21.31Average 527 50.0 - 13.33 developing countries in real terms haveFOB 16.9 - - 8.54 remained relatively constant after 1986-87Singapore following the initial reduction reflecting the

* OECD prices shown am average in the second quarter of 1993, drop in international prices. This is mainlytaken from Energy Prices and Taxes, International Energy Agency. due to the consistently low international oil

prices since then and government price

The most obvious observation from the controls to prevent immediate marketsummary table of petroleum product prices, fluctuation and maintain economic growth.summary For industrial fuels, most prices have beenin Table 4, is that as of January 1993 all.countries except for Bangladesh set diesel constantly decreasing in all countries,prices substantially less than gasoline. The especially in Kcrea and Thailand. Over the

period 1984-87, the prices of light and heavyprices of diesel in India are particularly low prioi hav e rop e shrly,hthtalrelative to gasoline, and India uses over 5 reucio betwe 18and 1993 oftimes as much diesel as gasoline. The prices ron 60 1 and 70 ofor regular gasoline are notably high in Seoul and 40 % and 45 %, respectively inand Colombo: in Seoul almost 3 times the an' k. Meanw FO Si asore iprice of diesel , and in Colombo over 2 1/2 g gapr ptimes. of heavy fuel oil declined by 65 % between

1985 and 1993 in current US dollars.

-12-

and typically about 15% less than premiumComparison with OECD countries gasoline. For Industrial fuels, the prices ofand International Market heavy fuel oil in most Asian countries are

matching to OECD averages, except inThe diesel prices in all Asian developing Philippines and Pakistan.countries are significantly lower (about half)than those in OECD countries while thegasoline prices are relatively more Further Analysiscomparable. In all countries of South Asia,except Pakistan, regular gasoline is even It would be useful to expand the survey tomore expensive than OECD, while in East cover a larger number of cities and toAsia, they are lower than OECD, except compare petroleum product prices, beforeKorea. In marked contrast to these taxes and duties, with the landed cost ofdeveloping Asian countries, the consumption products from Singapore or the middle east.of gasoline is greater than diesel in almost all The pattern of taxation of petroleumOECD countries. In international markets, products over the region presents anotherfor example at Singapore, the price of diesel promising area for further study and analysis.is often slightly higher than regular gasoline

-13-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESON JANUARY 1,1993, IN US CURRENCY

Regular GasolinePrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila

BangkokKuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboD haka ---------

IslamabadKathmandu

BombayCalcutta

DelhiMadrasKenpur

OECD AverageFOS Singapore

Automotive DieselPrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila

BangkokKuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboDhaka

IslamabadKathmandu

BombayCalcutta

DelhiMadrasKenpur

OECD AverageFOB Singapore

KerosenePrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila

Bang kokKuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboDhaka

IslamabadKathmandu

BombayCalcuttaI

DelhiMadrastillliKenpur EIIIl


Liquified Petroleum GasPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per Kg

0 20 40 60 60 100M anila

Kuala LumpurSeoul

JakartaColombo

DhakaIsla mabad

KathmanduBombayCalcutta

Delhi mmamMadrasKenpur


Note: Dhaka -- Off Depot Price

-14-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICES

Light Fuel Oil for IndustryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila .

Bangkok

J aka rtaCoo bo

IslamabadKathmandu

Bom bayCal ut

M ad rasKenpur

OECD AverageFOB Singapore____________ ____ ________

HFO Iow sulphur for industryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila

KulBa ngko kSeoul

J aka rta a s eEuCo ombo

IslamabadKathmandu .

Bom bayCalcuttaM ad rasKenp ur

OB Singapore ____ ____________

HFO low sulphur for PowerPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila

BangkokKuala Lum pur

SeoulJakarta

Colombo- Dhaka

IslamabadKathmandu

Bom bayCalcutta

DelhiMadrasKe npur

FOB Singapoere ____ ___ ___ ___ ___

Note: Dhaka - Off Depot Prices

-15-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESINDUSTRIAL FUELS: NATURAL GASON JANUARY 1, 1993, IN US CURRENCY

Natural Gas for IndustryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US$ per MMBTU

0 2 4 6 8 10

ManilaBangkok

Kuala LumpurSeoul

JakartaColombo

DhakaIslamabad


DelhiMadrasKenpur


Natural Gas for PowerPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US$ per MMBTU

0 2 4 6 8 10

ManilaBangkok

Kuala LumpurSeoul MllIIIl

JakartaColombo

DhakaIslamabad


DelhiMadrasKenpur

OECD AverageFOB Singapore _ __ 1 _

Natural Gas for Fertilizer PlantsPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US$ per MMBTU

0 2 4 6 8 10Manila

BangkokKuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboDhaka

IslamabadKathmandu

BombayCalcutta

Del"hiM DMarasKenpur


Note: Dhaka - Off Depot Prices

-16-


FOR 1984 1993, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY .......

Regular Gasoline Diesel (Automotive)AsiMa1984 - 1993 1East Asia1984 - 1993

120 120raoln _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

4100 -100 -

120O

80 80 -

60r--.., Coob0 Kahmnd

* OECD OECD

S20 - 20 -

0.0*~0

Regular Gasoline Diesel Automotive)

So As(nd, 198 -19 ot da,18 19

100 - 100 -

0 OECD E

0- an 40

1200100 nu~ ~~4 - 10

20 -bk .-.. l2m-~

0

Rffi a Gasoline Disl ?Atmotive)120A.i O .d2)* MaOns 1984-1W u- 1993

110 - 80

20

-- 17-

1D14-1931 20 Asia, 19M - 19

0-0 100 ... nmssems.

1220

2D -. 400FS 1r"


Kerosene Liquffied Petroleum GasEast"Asla1964-1993 East ma 1964-1993

120 120

10 - 100

~80 - 80

g 0 - 60--

20 M.- i¡ 20 ja,at nla

Kerosene Liquified Petroleum GasSouth Asia, 1984 -1993 souh Asia, 1984 - 199

120 120

110 - 100

g6- g8O \

60 Ka6du a0 rndu

140 40

120 ... .. 20

Kerosene Liquified Petroleum GassouU Asia enda),1964-1993 Su Asia Qncia), 1984-1993

120 12

100 100

80 -80

160 860

140 .40t& jMdras Clut

2D ~pur . rm20 - ... BJ<ae

0.eb 0.fl~~~~ ~ -l --- - - - - - -lfl - -- fl - - -- -

ELECTRICITY PRICES

Electricity Tariffs for Typical Customers(on January 1, 1993, in US Currency)

Average Power Tariffs by Consumer Category(Fiscal Year 1992, in Nominal US Currency)

Electricity Tariffs for Typical Customers(for 1984 - 1993, in Constant 1990 US Currency)

Average Power Tariffs by Consumer Category(for 1984 - 1992, in Constant 1990 US Currency)

General Characteristics of Electric UtilitiesCondition of ServicesFuel and Other Cost AdjustmentsAverage Consumption of Residential ConsumersPower Tariffs in Nominal Local CurrencyOECD Average in Nominal US CurrencyPower Tariffs in Constant 1990 Local CurrencyPower Tariffs in Constant 1990 US CurrencyNotes Specific to Each Country

ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSf.f.i.........................

Electricity Rates for Small ResidentialJaacary 1. 1993 ja U ccet per kWII. NOMINAL

10 15

SeoelKsala Lmp r

ShasgkaiOsaRko9

jkaa*oJakartaDbaka

ThimphKathma&4*

BasgaloreColombo

Electricity Rates for Large ResidentialJazzary 1, 1993 å US ccat per kWH, NOMINAL

8 5 10 15Seoual

Kala Lam apr

BeasBangfkok

ShaagiGusasbos

Baia

JakartaDbaka

ThimphsKathmazda

DaagaloreColombo

Electricity R ates for Small CommercialJa.asry 1. 1993 å US c..t per kWII. NOMINAL

10 15

Kuia Lampr

Bsagkok

kanoi

Osaahoo

DkakaThimpha

Katamande iiicBkobayalcetaod

BagaloreColombo

Electricity Rates for Large CommercialJaaaary 1, 1993 i US comt per kWI, NOM INAL

0 5 10 15

Kn ala L:rP.r

Baago

- OtaaZkox

JakartaDbaka

ThimpkrKathmasda

BagCoom by

Small Residental Large Residentlal Small Commercial Large CommercialPort Moresby 12.96 16.71 18.63 18.63Tarawa 22.04 22.04 26.86 26.86

-20-

ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FDR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSON JANUARY 1, 1993, IN US CURRNCY

Electricity Rates for Small IndustryJaseary 1, 1993 is US cost per kWH. NOMINAL

0 5 10 I

SeoulIKuala Lumper

Masila

JakartaDbaka

ThimphaKathmands

BombayCaluatta

Electricity Rates for Medium IndustryJatary I, 1993 in US coat per kWH. NOMINAL

SeoulKeasa Lumpur

MasiBasgkok

Hauseia

Beijing 85iJmas

JakartaDhaka

Tkimphg glathmands

BombayCalcutta

BangaloreColombo

Electricity Rates for Large IndustryJasuary 1. 1993 in US coat per kWH, NOMINAL

0 5 10 isSood

SeoulKuala Lampar

Masl

Be t2k

JosaJakartaDbaka

ThimphasKathmands

Bombay

BangaloreColombo

Electricity Rates for IrrigationJausary 1. 1993 is US cost per kWH. NOMINAL

0 5 10 1

BooslKusla Lumpur

Mazila

auBa as

JakartaDhaka

Thim phZathmanda

BombayCalcuttaougaloreCol.ombe

Small Industry Medium Large Induety IrigaionIndustry

Port Moresby 18.63 18.63 11.75 18.63Tarawa 26.86 23.86 26.86

-21-

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYFISCAL YEAR 19923 IN NOMINAL UTS CURRENCY

Average Rate for Residential Consumersis fiscal year 1992. is US com per kWH. NOMINAL

0 5 10 Is 20

Bangkoksmak Lamper

MasailaSeoul

Shaso

Boijag

B uaslr

Jakarta

Solo

Dhaka

inficl er 92si U asperk H,N MIA

Bomb,yCX .atta.

,as galore

la. abad

ColomboOBCD Average

Average Rate for industrial Consumersis fiscal year 1992. is US coal per kWH, NOMINAL

0 5 10 is4 20

Lagkokah Lm per

Xumila

Seoul

sb..gh.i

Beijag

Jes

JakartaSova

DbakaThmrple

KathsmndeBombayCalcta

Colome beOBCD Average

-22-

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYFIS1.CAL YEAR 1992, IN NOMINAL US CURRENCY

Average Rate for Agricultura( Consumersim fiscal you 1992. in US cest per kWH, NOMINAL

S S1 0 is 20

KasgkKeL. upu

Calceat

AveagePow r T rif

Oseasslon

JakartaSave

Dbaka

Tm pha

Kathmuads

Bambay

Calcatta

ColomboOBCD Average

Average Power TariffRe dsca yn 199en t US cot pr WH5 NOMINAL

0510is 20

Knobs L mEr91

Commercia 8986

Seosl

oak1793

3-23

Ban

Colo boy

OECD Average _______

NOTESAverage Rates in US cent per kWh

Port Mormsby TarewaResdentiat 16.59 23.50Commerdial 15.97 28.84lndustdWa 14.31 28.64Agficutture -Toted 17.93

-23-

ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERS

lectricity TarisforSmall Residential Conmwr EIcIricity TariIfsforSmall Residential ConsumenEs Asiai, in cnstant US crency Souh Asian, constant US currency

25 25

20 20

15 15

to 1lo .,Thimpu

Eectricity TarUlsfor Smal Reslntial Consunsf Electricity Tarils for Smalt Residential ConsumersEst AsianI, i constant US currency South Asia l (ndia), in constant US currency

15 15

5 ,,".~"""'* ,,,,ha 5....,

Guanzhou Ccuo1 0*

eim~ aM *ljo m a e wmm em~ ~Gfi m m *m m tAw #NM m ~ *vnow m AVW$ ovmaw

EI.ctricity Tarilfsfor Small Rosienial Consumers EIecticly TadLfsfor Small Residential ConsumsEast Asiaril, in constant US crency Asia nii, n c~nstant US currncy

25 - ~.-.. 25

15 15

-24 10

150 0*

-24-



Electicity Tarifs for Large Residential Consumers Electricity Tarffsfor Large Residential ConsumersEast Asal, in constant US currency South Asal in constant US currency

25 25

20 .. eu20-

1515

1.... ....n0d

-Thimph.

0* 0*

Eectuicity Tariffsfor Large Residentia Consumers Electicity Tarifs for Large Residential ConsunersEast Asii, in constant US curency South AsiaI (India), in constant US crrency

25 25

'115 15

1: Shha 10

JinanGuaaZ eijing Banglor

Olmomo1 01001 01*040 00*1*7 010f 010149 00/0W90 00Olf1M 0110102 01*0M 01101*0 01101*5 OhlOhi 001/0 001/12 00149 G01/0 01,01*0 0002 01/01*1

Electricity Tariffsfor Large Residential Consumers Electri Tartfs for Large Residential ConsumersEast Asiali, in constant UiS currency Suth Asia lil, in conostant UiS currency

25 ,,,25enc UScfny

Tar7ali

15 -y----N r 15

10 '---.-10Comb

01/0000*4 00401 01/0 1 4 0WafM 00*0* 001/00 00*l*0 0 *0 00 0/0** 0l*M 01101*4 0005 00W01*2 01J017 0f101* 01/012 0 #0 0 0 01/1101 0110192 00 ll

-25-

ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSSMALL COMMERCIALpFOR 1984 - 1993, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY

EJctricity TariffsforSmall Commercial ConsumersSouth As1i, in constant US currency

Electriiy Tarifs for Small Commercial Consumers 25East Asia l. in constant US currnc y

220

0150

10

B~anghi0

0 tete 01401 01f01i a 1400 01m 61eRm 011J 01M M 01J01. e t.,.

EJectriciLy TariffsforSmall Commerdcal Consumers

South Asia (Ini), in constant US curency

Eecticity TarilfsforSmall Commercial Consumers 25East Asia li, in constant US currency

25020~2 -ag

15

10

6

0

"'-•.=.~....... Ma51o 513i 5150131 OI 51/01 31 11 0110 e i' 106135 01/1/950 0140151 0192 01/01J94

a14~ 01s13 0ui1%, ?1013' 01515 01*0 014Ol90 01/5131 51M1J92 01/019

E-cri-Tariffs for Small Comrcal ConsumersFJe~ Ta rSwllCrnrwhlonsuiarS25uth Asia til, in constat US currency

EatAimi, in constn US currency25

220 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 -o oeb......1

1- 15

100

10 5-

0 1

a10m cimff tim1ieteM /1 Gifiilomtl 01/019 1i01i9 ~1Mi/ n1/mmitfl

-26-

ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSLARGE COMMERCAL,FOR 1984 - 1993, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY.*..**.*...*..... ~ ::...

Ectricity TariffsforLarge Commercial Consumers Eiecticity TarifsforLarge Commercial ConsumersEast Asia I, in constant US currency South Asia I, in constant US currency

25 25

20 Seoul 20

15

10

10

-.- .... J imph8 1

1 o lm is0a1 >0fi7 otot s 0 5Imo otætM 011@ 0141l 0 10t otmlM 01omif fim 0101* afat1e 0110101 eimmi 01e1m

Electricity Tarifis for Large Commercial Consumers Electricty Tarifis for Large Commercial ConsumersEast Asia lI, in constant US currency South Asia ) i , in constant US currency

25 25

20 •20

15 5

10 •10

5 -Saga, uazea5.-.. .Jinan

bim 10f01*m0 eWmf0 o = oimWom 011M111 011Al biffi øimiml 01m1m0tmif m , simm ao s 8 mi0 G a01 1M 1M

E~tRty,Tariffsfor Le C MciCon El Tariffsf rg* C ConsumørsEast Asilil,V incnsatScurrncy SuhAialiMncosatUScrec

25 25

20 -PrMorsy - 20-

15 15s

1a~ to0

5 5

aiet mfiot o1m1 ~ ~91 tM om1m Dæ14tm 01m1Mg eimtm al0m a0m1l omima eimlff otlmt~ oi1 mim 1J= oimi 0 olmi /gifft ølM$M eißm

-27-

ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSSMALL INDUSTRY,FOR 1984 - 1993, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY

ElecticTarifsfor Small ndustryonsumers E~ectic Tadffs forSmall Industial Consumers2t Asia1, in contart US currmncy uth Asia1, in constant US currency

20 - Manila 20-

15 is1--15 Kua Lumpur -5anci

110 10~ -- --- - - Ohaka

. ....... ......

0801/01m 01/01m 01/01o*~ 01/0 *t 00/sOt 01*1M 000m 01*1M 0101* O1im 01/01/ t 7 01o0m 0181? 01/01 OM/00 01am1el1 01/01/02 01.a1m

Electrici TariffsforSmall IndusryConsumers EecItri2 TariffsforSmall Industrial Consumersat Asiafi, in cnslaon US currency So Asia i (India), in constant US currency

2525

20 -20

15 15

110 10

Shanghal .ein

611ol~ l-lt olm Ikfi ~,o~ m OuaMIho -m- 01.IN,O001* 01/911 01 01 0 /147 i f04 01/005 00101 */001 /01 / t01å90et 01MM 01/ M 127 0/t 01/01*0 01/t11* 01/01/01 0f110M 01 01$

Electric Tarisfor Smeill Indus~ial Consumors ElectricityTarifsfor Small Industrial Consumersst Asia il, in constant US curncy South Asia Il, in constant US currency

25 25

20 20 oeay~1

15 -5

10 10

-. Jakarta ~ s .

01J01*0 0W1/155 0151*4 01/0157 01010 01/00 01/01/00 0101M1 61M1i0 01/0155 01/01/0 01/01/01 00/01/ 01 /1* 0f-112R 01/08 - 01/01/00 01/01/1 01/01/92 01/

-28-


Electicity Tarifsfor Medium IndustlyConsumers EIecticity Tarif for Medium Industral ConsumersAsial, in constant US currmncy SoulhAia 1. in consta US currecy

20 - 20•

15 H15n

10 1u

. ......5 - -

0 0

Electicity TarYs for Medium industy Consumers E ticty Tarfsfor Medium Industilal ConsumersEast Asiali, in constant US cu~ency Soulh Asia India), in constant US cuency

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5 CluShangbal Oiut

Electricty Taisfor Medium Indusrlal Consumers Ee rTa for Medium Industial ConsumersEAsmia I, in constant US currency äAsa cim constantUS crency

25 25

§j20 fsbl," 120

15 15

110 1io

-29-


LEkWw .Ttff lo!LfxgTRYr~ ~ »

El cTriiarifs for Large Industry Consumers EIeobiTrilsforLarge Industrial ConsumersAsial, in contart US currmncy As,In constat i UScurrncy

Man~ila 2

15 A15.j( Lupur /\ac

10 - 10

61111 OM1M amt#£ DW~1 o1m1~ OMMW om14 om OUBM M OMM OIM MM olm~% GWW IMM OMM15 om~W OmGiffi oi4mi WM

E tar%sfør Larg Indusr Consumer Electrcn Triffsf or Lage "dutra C4nsumerst Asa, in costnt US currnc - mAil ni) ncntn SCurrnc

25 25

20 -20 -

15 - 15 -

10 -10-

5 5. hai5

0 Gua~»-~----- Ja

014i4 01414 0141W SS01 4140 01 4140M 01100 014141 01410mm 01414 0141 4 0141 401M 01,804, 014142 014140 014110 014 014140 014141

Ectric' TariffsforLargeIndustral Consumers ElectricityTariffsforLargxindustral ConsumerstatAsiaIin contant US currency South Asia <i n consant US currency

25 25

20 20-

15 15

t.10 f10

01 0eimim 1 01,t 6014M Ø14x01 0 Mf1i40 1almim GIM OM~ Om 11M .IM om1 0 14~ .1414 mlami

-30-

ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR TYPICAL CUSTOMERSSMALL IRRIGATION,FOR 1984 - 1993w, IN CONST~ANT 1990 US CUREC

Eectric Taris for Small rrigation Consumers Eletricity Tariffs for Small inigation Consumersat Asia1, in constant US currency South Asia I, in constant US currency

~20 ~ 20Manil

15 .. 15

10- 10 -hmandu

5.... 5 Da..

....... .. . .. . ....... .~

lMo 01/01M. 0I M Ol1aR 01/1J'' 0lmi- 01n01/i0 0101M0 01M01*0 OlOl 01/01å ø 01/01om »l/0fi alo e1im1ii 01/01 0 0 010190 01/lm 01/01/m» 01/0m

Eectric sfor small tion CEect Tarifsfor SmilIgation Consumers2t5Asial, in constant curren M 5 Asia india), in constant US currencyJ20 i

§§20

15 15

10 -10

5 5hag-aShangha. . .--......... r..n.b

eim,01/01ft 01Olf O 01/0ø.0 011 01/01f 0 0/01M 01/01G90 ..MI= ø . 0/0f* 01/ 01OM lol / 01/01øA 01/01 1im 01/0m 9 01/01/90 01/01/91 O 01/01m 01

EIlt Tariffs for Smail I tion Consumers Electrcity Tariffs for SnalI Irrition Consumers25st Asia Ilil, in constant Scurrency South Asia Ilil, in constart currency

20 8

15 -

101

5 -10 J 0

0 01^N 0101~0 0olm w 1 01 1 M 0/019 0/017

-31-



Averge Power Tariffs for Residental Consumers Average Power Tariffs for Residerntial ConsumersEast Asia , in cotat US cur South Asia I, in constant US currency

25 - 25

20 -20

15 15

10 Manila fo10 ThimphuKuala Lurnp år

Bangkok 5 Kathmandu

Dhaka ------

1984 1985 1988 1987 198M 1989 1990 19M1 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 188 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Tariffs for Residential Consumers Average Power Tariffs for Residential ConsumersEas Asa I, in constant US curency South Asia li (India), in constant US curency

25 25

2D - 20 -

15 i15 -

10 -10 -

5 - ~---Guanzhou 5 -Eijng Jian Bangalore

0 01984 1985 1988 1987 1988 198 1990 1991 1902 1984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Tarif^s for Reuidential Consumers Average Power Tariffs for Residential ConsumersEast Asialil, in constant US curncy South Asia il, in constant US currency

25 Tar~ 25

10 - 1015 - 5 ...---- on

10 10 -

0 01984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 199 1991 1992

Average Power Tariffs for Residential ConsumersOZED Average, in corstart US currency

25

80

15

1"CD aDrage

5-

01984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

-32-

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYCOMMERCIAL CONSUMERS,.............................FOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRE.NCY

Average Power Tariffs for Commercial Consumer Average Power Tariffs for Commercial ConsumersEast Asia 1, in constant US currency South Asia , in constant US currency

20 20

1 aLa10 ..... \.Dhak.

s Manila SanøkokThph\ afrnd

1904 1985 1908 1987 1988 1909 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1900 1987 1988 1909 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Tarifs for Commercial Consumers Avera we Tariffs for Commecial ConumetsEast Asia li, in constant US currency 2Asi(pndia), in constant UScurrncy

20 -20

§ i10 10

5 -aani n5

0 [ln 0en1984 1985 1988 1987 198 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 195 1908 1987 198 1989 1990 1991 1992

Avemge Power Tarifs for Commerclal Consumers Average Pwe Taifts for Commercial ConsumersEast Asia Ill, in constant US currency South Asia lil, in constant US cu~rncy

20 ~20-

15 Suva 15 -

10 -aarta 10 - Islamabad

g 5 5

1984 1915 1988 1987 198 1909 1990 1991 1992 1984 195 198 1987 1988 1909 1990 1991 1992

-33-

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYMüsUThY CONSUMRRs.~.'.~....FOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY

Avemge Pomer Tariffs for Industrial Consumers Average Power Tarifs for Indusrial ConsumersEast Asia , in constant US currency Soulh Asia1, in constant US currency

25 25

~20 ~20

15 - 15

10 - .. . 10 -- Dhaka

Kuala Lupur Seoul

.- 0 -Thiet1984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Tariffs for Industrial Consumers Avemge Power Tarifs for Industial ConsumersEast Asia li, in conrst US currecy South As il (India), in constant US currency

152-200

15 11

,-10

85 ngalore

0'1984 19 19186 1987 1988 19189 19190 191 1992 0

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Tarifs for Industrial ConsumersEast Asia Ilil, in constant US currency Average Power Tarifs for Industrial Consumers

5 2South Asia fil, in constant US currency

20

15 ,..~ Port MWresbyi- 15-

10 -10-

5 10

~ Zia 5 -...... .... ..........O slanabad

0*1984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 0

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Tariffs for Industrial ConsumersOCED Average, in onstar US currercy

15

10 OCD awrage

5

01984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

-34-


Average PowerkTaums for Agricultural Consumer Avemage PowrTadfs forAgricuture CnsunmsEas Asia, i.n constant US currency South Asia , In constant US currmncy

20 -20-

15 15*KuaaL.upur

10 • 10

0 J 4 0*1984 i98 1988 1987 1988 198 1910 11 19~2 1984 1OW 198s 197 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average PowerkTarfs forAriculture Conisumes Avera Power TarifsforAgricultur ConsumersEast AsialiI, in constar US currency So~Asial IIndia), in constant US currency

1sdff • 1s%u•

10 . 0-15 15

10 flo

- .. ....... ..r0.0

194 19e 19M 1987 191% 1989 1990 19t 1992 1984 1988 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 2

Average Power Tariffs forAgricuure Consumers Average PowerTaiffs forAgriculture ConsumersSast Asia IllI, in ~t US currency Sauth Asia ill, in constant US currency

15 15

10 10

... ...... .. ..l ..n. . .0 .0

1984 1985 1988 1987 1988 198M 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 19m 1987 1918 19e0 1990 1 199

-35-


Average Power Tariffs Average Power Tariffs25 Ea I in c~ US curency South A n constant US currency

120

15 -

10 o M K10

55

1l84 19m6 18m 1987 198 1911 1990 199 19= 1984 19ff5 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 199 1992

Averge Power Tariffs Average Power Tariffs25EmA , n a t UScunency Souh >sia 11 ndia), In constant US currency

20 120-

15 15

10 lo

1984 1966 19M 1967 1988 19 1990 1901 1992 0 1 198 1988 19 1988 1989 1990 1991 12

Average Power TariffsAverage Power Tariffs u il, in ctnt UScurnc

EatAia Ill, i canstant UScnncy

20 20-

1M51

1015 0 1.rÅa~d1

0 0l198 1985 1988I 1198 198 1990 1991I 1991984 1985 1988 1987 1986136197 11 18 199

-36-

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYCOUNTRY BY COUNTRYFOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY

Average Pover Tariff for Each Consnr Category Average Power Tarif for Each Comnm ~rCatego,yMEA Thailand BeijIng Distribution Bureua, China

8 20 -200

15 15

10 om m ercial 10

5 . Industial Te ntr-;;iis:;;;;;;:imader smaTotal

0 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '0 ' fgoricufure1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Avege Powr Tarilf for Each Con wrCategory Aveg. Power Tariff for Each Comwwnr CategoryTNG, Malaysia Guanou Distribution Bureua, China

c20 - 2 •

15 - 15

10 ommercial 10

Todd1r --....d87esidentia5 -- .... ....... Indusk r l ....==:

Agrculur --- ... --... -

1984 1985 1988 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Povr Tariff for Each Consunrr Category Averag Powr Tariff for Each Conswnmr CategoyMERALCO, Philippines Jinan Distribution Bureua, China

5 2

0 l2o Industrial

15 . er15

10 -- _: Residential& ....------ 5~8

5 Residential . .. =nku :-Ta

01984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Po r Tariff for Each Comrner Category Avemgo Pomr Tarif fr Each ComnierCategoryKEPCO, Korea Shanghai Electic Power Bureua, China

c20 20-

15 15-

10 10--- -a .Residenti41Tta

.---------- --......... .IndutAgncuturm •.mercial

0*1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

-37-



Averag Power Tariff for Each Conuinr Category Average Po~r Tariff for Each Corsnsrnr CategoyPLN, Indonesia Bangladesh Power Development Boad, Bangladesh

S20 -Com" 20-

15 idefia 15 .. Commercial

10 10 dnu......... ..1.. .u .. . .... .. . * . .

Resldenial0 0 .

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Power Tari for Each Conune*r Category Average Po.r Tariff for Each ConsmrlCategoryFiji EectricRyAuthioty, Fiji Department of Power, Bhutan

20 2

Cormecal, 15

10e *hi

5 01984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Pover Tariff for Each Conswrner Category Average Povr Tariff for Each ConsurnerCategoyPNG Electricky Commission, Papua New Guinea NEA, Nepal

i im820

15_Total 15

Residentia15adustria a 10Ind~- -.- -- CommercialS10

105 Resdentia -.--- .-- - ~ Indus5 qnd~..b

5 ' 01984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average Po r Tariff for Each Constner Category Averago Power Tariff for Each ConstinerCategoryPublic Utlities Board, Iiribali BSES Limited, Bombay, India

40 25

30 Indu

-ent- 1520

S.-..-.. Industry10 m Total10 8 5

0184-...-.--- .Arotr

0 01984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

-38-

AVERAGE POWER TARIFFS BY CONSUMER CATEGORYCOUNTRY BY COUYNTRYFOR 1984 - 1992, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY~k~..,~

Average Por Tariff for Each ConstrerlCategory Average Po~r Tariff for Each Constner CategoyKamataka Electicity Board, Bangalore, India WAPDA Pakistan

5 2

15 ............ Commercial ,- 1

10 -l0 -. Commercial

8 5 -u Industry 5 indusiyResidential - Total -

0 A.r9icu\ture

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Avorage Polwr Tariff for Each Consunr Categoy Average Power Tariff for Each Consrnler CategoryCESC lmited, Calcutta, India CEB, Sr Lanka

25 25

~~2D

15 15

10 - Indusmterry.al 10& ~10 dustry~~ ~~~gMflýef lal t ~oa

8 5ResdentaI .. Total 5

01984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

-39-

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC UTILITIES

C.8~.::::::::::::Iibty iliy wnership Function Additional Taxes Utility subject to income1 tax

Seoul KEPCO PUBLIC G&D VAT YesKuala Lumpur Tenga Naslonal Berhad (TNB) PUBLIC G&D -YesManila Manila Electric Company (ME RALCO) PRIVATE G&D Franchise Tax, Energy Tax YesBangkok Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) PUBLIC D VATHano . Power Company No. 1 PUBLIC G&D -Ye

. .. ..* .. . .. ... . ....

Beijing Beijing DistributIon Bureua PUBLIC D Product tax 10%, YesGuaagzhou Guanzhou Distribution Bureua PUBLIC D Municipal Constructlon YesJinan Jinan Distribution Bureua PUBLIC D & Education 10.9% YesShanghal Shanghai Electric Power Bureua PUBIUC G&D Yes

Jakarta Perusahaan Umum Ustrik Negara PUBLIC G&D Street Ughtlng Tax 3% YesSuva Fijl Electricity Authority PUBLIC G&D VAT YesTarawa Kiribati Public Utilities Board PUBLIC G&D YesPort Moresby PNG EeCtricn Commission PUBLIC G&D Yes

Dhaka Bangladesh Power Development Board PUBLIC G&D Electricity duty NoDhaka Dhaka Eleroic Supply Authority PUBLIC D Electricity duty NoKathmandu Nepal Eleitriity Authority PUBLIC G&D - YesThmphu Department of Power, Bhutan PUBLIC G&D Yes

........ ** . .*..**.. ..... **. ... *. ..~ .*... ~. *

aBo m b a y B S E S i Um ite d P R IV A T E D .etreitii d u ty Y e sBangalore Karnataka Electrioty Board PUBLIC G&D Electricity duty YesCaicutta CESC Umited PRIVATE G&D Electricity duty.Yes

Colombo Ceylon Eletricity Board (CEB) PUBLIC G&D YesIslamabad Water and Power Development Authority PUBLIC G&D Electricity duty Yes

Notes: G&D = Generation and DIstributionD - Distribution Only

CONDITIONS OF SERVICE

CnetoConnection Charc Prwoson for~ Consumers with sole use tranformers (primary supply) ~Chrg fr a esman ho-wrn W a for i inMaintain

CityUility I residentialI user by6ility their transformers Connection charge theirtransformers

Seoul KEPCO Yes - Yes No No NoKuala Lumpur Tenga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Yes - Yes Yes* No YesManila Mania Electrio Company (MERALCO) No - No Yes No YesBangkok Metropolitan Electricity Authoity (MEA) Yes 2,080 bath Yes Yes No YesHanoi Power Company No..o.1N- No Yes Yes YesBeijing Beijing Distribution Bureua Yes - Yes Yes Yes YesGuangzhou Guanzhou Distribution Bureua Yes - Yes Yes Yes YesJinan Jinan Distribution Bureua Yes - Yes Yes Yes YesShanghai Shanghai Electric Power Bureua Yes - Yes Yes Yes YesJakarta Perusahaan Um um Usrik NegaaYYe Rp. 150 No Yes.No Y esSuva FIjI Electricity Authority Yes $F 2.2 No No No NoTarawa Kiribati Public Utlilles Board Yes $K 30 No No No No

.,e PNG Ee,c Commisson Yes K...Dhaka Bangladesh Power Development Board Yes Tk-700 No Yes No Yes

S Kathmandu Nepal Electricity Authority Yes Rs 1,500 - Yes No YesThlmphu Department of Power, Bhutan Yes Nu 73 No Yes Yes YesBombay BSES Limited Yes ct.icoÉ+R.r.. No Yes No YesBangalore Karnataka Electricity Board Yes Rs. 1,500 No Yes No YesCalcutta CESC Umited Yes seamasoa+r«h No Yes** Yes Yes**Colombo Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) Yes Rs 2,050 No No Yes NoIslamabad Water and Power Development Authority Yes Rs. 1600-2500 No Yes Yes Yes

FUEL AND OTHER COST ADJUSTMENTS

AUTOMATIC COST ADJUSTMENTCity Utility FUEL BULK PURVHASE FOREIGN EXCHANGE

Seoul KEPCO No No NoKuala Lumpur Tenga Nasional Berhad (TNB) No No NoManila Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) No Yes YesBangkok Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) Yes No NoHanoi Power Company No. 1 No No NoBeijing Beijing Distribution Bureua Yes Yes NoGuangzhou Guanzhou Distribution Bureua Yes Yes NoJinan Jinan Distribution Bureua Yes Yes No

Shngai ShngaiE.lectric Power Bureu.a Yes YsNJakarta Perusahaan Umum Lstrik Negara No No NoSuva Fiji Electricity Authority No No NoTarawa Kiribati Public Utilities Board No No NoPort Moresby PNG Electricity Commission No No NoDhaka Bangladesh Power Development Board Yes* No NoKathmandu Nepal Electricity Authority No No NoThimphu Department of Power, Bhutan No No NoBombay BSES Limited Yes No NoBangalore Karnataka Electricity Board Yes No NoCalcutta CESC Limited Yes No No

Coobo CylnElcriiy oar CE)Yes No NoIslamabad Water and Power Development Authority No No

Provision exists but has not been applied.

Average Consumption of Residential Consumers

CUNT RYWohTY.1984 1985 19861 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Korea Seoul 111 118 120 128 141 152 168 173 181Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 99 102 104 106 107 106 110 113 117Philippines Manila 214 190 166 170 178 175 177 175 173Thailand Bangkok 232 235 236 258 251 247 271 288 292Indonesia Jakarta 29 32 37 42 49 50 61 70 80Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 293 293 309 275 279 263 219 224 219Kiribati Tarawa 50 50 50 60 60 60 70 70 70Fiji Suva 94 96 96 101Bangladesh Dhaka* 94 104 106 116 106 111 119 135 153Bhutan ThimphuNepal Katmandu 67 65 67 64 70 72 68India Banoalore 41 43 47 41 35 3 35 35 36India Bombay 76 82 85 84 90 91 97 101 106India Calcutta 98 102 107 110 116 115 110 107 114Pakistan Islamabad 89 93 100 109 116 114 117 124 130Sri Lanka Colombo 88 86 82 77 74 70 67 66 61

Average 116 118 115 117 119 116 119 123 127

* Data from BPDB for its distribution area including Dhaka until October 1991

THE WORLD BANK PowerTariffs in Nominal Local currencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Thailand Utility MEACity: Bangkok Type Public

Fiscal Year: Oct 1 - Sept 30 Distribution Only

Table 1 Average Rates for Typical Customers (local currency per kWh)

01/0101/0 11/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/891 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93Small Residential 1.149 1.149 1.149 1.134 1.128 1.128 1.128 1.128 1.0542 1.0542Large Residential 1.6732 1.6732 1.6732 1.629 1.6113 1.6113 1.6113 1.6113 1.7231 1.7231Small Commercial 1.8808 1.8808 1.8808 1.8448 1.8408 1.8408 1.8408 1.8408 1.8227 1.8227Large Commercial 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.86 2.146 2.146 2.146 2.146 1.785 1.785Small Industry 1.9602 1.9602 1.9602 1.9211 2.1943 2.1943 2.1943 2.1943 2.237 2.237Medium Industry 1.849 1.849 1.849 1.849 1.785 1.785Large Industry 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.57 1.4976 1.4976 1.4976 1.4976 1.51 1.51Small Irrigation

Table 2 Average Rates by Customer Category (Local Currency per kWh)

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Residential 1.7726 1.7735 1.7726 1.7823 1.7584 1.7297 1.7876 1.8059 1.8972Commercial 2.1186 2.115 2.1127 2.1077 2.0745 2.0688 2.0625 2.1847 1.7201Industrial 1.6835 1.6905 1.685 1.6421 1.5865 1.5809 1.579 1.5841 1.7201AgricultureOther 1.7228 1.7298 1.7233 1.7405 1.7529 1.7556 1.7561 1.7552 1.6483Total* 1.8383 1.8495 1.8493 1.8238 1.7828 1.7905 1.7905 1.8034 1.751

Table 3 Average Residential Consumption (kWh / month)

1984| 1985| 19861 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Average consumption 232 235 236 258 251 247 271 288 292per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK NominMELicaIEllllliAsla Energy Pdice Survey

Country: Malaysia Utility Tenga Nasional Berhad (TNB)City: Kuala Lumpur Type Public

Fiscal Year: Sept 1 - Aug 31 Generation, Transmission, & Distribution

Table 1 Averaga Rates for Typical Customers (local currency per kWh)

.... sn per kWh01/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/891 01/01/90| 01/01/911 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20Large Residential 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22Small Commercial 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24Large Commercial 25 25 24 24 25 24 24 24 24 24Small Industry 23 23 21 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 18.9Medium Industry 23 23 21 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 18.9Large iniustry 19.2 19.2 16.2 13 13 13 13 13 13 14.6Small Irrigation 23 23 21 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 18.9

Table 2 Average Rates by Customer Category (Local Curr.ncy per kWh)

19841 19851 19861 1987| 1988| 19891 1990. 1991| 1992Residential 21.38 21.41 21.42 21.38 21.33 21.25 21.21 21.33 21.31Commercial 24.89 24.86 23.47 23.27 23.07 23.04 22.92 22.99 22.83Industrial 20.68 20.66 17 14.36 14 14.09 13.86 14.07 14.49Mining 19.36 19.58 16.49 12.44 12.39 12.26 12.64 12.48 12.38Street Lighting 29.45 29.55 27.54 23 21.72 16.1 16.16 17.91 18.96Total* 22.19 22.26 20.25 18.84 18.51 18.22 17.95 19.99 18.07

Table 3 Average Resldential Consumption (kWh / month)

"kWh per month1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average consumption 98.77 102.29 104.22 105.81 106.88 105.69 110.3 112.65 117.37per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK PowerTariffsln Nominal Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Philippines Utility MERALCOCity: Manila Type Private

Fiscal Year: Generation and Distribution


peSo per kWh01/01/84 01/01/851 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88| 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 0.13 0.2 0.2 0.26 0.42 0.58 0.79 1.3 1.3 1.5Large Residential 0.5861 1.2849 1.5222 1.249 1.5716 1.4351 1.741 2.603 2.5123 2.6911Small Commercial 1.1467 1.9179 2.4897 1.8378 1.9863 1.6465 1.8557 2.6681 2.5729 2.9114Large Commercial 1.365 2.2115 2.8903 2.1258 2.1164 1.6151 1.7591 2.5451 2.4449 2.6416Small Industry 1.4396 2.2985 2.9859 2.2108 2.1874 1.6625 1.7911 2.476 2.3776 2.5792Medium Industry 1.365 2.2115 2.8903 2.1258 2.1164 1.6151 1.7591 2.3913 2.2953 2.5027Large Industry 1.2536 2.0824 2.7466 1.9906 1.9808 1.4838 1.6331 2.3191 2.2251 2.4375Small Irrigation 1.4396 2.2985 2.9859 2.2108 2.1874 1.6625 1.7911 2.6407 2.5379 2.728


peso per kWh1984 1985 1986 1987| 1988 1989| 1990| 1991 1992

Residential 0.6331 0.9618 0.9626 1.1165 1.3311 1.4758 1.9112 2.412 2.6477Commercial 1.6028 2.2051 2.0862 1.97 1.7477 1.5915 1.8608 2.4206 2.6274Industrial 1.6421 2.2751 2.1501 2.0162 1.7037 1.5349 1.7848 2.233 2.4339AgricultureOther 0.3114 0.3732 0.4056 0.4591 0.6479 0.8166 1.0693 1.3522 1.5908Total* 1.3041 1.7915 1.6888 1.676 1.5892 1.5296 1.8435 2.3415 2.5563


1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 19911 1992Average consumption 214 190 166 170 178 175 177 175 173per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK w.Asia Energy Price Survey

Country: Korea Utility KEPCOCity: Seoul Type Public

Fiscal Year: Jan 1 - Dec 31 Generation, Transmission, & Distribution


wonper kWh01101184 01101185 011/01/86 01/01/87 01101188 01101/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01192 01/01193

Small Residential 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.3 31.3 31.3 30.7 30.7 30.7 30.7Large Residential 109.3 109.3 109.3 107.1 105 103.4 89.6 89.6 100.8 106.5Small Commercial 145.9 145.9 145.9 126.6 117.4 79.3 50.9 49.6 49.6 52.1Large Commercial 145.9 145.9 145.9 126.6 117.4 78.5 49.8 48.5 48.5 51.2Small Industry 52.1 52.1 52.1 48 46.8 45.7 38.5 35.1 35.1 36.1Medium Industry 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 42.4 38.4 35.6 35.6 37.2Large Industry 45.9 A 9 45 5.9 45.9 41.3 37.8 35.3 35.3 37Small Irrigation 20.4 20.4 20.4 19.9 19.9 19.9 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3


* 'won per kWh

1984| 19851 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Residential 73.3 73.4 71.3 71.8 71.9 69.1 68.7 73 81.2Commercial 105.7 105.8 96.4 88.3 80.3 70.8 77.1 81.9 84.8Industrial 52.3 58 57.1 55.2 51.1 47.8 44.8 43.8 46Agriculture 33.2 34.3 34.7 36 33.5 32.7 34.1 33.8 33.6Other 84.4 83.2 82 72.8 55.6 49.8 48.3 46.8 51.4Total* 67.4 67.9 65.5 63.5 59.5 55.4 52.9 54.2 58.1


1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Average consumption 111.1 117.5 119.8 127.7 140.8 152.2 168.3 173.1 181.1per residential customer 1333 1410 1438 1532 1690 1826 2020 2077 2173

THE WORLD BANK Power ..rits In Nominal Loal .urren.yAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Papua New Guinea Utility PNG Elcetricity CommissionCity: Port Moresby Type Public

Fiscal Year: Jan 1 - Dec 93 Generation and Distribution


101/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 |01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93Small Residential 12 11.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 11.4 11.4 12.1 12.8Large Residential 13.5 13.2 12.8 12.8 13.4 13.4 14.7 14.7 15.6 16.5Small Commercial 13.7 13.4 13.1 13.1 14.9 14.9 16.3 18.3 17.3 18.4Large Commercial 14.3 14 14 14 14.9 14.9 16.3 16.3 17.3 18.4Small Industry 14.2 13.9 13.8 13.8 14.9 14.9 16.3 16.3 17.3 18.4Medium Industry 14.3 14 14 14 14.9 14.9 16.3 16.3 17.3 18.4Large Industry 14.3 9.7 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 10.3 10.3 11 11.6Small Irrigation 14.2 13.9 13.8 13.8 14.9 14.9 16.3 16.3 17.3 18.4


................. ........................ ........................

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Residential 12.3 13.7 14.9 12.9 14.4 15.7 16Commercial 13.8 14.8 14.4 15.2 16.3 16.8 18.3Industrial 11 7.8 8.2 11.7 12.3 12.8 13.8AgricultureOtherTotal* 13.8 13.3 13 13.7 13.8 14.2 15.4 16.1 17.3

Table 3 Average Realdential ConsumptIon (kWh / month)

........... kWhfilltillmonh1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Average consumption 293 293 309 275 279 263 219 224 219per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK powrTrmInNomnneILoalcurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Kiribati Utility Public Utilities BoardCity: Tarawa Type Public

FIscal Year: Generation and Distribution

Table 1 Average Rates for Typical Customers (local currency per kWh)......... :... ...........

..... . .......... ................ .........................

01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 011/90Small Residential 0.24 0.25 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.32 0.32Large Residential 0.24 0.25 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.32 0.32Small Commercial 0.24 0.3 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.39 0.39Large Commercial 0.24 0.3 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.39 0.39Small Industry 0.24 0.32 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.39 0.39Medium Industry 0.24 0.32 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.39 0.39Large industry 0.24 0.32 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.39 0.39

S rg


S.... . ....... . ........... :..:.::.::.:..z<:.:..M..:.:: . .:.:..:..:.::.::.x.. .........:.~Aus$ pr W1984 1985 19861 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 0.24 0.25 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.32Commercial 0.24 0.3 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.39Industrial 0.24 0.32 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.39AgricultureOtherTotal*


1984 1985 1986 19881 1989 1990 1991 19Average consumption 50 50 50 60 60 60 70 70 70per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK Power Thrms Io Nominal LocaI cuAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Fiji Utility Fiji Electricity AuthorityCity: suva Type Public



.. .......... ......... ::. ~..01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small ResidentialLarge ResidentialSmall CommercialLarge CommercialSmall IndustryMedium IndustryLarge IndustrySmall Irrigation

0


1984 1985| 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 191|99Residential 15.75 15.75 15.75 16.9 18.6 18.6 20.46 22.51 22.51Commercial 16.54 16.54 16.54 17.75 19.6 19.6 21.56 23.72 23.72Industrial 10.67 10.67 10.67 11.45 12.6 12.6 13.86 15.25 15.25Agriculture 9.77 9.77 9.77 10.49 11.6 11.6 12.76 14.04 14.04Other 12.6 12.6 12.6 13.52 15 15 16.5 18.15 18.15Totar

Table 3 Average Residential Consumption (kWh I month)

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Average consumption 94 96 96 101per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK Por TermfIn NomInaI Lea currencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Bangladesh Utility Bangladesh Power Development BoardCity: Dhaka Type Public

FIscal Year: July 1 - June 30 Generatlor and Distribution


Taka per kWh01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 0.6 0.65 1 1 1.25 1.3 1.55 1.65 1.65 1.65Large Residential 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 2.85 2.9 2.95 3.15 2.75 2.75Small Commercial 2.5 2.55 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.95 3.7 3.7 3.7Large Commercial 1.55 1.75 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.15 2.2 2.45 2.45 2.45Small Industry 1.5 1.75 2 2 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.6 2.75 2.75Medium Industry 1.55 1.75 1.95 1.95 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.45 2.45 2.45

erasIn.4 .r., .A 4.& 43 l. a-ra aaL a ndus I P. 17 1.75 2 2.06 2.05 2.25 2.25 2.25Small Irrigation 1 1.05 1.35 1.35 1.7 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75


I.kTaka per kWh1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 0.6 0.65 1 1 1.25 1.3 1.55 1.65 1.65Commercial 2.5 2.55 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.86 2.95 3.7 3.7Industrial 1.55 1.75 1.95 1.95 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.45 2.45Agriculture 1 1.05 1.35 1.36 1.7 1.76 1.75 1.75 1.75Other 0.78 0.8 0.96 0.96 1.14 1.19 1.28 1.41 1.41Total* 1.29 1.4 1.66 1.73 1.96 2.01 2.14 2.32 2


.kWh per month::..1984 1985 19861 1987 1988 _1989 1990 1991 1992


THE WORLD BANK iw rf .n2-omina, L,5.QwnAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Bhutan Utillty Department of PowerCity: Thimphu Type Public

Fiscal Year: July 1 - June 30 Generation and Distribution


Nu per.... kW..

01/01/84| 01/01/85 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/891 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/921 01/01/93Small Residential 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Large Residential 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Small Commercial 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Large Commercial 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Small Industry 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Medium Industry 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Large Industry 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Small Irrigation

Table 2 Average Ratos by Customer Category (Local Currency per kWh)

Nu. erkWh1984| 1985| 19861 19871 19881 1989| 1990| 1991| 19921

Residential 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Commercial 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Industrial 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4AgricultureOther Bulk 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4Total*


19841 1985| 19861 1987| 1988| 1989| 1990. 1991_ 19921Average consumptionper residential customer

THE WORLD BANK Por term n NomfnaLocacrnAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: India Utility CESC LimitedCity: Calcutta Type Private

Fiscal Year: April 1 - March 31 Generation and Distribution


pals prkWh01/01/841 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 45.83 45.83 45.8 45.8 45.8 45.8 45.8 45.8 58.29 67.94Large Residential 56.91 62 65 65 70 80 80 80 108.29 117.94Small Commercial 88 93.81 102.52 105.67 120.78 153.4 166.46 169.73 206.79 216.44Large Commercial 80.5 86.31 97.52 100.67 115.28 150.9 163.96 167.23 188.59 198.24Small Industry 72.5 78.31 89.52 92.67 105.78 128.4 141.46 144.73 176.79 186.44Medium Industry 79.9 85.87 105.32 111.97 125.08 149.9 162.96 166.23 192.79 202.44Large Industry 73 78.81 96.32 102.97 116.08 140.9 153.96 157.23 183.79 193.44Small Irrigation


19841 19851 19861 1987 19881 19891 1990 1991 1992Residential 54.31 58.57 67.08 65.9 73.6 83.79 90.53 90.2 100.26Commercial 82.35 86.79 96.87 97 110.78 134.42 151.23 154.59 179.05Industrial 76.02 81.54 98.71 100.37 115.34 135.97 155.83 159.38 185.25AgricultureOther 72.48 78.33 94.05 95.92 110.05 128.5 129.26 131.18 137.76Total* 73.19 78.29 92.11 92.76 105.06 123.81 138.64 140.72 159.07


S.~...... kWIT per monlth1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992


THE WORLD BANK w m or a rAsia Energy Pdce Survey

Country: India Utility BSES LJmitedCity: Bombay Type Private

Fiscal Year: April 1 - March 31 Distribution Only

Table I Average Rates for Typical Customers (local currency per kWh)

.. . . . . ... .......... ....

01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/881 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91| 01/01/92 01/01/93Small Residential 61.34 69.04 77.79 68.4 68.4 68.4 75.6 81.28 81.28 117.58Large Residential 66.31 74.51 83.25 85.66 80.73 85.49 97.31 113.95 127.8 183.87Small Commercial 111.3 119 127.75 178.4 163 170.13 173.06 210.12 230.9 369.56Large Commercial 111.3 119 127.75 178.4 163 170.13 173.06 210.12 230.9 369.56Small Industry 87.5 95.2 103.95 139.4 132 139.13 153.06 186.12 206.9 368.18Medium Industry 70.42 78.12 86.87 133.32 125.92 133.05 146.98 192.48 213.26 339.56Large Industry 56.43 63.71 71.98 107.64 100.24 107.37 121.3 152.6 166.71 250.74Small Irrigation 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 40

-I


1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991. 1992 1993Residential 58.17 70.37 75.28 75.84 76.06 76 85.49 93.87 106 143.49Commercial 98.38 109.06 120 155.07 149.84 154.78 170.45 195.84 229.5 329.23Industrial 76.07 86.93 96.18 126.29 123.85 126.85 141.04 167.89 200.86 287.09Agriculture 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 26 35.04Other 128.72 140.35 151.5 177.91 254.74 262.87 280.92 297.32 365.98 431.57Totar 73.12 84.32 92.25 111.81 110.04 112.07 124.33 142.74 165.7 230


............ . ........ . .. . .......... . .. m th1984 1985 19861 1987 1988 1989 1990| 1991 1992 1993

Average consumptIon 76 82 85 84 90 91 97 101 106 104per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK Power Thrms Io NomInes LowI currencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Sri Lanka Utility Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)City: Colombo Type Public



01/01/84| 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89| 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93Small Residential 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05Large Residential 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4Small Commercial 0.7 0.7 1.7 1.7 2 2 2 3.1 3.1 3.1Large Commercial 0.6 0.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.95 2.95 2.95Small Industry 0.65 0.65 1.55 1.55 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.35 2.35 2.35Medium Industry 0.6 0.6 1.45 1.45 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.2 2.2 2.2Large Industry 0.52 0.52 1.25. 2525 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.15 2.15 2.15Small Irrigation

Cn


1984 1985| 1986| 1987| 1988 1989| 1990 1991| 1992Residential 1.14 1.09 1.02 1.06 1.53 1.52 1.86 2.1 2.03Commercial 2.13 1.95 1.97 2.22 2.65 2.52 3.07 3.42 4.04Industrial 1.91 1.76 1.72 1.93 2.25 2.12 2.46 2.63 3.06AgricultureOther 2.02 2.02 1.91 2.01 2.22 1.95 2.47 2.74 3.23Totar 1.8 1.66 1.62 1.8 2.16 2.05 2.43 2.65 2.97


1984 I 1985 1986 I 1987 19881 1989 1990 1991 1992Average consumption 88 86 82 77 74 70 67 66 61per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK Power Tariffs In Nominal Loca currencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: China Utility Shanghai Electric Power Bureua

City: Shanghai Type PublicFiscal Year: Generation and Distribution


S'c.:fenl per kWit)4 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 20.077 19.858 19.879 20.094 20.346 20.264 20.583 21.194 22.604Large Residential 20.077 19.858 19.879 20.094 20.346 20.264 20.583 21.194 22.604Small Commercial 8.493 8.5331 8.597 9.112 9.587 10.49 12.9 13.817 14.797Large Commercial 8.493 8.5331 8.597 9.112 9.587 10.49 12.9 13.817 14.797Small Industry 8.493 8.5331 8.597 9.112 9.587 10.49 12.9 13.817 14.797Medium Industry 7.039 7.158 7.189 7.736 8.203 8.437 11.99 13.569 13.51Large Industry 7.039 7.158 7.189 7.736 8.203 8.437 11.99 13.569 13.51Small irrigation 6.009 5.992 6.001 6.489 6.89 7.542 9.829 11.071 11.91


....... fen per kWh1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 19.86 19.88 20.09 20.35 20.26 20.58 21.19 22.06Commercial 8.53 8.58 9.11 9.59 10.49 12.9 13.82 14.8IndustrialAgriculture 5.992 6.001 6.489 6.89 7.542 9.829 11.071 11.91OtherTotal* 7.915 8.061 8.675 9.283 10.58 14.41 15.56 16.93


1984 1985 1986 1987 1 19 1989 1990 1991 1992Average consumptionper residential customer

THE WORLD BANK IwT&INinERE Igfuilnge iAsia Energy Pdce Survey

Country: China Utillty Guanzhou Distribution BureuaCity: Guanzhou Type Public

Fiscal Year: Distribution Only


fen per kWh01/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/86T 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/891 01/01/901 01/01/91 01/01/921 01/01/93

Small Residential 19.37 19.359 19.123 18.991 18.849 19.416 19.401 18.835 18.69Large Residential 19.37 19.359 19.123 18.991 18.849 19.416 19.401 18.835 18.69Small Commercial 8.229 8.123 7.97 7.994 8.301 8.535 8.303 8.34 8.09Large Comrfierclal 8.229 8.123 7.97 7.994 8.301 8.535 8.303 8.34 8.09Small Industry 8.229 8.123 7.97 7.994 8.301 8.535 8.303 8.34 8.09Medium Industry 6.833 7.023 7.135 7.175 7.219 7.422 5.465 7.583 7.523Large Industry 6.833 7.023 7.135 7.175 7.219 7.422 5.465 7.583 7.523Smali irrigation 5.656 5.663 5.651 5.614 5.651 5.67 5.698 5.589 5.749


fen per kWh19841 1985| 19861 19871 19881 19891 1990. 1991| 1992

Residential 19.359 19.123 18.991 18.849 19.416 19.401 18.835 18.69Commercial 8.123 7.97 7.994 8.301 8.535 8.303 8.34 8.09IndustrialAgriculture 5.663 5.651 5.614 5.651 5.67 5.698 5.589 5.749OtherTotar 8.713 9.186 9.635 9.741 10.501 12.634 13.666 13.879


kWh per month1984| 1985| 1986| 1987| 1988| 1989| 1990| 1991| 1992

Average consumptionper residential customer

THE WORLD BANK PowerTarmsinNominalL CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: China Utility Beijing Distribution BureuaCity: Beijing Type Public



01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/881 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93Small Residential 14.647 14.655 14.653 14.821 14.988 15.211 15.799 16.28 17.684Large Residential 14.647 14.655 14.653 14.821 14.988 15.211 15.799 16.28 17.684Small Commercial 8.219 8.212 8.305 8.623 9.013 9.434 11.604 12.951 15.475Large Commercial 8.219 8.212 8.305 8.623 9.013 9.434 11.604 12.951 15.475Small Industry 8.219 8.212 8.305 8.623 9.013 9.434 11.604 12.951 15.475Medium Industry 6.826 7.153 7.283 7.499 7.936 8.405 10.479 11.918 13.116Large Industry 6.826 7.153 7.283 7.499 7.936 8.405 10.479 11.918 13.116Small Irrigation 5.981 5.968 5.99 6.278 6.647 6.891 8.378 10.071 12.044

c1


fen per kWh1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 14.655 14.653 14.821 14.988 15.211 15.799 16.28 17.684Commercial 8.212 8.305 8.623 9.013 9.434 11.604 12.951 15.475IndustrialAgriculture 5.968 5.99 6.278 6.647 6.891 8.378 10.071 12.044OtherTotal* 6.393 7.617 7.16 7.595 8.083 10.285 11.719 12.959


kWi -per month 1 .........1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990- 1991 1992


THE WORLD BANK poweTerms Io Nomhnl Loca currencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: China Utility Jinan Distribution BureuaCity: Jinan Type Public



fen per kWh01/01/84 01/01/851 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 14.768 14.71 14.787 14.791 15.006 15.673 16.487 17.648 17.853Large Residential 14.768 14.71 14.787 14.791 15.006 15.673 16.487 17.648 17.853Small Commercial 8.608 8.593 8.856 9.133 9.635 10.398 12.926 14.87 15.538Large Commercial 8.608 8.593 8.856 9.133 9.635 10.398 12.926 14.87 15.538Small Industry 8.608 8.593 8.856 9.133 9.635 10.398 12.926 14.87 15.538Medium Industry 6.871 5.567 7.093 7.685 8.209 9.08 11.385 12.813 14.358Large Industry 6-871 A5 A7 7.093 7.685 8.209 9.08 11.385 12.813 14.358Small Irrigation 5.371 5.461 5.524 6.304 6.519 7.577 9.656 11.268 12.471


I feniper kWh1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 19911 19921

Residential 14.71 14.787 14.791 15.006 15.673 16.487 17.648 17.853Commercial 8.593 8.856 9.133 9.635 10.398 12.926 14.87 15.538IndustrialAgriculture 5.461 5.524 6.304 6.519 7.577 9.656 11.268 12.471OtherTotal* * 6.947 7.255 7.94 8.566 9.397 11.686 12.705 13.748

Table 3 Average Residential Consumption (kWh I month)

.kW.......... .... pr m1984 1985 1986 1987 19881 1989 1990 1991 19921


THE WORLD BANKAsla Energy Price Survey

Country: Vietnam Utility Power Company No. 1City: Hanoi Type Public



01/01/84| 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/0Ö1/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92: 0/01/93Small Residential 0.15 0.6 0.6 0.6 6 41 120 230 450 450Large Residential 0.15 0.6 0.6 0.6 6 41 120 230 450 450Small Commercial 10 10 10 12 90 120 160 500 750 750Large Commercial 10 10 10 12 90 120 160 500 750 750Small Industry 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 41 80 120 230 450 450Medium industry 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 41 80 120 230 480 450Large,industry 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 41 80 120 230 450 450Small Irrigation 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 41 120 120 230 480 480

Table 2 Average Retas by Customer Category (Local Currency per kWh)

....... W.................. ....

1984] 19851 19861 19871 1988| 1989 1990| 19911 1992|ResidentialCommercialIndustrialAgricultureOtherTotal*

Table 3 Averaga Residential Consumption (kWh / month)

1984| 1985| 1986| 19871 1988| 1989 1990 1991 1992|Average consumptionper residential customer

THE WORLD BANK Power Trins Io Nominal Local cAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Nepal Utility Nepal Electricity AuthorityCity: Kathmandu Type Public



N Rs. per kWh01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/66 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.8 0.8Large Residential 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.54 2.54Small Commercial 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.98 1.98 1.98 3.53 3.53Large Commercial 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.85 1.85 1.85 3.3 3.3Small Industry 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.19 2.19Medium Industry 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.36 1.36 1.36 2.13 2.13Large Industry 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.74 1.74

IIiN1.4 1.4 1.4 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.37 1.37


1984 19851 19861 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Residential 1 1.01 1.03 1.19 1.12 1.19 1.76Commercial 1.62 1.6 1.65 1.95 2.01 2.06 3.01Industrial 1.17 1.17 1.2 1.45 1.5 1.48 1.93Agriculture 1.37 1.06 1.11 0.99 1.26Other 1.14 1.12 1.49 1.57 1.48 1.45 2.46Total* 1.16 1.17 1.2 1.4 1.38 1.4 1.98


1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Average consumption 66.6 64.8 67.25 64 70.1 71.5 67.9per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK Power Tariffsin NominalLocal CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Pakistan Utility WAPDACity: Islamabad Type Public



P.Rp..er.kW01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93


01


...R.p.perkW1984 1985. 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 0.412 0.409 0.447 0.433 0.454 0.528 0.59 0.63 0.645Commercial 1.082 1.077 1.189 1.186 1.372 1.664 1.909 2.173 2.367Industrial 0.636 0.635 0.68 0.681 0.777 0.886 0.958 1.063 1.136Agriculture 0.4 0.354 0.385 0.327 0.381 0.368 0.405 0.431 0.453Other 0.803 0.85 0.925 0.914 1.04 1.144 1.283 1.475 1.569Total* 0.532 0.529 0.576 0.554 0.599 0.679 0.775 0.822 0.873


kWT ermonth1984 1985 1986 1987 19881 1989 1990 1991 1992


THE WORLD BANK Power Trins In NomIneI Loca .urrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: India Utility Kamataka Electricity BoardCity: Bangalore Type Public



I palse per kWh01/01/84| 01/01/851 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 44 47 49 58 69 70 69 75 82 86Large Residential 25 29 39 47 70 72 73 81 98 112Small Commercial 92 118 144 167 185 178 175 198 208 255Large CommercialSmall Industry 58 64 79 103 125 125 119 140 159 166Medium IndustryLarge ndustry 4 81 94 97 94 110 139 186Small Irrigation 9 8 9 8 9 9 8 7 5 4


palse per kWh19841 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991| 1992

Residential 32 33 43 52 69 71 71 78 86Commercial 92 118 144 167 185 178 175 198 208Industrial 38 50 67 78 98 100 107 115 139Agriculture 9 8 9 8 9 9 8 7 5OtherTotal* 34 41 50 58 68 69 66 71 83


kWh per month1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 19911 1992


THE WORLD BANK Pownr1braten NomInemovw curreyAsia Energy Pdce Survey

Country: Indonesia Utility PLNCity: Jakarta Type Public



01/0185 ~. Indo ap. pr kWh01/01/01 101851 01/01/86 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 69.78 87.88 88.87 89.1 89.92 89.83 104.53 104.19 103.02 104.87Large Residential * 124.57 161.11 162.05 162.71 161.05 160.9 207.07 205.1 230.07 246.71Small Commercial 123.91 163.91 165.74 166.46 166.95 166.99 209.11 208.09 207.16 208.52Large Commercial 92.17 124.89 127.18 123.85 123.08 125.4 152.22 152.18 186.39 204.42Small Industry 71.03 85.99 88.64 84.76 82.41 82.91 112.18 111.71 114.44 126.19Medium Industry 57.98 78.32 78.56 72.89 72.34 72.74 95.1 95.34 114.26 124.68Large Industry 44.68 62.55 61.68 57.95 56.56 57.7 76.99 76.62 103.91 104.48Small Irrigation

01


......... Indo Rp. per kWVh19841 19851 19861 1987 1 198 1989 1990 1991 1992



kWh per month1984 19851 1986 1987 1988 1989 19901 1991 1992

Average consumption 347.3 387.5 442.3 506.8 583.2 602.8 732.1 844.7 958.5per residential customer

THE WORLD BANK OECD Average In Nominal US CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: OECD Average UtilityCity: Type

Fiscal Year:

Table 1 Average Rates for Typical Customers (US cent per kWh, nominal)

US cent per kWh, NOMINAL01/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/911 01/01/921 01/01/93

Small ResidentialLarge ResidentialSmall CommercialLarge CommercialSmall IndustryMedium industryLarge industrySmall Irrigation

Table 2 Average Rates by Customer Category (US cent per kWh, nominal)

US cent. per kWh NOMINAL

1984 198q 1986 1987 19881 19891 1990 1991 1992Residential 7.7 8.6 9.8 9.7 10.5 10.9CommercialIndustrial 5.3 6.2 6.9 6.7 7.1 7.4AgricultureOtherTotal*

Sowce:EnergyPries and Taes, literdoalEergyASency

Table 3 Average Residential Consumption (kWh / month)... ~ ~. . .. ... .. .*.. ...................*.*.~*..

............ ............... ....................... i ..... ............................ ...................... W.

1984 1985 1986 1987 19881 1989 1990 1991 1992Average consumptionper residential customer

THE WORLD BANK reAsia Energy Price Survey



Table 1 Average Rates for Typical Customers (local currency per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

baht per kWh, CONSTANTI199.01/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/921 01/01/93

Small Residential 1.42 1.39 1.37 1.31 1.26 1.20 1.13 1.07 0.96 0.91Large Residential 2.07 2.02 1.99 1.89 1.80 1.71 1.61 1.52 1.57 1.49Small Commercial 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.14 2.05 1.95 1.84 1.74 1.66 1.58Large Commercial 2.36 2.30 2.26 2.16 2.40 2.27 2.15 2.03 1.62 1.54Small Industry 2.43 2.37 2.33 2.23 2.45 2.32 2.19 2.08 2.03 1.93Medium Industry 2.06 1.96 1.85 1.75 1.62 1.54Large Industry 1.97 1.92 1.89 1.82 1.67 1.59 1.50 1.42 1.37 1.31Small Irrigation

Table 2 Average Rates by Customer Category (local currency per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

baht per kWh, CONSTANT 19901984 1985 19861 1987 1988 1989| 1990| 1991 19921


CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 1990 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.86 0.90 0.94 1.00 1.06 1.10 1.16

THE WORLD BANK Power.armi.n Constant 1s.e .ocal cAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Malaysia Utility TNGCity: Kuala Lumpur Type

Fiscal Year:


I son per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84L 01/01/851 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/881 01/01/891 01/01/901 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 21.93 21.86 21.71 21.64 21.10 20.53 20.00 19.16 18.29 17.49Large Residential 24.12 24.05 23.88 23.81 23.21 22.58 22.00 21.07 20.12 19.24Small Commercial 27.41 27.33 26.05 25.97 2532 24.63 24.00 22.99 21.95 20.99Large Commercial 27.41 27.33 26.05 25.97 26.38 24.63 24.00 22.99 21.95 20.99Small Industry 25.21 25.14 22.79 18.18 17.72 17.24 16.80 16.09 15.37 16.53Medium Industry 25.21 25.14 22.79 18.18 17.72 17.24 16.80 16.09 15.37 16.53Large Industry 21.05 20.99 17.58 14.07 13.72 13.34 13.00 12.45 11.89 12.77Small Irrigation 25.21 25.14 22.79 18.18 17.72 17.24 16.80 16.09 15.37 16.53


son1 per kWhy CONSTANT i9901981 1985 1986 1987 19 19 1989 1990] 1991 1992



THE WORLD BANK currenAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Philippines UtilityCity: Manila Type

Fiscal Year:


01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/891 01/01/90 01/01/91| 01/01/92 01/01/93Small Residential 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.36 0.54 0.66 0.79 1.10 1.01 1.09Large Residential 1.05 1.87 2.20 1.74 2.01 1.64 1.74 2.19 1.94 1.96Small Commercial 2.06 2.79 3.60 2.56 2.55 1.88 1.86 2.25 1.99 2.12Large Commercial 2.45 3.22 4.18 2.96 2.71 1.84 1.76 2.14 1.89 1.92Small Industry 2.58 3.35 4.32 3.08 2.80 1.90 1.79 2.09 1.84 1.88Medium Industry 2.45 3.22 4.18 2.96 2.71 1.84 1.76 2.02 1.78 1.82Large Industry 2.25 3.03 3.97 2.77 2.54 1.69 1.63 1.95 1.72 1.78Small Irrigation 2.58 3.35 4.32 3.08 2.80 1.90 1.79 2.23 1.96 1.99

00.


K .peso per kWh CONSTANT 19901984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992



THE WORLD BANK Power Tariffs in Constant 1990 Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey




01/01/84 01/01/8 01/01/6n01/0187W01/0/88.STANTMT19001/01/84 01/1/8 01/01/86 01/01/87...010 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92.01/01/93

Small Residential 42.56 41.53 40.40 38.48 35.91 33.99 30.70 27.99 26.35 24.83Large Residential 145.81 142.31 138.43 131.68 120.45 112.28 89.60 81.69 86.51 86.13Small Commercial 194.63 189.96 184.79 155.65 134,67 86.11 50.90 45.22 42.57 42.13Large Commercial 194.63 189.96 184.79 155.65 134.67 85.24 49.80 44.22 41.63 41.41Small Industry 69.50 67.83 65.99 59.01 53.69 49.63 38.50 32.00 30.13 29.19Medium Industry 62.03 60.54 58.89 57.17 53.34 46.04 38.40 32.46 30.55 30.08Large Industry 61.23 59.76 58.13 56.43 52.65 44.85 37.80 32.19 30.30 29.92

I Small Irrigation 27.21 26.56 25.84 24.47 22.83 21.61 18.30 16.69 15.71 14.80


I won per kWh, CONSTANT 19901984 1980 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992



THE WORLD BANK o a c n .o eAsia Energy Price Survey




foaper kWh, CONSTANT 1990)01/01/84 01/01/851 01/01/86 1/0/8 8 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93



toea p~er kWh,Ii CONST~ANT1990~1984 1989 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 19911 1992

Residential 14.97 16.14 16.65 13.79 14.40 14.68 14.30Commercial 16.80 17.43 16.09 16.25 16.30 15.71 16.35Industrial 13.39 9.19 9.16 12.51 12.30 11.97 12.33AgricultureOtherTotal* 18.38 17.08 15.82 16.14 15.42 15.18 15.40 15.06 15.46


TH E WOR LD BANK .Power armfs o constant 1990 .... cur..en...Asia Energy Price Survey

Country: Fiji Utility Fiji Electricity AuthorityCity: Suva Type Public



P cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 |01/01/85| 01/01/861 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01 01/01/01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93



F cent per kWh, CONSTANT 19901984 198N 19861 1987| 1988| 1989 1990| 19911 1992

Residential 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.20Commercial 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21Industrial 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14Agriculture 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13Other 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.16Total*


THE WORLD BANK Power arms Jo conIat use ioaI eAsia Energy Price Survey




.taka perkW.h, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/881 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 1.05 1.03 1.42 1.30 1.49 1.40 1.55 1.54 1.48 1.43Large Residential 1.40 1.42 1.57 1.43 3.39 3.13 2.95 2.94 2.46 2.38Small Commercial 4.38 4.03 3.56 3.25 3.33 3.03 2.95 3.45 3.31 3.20Large Commercial 2.71 2.77 3.56 3.38 3.33 2.32 2.20 2.29 2.19 2.12Small Industry 2.63 2.77 2.85 2.60 2.73 2.54 2.40 2.43 2.46 2.38Medium Industry 2.71 2.77 2.78 2.54 2.50 2.32 2.20 2.29 2.19 2.12Large Industry 2.45 2.53 2.49 2.28 2.38 2.23 2.05 2.10 2.01 1.94

I Small Irrigation 1.75 1.66 1.92 1.76 2.02 1.89 1.75 1.63 1.56 1.51


I .taka per kWhI,~ COSTN 19901984. 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992



THE WORLD BANK Powl T |||||I Cnsa ||190Locat C|r|||||E|.Asia Energy Price Survey

Country: Bhutan Utility Department of PowerCity: Thimphu Type Public



nu per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/911 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 1.23 1.21 1.03 0.94 0.49 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.33Large Residential 1.23 1.21 1.03 0 q4 0.49 4 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.33Small Commercial 1.40 1.38 1.18 1.07 0.49 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.33Large Commercial 1.40 1.38 1.18 1.07 0.49 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.33Small Industry 1.23 1.21 1.03 0.94 0.49 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.33Medium Industry 1.23 1.21 1.03 0.94 0.49 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.33Large Industry 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16Small Irrigation


nu per kWh, CONSTANT 19901984 1985 19861 19871 19881 1989| 1990| 1991 1992

Residential 1.23 1.21 1.03 0.94 0.49 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.34Commercial 1.40 1.38 1.18 1.07 0.49 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.34Industrial 1.23 1.21 1.03 0.94 0.49 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.34AgricultureOther 1.05 1.03 0.88 0.80 0.49 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.34Total*


THE WORLD BANK Power Tariffs in Constant 1990 Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: India Utility CESO LimitedCity: Calcutta Type Private



palse per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86| 01/01/87 01 01/01/ 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 72.21 68.38 62.86 57.76 52.81 49.73 45.80 40.21 45.81 49.44Large Residential 89.66 92.50 89.22 81.98 80.71 86.87 80.00 70.24 85.10 85.82Small Commercial 138.64 139.96 140.72 133.27 139.26 166.57 166.46 149.03 162.51 157.49Large Commercial 126.83 128.77 133.85 126.97 132.92 163.86 163.96 146.83 148.20 144.25Small Industry 114.22 116.84 122.87 116.88 121.97 139.43 141.46 127.08 138.93 135.66Medium Industry 125.88 128.12 144.56 141.22 144.22 162.77 162.96 145.96 151.50 147.30Large Industry 115.01 117.58 132.21 129.87 133.84 153.00 153.96 138.05 144.43 140.76Small Irrigation


paise per kWh1 CONSTANT1 9901984 198 1986 19871 1988| 1989 1990 19911 1992|



THE WORLD BANK Power Tariffs In Constant 1990 Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: India Utility BSES LimitedCity: Bombay Type Private



I paise per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/841 01/01/85L 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/88| 110/189 01/01/90T 01/01/911 01/01/921 01/01/93

Small Residential 96.64 103.01 106.77 86.27 78.87 74.27 75.60 71.37 63.87 85.56Large Residential 104.47 111.17 114.27 108.03 93.08 92.83 97.31 100.05 100.43 133.79Smali Commercial 175.35 177.55 175.35 225.00 187.94 184.74 173.06 184.49 181.45 268.91Large Commercial 175.35 177.55 175.35 225.00 187.94 184.74 173.06 184.49 181.45 268.91Small Industry 137.86 142.04 142.68 175.81 152.20 151.08 153.06 163.42 162.59 267.90Medium Industry 110.95 116.56 119.24 168.14 145.19 144.48 146.98 169.01 167.59 247.08Large Industry 88.91 95.06 98.80 135.76 115.58 116.59 121.30 133.99 131.01 182.45Small Irrigation 31.51 29.84 27.45 25.22 23.06 21.72 20.00 21.95 19.65 29.11

LTI


paise perIkWh, CONSTANT 19901984 1985 1986| 1987| 1988| 1989| 1990| 1991| 1992|



THE WORLD BANK Power Tarms i constant 1se Loes currencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Sri Lanka Utility Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)City: Colombo Type

Fiscal Year:


S.............SL Rs. per kWh, CONSTANT 1890 .01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88| 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 0.73 0.72 1.50 1.39 1.42 1.28 1.05 0.94 0.84 0.79Large Residential 1.46 1.44 3.00 2.78 3.39 3.04 2.50 3.57 3.20 3.00Small Commercial 1.28 1.26 2.83 2.63 2.71 2.43 2.00 2.76 2.48 2.32Large Commercial 1.09 1.08 2.50 2.32 2.44 2.19 1.80 2.63 2.36 2.21Small Industry 1.19 1.17 2.58 2.39 2.37 2.13 1.75 2.09 1.88 1.76Medium Industry 1.09 1.08 2.41 2.24 2.17 1.94 1.60 1.96 1.76 1.65Large Industry 0.95 0.93 2.08 1.93 2.03 1.82 1.50 1.92 1.72 1.61

C3 Small Irrigation


SL Rs. per kWh, CON4STATE 19901984 1985 1986 1987| 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992



THE WORLD BANK Power Taris in Constant 1990 Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: China Utility Shanghai Electric Power BureuaCity: Shanghai Type Public



fen per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91| 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 37.17 32.86 30.75 28.57 23.97 20.52 20.58 20.17 19.81Large Residential 37.17 32.86 30.75 28.57 23.97 20.52 20.58 20.17 19.81Small Commercial 15.72 14.12 13.30 12.96 11.29 10.62 12.90 13.15 12.97Large Commercial 15.72 14.12 13.30 12.96 11.29 10.62 12.90 13.15 12.97Small Industry 15.72 14.12 13.30 12.96 11.29 10.62 12.90 13.15 12.97Medium Industry 13.03 11.85 11.12 11.00 9.66 8.55 11.99 12.91 11.84Large Industry 13.03 11.85 11.12 11.00 9.66 8.55 11.99 12.91 11.84Small Irrigation 11.12 9.92 9.28 9.23 8.12 7.64 9.83 10.54 10.44


fen per kWh, CONSTANT 19901984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 | 1990 | 1991 1992

Residential 36.77 32.90 31.07 28.93 23.86 20.84 21.19 20.99Commercial 15.79 14.20 14.09 13.64 12.36 13.07 13.82 14.08IndustrialAgriculture 11.09 9.93 10.04 9.80 8.88 9.96 11.07 11.33Other--------Total* 14.65 13.34 13.42 13.20 12.46 14.60 15.56 16.11


THE WORLD BANK Power Tarms Io constant 1990 Local currencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: China Utility Guanzhou Distribution BureuaCity: Guanzhou Type Public



.en per kWh, CONSTANT 19901/0184 01/0 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 9 01/01/89 01/01/901 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 35.86 32.04 29.58 27.00 22.20 19.67 19.40 17.92 16.38Large Residential 35.86 32.04 29.58 27.00 22.20 19.67 19.40 17.92 16.38Small Commercial 15.23 13.44 12.33 11.37 9.78 8.64 8.30 7.94 7.09Large Commercial 15.23 13.44 12.33 11.37 9.78 8.64 8.30 7.94 7.09Small Industry 15.23 13.44 12.33 11.37 9.78 8.64 8.30 7.94 7.09Medium Industry 12.65 11.62 11.04 10.20 8.50 7.52 5.47 7.22 6.59Large Industry 12.65 11.62 11.04 10.20 8.50 7.52 5.47 7.22 6.59

? Small Irrigation 10.47 9.37 8.74 7.98 6.66 5.74 5.70 5.32 5.04


fen per kWh. CONSTANT 19901984 1985| 1986 19871 19881 19891 1990 L 1991 1992

Residential 35.84 31.65 29.37 26.80 22.87 19.65 18.84 17.79Commercial 15.04 13.19 12.36 11.80 10.05 8.41 8.34 7.70Industrial - - - - - - - -Agriculture 10.48 9.35 8.68 8.03 6.68 5.77 5.59 5.47Other - - - - - - - -Total 16.13 15.20 14.90 13.85 12.37 12.80 13.67 13.21


THE WORLD BANK Power Tariffs iConstant 1990 Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: China Utility Beijing Distribution BureuaCity: Beijing Type Public



I tfen per kWh, CONSTANT 1990.01/01/84 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 27.11 24.25 22.66 21.07 17.65 15.41 15.80 15.49 15.50Large Residential 27.11 24.25 22.66 21.07 17.65 15.41 15.80 15.49 15.50Small Commercial 15.22 13.59 12-85 1292 10l62 9.56 11.60 12.32 13.56Large Commercial 15.22 13.59 12.85 12.26 10.62 9.56 11.60 12.32 13.56Small Industry 15.22 13.59 12.85 12.26 10.62 9.56 11.60 12.32 13.56Medium Industry 12.64 11.84 11.26 10.66 9.35 8.51 10.48 11.34 11.50Large Industry 12.64 11.84 11.26 10.66 9.35 8.51 10.48 11.34 11.50Small Irrigation 11.07 9.88 9.26 8.93 7.83 6.98 8.38 9.58 10.56


fen per kWh, CONSTANT 19901984 198$ 19861 1987 19881 1989 1990 1991| 1992

Residential 27.13 24.25 22.92 21.31 17.92 16.00 16.28 16.83Commercial 15.20 13.74 13.34 12.81 11.11 11.75 12.95 14.73Industrial - - - - - - -Agriculture 11.05 9.91 9.71 9.45 8.12 8.49 10.07 11.46Other - - - - - - -Total* 11.83 12.61 11.07 10.80 9.52 10.42 11.72 12.33


THE WORLD BANK Power Tariffs in Constant 1990 Local C.Asia Energy Price Survey

Country: China Utility Jinan Distribution BureuaCity: Jinan Type Public


Table I Average Rates for Typical Customers (local currency per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

fen per. kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 1/01/87 01/0188 01/01/89 01/01/90| 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93



fen per kWh, CONSTANT 19901984 1985 1986 1987| 1988 1989| 1990| 1991 1992

Residential 27.23 24.47 22.88 21.34 18.46 16.70 17.65 16.99Commercial 15.91 14.66 14.13 13.70 12.25 13.09 14.87 14.79Industrial - - - - - - - -Agriculture 10.11 9.14 9.75 9.27 8.93 9.78 11.27 11.87Other - - - - - - - -Total 12.86 12.01 12.28 12.18 11.07 11.84 12.71 13.08


THE WORLD BANK Power Tarma in constant imo Loca[currenyAsia Energy Price Survey




don per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01 01/01/01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 0.36 0.08 0.15 0.61 1.20 1.88Large Residential 0.36 0.08 0.15 0.61 1.20 1.88Small Commercial 1.79 1.60 4.08Large Commerrial 1.79 1.60 4.08Small Industry 0.72 0.16 1.04 1.20 1.20 1.88Medium Industry 0.72 0.16 1.04 1.20 1.20 1.88Large Industry 0.72 0.16 1.04 1.20 1.20 1.88Small Irrigation 0.72 0.16 1.04 1.79 1.20 1.88

coI-


...... . ........ CONSTANT1990198 198 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992|

Residential - - - - - - -Commercial - - - - - - -Industrial - - - - - - - -Agriculture - - - - - - -Other - - - - - - - -Total* - - - - - - - -

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 1990 0.22 0.44 1.67 7.70 39.37 66.92 100.00 122.50

THE WORLD BANK Power Tarms Io Constant 199n Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Nepal Utility Nepal Electricity AuthorityCity: Kathmandu Type Public



N Rs. per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 1.07 0.96 0.88 0.81 0.75 0.65 0.59 0.56Large Residential 1.92 1.73 1.59 1.62 1.60 1.38 1.88 1.79Small Commercial 1.99 1.80 1.65 2.14 1.98 1.71 2.61 2.49Large Commercial 2.32 2.09 1.92 2.00 1.85 1.60 2.44 2.33Small Industry 1.78 1.60 1.47 1.62 1.50 1.30 1.62 1.54Medium Industry 1.71 1.54 1.41 1.47 1.36 1.18 1.57 1.50Large Industry 1.64 1.48 1.36 1.18 1.09 0.94 1.29 1.23Small Irrigation 1.99 1.80 1.65 1.14 1.05 0.91 1.01 0.97


I........N Rs. per kWil, CONSTANT 19901984 1985 1986| 1987| 1988 1989 1990 1991 19921

Residential 1.42 1.30 1.21 1.29 1.12 1.03 1.30 -Commercial 2.30 2.05 1.94 2.11 2.01 1.78 2.22 -Industrial 1.66 1.50 1.41 1.57 1.50 1.28 1.43 -Agriculture 1.61 1.15 1.11 0.86 0.93 -Other 1.62 1.44 1.76 1.70 1.48 1.25 1.82 -Total* 1.65 1.50 1.41 1.52 1.38 1.21 1.46 -


THE WORLD BANK Power arms Io constant 199o Local curencyAsia Energy Price Survey




P...R. per kWh, CONSTANT 199)01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/861 01/07 01/0188 I 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93


00


I )P Rlp. per kWh, CONSTANT 1990198 198 1986 1987 1988 1989] 19901 19911 1992



THE WORLD BANK Power arms In constant 1990 Local currencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: India Utility Karnataka Electricity BoardCity: Bangalore Type Public



.pise.per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/911 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 69.32 70.12 67.26 73.15 79.56 76.01 69.00 65.85 64.44 62.58Large Residential 39.39 43.27 53.53 59.28 80.71 78.18 73.00 71.12 77.01 81.50Small Commercial 144.95 176.06 197.65 210.62 213.31 193.29 175.00 173.85 163.46 185.55Large CommercialSmall industry 91.38 95.49 108.43 129.90 144.13 135.74 119.00 122.93 124.95 120.79Medium IndustryLarge Industry 55.14 71.62 90.59 102.16 108.38 105.33 94.00 96.58 109.23 135.34

i Small Irrigation 14.18 11.94 12.35 10.09 10.38 9.77 8.00 6.15 3.93 2.9100


pa8ise per kWh1 CONSTANT 19901984( 198 1986 j 19871 19881 19891 19901 1991 1992

Residential 50.42 49.24 59.02 65.58 79.56 77.10 71.00 68.49 67.58Commercial 144.95 176.06 197.65 210.62 213.31 193.29 175.00 173.85 163.46Industrial 59.87 74.60 91.96 98.37 113.00 108.59 107.00 100.97 109.23Agriculture 14.18 11.94 12.35 10.09 10.38 9.77 8.00 6.15 3.93OtherTotal* 53.57 61.17 68.63 73.15 78.40 74.93 66.00 62.34 65.23


THE WORLD BANK PowerTarrnonan ooc.Asia Energy Price Survey

Country: Indonesia UtilityCity: Jakarta Type

Fiscal Year:


..... Indo R. per kWh CONSTANT 199001/01/841 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/881 01/01/89_ 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 104.41 125.58 119.92 110.14 102.88 96.52 104.53 95.38 87.73 84.67Large Residential 186.40 230.23 218.67 201.14 184.26 172.88 207.07 187.76 195.93 199.18Small Commercial 185.41 23423 223.65 205.77 191.01 17.42 209.11 190.49 176.42 168.35Large Commercial 137.92 178.47 171.61 153.10 140.82 134.73 152.22 139.31 158.73 165.04Small Industry 106.28 122.88 119.61 104.78 94.29 89.08 112.18 102.26 97.46 101.88Medium Industry 86.76 111.92 106.01 90.10 82.77 78.15 95.10 87.28 97.30 100.66Large Industry 66.86 89.38 83.23 71.64 64.71 61.99 76.99 70.14 88.49 84.35Small Irrigation


198 I ndInd Ap. per kWh, CONSTANT 1990 ~...1984 198_ 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992



THE WORLD BANK Poe*.nn ostn m s u.e.Asia Energy Price Survey



Table 1 Average Rates for Typical Customers (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

UScen, per kWh. CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87L 01/01/881 01/01/891 01/01/90 01/01/911 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 7.34 6.17 5.33 4.89 4.72 4.72 4.39 4.36 3.91 3.85Large Residential 10.69 8.98 7.76 7.02 6.74 6.74 6.27 6.23 6.39 6.30Small Commercial 12.02 10.10 8.72 7.95 7.70 7.71 7.17 7.12 6.76 6.66Large Commercial 12.14 10.20 8.81 8.01 8.98 8.98 8.35 8.30 6.62 6.53Small Industry 12.52 10.52 9.09 8.28 9.18 9.19 8.54 8.49 8.30 8.18Medium industry 7.74 7.74 7.20 7.15 6.62 6.53Large Industry 10.16 8.54 7.38 6.76 6.27 6.27 5.83 5.79 5.60 5.52Small Irrigation

Table 2 Average Rates by Customer Category (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

1 1984 198q 19861 1987. 19881 19891 19901 1991| 1992,Residential 11.02 9.52 8.33 7.80 7.29 7.11 6.99 6.92 7.00Commercial 13.17 11.35 9.93 9.22 8.61 8.50 8.06 8.38 6.35Industrial 10.47 9.07 7.92 7.19 6.58 6.50 6.17 6.07 6.35AgricultureOther 10.71 9.28 8.10 7.62 7.27 7.22 6.86 6.73 6.09Total 11.43 9.93 8.69 7.98 7.40 7.36 7.00 6.91 6.46

Index of Manufactured Exports (MUV G-5) 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 100.00% 102.23% 106.64% 107.17%

Exchange RatesThailand - bath per US$ local currency per

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Begin of Period 23.00 27.15 26.65 26.13 25.07 25.24 25.69 25.29 25.28 25.52Period Average 23.64 27.16 26.30 25.72 25.29 25.70 25.59 25.52 25.40

THE WORLD BANK Power Termaf constant99o lS 0.n.Asia Energy Price Surey

Country: Malaysia Utillty TNGCity: Kuala Lumpur Type

Fiscal Year:

Table 1 Average'Rates for Typical Customers (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

US centperkWh, CONSTANT.199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/891 01/01/90. 01/01/911 01/01/921 01/01/931

Small Residential 12.57 12.02 10.19 8.65 8.42 7.78 7.40 7.24 6.88 7.14Large Residential 13.83 13.22 11.21 9.51 9.26 8.56 8.14 7.97 7.57 7.86Small Commercial 15.71 15.03 12.23 10.38 10.10 9.34 8.88 8.69 8.26 8.57Large Commercial 15.71 15.03 12.23 10.38 10.52 9.34 8.88 8.69 8.26 8.57Small Industry 14.45 13.83 10.70 7.26 7.07 6.54 6.21 6.08 5.78 6.75Mdum industry 14.45 13.83 i0.70 7.26 7.07 6.54 6.21 6.08 5.78 6.75Large Industry 12.07 11.54 8.25 5.62 5.47 5.06 4.81 4.71 4.48 5.22Small Irrigation 14.45 13.83 10.70 7.26 7.07 6.54 6.21 6.08 5.78 6.75


US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 19901984 1985I 1986| 19871 19881 1989| 1990| 1991 1992

Residential 13.41 12.57 10.26 9.55 8.55 8.29 7.84 7.59 7.84Commercåal 15.61 14.59 11.24 10.40 9.24 8.99 8.47 8.18 8.40Industrial 12.97 12.13 8.14 6.42 5.61 5.50 5.12 5.00 5.33Agriculture 12.14 11.49 7.90 5.56 4.96 4.78 4.67 4.44 4.56Other 18.47 17.35 13.19 10.27 8.70 6.28 5.97 6.37 6.98Total* 13.91 13.07 9.70 8.42 7.42 7.11 6.64 7.11 6.65


Exchange Rates _

loca currency per US19841 19851 19861 1987 1988 1989 19901 1991 1992

Begin of Period 2.34 2.43 2.43 2.60 2.49 2.72 2.70 2.70 2.72 2.61Period Average 2.34 2.48 2.58 2.52 2.62 2.71 2.70 2.75 2.55

THE WORLD BANK Pow.. Tersin constant ... .s cu...Asia Energy Price Survey

Country: Philippines UtilityCity: Manila Type

Fiscal Year:


US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91| 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 1.36 1.48 1.30 1.43 2.12 2.87 3.52 4.54 4.57 5.58Large Residential 6.15 9.48 9.89 6.85 7.93 7.11 7.76 9.09 8.84 10.01Small Commercial 12.03 14.15 16.17 10.08 10.02 8.15 8.27 9.32 9.05 10.82Large Commercial 14.33 16.31 18.77 11.66 10.68 8.00 7.84 8.89 8.60 9.82Small industry 15.11 16.96 19.40 12.12 11.03 8.23 7.98 8.65 8.37 9.59Medium Industry 14.33 16.31 18.77 11.66 10.68 8.00 7.84 8.35 8.08 9.31Large Industry 13.16 15.36 17.84 10.91 9.99 7.35 7.28 8.10 7.83 9.06Small Irrigation 15.11 16.96 19.40 12.12 11.03 8.23 7.98 9.23 8.93 10.14

00


US.cent. perkWh., CONSTANT 19901984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 19921

Residential 5.57 7.53 5.84 6.11 6.62 7.17 7.86 8.59 9.73Commercial 14.10 17.28 12.65 10.78 8.69 7.74 7.65 8.62 9.66Industrial 14.45 17.82 13.04 11.03 8.47 7.46 7.34 7.95 8.95AgricultureOther 2.74 2.92 2.46 2.51 3.22 3.97 4.40 4.81 5.85Total 11.48 14.03 10.24 9.17 7.90 7.43 7.58 8.34 9.40


Exchange Rates

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992|Begin of Period 14.00 19.76 19.03 20.53 20.80 21.34 22.44 28.00 26.65 25.10Period Average 16.70 18.61 20.39 20.57 21.09 21.74 24.31 27.48 25.51

THE WORLD BANK Power Tarius In constant 19o us currencyAsia Energy Price Survey




US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87| 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 5.89 5.62 4.43 4.09 4.14 4.83 4.52 4.19 3.78 3.63Large Residential 20.19 19.26 15.18 14.00 13.90 15.97 13.18 12.23 12.42 12.60Small Commercial 26.95 25.70 20.26 16.54 15.55 12.25 7.49 6.77 6.11 6.17Large Commercial 26.95 25.70 20.26 16.54 15.55 12.12 7.33 6.62 5.98 6.06Small Industry 9.62 9.18 7.24 6.27 6.20 7.06 5.67 4.79 4.33 4.27Medium Industry 8.59 8.19 6.46 6.08 6.16 6.55 5.65 4.86 4.39 4.40Lare Industry 4 8. 8.37 6.00 6.08 6.38 5.58 4.82 4.35 4.38Small Irrigation 3.77 3.59 2.83 2.60 2.64 3.07 2.69 2.50 2.26 2.17

00


US cent per kh, CONSTANT19901984 198 1986 1 19 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992


index of Manufactured Exports (MUV G-S) 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 100.00% 102.23% 106.64% 107.17%

Exchange Rates

local currency per U$19841 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992


THE WORLD BANK PowerTarmsiConstantI199 US QurrencyAsia Energy Pdce Survey




US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93Small Residential 20.14 17.81 12.82 12.30 12.54 13.42 13.26 11.70 11.91 12.10Large Residential 22.66 20.44 15.63 14.99 16.01 17.13 17.10 15.09 15.36 15.59Small Commercial 23.00 20.75 16.00 15.34 17.80 19.05 18.96 16.73 17.03 17.39Large Commercial 24.00 21.68 17.09 16.40 17.80 19.05 18.96 16.73 17.03 17.39Small Industry 23.83 21.52 16.85 16.16 17.80 19.05 18.96 16.73 17.03 17.39Medium Industry 24.00 21.68 17.09 16.40 17.80 19.05 18.96 16.73 17.03 17.39Large Industry 24.00 15.02 11.60 11.13 11.35 12.14 11.98 10.57 10.83 10.96Small Irrigation 23.83 21.52 16.85 16.16 17.80 19.05 18.96 16.73 17.03 17.39

100


.......,......,......US.ce.nt per kWh, CONSTANT 1990198 198 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Residential 15.65 16.99 18.03 15.87 15.08 16.14 15.55

Commercial 17.56 18.35 17.43 18.70 17.07 17.27 17.79Industrial 14.00 9.67 9.92 14.39 12.88 13.16 13.41AgricultureOtherTotal* 22.57 19.38 16.54 16.99 16.70 17.47 16.13 16.55 16.82


Exchange Rates

local currency per US$1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Begin of Period 0.88 0.94 1.01 0.96 0.88 0.83 0.86 0.95 0.95 0.99Period Average 0.90 1.00 0.97 0.91 0.87 0.86 0.96 0.95 0.96

THE WORLD BANK PowerTvrIne Io onstant 199 us cAsia Energy Pdce Survey

Country: Kiribati Utility Public Utilities BoardCity: Tarawa Type Public



US cent per kWh. CONSTANT199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 31.81 30.17 28.62 23.95 24.26 26.21 22.99 24.21 22.80 20.56Large Residential 31.81 30.17 28.62 23.95 24.26 26.21 22.99 24.21 22.80 20.56Small Commercial 31.81 36.20 31.99 26.94 27.29 29.83 26.16 29.50 27.79 25.06Large Commercial 31.81 36.20 31.99 26.94 27.29 29.83 26.16 29.50 27.79 25.06Small Industry 31.81 38.61 31.99 26.94 27.29 29.83 26.16 29.50 27.79 25.06Medium industry 31.81 38.61 31.99 26.94 27.29 29.83 26.16 29.50 27.79 25.06Large Industry 31.81 38.61 31.99 26.94 27.29 29.83 26.16 29.50 27.79 25.06Small Irrigation

I "


US. cent per k. CONSTANT 1990.1984 198q 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 30.95 25.45 28.10 25.22 26.23 24.23 22.64 24.38 22.04Commercial 30.95 30.54 31.40 28.37 29.51 27.57 25.76 29.72 26.86Industrial 30.95 32.58 31.40 28.37 29.51 27.57 25.76 29.72 26.86AgricultureOtherTotar


Exchange RatesS...............................::::::~.... . . . * .*..........* * : * :

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Begin of Period 1.11 1.21 1.47 1.50 1.38 1.17 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.45Period Average . 1.14 1.43 1.50 1.43 1.28 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.36

THE WORLD BANK Power rEfain constant 19o us currencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Fill Utility Fiji Electricity AuthorityCity: Suva Type Public


Table 1 Average Rates for Typical Customers (US cent par kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

US cnt er Wh, ONSANT1990

01/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/87 01/01/881 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/921 01/01/93Small ResidentialLarge ResidentialSmall CommercialLarge CommercialSmall industryMedium IndustryLarge IndustrySmall Irrigation


US cent per .kWh, CONSTANT 19901984 198 1986 1 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 21.38 19.90 17.19 15.29 13.64 13.25 13.82 14.92 14.04Commercial 22.45 20.90 18.05 16.06 14.38 13.96 14.56 15.72 14.80Industrial 14.48 13.48 11.64 10.36 9.24 8.97 9.36 10.11 9.51Agriculture 13.26 12.35 10.66 9.49 8.51 8.26 8.62 9.31 8.76Other 17.10 15.92 13.75 12.23 11.00 10.68 11.14 12.03 11.32Total

index of Manufactured Exports (MUV G-5) 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 100.00% 102.23% 106.64% 107.17%

Exchange RatesS... .~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~ .............. ,..........,......

S.... .... ,......... .. . . .S.~.; ~ .~:local currency per US$..

1984f 19851. 19861 19871 19881 19891 19901 1991| 1992 .Begin of Period 1.05 1.14 1.12 1.15 1.44 1.40 1.49 1.46 1.47 1.56Period Average 1.08 1.15 1.13 1.24 1.43 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.50

THE WORLD BANK powerTarms Inconstant 1eco u.Asia Energy Price Survey




US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 3.53 3.64 3.99 3.65 4.20 4.26 4.80 4.51 4.01 3.95Large Residential 4.70 5.05 4.39 4.02 9.58 9.49 9.14 8.61 6.68 6.58Small Commercial 14.70 14.30 9.97 9.14 9.42 9.17 9.14 10.11 8.99 8.85Large Commercial 9.11 9.81 9.97 9.50 9.42 7.04 6.82 6.70 5.96 5.86Small industry 8.82 9.81 7.98 7.31 7.73 7.69 7.44 7.11 6.68 6.58Medium Industry 9.11 9.81 7.78 7.13 7.06 7.04 6.82 6.70 5.96 5.86Lawwg iustry 8.23 8.97 6.98 6.40 6.73 6.74 6.35 6.15 5.47 5.38Small Irrigation 5.88 5.89 5.38 4.93 5.72 5.73 5.42 4.78 4.25 4.19


1984 198N 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992Residential 3.48 3.38 4.07 3.64 4.13 4.26 4.48 4.41 3.97Commercial 14.49 13.28 10.16 9.09 9.26 9.36 8.53 9.89 8.91Industrial 8.98 9.11 7.93 7.09 6.94 7.04 6.36 6.55 5.90Agriculture 5.80 5.47 5.49 4.95 5.62 5.76 5.06 4.68 4.21Other 4.52 4.17 3.90 3.49 3.77 3.90 3.70 3.77 3.39Totar 7.48 7.29 6.75 6.29 6.48 6.58 6.19 6.20 4.81


Exchange Ratas - DANoclcurrencypeUS


THE WORLD BANK Power TrInsInconstant noUScurrenyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: Bhutan Utility Department of Power

City: Thimphu Type PublicFiscal Year: July 1 - June 30 Generation and Distribution


US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/851 01/01/86 01/01/ 01/01/88| 01/01/89 01/01/901 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 9.80 8.20 7.11 6.00 3.26 2.83 2.35 2.16 1.45 1.42Large Residential 9.80 8.20 7.11 6.00 3.26 2.83 2.35 2.16 1.45 1.42Small Commercial 11.20 9.37 8.13 6.86 3.26 2.83 2.35 2.16 1.45 1.42Large Commercial 11.20 9.37 8.13 6.86 3.26 2.83 2.35 2.16 1.45 1.42Small Industry 9.80 8.20 7.11 6.00 3.26 2.83 2.35 2.16 1.45 1.42Medium Industry 9.80 8.20 7.11 6.00 3.26 2.83 2.35 2.16 1.45 1.42Large Industry 1.63 1.41 1.17 1.08 0.73 0.71Small Irrigation


......... US cent per. .kWh, CONSTANT.990.198 198 1 198 1987 19881, 19891 19901 1991 1992

Residential 9.05 8.25 6.86 6.08 3.02 2.60 2.29 1.72 1.45Commercial 10.35 9.43 7.84 6.95 3.02 2.60 2.29 1.72 1.45Industrial 9.05 8.25 6.86 6.08 3.02 2.60 2.29 1.72 1.45AgricultureOther 7.76 7.07 5.88 5.21 3.02 2.60 2.29 1.72 1.45Total*


Exchange Rates


THE WORLD BANK power rIrman constant 19so us nAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: India Utility CESC LimitedCity: Calcutta Type Private



~~~. .....

*.. ..............*........... . . . . . ... .

.S..en pe kWh, COSTN 1901/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/ 0101/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 6.42 5.37 4.65 3.93 3.73 3.24 2.69 2.48 2.12 2.42Large Residential 7.97 7.26 6.61 5.58 5.70 5.65 4.70 4.33 3.93 4.20Small Commercial 12.32 10.98 10.42 9.06 9.84 10.84 9.77 9.19 7.51 7.71Large Commercial 11.27 10.10 9.91 8.64 9.39 10.66 9.62 9.05 6.85 7.06Small Industry 10.15 9.17 9.10 7.95 8-62 9.07 8.30 7.83 6.42 6.64Medium industry 11.19 10.05 10.70 9.60 10.19 10.59 9.57 9.00 7.00 7.21Large Industry 10.22 9.23 9.79 8.83 9.46 9.96 9.04 8.51 6.67 6.89Small Irrigation


S....*.*US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199019848 1985 19861 1987 1988( 1989 1990 19911 19921



Exchange Rates


THE WORLD BANK po § §rfslnCnta||90UAsla Energy Price Survey

Country: Indla Utillty BSES LimitedCity: Bombay Type Private


Table 1 Average Ratos for Typical Customers (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

.U. nt per kWh,CONS.ANT 199001/01/84| 01/01/85 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/88| 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93


Table 2 Average Ratos by Customer Category (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

UScent per kWh CONSTANT 19901984 1985 1986| 1987| 1988| 1989 1990\ 1991| 1992|



Exchange Ratasoc..al currency per U$

19841 19851 1986| 1987| 19881 1989| 1990 19911 1992Begin of Period 10.49 12.45 12.17 13.12 12.88 14.95 17.04 18.07 25.83 26.20Period Average 11.36 12.37 12.61 12.96 13.92 16.23 17.50 22.74 25.92

THE WORLD BANK .i.owEM .EEIEE .E.EatAsla Energy Price Survey

Country: Sr Lanka Utility Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)City: Colombo Type

Fiscal Year:


US cent per kWh,.CONSTANT 199001/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/89 01/01/901 01/01/911 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 2.35 2.22 4.06 3.55 3.58 3.36 2.63 2.55 2.31 2.13Large Residential 4.70 4.44 8.12 7.10 8.53 8.00 6.25 9.72 8.81 8.11Small Commercial 4.11 3.88 7.67 6.71 6.82 6.40 5.00 7.54 6.83 6.29Large Commercial 3.53 3.33 6.77 5.92 6.14 5.76 4.50 7.17 6.50 5.98Small Industry 3.82 3.61 6.99 6.12 5.97 5.60 4.38 5.71 5.18 4.77Medium Industry 3.53 3.33 6.54 5.72 5.46 5.12 4.00 5.35 4.85 4.46Large industry 3.06 2.88 5.64 4.93 5.12 4.80 3.75 5.23 4.73 4.36Small Irrigation


US cent per kWh,li CON$TATI 19901984 198g 19861 19871 1988| 1989| 1990| 19911 19921



Exchange Rates

1984 1985 19861 1987 1988 1989l 1990 1991 1992Begin of Perlod 25.00 26.28 27.41 28.52 30.76 33.03 40.00 40.24 42.58 46.00Perlod Average 25.44 27.16 28.02 29.44 31.81 36.05 40.06 41.37 43.83

THE WORLD BANK Pö äi!9.Tr C "`ftäh tAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: China Utlilty Shanghai Electric Power BureuaCity: Shanghai Type Public



US cent per kWh, CO.GN.TANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/881 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91| 01/01/921 01/01/93



US cent per .kWh, CONSTANT 1990

1984 q 9 8 1986 19871 1988| 1989| 1990 1991| 19921Residential 12.58 9.87 7.19 6.15 5.71 5.77 4.43 4.05Commercal 5.40 4.26 3.26 2.90 2.96 3.62 2.89 2.72IndustrialAgriculture 3.80 2.98 2.32 2.08 2.13 2.76 2.31 2.19Other - - - - - - - -Total* 5.01 4.00 3.11 2.81 2.98 4.04 3.25 3.11


Exchange Rates:11:. . ............ .. local currency per US$

1984| 1985[ 19861 1987. 1988| 1989| 1990| 1991 19921Begin of Period 1.98 2.80 3.20 3.72 3.72 3.72 4.72 5.22 5.43 5.75Period Average 2.32 2.94 3.45 3.72 3.72 3.77 4.78 5.32 5.51

THE WORLD BANK ioer Im nonstant1990USCurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: China Utility Guanzhou Distribution BureuaCity: Guanzhou Type Public



US cent per kWh.,. CONSTANT 19901/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 14.37 10.09 7.38 5.74 5.31 5.51 4.11 3.53 3.23Large Residential 14.37 10.09 7.38 5.74 5.31 5.51 4.11 3.53 3.23Small Commercial 6.10 4.24 3.08 2.42 2.34 2.42 1.76 1.56 1.40Large Commercial 6.10 4.24 3.08 2.42 2.34 2.42 1.76 1.56 1.40Small Industry 6.10 4.24 3.08 2.42 2.34 2.42 1.76 1.56 1.40Medium industry 5.07 3.66 2.76 2.17 2 2q11 1.16 1.42 1.30Large Industry 5.07 3.66 2.76 2.17 2.03 2.11 1.16 1.42 1.30Small Irrigation 4.20 2.95 2.18 1.70 1.59 1.61 1.21 1.05 0.99


UiS cetprkh CONSTANT'l19901984 1985 1986 1987| 1988 1989 19901 1991 1992

Residential 12.26 9.49 6.80 5.70 5.47 5.44 3.94 3.43Commercial 5.15 3.96 2.86 2.51 2.41 2.33 1.74 1.49Industrial - - - - - - - -Agriculture 3.59 2.81 2.01 1.71 1.60 1.60 1.17 1.06Other - - - - -Totar 5.52 4.56 3.45 2.95 2.96 3.55 2.86 2.55


Exchange RatesW " fim 55 5...


THE WORLD BANKAsla Energy Prce Survey

Country: China Utillty Beijing Distribution BureuaCity: Beijing Type Public



US cent per kwh.I, CONSIŸÃÑŸÏ 19901/01/841 01/01/85| 01/01/86| 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/89| 01/01/901 01/01/911 01/01/92| 01/01/93


Table 2 Average Ratas by Customer Category (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

......... M............ cent p.r kWh, CONSTAN 19901984| 198 1986 19871 1988| 19891 19901 1991 19921

Residential 9.28 7.27 5.31 4.53 4.29 4.43 3.40 3.25Commercial 5.20 4.12 3.09 2.73 2.66 3.26 2.71 2.84Industrial - - - - - - - -Agriculture 3.78 2.97 2.25 2.01 1.94 2.35 2.11 2.21Other - - - - - - -Total* 4.05 3.78 2.56 2.30 2.28 2.89 2.45 2.38


Exchange Ratoslocal currency per US.

1984| 19851 1986| 1987| 19881 1989| 1990| 19911 19921Begin of Period 1.98 2.80 3.20 3.72 3.72 3.72 4.72 5.22 5.43 5.75Period Average 2.32 2.94 3.45 3.72 3.72 3.77 4.78 5.32 5.51

THE WORLD BANK Powe.rTarmIfsnconstant 1990 us cur.cAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: china Utility Jinan Distribution Bureua

City: Jinan Type PublicFiscal Year: Distribution Only

Table 1 Average Rates for Typical customers (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 |01/01/89 |01/01/90 |01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93


I

I


198 1980 1986 19870 1988p 1989 1990? 1991 1992ResIdential 9.32 7.34 5.30 4.54 4.42 4.63 3.69 3.28Commercial 5.44 4.40 3.27 2.91 2.93 3.63 3.11 2.86Industrial--------Agriculture 3.46 2.74 2.26 1.97 2.14 2.71 2.36 2.29ther--------

Total* 4.40 3.60 2.84 2.59 2.65 3.28 2.66 2.53


Exchange Rates ___________________________________________

localcurrnc pe US.

1984 1985) 1986 1987 1988 1989 _1990 1991 1992Begin of Period 1.98 2.80 3.20 3.72 3.72 3.72 4.72 5.22 5.43 5.75Period Average 2.32 2.94 3.45 3.72 3.72 3.77 4.78 5.32 5.51

THE WORLD BANK PwrTEREEQ ny.NEAsfa Enorgy Pdce Survey

Country: Nepal UtIlity Nepal Electricity Authority

City: Kathmandu Type PublicFiscal Year: Generation and Distribution

Table 1 Average Ratos for Typical Customers (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

.. ... I....k

01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/861 011011871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91i 01/01/92ý 01/01/93

Small Residentlal 4.48 3.84 3.64 3.14 2.62 2.41 1.76 1.73

Large Residential 8.06 6.91 6.56 6.29 5.59 5.15 5.58 5.49

Small Commercial 8,36 7.16 6.80 8.30 6.92 6.37 7.75 7.62

Large Commercial 9.73 8.34 7.92 7.76 6.47 5.95 7.25 7.13

Small Industry 7.47 6.40 6.07 6.29 5.24 4.83 4.81 4.73

Medium Industry 7.17 6.14 5.83 5.70 4.76 4.38 4.68 4.60

Large Industry 6.87 5.88 5,59 4.57 3.81 3.51 3.82 3.76

Small Iirgation 8.36 7.16 6.80 4.40 3.67 3.38 3,01 2.96

Table 2 Average Ratos by Customer Category (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)US. ent per kWhCONSTANT 1990

... ... . .......

1984. 1985 19861 19871 19881 1989 19901 1991 1992

Residentlat 5,82 5.21 4.64 4.62 3.81 3.12 3.86 ERR

Commercial 9.43 8.25 7.43 7.58 6.84 5.41 6.61 ERR

Industrial 6.81 6.04 5.41 5.63 5.11 3.89 4.24 ERR

Agriculture 6.17 4.12 3.78 2.60 2.77 ERR

Other 8.64 5.78 6.71 6.10 5.04 3.81 5.40 ERR

Total* 6.75 6.04 5.41 5.44 4.70 3.68 4,35 ERR


Exchange Rates _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 19891 1990 1991 1992

Begin of Period 15.20 18.00 20.70 22.00 21.60 25.20 28.60 30.40 42.70 43.20

Period Average 16.46 18,25 21.23 21.82 23.29 27.19 29.37 37.26 42.72

THE WORLD BANK Power refsin constant 1ssa us currencyAsia Energy Price Suivey




US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84| 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91| 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 3.30 3.00 2.24 3.85 2.23 2.77 3.67 3.97Large Residential 3.30 3.00 2.24 3.85 2.23 2.77 3.67 3.97Small Commercial 11.27 2.98 6.02 6.12 6.62Large Commercial 11.27 2.98 6.02 6.12 6.62Small Industry 6.59 6.00 15.30 7.51 2.23 2.77 3.67 3.97Medilum IndusW try 6.59 0 1 2.77 3.91 3.97Large Industry 6.59 6.00 15.30 7.51 2.23 2.77 3.67 3.97Small Irrigation 6.59 6.00 15.30 11.27 2.23 2.77 3.91 4.24


S tper kWh, CONSTANT19901984 198 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential - - - - - - - -Commercial - - - - - - - -Industrial - - - - - - - -Agriculture - - - - - - - - .Other - - - - - - - . -Total* - - - - - - - - -


Exchange Rates


THE WORLD BANK In constant 19se us cAsia Energy Price Survey




.................................... ....... ... ...

01/01/841 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/891 01/01/90 01/01/911 01/01/92 01/01/93Small ResidentialLarge ResidentialSmall CommercialLarge CommercialSmall IndustryMedium IndustryLarge IndustrySmall Irrigation


US centper, kWh,CONSTANT19901984_ 1985 1986 1987 1988| 1989| 1990 1991 1992



Exchange Rates


THE WORLD BANK powerIffsin constant 1eo0 u rncAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: India Utility Kamataka Electricity BoardCity: Bangalore Type Public

FIscal Year: April 1 - March 31 Generation and Distribution


US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 199001/01/84 01/01/85| 01/01/86 01/01/87| 01/01/881 01/01/89 01/01/90| 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small Residential 6.16 5.50 4.98 4.98 5.62 4.95 4.05 4.06 2.98 3.06Large Residential 3.50 3.40 3.96 4.03 5.70 5.09 4.29 4.38 3.56 3.99Small Commercial 12.88 13.81 14.63 14.33 15.07 12.58 10.27 10.72 7.55 9.08Large CommercialSmall Industry 8.12 7.49 8.03 8.84 10.18 8.83 6.99 7.58 5.77 5.91Medium IndustryLarge Industry 4.90 5.62 6.71 6.95 7.66 6.86 5.52 5.95 5.05 6.62Small Irrigation 1.26 0.94 0.91 0.69 0.73 0.64 0.47 0.38 0.18 0.14

I


~ I(JS cent per kWhIi, COSTN 199901984 1985 19861 1987| 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 4.14 3.89 4.22 4.52 5.20 4.62 4.06 3.35 3.11Commercial 11.90 13.91 14.12 14.50 13.95 11.59 10.00 8.52 7.53Industrial 4.91 5.89 6.57 6.77 7.39 6.51 6.11 4.95 5.03Agriculture 1.16 0.94 0.88 0.69 0.68 0.59 0.46 0.30 0.18OtherTotal* 4.40 4.83 4.90 5.04 5.13 4.49 3.77 3.05 3.00


Exchange Rateslocal currency per US$ ...


THE WORLD BANK wem currencyAsia Energy Pfice Survey

Country: Indonesia Utility PLNCity: Jakarta Type Public



01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90_ 01/01/91 010Small Residential 10.32 11.93 9.77 6.11 5.72 5.48 5.82 5.36 4.85 4.75Large Residential 18.42 21.87 17.81 11.16 10.24 9.82 11.52 10.55 10.83 11.16Small Commercial 18.32 22.25 18.21 11.42 10.62 10.19 11.64 10.71 9.75 9.44Large Commercial 13.63 16.95 13.98 8.50 7.83 7.65 8.47 7.83 8.77 9.25Small Industry 10.50 11.67 9.74 5.81 5.24 5.06 6.24 5.75 5.39 5.71Medium Industry 8.57 10.63 8.63 5.00 4.60 4.44 5.29 4.91 5.38 5.64Large Industry 6.61 8.49 6.78 3.97 3.60 3.52 4.28 3.94 4.89 4.73Small Irrigation


US cent per kWh, CONSTANT~ 19901984 198 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 15.32 14.02 10.19 7.21 7.83 7.46 6.89 6.38 5.95Commercial 23.98 22.17 16.14 11.35 10.29 12.11 11.05 11.47 10.83Industrial 11.08 10.03 6.83 4.78 4.36 5.42 4.91 5.59 5.61AgricultureOther 13.30 12.18 8.95 6.42 5.88 7.23 6.63 7.34 7.20Totar 14.01 12.73 9.01 6.34 5.73 6.81 6.14 6.47 8.33

index of Manufactured Exports (MUV G-5) 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 100.00% 102.23% 106.64% 107.17%

Exchange Rates

.S.:.SS..S:,.... S - -local currency per US$ (ntominal)1984 1985 1986| 1987( 1988| 19891 1990 1991 1992 1993


THE WORLD BANK OAsia Energy Ptce Survey

Country: OECD Average UtilityCity: Type

Fiscal Year:

Table I Average Rates for Typical Customers (US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)

tent i,eekWh. CONTANTI9(01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/01/90 01/01/91 01/01/92 01/01/93

Small ResidentialLarge ResidentialSmall Commercial

Small IndustryMedium IndustryLarge IndustrySmall Irrigation

I


US cent per kWh, CONSTANT 1990)1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Residential 11.32 - 10.63 - 10.28 10.25 10.50 10.66 -CommercialIndustrial 7.79 7.66 - 7.24 7.08 7.10 7.24AgricultureOtherTotal*

Soww: EmffVyPr&wz mdTmns, IntanaiomtFa EyAgwx7y

NOTES SPECIFIC TO EACH COTRY

COUNTRY: ThailandCITY: BangkokUTILITY: Metropolitan Electricity AuthorityFY: October 1 - September 30NOTES:

COUNTRY: MalaysiaCITY: Kuala LumpurUTILITY: Tenaga Nasional BerhadFY: September 1 - August 31NOTES: Same rates apply throughout Peninsular Malaysia. Hence average is for

Peninsular Malaysia.

COUNTRY: PhilippinesCITY: ManilaUTILITY: Manila Electric CompanyFY:NOTES:

Taxes1. The franchise tax, equivalent to 2% of gross revenues, is a component ofthe Meralco rates.2. The energy tax is collected from residential customers consuming over650 kWh per month under the following schedule:

under 650 kWh - No charge651 - 1000 kWh - 0.10 peso/kWh

1001 - 1500 kWh - 0.20 peso /kWh1501 - over - 0.35 peso /kWh

The aim of Batas Pambansa Blg. 36, the law authorizing the collection ofthe tax approved on September 7, 1979, was to discourage the wastefuluse of electricity.3. The income tax is based on a historical net income (excluding the effectof appraisal).4. The utility also pays real estate taxes on its properties.5.

Condition of servicesPrimary metered customers shoulder the cost of the transformers and otherequipment in the substation. They are given a primary discount of 14.5%of their basic distribution charge rate in return for having and maintainingtheir own facilities. If in case, additional facilities are necessary to connectthem to the primary lines, they are required to purchase Meralco PreferredShares with par value of 10 peso per share, the total per value of which

-108-

shall be equal to the total cost of the extension. These shares areredeemable after 5 years.

Currency Exchange Rate AdjustmentCERA is to cover increases in the exchange rate of the peso to the USdollar in excess of the base rate of P22.777 in the operation andmaintenance expenses (CERA I) and principal payments on foreign-denominated loans (CERA II).

Adjustments:January 1993 August 1993

Generation Charge / kWhSubsidized P 0.8500 P 0.9600Subsidizing P 2.1357 P 2.3760

CERA - % of basicdistribution charge 4.67% 8.36%

This represents the computed CERA rate applicable for the month. Theactual CERA rate reflected in customers' bill was only -0.80% due to areduction of 5.437% from the computed value. The 5.437% reductionrepresents the refund of forex losses on interest and other charges portionof the Company's debt service which had been collected from customersunder CERA II on the basis of a provisional authority granted by theEnergy Regulatory Board in 1985. In a final decision rendered by the ERBin 1989, recovery of foreign exchange losses on the interest and othercharges portion was disallowed, a decision which was subsequently upheldby the Supreme Court. The total amount of the refund was P311 millionand the refunding period was from February 1992 to January 1993.

COUNTRY: VietnamCITY: HanoiUTILITY: Power Company No. 1FY: January 1 - December 31NOTES: Since January 1, 1992, the average rates for industry and irrigation are

subject to charge in accordance with voltage levels (6 kV is the boundary).

COUNTRY: Korea, Republic ofCITY: SeoulUTILITY: KEPCOFY: January 1 - December 31NOTES:

COUNTRY: ChinaCITY: ShanghaiUTILITY: Shanghai Electric Power BureauFY:NOTES: All of surcharges and fuel adjustment are tax-free.

-109-

COUNTRY: ChinaCITY: GuanzhouUTILITY: Guanzhou Distribution BureauFY:NOTES: All of surcharges and fuel adjustment are tax-free.

Value of fuel adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 12.5 fen per kWhValue of purchase adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 10.5 fen per kWhSurcharges - National Power Development Fund: 4.5 fen per kWh

Local Power Development Fund: 4.5 fen per kWh

COUNTRY: ChinaCITY: BeijingUTILITY: Beijing Distribution BureauFY:NOTES: All of surcharges and fuel adjustment are tax-free.



COUNTRY: ChinaCITY: JinanUTILITY: Jinan Distribution BureauFY:NOTES: All of surcharges and fuel adjustment are tax-free.



COUNTRY: IndonesiaCITY: JakartaUTILITY: Perusahaan Umum Listrik NegaraFY:NOTES: PLN is planning to implement an electricity tariff adjustment mechanism

subject to the approval of the Government.

COUNTRY: Papua New GuineaCITY: Port MoresbyUTILITY: PNG Electricity CommissionFY: January 1 - December 1993NOTES: For village housing (traditional) a time payment arrangement over 2 years

are applied to assist customers purchase minimum.

COUNTRY: Kiribati

-110-

CITY: TarawaUTILITY: Public Utilities BoardFY:NOTES:

COUNTRY: FijiCITY: SuvaUTILITY: Fiji Electricity AuthorityFY: January 1 - December 31NOTES: VAT payment is remitted to the Commissioner of Inland Revenue after

deducting the cost to the Authority of VAT inputs.4% discount is given to large industries. Special tariff of 14 cents per kWhis given to one customer whose consumption alone is 10% of total sales.

COUNTRY: NepalCITY: KathmanduUTILITY: Nepal Electricity AuthorityFY: Mid July - Mid JulyNOTES: 1. An estimate for small residential connection charge of Rs. 1500 is

prepared for materials and service charge to provide connection. Rs. 50 isdeducted from the estimate and remaining amount is paid by the customer.2. Years indicated are fiscal years which end in the mid July of the years.Shown e.g. 1984 means FY 1983/1984 (mid July)

COUNTRY: BangladeshCITY: DhakaUTILITY: Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)FY: July 1 - June 30NOTES: 1. The total average rate is the weighted average across all categories of

BPDB's consumers. Although the approved average tariff remainedunchanged between FY91 & 92, the total average rate for BPDB fell inFY92 due to creation of a separate organization, Dhaka Electric SupplyAuthority (DESA) with effect from October 91 to handle distribution inDhaka area. Bulk sales to DESA account for about a third of BPDB'ssales. The share of electricity consumption by DEAS's large retailconsumers is larger than by BPDB's consumers.2. Connection charge includes a security deposit of Tk 375 per kW forsmall residential user. The security is refundable when connection iswithdrawn by the user.3. Definition of Present Consumer Type of BPDB:Small Residential : 400 volts, upto 50 kW sanctioned load,

consumption upto 200 kWhLarge Residential : 400 volts, upto 50 kW sanctioned load,

consumption above 200 kWhSmall Commercial : 400 volts, upto 50 kW sanctioned load.

-111-

Large Commercial 11 kV upto 5 MW sanctioned load.Small Industry 400 volts, upto 50 kW sanctioned loadMedium Industry 11 kV upto 5 MW sanctioned load.Large Industry 33 kV upto 15 MW contracted load.Small Irrigation : 400 volts upto 50 kW sanctioned load.

COUNTRY: BhutanCITY: ThimphuUTILITY: Department of PowerFY: July 1 - June 30NOTES: Export tariffs are Nu 0.27 / kWh for 1991-1992 and Nu. 0.37/ kWh for

1993.

COUNTRY: IndiaCITY: CalcuttaUTILITY: CESC LimitedFY: April 1 - March 31NOTES: Value of fuel adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 93.5 paise/ kWh

(provisional)

COUNTRY: IndiaCITY: BombayUTILITY: BSES LimitedFY: April 1 - March 31NOTES: 1. Electricity Duty on sale:

Residential First 30 kWh 9 paise / kWhnext 120 kWh 12 paise /kWhbalance units 18 paise / kWh

Commercial 27 paise / kWhIndustrial First 5,000 kWh 6 paise / kWh

next 45,000 kWh 7 paise / kWhbalance units 9 paise / kWh

2. Value of the fuel adjustment on January 1, 1993 is 0.06 paise / kWh3. Financial principles of Licensees (other than local bodies) are embodiedin the Sixth Schedule of the Electricity Supply Act 1948. The clear profitearned is circumscribed by Reasonable Return as defined, which interalia isdetermined by Capital Base and prescribed rates.

COUNTRY: PakistanCITY: IslamabadUTILITY: WAPDAFY: July 1 - June 30NOTES:

-112-

COUNTRY: Sri LankaCITY: ColomboUTILITY: Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)FY: Jan 1 - Dec 31NOTES: 1. The Board did not have taxable income during the year 1992 after

reducing allowances provided on account of Capital Expenditure.2. Connection charges varies from the distance of the power line to theconnecting point also on the maximum requested demand.3. Tariff assumes total Hydro Generation.4. Fuel Cost Adjustment recovered in full as a surcharge has been 25%from January to June and 20% from July 93 onwards.

-113-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICES

Petroleum Product and Gas Prices(on January 1, 1993, in US Currency)

Petroleum Product and Gas Prices(for 1984 - 1993, in Constant 1990 US Currency)

Petroleum Product and Gas Prices in Nominal Local CurrencyPetroleum Product and Gas Prices in Nominal US CurrencyPetroleum Product and Gas Prices in Constant 1990 Local CurrencyPetroleum Product and Gas Prices in Constant 1990 US Currency


Regular GasolinePrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

M anil ......Ban

Kuala LumpurSeo41

JakartaColombo

DhakaIsta mab adKahmandu

BombayCaicutta

DejlhiMadrasKenpur

0OECD jAVerageFOB Singapore

Premium GasolinePrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

ManilaBangkok

Kuala LumpurSeoul

JakartaColombo

DhakaIslamabad


DåelhiMadrasKenpur

OECD AverageFOB Singapore _

Automotive DieselPrices on Jan 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Manila

Bangkok E..Kuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboDhaka

IslamabadKathmandu

BombayCaloutta

DelhiMadrasKenpur


-115-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESHOUSEHOLD FUELSON JANUARY 1, 1993, IN US CURRENCY

KerosenePrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

ManilaBangkok

Kuala LumpurSeoul

JakartaColombo

DhakaIslamabad


DelhiMadrasKenpur


Liquified Petroleum GasPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per Kg

0 20 40 60 80 100Manila

BangkokKuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboDhaka

Islam abadKathma nd u

BombayCalcutta

DelhiMadrasKe np ur


Natural Gas for HouseholdPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US$ per MMBTU

0 2 4 6 8 10Manila ....

BangkokKuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboDhaka

IslamabadKathmandu

Bom bayCalcutta

DelhiMadrasKenpur


-116-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESINDUSTRIAL FUELS: FUEL OILON JANUARY 1,1993, IN US CURRENCY

Light Fuel Oil for IndustryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

M anila..........Bangkok

Kuala LumpurSeoul

JakartaColombo

DhakaIslamabad

Kathmandu lllBombayCal8u

DelhMadrasKenpur


HFO low sulphur for IndustryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

M anila .. . .........Bangkok........

Kuala LumpurSeoul

JakartaColombo

DhakaIslamabad


DelhiMadrasKenpur


HFO low sulphur for PowerPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US cent per litre

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

ManilaBangkok

Kuala LumpurSeoul

JakartaColombo

Dhakaislamabad


DelhiMadrasKenpur

OECD AverageFOB Singapore IIIIIII

-117-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESINDUSTRIAL FUELS: NATURAL GASON4 ANUARY 1,1993, IN US CURRENCY

Natural Gas for IndustryPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US$ per MMBTU

0 2 4 6 8 10Manila .,-- -

BangkokKuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboDhaka

IslamabadKathmandu

BombayCalcutta

DejlhiMarasKenpur


Natural Gas for PowerPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal US$ per MMBTU

0 2 4 6 8 10Manila

BangkokKuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboDhaka

islamabadKathmandu

BombayCalcutta

MadrasKenpur


Natural Gas for Fertilizer PlantsPrices on January 1, 1993, in nominal USS per MMBTU

0 2 4 6 8 10Manila

BangkokKuala Lumpur

SeoulJakarta

ColomboDhaka

IslamabadKathmandu

BombayCalcutta

DelhiMadrasKenpur

ECD AverageF05 Singapore

-118-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESA UTOMOTIVE FUELS ~ *.......*****

FOR 1984 - 93 IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURRENCY.

Regular Gasoline Diesel (Automotive)Est Asia1984 - 1993 East Asia 1984 - 1993

120 120

1100 -100 -

80 Soi80

OECD OECD40r 40 . .

Jakart ........

8 20 Bankk20 u wjakaft.

0~

Regular Gasoline Diesel (Automotive)South Asia 1984 - 1993 South Asia, 1984 -1993

120 1201!

100 1008 ~-8

80 80- b Kathrnandu ....-..... O Kathmandu

0 0

Regular Gasoline Diesel (Automotive)South Asia Ondia), 1984 - 1993 South Asia ondia), 1984 - 1993

120 120

1100 100

8 880 80

140 l<n80 4..DelD OECD

D 0. EGDI i Kanpur y-~D

0 0

Premium Gasoline Premium GasolineEast Asi1984 - 1993 South Asia, 1984 - 1993

120 120

1100 -1100

8 8

80 -60-. i

4 0 40 - ..20 - ............ O.--

20 FOB SIngapore0 0

-119-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESHOUSEHOØLD FUEILSFOR 1984 - 1993, IN CONSTANT 1990 US CURE.

Kerosene Liquified Petroleum GasEast Asia"19841993 East Asia 1984 - 1993

120 120

100 - 1 0 0

880- 80 -

60 - 80

40 B-k- ·----- B

20 - a'u:::r--20 Jakrta " anil

0 sia0

Kerosene Liquifled Petroleum GasSuth Asia, 1984 -1993 South Asia, 1984 - 1993

120 120

100 - 100

80 80

0 ~ lamabad0 20

Kerosene Liquified Petroleum GasSouth Asia Øndia). 1984-1993 South Asia Qndia), 1984 -1993

120 120

100 1100 -

860 ~80680 -60-

~40 .40Madras Calcutta

20 - anpur ..... ,..-.N. n

0 D 0------ ----------- - -- nu- - -

Natural Gas for Household Natural Gas for HouseholdEast Asia1984-1993 South Asia, 1984 - 1993

12 12

110 OECD ,- E

86

2 \..aat 2- Ida~abd

0 ''0. ..........

-120-

PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND GAS PRICESI....S......FUEL.


Natural Gas for Industry Natural Gas for industryEast Asia 1984 - 1993 South Asia, 1984 - 1993

12 12

8181

68-

S4 4saaa

2 . ........ .. 2 .-

Dhaka0 0

Natural Gas for Power Generation Natural Gas for Power GenerationEast Asia 1984 -1993 South Asia, 1984 -1993

12 12

1 10

8

8 8

2 4 - akarta 4

2 ~Dhaka_ _ _

0* 0

Natural Gas for Fertilization Natural Gas for FertilizationEast Asia1984-1993 South Asia, 1984 - 1993

12 12

10 1108 808 -8

2 4Bangkok2 -Jakarta 2 _saaa

- - - - - - --.0 0

Light Fuel Oil for Industry Light Fuel Oi for IndustryEast Asia 1984 1993 South Asla, 1984 .1993

00

8 8

0 §0 Cmbo

0- 0... .. ... .. .e ...... .. u...m .... .. m..m .. m .. .m .. ... .m.... .m...... ............. ... .. .... ....

0 . . . a. m m .. M.

-121-


HFO low sulphur for Industry HFO low sulphur for IndustryEat Asa1984-1993 SouthAsi, 1984 1993

s! - OB ng!r g -ndu

HFO w suphu fo oe HF lo supu o oe25 25

10 ~ 0 ..... ......

25 2Sng~ 1 F Singa

-12

HFO 1ow sulphur for Power HFO low sulphur for Power30EastAsa1984 -1993 30South Asia, 1984- 1993

20 20

120 &2 sam0a

j 1 5 !5 5 OB~napæeK~a L~Tlur 5

-122-

THE WORLD BANK

AsMe Energy Prce Surwy

Country : PhilippinesCity: Manila

Pries on January First Prices on January and Ju01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89| 07/01/89 01/01/901 07/01/90| 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Autom,offre FuelsRegularGasolne pesoflitre 6.27 8.61 603 6.53 7.15 5.43 5.43 6.69 6.69 15 15 11.5 10.5 10.5 10.5PremiumGasoline pesollitre 6.47 9.24 8.4 6.9 7.5 5.8 5.8 7.06 7.06 15.95 15.95 12 11 11 11Diesel * pesolitre 4.43 7.26 6.42 4.76 5.25 3.7 3.7 4.96 4.96 7.75 7.75 7.3 7 7 7

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene* peso/Iitre 4.44 7.17 6.34 4.81 5.3 3.7 3.7 4.96 4.96 7.75 7.75 7.3 7 7 7LPG - peso/litre 3.827 5.93 5.2984 3.7 3.5654 2.8374 2.8374 3.5374 3.5374 5.6111 5.6111 5.2552 5.2551 5.2551 5.2551Natural / City Gas

Industidal FuelsLight Fuel Oil " peso/litre 3.404 5.2287 4.667 2.5047 2.8225 2.3225 2.3225 3.4225 3.4225 5.158 5.158 3.448 2.6518 2.6518 2.6518i -iF r'W sulph"ur, (i, ndusty)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large Ind.)Natural Gas ( power)

I Natural Gas (fertilizer)F-r')

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS

Product CharacteristicsAutomotive Fuels

Regular Gasoline 81 RON, 0.15 gm Pb/U, 20,360 btulb.Premium Gasoline 93 RON, 0.15 gm Pb/Li, 20,240 btuflb.Diesel 0.7% sulfur, 45 Cl & 19,660 btulb.

Household FuelsKerosene 20 mm smoke point, 0.2% S, 19,740 btuAb,LPG 115 psi RVP, 21,170 btulb.

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil 1% sulfur, 11.5 cst @100F, 19,070 btu/Ib.Heavy Fuel Oil 3.7% sulfur, 350 est @50C, 18,200 btulb.

* Prices are Metro Manila pump prices which are basically 'whole sale price plus haulting cost and dealers margin- Prices are Metro Manila whole sale prices.

THE WORLD BANKPtithletim product med was Prices in NdnaltLocal CurrencyAsle Ener Price SWvey

Country: ThailandCity: Bangkok

Prs.on Jau.y Firt Prices o-January and July First01101/841 01/01/85| 01/01/86 01/01/87 01101/88 01101/89 07/01/89 01/01/90| 07/01/90| 01/01/911 07/011911 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/931 07/01/93

Autornoawe FuolsRegular Gasoline bath/litre 10.8 10.8 10.8 8.2 8.2 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 10.35 9.33 8.9 8.87 8.66 8.67Premium Gasoline bathitre 11.7 11.7 11.7 8.9 8.9 8.45 8.45 8.45 8.45 11.05 9.91 9.52 9.54 9.44 9.48Diesel bathiitre 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 8.4 7.33 8.08 8.02 7.96 7.92

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene bathiltre 6.12 6.12 6.12 6.12 6.12 6.12 6.12 6.12 6.12 8.72 8.63 9.31 9 8.99 8.97LPG bathlKg 9.99 9.99 9.99 9.85 9.85 9.85 9.85 9.85 9.85 11.05 10.75 10.75 10.75 10.75 10.75Natural / City Gas

Indusitri FuelsLight Fuel Oil bathitre 4.32 4.32 4.32 3.23 3.12 3.02 3.02 3.02 3.02 4.25 3.53 3.5 4.05 3.67 3.53HFO low sulphur, (industry) bathiltre 4.09 4.09 4.09 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.9 3.28 3.25 3.72 3.42 3.2HFO low sulphur, (power) bathitre 4.04 4.04 4.04 2.69 2.69 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.87 3.81 3.2 3.26 3.6 3.34 3.33Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power) bath/mmbtu 84.8 87.4 83.4 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 72.6 72.6 66.07 66.58Natural Gas ( fertilizer) 70 70 72.6 72.6



Regular Gasoline 87 RON, 0.15gmPremium Gasoline 95 RON, 0.15 gmDiesel High speed diesel, 0.5% sulfur

Household FuelsKeroseneLPG Cooking

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Fuel oil 600HFO for Industry Fuel oil 1500HFO for Power Fuel oil 2000

Prices are retail consumer prices including all taxes and distribution margin.

a Averageb March 1993

THE WORLD BANKPetroleurn Product and Gat Prices i Nominal Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country : MalaysiaCity: Kuala Lumpur

Prices on January First Prices on January and July First01/01/84 01/011 01 01/01/86 01/01/871 01/01/88 01101/891 07/01/891 01/01/90 0701/90 F01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07101/93

Automotive FuelsRegular Gasoline Rs/litre 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06Premium Gasoline Rs/litre 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13Diesel Ra/itre 0.651 0.651 0.651 0.651

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene Rs/Iitre 0.661 0.661 0,661 0.661LPG 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18Natural / City Gas

Indusatial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO high sulphur, (power) Rs/Iitre 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22Natural Gas (large ind.)

(-n: Natural Gas (power)I Natural Gas (fertilizer)



Regular Gasoline Distillation range between 30C to 2500Premium Gasoline Distillation range between 30C to 250CDiesel Distillation range between 200C to 340C

Household FuelsKerosene Derived from a straight-run fraction from crude oil with boiling range from 150C to 2500LPG A mixture of propane and butane gases which are held in the liquid state by pressure or refrigeration

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Consist of heavy distillates, residues and those obtained from blending of these items.

* The above petroleum products are classified under controlled items where the retail pricesare determined by the Govemment except for fuel oil and natural gas.

THE WORLD BANKPetroleur Productiand Gas rlcea in omNinalLocal CurrencyAsie Enegy Price Svey

Country: KoreaCity: Seoul

Prices onJanuary Fitrst Prices on January and July First01/01/841 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87| 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/01/891 01/01/90| 07/01/901 01/01/91| 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/921 01/01/93 07/01/93

Autornofve FuelsRegular Gasoline litre 660 660 680 570 515 402 373 373 373 477 477 497 610 610 610Premium Gasoline litre 890 890 890 790 715 526 652 798 798 798Diesel litre 277 277 277 230 207 179 179 179 179 179 179 179 210 210 210

Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil litreKerosene litre 291 291 291 240 215 186 186 186 186 238 216 216 254 254 254LPG Kg 740 740 740 580 510 415 415 415 415 415 438 460 460 460 460Natural / City Gas 333 248 221 221 211 211 211 211 225 225 225

Industlrtal FuelsLight Fuel Oil litre 226 224 224 179 160 131 131 131 131 130 129 129 149 149 149HFO low sulphur, (industry) litre 201 195 195 147 132 94 94 94 94 113 92 92 102 102 102HFO low sulphur, (power) litre 164 159 159 117 104 74 74 92 92 71 71 75 75Natural Gas (large ind.) cu. m. 333 248 212 212 186 186 176 176 194 194 194Natural Gas (power) cu. m. 172 151 144 144 146 146 158 158 173 173 173Natural Gas (fertilizer)

NOTES AND DEFINITION


Regular Gasoline Calorific value 8300Premium Gasoline Caloriflo value 8300Diesel Calorific value 9200

Household FuelsKerosene Calorific value 8700, specific gravity below 0.82%, 0.015% sulfurLPG Calorific value 12,000, specific gravity 1.86 cu.m per Kg @60FNatural Gas Calorific value 10,500

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Calorific value 9400, 1.6% sulfurHeavy Fuel Oil Calorific value 9900, 4.0% sulfurNatural Gas Calorific value 10,500

THE WORLD BANKPttt AProuc and GasPies ittn ht Local Currency

Asli Energy Price Survey

Country : IndonesiaCity: Jakarta

Prices on January First Prtees on Januy and July First01101184 01/01/85 0110116 01/01/87 I 01/01188 I 001/69 07/01/89 j_01/q01/90 07/1O90 I 01101/911 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Automotive FuelSRegular Gasoline Rpilitre 400 400 440 440 440 440 440 440Premium Gasoline RpAltre 320 350 385 385 385 385 385 385 450 450 450 550 550 550 700Dieset Rphitre 125 200 220 200 200 200 200 200 235 235 235 285 285 285 360

Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil RpAitre 125 200 220 200 200 200 200 200 220 200 220 220 220 220 240Kerosene Rpllitre 100 150 165 165 185 165 165 '165 190 190 220 220 220 220 220LPG RP/Kg 330.77 370 370 330.3 590.3 530.9 590.3 5909 590.9 639 639 750 750 750 750Natural I City Gas Rp/MMBTU 3462 3462 3500 3500 3500 3100 3100 3100 3100 3100 3100 3100 3100 3100

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Rpilitre 125 200 220 220 200 200 200 200 220 220 220 220 220 220 240HFO low sulphur, (ndutry)HFO low sulphur, (power)NaturalGas(largeind.) US$/MMBT 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3Natural Gas (power) US$/MMBT 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3NaturalGas(fertilizer) US$/MMBT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1



Regular Gasoline 88 RON, TEL content of 1.5 mIlUS gallonPremium Gasoline 94 RON, TEL content of 0.45 gm/litreDiesel SG 0.84-0.92, Getane number 45, Flash point 150F, and Pour point 60F

Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil SG o.99 max, Pour point 90F max, Viscosity Redwood 400 sec min, Flash point 15OF mnKerosene SG 0.835 max, Color Lovibond 2.50 maxLPG 97.5% of C3 and C, 2.0% of C5Natural Gas

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHeavy Fuel OilNatural Gas

THE WORLD BANKPetrlear Produst awd Gai Prices in Nominaltocal CurrencyAsia Energy Psce Survey

Country: BangladeshCity: Dhaka

1rce 010184 01a01/8y Y. . Pricesvan Jnuary end juiy First01/01/84 0101/85 01101/861 010187 1 01/01/9007/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/911 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Autornoive FuelsRegular Gasoline Tk/Iitre 14.78 14.78 12.88 12.88 12.88 12.88 7.51 8.305 13.64 13.64 13.64 13.34 13.34 13.34Premium Gasoline Tk/litre 1.675 1.675 13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53 7.89 8.485 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.29 14.29 14.29Diesel Tkilitre 7.22 7.22 6.71 6.71 6.71 6.71 6.71 7.175 13.71 13.71 13.71 13.41 13.41 13.41

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene TkIlitre 7.22 7.22 6.71 6.71 6.71 6.71 6.71 7.175 13.71 13.71 13.71 13.41 13.41 13.41LPG Tk/bottle* 105 105 113.5 113.5 113.5 113.5 113.5 125.38 185.6 185.6 185.6 179.6 179.6 179.6Natural / City Gas

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry) Tc/litre 5.41 5.41 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.13 7.41 7.41 7.41 7.11 7.11 7.11HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.) TkI/MCFT 36 38 43.2 52.14 52.14 59.98 70 70 80.5 80.5 85.24 85.24 93.74 93.74 93.74Natural Gas (power) Tk/MCFT 11.5 13.05 15.66 19.09 24.82 28.54 33 33 37.95 37.95 39.08 39.08 43.05 43.05 43.05Natural Gas(fertilizer) TI/MCFT 11.5 13.05 15.66 19.09 24.82 28.54 28.54 28.54 32.82 32.95 33.98 33.98 37.38 37.38 37.38

00NOTES AND DEFINITION


Regular Gasoline 80 RON (min), lead content 0.5 gm/litre (max), 11,300 Kcal/KgPremium Gasoline 96 RON (min), lead content 0.8 gm/litre (max), 11,200 Kcal/KgDiesel Cetane Index 45 min., 1.0% sulfur, 10,800 Kcal/Kg

Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil -Kerosene Flash point 43C min., Smokepoint 20 mm min., 0.23% wt. sulfur, 11,000 Kcal/KgLPG Propane & Butane mixture, max vapor pressure of 213 psi @ 1 OOFNatural Gas

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHeavy Fuel Oil 3.5% wt. sulfur, Viscosity 180 cst @ 50C, 10,250 Kcal/KgNatural Gas

* Prices of LPG, HOBC, MS, SKO & HSD are uniform at depots level throughout the country andFOBS at the level of millgate.

THE WORLD BANKPetrMatm ProductatGd Gas Pdle i No a oal Cr InAsia Energy PrIce SUvey

Country : Sri LankaCity: Colombo

Prics on January First Prices on January and July First01/01/841 01/01/85 01/01/86| 01/01/87 01/01/88| 01/01/89 07/01/89 01/01/90| 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91| 01/01/92| 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Automotive FuelsRegular Gasoline SLR/litre 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 16 20 20 30 30 30 30 33 33Premium Gasoline SLR/litre 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 35.5 35.5Diesel SLR/litre 8.13 8.13 8.13 8.13 8.13 8.13 8,55 9.6 9.6 11 11 11 11.55 11.65 11.7

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene SLR/litre 6.58 6.58 6.58 6.58 6.58 6.58 6.58 6.58 6.58 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 11.8LPG SLR/Kg 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 11.15 16.54 16.54 16.54 16.54 16.54 16.54 20Natural / City Gas

Industral FuelsLight Fuel 011 SLRVitre 4.86 4.86 4.6 4.04 4.04 4.04 4.37 4.85 4.85 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.95 6.95 6.95HFO low sulphur, (industry) SLR/litre 4.72 4.72 4.72 3.72 3.72 3.72 4.05 4.05 4.05 5,95 5.95 5.95 6.5 6.5 6.5HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)



Regular Gasoline 90 RONPremium Gasoline 93 RONDiesel 0.5% - 1.0% wt. Sulfur

Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil -Kerosene Smoke Point 23 (min)LPG Commercial butaneNatural Gas -

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Secs Redwood @ 100F: 500 & 800Heavy Fuel Oil Secs Redwood @ IOOF: 1000, 1500 & 3500Natural Gas -

* Prices are not uniform throughout the country but the difference is insignificant and less than 1%.

THE WORLD BANKV'Petreum Product and eas Prices littlemnal Local CtattancyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country : PakistanCity: Islamabad

Prc*on Janur 0.r4t Pric", an jauy siuly41yf01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86_ 01/01/87 01/01/88 01M1/89 07/01/89 01/0101 07/01/901 01/01/91 07/0191 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07101/93

Automotive FuelsRegular Gasoline Rs. litre 6 6.5 715 6,95 7.15 7.15 7.15 7.15 7.15 8.28 8.28 10.85 10.85 10.85 11.94Premium GasolineDiesel Ra/ litre 4 4.25 4.25 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.15 3.85 5.65 5.05 5.05 5.05 5.05 5.56

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene Re./ litre 2.75 3 3.3 3 3 3 3 3.15 3 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 5.45LPG Rs./ 11.8 K 41 47 47 47 47 47 47 $2 52 52 62 62 62 62 100Natural / City Gas Rs./MCFT 19.69 19.65 19.78 20.7 20.7 28.7 28.7 30.77 30,77 30.77 36.27 36.27 3627 36.27

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry) Rs.ton 1720 1720 1720 1650 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 3280 2350 2350 2350 2350 2585HFO lowsuiphur, (power) Rs.A/ton 1720 1720 1720 1650 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 3280 2350 2350 2350 2350 2586Natural Gas (large Ind.) Rs.1MCFT 20.63 24.94 39.54 39.54 47.45 47.45 47.45 47.45 47.45 47.45 54.57 54.57 54.57 54,57 54.57

Natural Gas (power) Rs,/MCFT 20.63 24.94 39.54 39.54 47.45 47.45 4745 47.45 47.45 47.45 54.57 54.57 54.57 54.57 54.57H Natural Gas (fertilizer) Rs./MCFT 19.07 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69 23.69

O



Regular Gasoline 82 RONPremium Gasoline 90 RONDiesel 39,000 btultitre

Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil -Kerosene 36,000 btu/IitreLPG 45,330 btulKgNatural Gas 917 btu1CFT

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil -Heavy Fuel Oil 40,792 btultonNatural Gas 917 btulCFT

THE WORLD BANKPetroeari Product andas Pries in Nominal Local CU encAsia Energy Puic Survey

Country: IndiaCity: sombay

Price$ on.anuary Fird PMW# ah Janua and July irst01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87| 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/01189 01/01/90 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Automotive FuelsRegular Gasoline Rs.Iftre 10.76 10.76 10.76 13.72 13.72 16.71 16.71Premium GasolineDiesel Rs.1itre 4.3 4.3 4.3 5.62 5.62 5.68 5.68

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene Rs./litre 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.66 2.66 2.44 2.44LPG Ra./bottle* 56.15 56.15 56.15 56.15 56.15 66.81 66.81Natural / City Gas

Industrll FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large Ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)



Regular GasolinePremium GasolineDiesel

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKeroseneLPGNatural Gas


* 14.2 Kg per bottle

THE WORLD BANKPitroleufProduct aidIOasPiceaIn N Local CurrencyAsis EnergyPrce Suvey

Country: IndiaCity: Culcutta

Prices on JanaryFirst Prcs onJnuarynd JulyFirst

AutomolveFuels 01/01184 01/01)851 01/01/861 01/01/87| 01/01/881 01)01/89 07/01/89I 01/01/90 07/01/90 01)01/91| 07)01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Regular Gasoline RsJlitre 10.07 10.07 10.07 12.53 12.53 15.48 15.48Premium GasolineDiesel Rs.litre 4.2 4.2 4.2 5.2 5.2 5.31 5.31

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene Rs./iitre 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7LPG Rs./bottle* 63.2 63.2 63.2 63.2 63.2 77.2 77.2Natural / City Gas

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas ( large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)

Natural Gas (fertilizer)







THE WORLD BANKPetroleum ProdteAnd as Prices in iontenalLocal urrenAsia Energy Pifce Survey

Country: IndiaCity: Delhi

Prices on January First Prkcs on January and July FirstA 01/01/841 01/01/85| 01/01/86| 01/01/87| 01/01/88 01/01/89| 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/90| 01/01/91| 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92| 01/01/93 07/01/93

AutomOtve FuelsRegular Gasoline Rs./I1tre 9.84 9.84 9.84 12.28 12.28 14.62 14.62Premium GasolineDiesel Rs./litre 4.08 4.08 4.08 5.05 5.05 5.05 5.05

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene Rs.A/litre 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.77 2.77 2.52 2.52LPG Rs./bottle* 57.61 57.61 57.61 57.61 57.61 67.9 67.9Natural / City Gas

Inidusls! FuelsLight Ful -OIl

HFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large Ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

I

NOTES AND DEFINITIONI


Regular Gasoline -Premium Gasoline -Diesel

Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil -KeroseneLPGNatural Gas -

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil -Heavy Fuel Oil -Natural Gas -


THE WORLD BANKPetroleunilrodctúd Gas Pdces in Nominul .ocalCurny:Asla nrgy Pre suvey

Country: IndiaCity: Madras

Prcsonw January Fyrst P Janay n Ju.y Firs01/01/84 010185 01101188| 01/01187 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/90 0101/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07101/92 01/01/93 07/01/9Š

Automov. FuelaRegular Gasoline RaÉMre 11,09 11.09 11,09 13.81 13.81 17.17 17,17Premium GasolineDiesel RAflitre 4.36 4.36 4.36 5.42 5.42 5.72 5,72

Househld FaatsLight Fuel 01Kerosene Ralitre 2,29 2.29 2.29 2.95 2.95 2.8 2.8LPG Rs*ottle* 57.44 57.44 57.44 57.44 57.44 71.08 71.06Natural LOity Gas

In~a 4 FuelsLight Fuel 05iHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO lowsulphur, (power)Natural Gas (lage ind.)Natural Gas ( poer)Natural Gas (ferilizer)

NOTES AND DEFiNiTION

Product CharacteristicsAutomotIve Fuels

Regular Gasoline -Premium GasolineDiesel

Household FuelsLight Fuel 04iKeroseneLPGNatural Gas -

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel 01Heavy Fuel 0hi -Natural Gas -


THE WORLD BANKPetoleurn Product and Gas Prices In Nominal Local CurirencyAsia Energy Pce Survey

Country: IndiaCity: Kanpur

Prices on January first Prices on January and July Firt01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89| 07/01/89| 01/01/90| 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Automouve FuelsRegular Gasoline Rs.Ilitre 10.31 10.31 10.31 12.73 12.73 15.19 15.19Premium GasolineDiesel Rs./litre 4.44 4.44 4.44 5.42 5.42 5.42 5.42

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene Rs./litre 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.04 3.04 2.78 2.78LPG Rs./bottle* 61.56 61.56 61.56 60.64 60.64 71.43 71.43Natural / City Gas

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas ( large ind.)

I Natural Gas ( power)H Natural Gas (fertilizer)ILn






THE WORLD BANKPetroleum Product and Gas Prices In Nominal Local CurrencyAsia Energy Price Survey

Country: NepalCity: Kathmandu

Prices on January First Prices on January anti July First01/01/84| 01/01/85 01/01/86| 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/ 01/0 01/01/90 07/01/90 01/01/91| 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93| 07/01/93

Automotive FuelsRegular Gasoline N Rs/ litre 9.3 10.8 10.9 10.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 19 19 20 20 25 25 28 28Premium GasolineDiesel N Rs/ litre 5.65 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 9.1 9.1 10 10 10 10 11.25 11.25

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene N Rs/ Kg 4.9 5.9 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 6.9 6.9 8.5 8.5 8 8 9.25 9.25LPG N Rs/ Kg 10.26 10.51 10.86 10.86 10.86 12.26 12.26 12.26 12.26 15.14 15.14 20.42 20.42 20.42 21.12Natural / City Gas

industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil N Rs/ litre 6.55 6.55 6.55 6.55 6.55 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 11.85 11.85 11.85 11.85HFO low sulphur, (industry) N Rs/ litre 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 8.95 8.95 8.95 8.95 9 9HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

Lo NOTES AND DEFINITIONI'

Data made available by Nepal Oil Corporation and Nepal Gas Ltd.

LPG contans 50% butane, 25% propane, and 25% of other hydrocarbons.Prices of household LPG are in local currency per weight unit for 20-25 kg bottle


Regular Gasoline Octane number 87Premium GasolineDiesel Cetane number 42, Sulphur 1.0%, water content 0.05%

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene standard kerosene oilLPGNatural Gas

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Grade LV

THE WORLD BANKPetrofourn Prdut nd Gs1Pie nNoial US Currency

Asia Energy Price Survey

Country : FOB SingaporeCity:

Autoot le 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1989 1990 1 90 1991 1991 1

Regular GasolinePremium Gasoline centIlitre 14.55975 12.47799 14.60377 14.60377 20.50943 20.50943 18.01258 18.01258 16.90566 16.90566Diesel

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKeroseneLPGNatural / City Gas

kidustrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry) centIlitre 15.28931 7.371069 9.735849 7.138365 8.761006 8.761006 10.64151 10.64151 8.880503 8.880503 8.540881 8.540881HFO low sulphur, (power) centhitre 15.28931 7.371069 9.735849 7.138365 8.761006 8.761006 10.64151 10.64151 8.880503 8.880503 8.540881 8.540881Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas ( fertilizer)

Sowce: eyrgPicesand Tams.InemaonalEyAgencyPAces shoAs a y by ya eae

THE WORLD BANKPtrofoum Product and GaPrices in Nomina US CurrencyAske Eney Prce Survey

Country :OECD averageCity:

1984 1985 1986 1987 19881 19891 1989 1990 1990 1991 1991 1992 19 1993 1993Automotive Fuels

Regular Gasoline centIlitre 40.1 36.7 14.2 43 43 50.4 50.4 51.8 51.8 53 53Premium GasolineDiesel centlitre 38.1 34.3 38 38.5 38.5 46.8 48.8 49.3 49.3 50 50

##oussholdFuelsUght Fuel Oil cent/litre 29.42 25.27 26.34 28.38 28.38 36.51 36.51 38.49 38.49KeroseneLPGNatural/City Gas $fMMBTU 7.106173 7.748148 7.748148 7.920988 7.920988 9.123457 9.123457

ndusital FuelsLight Fuel Oil 24.72 19.41 18.21 19.96 19.96 25.3 25.3 25.81 25.81HFO low sulphur, (industry) cent/litre 18.55582 11.67696 11.1734 12.0095 12.0095 14.61283 14.61283 13.6342 13.6342 13.33017 13.33017HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.) $/MMBTU 4.481481 3.819753 3.434568 3.377778 3.377778 3.582716 3.582716Natural Gas (power) $/MMBTU 4.301235 3.11358 2.896296 3.05679 3.05679 3.320988 3.320988Natural Gas (fertilizer)

Smm_e Enery PricesoadTa*esternwatioalEneryAgencyP-es shw y-r by yar- -e

THE WORLD BANK

Country :Phillpinesncity: Manila

01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/0187 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/01/89 01/01/901 07/i1o 01/01/91 07/01/91 0101/921 07/01/92 01101/93 07/01/93

Reguar Gasoline *wpesoltr 11.25 12.84 11.61 9.10 9.16 &20 8.20 6.69 6.69 12.64 12.64 8.90 8.12 7.65 7.65Prm~u Gasoline ~ eoiltre 11.61 13.46 12.14 9.61 9.61 6.62 U.2 7.06 7.06 13.44 13.44 9.29 8.51 8.01 8.01Diesel* pesollitre 7.95 10.58 9.28 6.63 6.73 4.22 4.22 4.96 4.96 6.53 6.53 6.65 5.42 5.10 5.10

HousehokiFu~sUght Fuel OlKerosene * peso/ltre 7.97 10.45 9.16 6.70 6.79 4.22 422 4.96 4.96 6.53 6.53 5.65 5.42 5.10 5.10LPG peso/Kg 12.72 16.00 14.18 9.54 8.46 6.00 6.00 6.55 6.55 8.76 8.76 7.53 7.53 7.09Natural / City Gas

MdustWalFuelsUght Fuel Oil "peso/ltre 6.11 7.62 6.75 3.49 3.62 2.65 2.65 3.42 3.42 4.35 4.35 2.67 2.05 1.93 1.93HFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO iow suiphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.)Naturd Gas ( power)Natural Gas ( ferdlizer)

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00CONStMJER PRCE INDEX 1990 55.73% 68.63% 69.18% 71.79% 78.04% 87.58% 87.58% 100.00% 100.00% 118.67% 118.67% 129.24% 129.24% 137.27% 137.27%


* Prices are Metro Manila punip prices which are bascally 'whole salé pdce' plus haulting cost and dealers margin* Præs are Metro Manila whole sale prices.

THE WORLD BANKPetroleum Product landdwr,ies inuConstnt 199 Local herncAsts EMrgyP rIc Survy

Country :ThailandCity: Bangkok

01/01/841 01/01/85L 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/ 0101/89 07/01/89 01/01/901 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/911 01I/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93Auatomoive Fusls

Regular Gasoline behlittre 13.39 13.07 12.84 9.50 9.16 8.21 8.21 7.75 7.75 9.79 8.83 8.09 8.06 7.48 7.49Premium Gasoline baht/litre 14.51 14.16 13.91 10.32 9.93 8.95 8.95 8.45 8.45 10.45 9.38 8.65 8.67 8.16 8.19Diesel baht/itre 8.31 8.11 7.96 7.30 7.03 6.46 6.46 6.10 6.10 7.95 6.93 7.35 7.29 6.88 8.85

HousehoMFaUght Fuel OilKerosene baht/itre 7.59 7.41 7.27 7.09 6.83 6.48 6.48 6.12 6.12 8.25 8.16 8.46 8.18 7.T7 7.75LPG beht/Kg 12.39 12.09 11.87 11.42 10.99 10.44 10.44 9.85 9.85 10.45 10.17 9.77 9.77 9.29 9.29Natural I City Gas

kndustrial FuelsUght Fuel Oil baht/Iltre 5.36 5.23 5.13 3.74 3.48 3.20 3.20 3.02 3.02 4.02 3.34 3.18 3.68 3.17 3.05HFO low sulphur, (Industry) baht/litre 5.07 4.95 4.86 3.25 3.13 3.07 3.07 2.90 2.90 3.69 3.10 2.95 3.38 2.96 2.77HFO low sulphur, (power) beht/Iitre 5.01 4.89 4.80 3.12 3.00 3.04 3.04 2.87 2.87 3.60 3.03 2.96 3.27 2.89 2.88Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power) beht/MMBTU 105.13 105.75 99.13 81.13 78.14 74.17 74.17 70.00 70.00 66.22 66.22 66.00 66.00 57.10 57.54Natural Gas (fortilizer) baht/MMBTU - - - - - - 70.00 70.00 68.68 68.68 - - -

I

C 100.0 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 990 80.66% 82.64% 84.13% 86.28% 89.59% 94.38% 94.38% 100.00% 100.00% 105.70% 105.70% 110.00% 110.00% 115.70% 115.70%



THE WORLD BANKPetroleum Product and Gas Prices in Consatant 1990 Local CurrencyrAsia Energy Price Survey

Country : MalaysiaCity: Kuala Lumpur

Prices on January First Prios on January anid JulyFisA 01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/1/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Automilve FuelsRegular Gasoline RsAltre 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.93Premium Gasoline Rs.Aitre 1.03 1.03 0.99 0.99Diesel Rs.Ailre 0.60 0.60 0.57 0.57

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene Rs.ltre 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.58LPG 1.08 1.08 1.03 1.03Natural / City Gas

kndustrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO high sulphur, (power) Rs.Altre 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)

H Natural Gas ( fertilizer)

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 1990 91.22% 91.49% 92.13% 92.41% 94.78% 97.44% 97.44% 100.00% 100.00% 104.39% 104.39% 109.33% 109.33% 114.36% 114.36%


THE WORLD BANKPakolourn Product and Gas Pdces k Constant 1990 Local -urrencyAsia Energy PrIce Survey

Country : KoreaCity: Seoul

Prh±os n Janury Firs Prickon January.ad ul10 rs01/01/84 01/01/85| 01/01/861 01/01/87| 01/01/88 01/01/89 07101/89 1 01/101/90 07/01/90 01/01/91| 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Autornotve FuelsRegular Gasoline won/litre 880.45 859.32 835.91 700.79 590.78 436.53 405.04 373.00 373.00 434.91 434.91 426.56 523.55 493.30 493.30Premium Gasoline won/litre 1187.27 1158.78 1127.22 971.27 820.20 571.19 559.59 684.90 645.34 645.34Diesel won/litre 369.52 360.65 350.83 282.78 237.46 194.38 194.38 179.00 179.00 163.21 163.21 153.63 180.24 169.83 169.83

Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil won/litreKerosene won/litre 388.20 378.88 368.56 295.07 246.63 201.98 201.98 186.00 186.00 217.00 196.94 185.39 218.00 205.41 205.41LPG won/Kg 987.17 963.48 937.24 713.09 585.04 450.65 450.65 415.00 415.00 378.38 399.35 39481 394.81 372.00 372.00Natural I City Gas won/ou.m. 382.00 269.30 239.98 221.00 211.00 192.38 192.38 181.10 193.11 181.96 181.96

Industral FuelsLight Fuel Oil wonlitre 301.49 291.65 283.70 220.07 183.54 142.25 142.25 131.00 131.00 118.53 117.62 110.72 127.88 120.50 120.50HFO low sulphur, (industry) won/litre 268.14 253.89 246.97 180.73 151.42 102.08 102.08 94.00 94.00 103.03 83.88 78.96 87.54 82.49 82.49HFO low sulphur, (power) won/litre 218.78 207.02 201.38 143.85 119.30 80.36 80.36 92.00 92.00 64.74 64.74 64.37 64.37Natural Gas (large ind.) won/cu.m. 382.00 269.30 230.21 212.00 186.00 169.59 160.47 151.06 166.50 156.89 156.89Natural Gas (power) won/cu.m. 197.31 163.97 156.37 144.00 146.00 133.12 144.06 135.61 148.48 139.90 139.90Natural Gas (fertilizer)

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00CONSUUER PRICE INDEX 1990 74.96% 76.80% 78.96% 81.34% 87.17% 92.09% 92.09% 100.00% 100,00% 109.68% 109.68% 116.51% 116.51% 123.66% 123.66%


The calorific value of natural gas is 10,500 kilo calories per cubic meter.

THE WORLD BANKPefumProductanGaPice.sinConsant1g99ocaCurec

Asis Energy Prcesuvey


AutomidveFuels 01/01184 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/011871 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Regular Gasoline Rp.Aitre 598.53 571.60 593.73 543.91 503.41 472.75 472.75 440.00Premium Gasoline Rp./litre 478.83 500.15 519.51 475.92 440.48 413.66 413.66 385.00 450.00 411.95 411.95 468.38 468.38 444.04 565.14Diesel Rp.litre 187.04 285.80 296.86 247.23 228.82 214.89 214.89 200.00 235.00 215.13 215.13 242.71 242.71 230.09 290.64

Household FuelsLight Fuel Oil Rp./litre 187.04 285.80 296.86 247.23 228.82 214.89 214.89 200.00 220.00 183.09 201.40 187.35 187.35 177.62 193.76Kerosene Rp./litre 149.63 214.35 222.65 203.97 188.78 177.28 177.28 165.00 190.00 173.93 201.40 187.35 187.35 177.62 177.62LPG RpJKg 494.94 528.73 499.27 408.30 675.37 570.42 634.24 590.90 590.90 584.97 584.97 638.71 638.71 605.51 605.51Natural / City Gas RpJMMBTU 4947.20 4671.58 4326.56 4004.40 3760.53 3330.75 3100.00 3100.00 2837.86 2837.86 2639.99 2639.99 2502.77 2502.77

Andustrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil Rp.ltre 187.04 285.80 296.86 271.96 228.82 214.89 214.89 200.00 220.00 201.40 201.40 187.35 187.35 177.62 193.76HFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO iw guiphur, (Power)Natural Gas (large ind.) US$IMMBTU 4.49 4.29 4.05 3.71 3.43 3.22 3.22 3.00 3.00 2.75 2.75 2.55 2.55 2.42 2.42Natural Gas (power) US$/MMBTU 4.49 4.29 4.05 3.71 3.43 3.22 3.22 3.00 3.00 2.75 2.75 2.55 2.55 2.42 2.42Natural Gas(fertilizer) US$/MMBTU 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.24 1.14 1.07 1.07 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.92 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.81



THE WORLD BANKPetroleum~ Produtand Ga rcanCntn 190Loa.urecAsia Energy PiIc Surv.y

Country : BangladeshCity: Chittagong

.................................... .

Al,Rls114 01/01/85 01/01/861 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/891 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/901 01/01/911 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Regular Gasoline Tmitre 23.37 21.05 16.75 15.31 13.92 13.92 7.51 8.31 12.72 12.72 12.20 11.93 11.52 11.52Promium Gasoline Tk/litre 2.65 2.39 17.59 16.08 14.62 14.62 7.89 8.49 13.61 13.61 13.05 12.78 12.35 12.35Diesel Tk/lltre 11.41 10.28 8.72 7.98 7.25 7.25 6.71 7.18 12.79 12.79 12.26 11.99 11.59 11.59

Household FuelsLight Fuel 011Kerosene Tk/ltre 11.41 10.28 8.72 7.98 7.25 7.25 6.71 7.18 12.79 12.79 12.26 11.99 11.59 11.59LPG Tk/bottle* 166.01 149.55 147.57 134.92 122.65 122.65 113.50 125.38 173.12 173.12 165.97 160.60 155.16 155.16Natural I City Gas

IndustrialFuelsLight Fuel OilHFO )owsulphur,industry) Tk/ir 8.55 7.71 6.11 559 5.08 5.08 4.70 5.13 6.91 8.91 6.63 6.36 6.14 614HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.) TkIMCF 63.03 60.08 61.53 67.79 61.98 64.82 75.65 70.00 80.50 75.09 79.51 76.22 83.83 80.99 80.99Natural Gas ( power) TkIMCF 20.13 20.63 22.30 24.82 29.50 30.84 35.66 33.00 37.95 35.40 36.45 34.95 38.50 37.19 37.19Natural Gas ( forlizer) Tk/MCF 20.13 20.63 22.30 24.82 29.50 30.84 30.84 28.54 32.82 30.73 31.69 30.39 33.43 32.29 32.29

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00CONSUMERPRICEINDEX 1990 57.12% 63.25% 70.21% 76.91% 84.12% 92.54% 92.54% 100.00% 100.00% 107.21% 107.21% 111.83% 111.83% 115.75% 115.75%

NOTES AND DEFINTONS

Price quoted at Depot levelsLPG prices are expressed in Tk per bottle of 12.5 Kg.

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Country :ri Lankacity: Co~mbo

an~ ... .......01/01/841 01/0185 01/01/86 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89| 070189 01/01/9007/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93Automno 1ve Fus

Regular Gasoline SL RsAltre 24.63 24.26 22.46 20.86 18.30 16.40 19.44 20.00 20.00 26.74 26.74 24.00 24.00 24.71 24.71Premium Gasolie SL Rslitre 28.97 28.97 26.00 26.00 26.58 26.58Diesel SL RsA/itre 14.83 14.61 13.53 12.56 11.02 9.88 10.39 9.60 9.60 9.81 9.61 8.80 9.24 8.72 8.76Nousehold Fu«lsLight Fuel OilKerosene SL Rslitre 12.00 11.82 10.95 10.17 8.92 7.99 7.99 6.58 6.58 7.84 7.84 7.04 7.04 6.59 8.84LPG SL Ra./Kg 20.34 20.04 18.55 17.23 15.11 13.55 13.55 11.15 16.54 14.74 14.74 13.23 13.23 12.3a 14.98Natural / City Gas

Ind~ustral FuelsLight Fuel Oil SL RsAihm 8.87 8.73 8.09 6.24 5.48 4.91 5.31 4,85 4.85 5.70 5.70 5.12 5.56 5.20 5.20HFO low sulphur. (industry) SL Rs./litre 8.61 8.48 7.85 5.75 5.04 4.52 4.92 4,05 4.05 5.30 5.30 4.76 5.20 4.87 4.87HFO low sulphur, (power)Naturi Gas (iarge ind.)Natural Gas( power)Natural Gas (fertlizer)

100.00 100.00 100.00 10.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00C0fiSUMERPRICEINDEX 1990 54.81% 55.65% 60.10% 64.72% 73.79% 82,30% 82.30% 100.00% 100.00% 112.19% 112.19% 124.99% 124.99% 133.56% 133.56%

THE WORLD BANK

Asia EnergyPMoe Survy

Country : PakistanCity: Islamabad

..... .. .. .....

A 01/01/841 01/01/851 01101/86| 01101/871 01/01/88| 01/01/891 07/01/891 01/01/901 07/01/90| 01/01/911 07/01/911 01101/92| 07/01921 01/01/931 07101/93Autornodve Fbefs

Regular Gasoline RsJltre 8.79 9.02 9.58 8.89 8.41 7.22 7.22 7.15 7.15 7.41 7.41 8.86 8.86 8.13 8.95Premium GasolineDiesel Re.Altre 5.86 5.89 5.70 4.93 4.53 3.89 3.89 3.15 3.85 5.06 4.52 4.13 4.13 3.79 4.17

HousehokFud sLight Fuel 011Kerosene Rsolitre 4.03 4.18 4.42 3.84 3.53 3.03 3.03 3.15 3.00 4.43 4.43 4.04 4.04 3.71 4.09LPG cent/Kg 5.09 5.52 5.34 5.10 4.69 4.02 4.02 4.41 4.41 3.94 4.70 4.29 4.29 3.94 6.35Natural / City Gas RsJMCFT 28.84 27.25 26.51 26.49 24.35 28.99 28.99 30.77 30.77 27.53 32.46 29.63 29.63 27.19 -

Ind~ustralFu91*Light Fuel 011HFO low sulphur. (industry) RsAitre 2.39 2.27 2.19 2.01 2.21 1.90 1.90 1.88 1.88 2.79 2.00 1.82 1.82 1.67 1.84HFO low sulphur, (power) RsA,ltre 2.39 2.27 2.19 2.01 2.21 1.90 1.90 -1.88 1.88 2.79 2.00 1.82 1.82 1.67 1.84Natural Gas ( large Ind.) RsVMCFT 30.22 34.59 52.99 50.59 55.82 47.93 47.93 47.45 47.45 42.46 48.83 44.58 44.58 40.91 40.91Natural Gas ( power) RsJMCFT 30.22 34.59 52.99 50.59 55.82 47.93 47.93 47.45 47.45 42.46 48.83 44.58 44.58 40.91 40.91Natural Gas (fertilizer) RsMCFT 27.93 32.86 31.75 30.31 27.87 23.93 23.93 23.69 23.69 21.20 21.20 19.35 19.35 17.76 17.76


THE WORLD BANK

Asie Energy Afce Swvey

Country : IndiaCity: Bombay

01/01184 011/ 0101/0186 01/01/87 01/01188 01101189 07/011891 01101/90 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 02 07/01 /01/3 3Automoive Fuels

Regular Gasoline RsAlitr 10.76 10.76 9.45 12.05 10.78 13.13 12.16Premium GasolineDiesel RaJiltre 4.30 4.30 3.78 4.93 4.42 4.46 4.13

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKemsene RsAltre 2.17 2.17 1.91 2.34 2.09 1.92 1.78LPG RsA./Kg 3.95 3.95 3.47 3.47 3.11 3.70 3.42Natural / City Gas

Andustdal FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO Inw sulphur, (pow-rNatural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas (power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00j CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 1990 63.47% 67.02% 72.86% 79.29% 86.73% 92.09% 92.09% 100.00% 100.00% 113.89% 113.89% 127.25% 127.25% 137.43% 137.43%

THE WORLD BANK

Asia Energy Pc Survey

Country :IndiaCity: calcutta

SPrices on Januaory First Prices on~ January an July F~irstA 01/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/891 07/011891 01/01/901 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Regular Gasoline Rslitre 10.07 10.07 8.84 11.00 9.85 12.17 11.26Premium GasolineDiesel Rs.Aitre 4.20 4.20 3.69 4.57 4.09 4.17 3.86

Housuhold FuelsUght Fuel OilKerosene RsAlitre 2.27 2.27 1.99 2.55 2.28 2.12 1.96LPG RsKg 4.45 4.45 3.91 3.91 3.50 4.27 3.96Natural / City Gas

IndustralFueIsUght Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (ndustry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large Ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas( ferilizer)

I-100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

CONSUMERPRICEINDEX 1990 63.47% 67.02% 72.86% 79.29% 86.73% 92.09% 92.09% 100.00% 100.00% 113.89% 113.89% 127.25% 127.25% 137.43% 137.43%

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Asia Energy Prles Surrey

Country : IndiaCity: Delhi

A 01/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01189 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/90 01/01/91 07101/91 01101/92.07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93A UtomoMv ftdbe

Regular Gasoline Rs.Altre 9.84 9.84 8.64 10.78 9.65 11.49 10.64Premium GasolineDiesel AsJIitre 4.08 4.08 3.58 4.43 3.97 3.97 3.67

Housahold FelsLight Fuel OilKerosene Rs.Aitre 2.25 2.25 1.98 2.43 2.18 1.98 1.83LPG Rs./Kg 4.06 4.06 3.56 3.56 3.19 3.76 3.48Natural I City Gas

Idustrial FuelsLight Fuel 01HFO low sulphur, (Industry)HFO inw umdljupwer)

Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas (power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

I-100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

CONSEMER PRICE INDEX 1990 63.47% 67.02% 72.86% 79.29% 86.73% 92.09% 92.09% 100.00% 100.00% 113.89% 113.89% 127.25% 127.25% 137.43% 137.43%

THE WORLD BANK

Asi Energy Price Burvy

Country : IndiaCity: Madras

.PricesonJauuaryiFirst rices onJanar and JIuly First01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/90 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/1/92 07/01/92 01/01/93 07/01/93

Automlve FuelsRegular Gasoline Re.Iitre 11.09 11.09 9.74 12.13 10.85 13.49 12.49Premium Gasoline - - - - - -Diesel RsAitre 4.36 4.36 3.83 4.76 4.26 4.50 4.16

Household Fuels - - - - - -Light Fuel Oil - - - - -Kerosene Rs.Aitre 2.29 2.29 2.01 2.59 2.32 2.20 2.04LPG Rs.Kg 4.05 4.05 3.55 355 3.18 3.93 3.64Natural I City Gas

kdustrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (Industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas (power)Natural Gas ( ferilizer)

1 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00CONSMER PRICE INDEX I0 6147% 67.02% 72.86% 79.29% 86.73% 92.09% 92.09% 100.00% 100.00% 113.89% 113.89% 127.25% 127.25% 137.43% 137.43%

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Asle Energy Pr ice Survey

Country : IndaCity: Kewpu

01/0184 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/7 01/01/88 01018907/019 01/01/91 07/01/91 01/01/92 1 93 07/01/93Autmite FivelsRegular Gasoline Rs.itre 10.31 10.31 9.05 11.18 10.00 11.94 11.05Premium Gasoline - **- -resl RGA/itre 4.44 4.44 3.90 4.76 4.26 4.26 3.94HousehafdFuels - - - -Light Fuel Oil - - - - -Kerosene Rs.lltre 2.50 2.50 2.20 2.67 2.39 2.18 2.02LPG RsJK9 4.34 4.34 3.81 3.75 3.36 3.95 3.66Natural / City Gas

kidustria FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (Industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas ( large ind.)Natural Gas (power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00CONSUVER PRICE INDEX 1990 63.47% 67.02% 72.86% 79.29% 86.73% 92.09% 92.09% 100.00% 100.00% 113.89% 113.89% 127.25% 127.25% 137.43% 137.43%

THE WORLD BANK

Aia Enprgy PiC SUrVfy

Country : NepalCity: Kathmndu

................ ... ."

l 011011841 01/01/85| 01101/86| 01/01/87| 01/01/881 01/01/891 07/01/89 01/01/90 07/01/909 1/01/91 OM191 l01/92L 07/01/921 01/01/931 07/01/93

AutoUve FuasRegular Gasolina N Ra/litre 17.01 18.27 15.50 13.99 15.20 13.96 13.96 19.00 19.00 17.31 17.31 18.46 18.46 19.74 19.74

Premium GasolineDiesel N Ra/litre 10.33 12.69 10.68 9.63 8.84 8.12 8.12 9.10 9.10 8.66 8.66 7.39 7.39 7.93 7.93

Housebold FbofsLight Fuel OilKerosone N Rs/ Kg 8.96 9.98 8.18 7.38 6.78 6.22 6.22 6.90 6.90 7.36 7.36 5.91 5.91 6.52 6.52

LPG NRs/Kg 18.77 17.78 15.44 13.94 12.80 13.27 13.27 12.26 12.26 13.10 13.10 15.08 15.08 14.40 14.89

Natural / City GasInd~usIafFuIs

Light Fucl 01 N Rs/ litre 9.31 8.41 7.72 7.09 7.09 9.50 9.50 8.22 8.22 8.75 8.75 8.35 8.35

HFO low sulphur. (ndustry) N Ra/ litre 9.48 8.25 7.45 6.83 6.28 6.28 5.80 5.80 7.75 7.75 6.61 6.61 6.35 6.35

HFO low sulphur, (powor)Natural Gas ( large Ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas( fertilizer)

H 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

t- CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 1990 54.67% 59.10% 70.33% 77.90% 84.87% 92.38% 92.38% 100.00% 100.00% 115.54% 115.54% 135.40% 135.40% 141.84% 141.84%

THE WORLD BANKPtrofo.urn Prdc n a rcsJ Cntn19 SCrecAsia EnWgy Prie Srvey

Country : PhilippinesCity: Manila

01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01107/89 01/01/90 01/07/90 01/0 01/001/07/91 01/01/92 01/07/92 01/01/93 01/07/93Automotive itels

Regular Gasoline * centlitre 65.80 64.99 52.16 35.80 36.07 26.89 26.31 29.81 28.75 52.40 52.87 40.47 38.49 39.04 35.93Premium Gasoline centilitre 67.90 68.16 54.56 37.83 37.83 28.72 28.10 31.46 30.34 55.72 56.22 42.22 40.32 40.90 37.64Diesel * centlitre 46.49 53.56 41.70 26.10 26.48 18.32 17.93 22.10 21.31 27.07 27.32 25.69 25.66 26.03 23.95

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene' centilitre 46.60 52.89 41.18 26.37 26.73 18.32 17.93 22.10 21.31 27.07 27.32 25.69 25.66 26.03 23.95LPG " cent/Kg 74.38 81.02 63.74 37.57 33.31 26.02 25.46 29.19 28.15 36.30 36.63 34.25 35.67 36.19Natural / City Gas

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Ol " centilitre 35.72 38.57 30.32 13.73 14.24 11.50 11.25 15.25 14.71 18.02 18.18 12.13 9.72 9.86 9.07HFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low suiphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

0i Exchange Rate 14.00 19.76 19.03 20.53 20.80 21.34 21.81 22.44 23.27 28.00 27.75 26.65 25.58 25.10 27.27IndexofManufacturedExportsMUVG-5 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%


Prices are Metro Manila pump prices which are basically 'whole sale price' plus haulting cost and dealers marginPrices are Metro Manila whole sale prices.

THE WORLD BANKPetofun Prdc an Qa rcsfin onstant 1990 UsCrec

Asfe Knrgy PriceSurvey

Country : ThailandCity: Bangkok

Prices ar 4auaryFirst Prce onJnayadJl is01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/861 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/07/89 01/01/90 01/07/90 01/01/91 01/07/91 01/1/92 01/07/92j 01/01/93 01/07/93

Autornter FirelsRegular Gasoline cent/litre 69.00 57.99 50.10 35.32 34.32 32.44 31.55 30.17 30.05 40.03 35.50 33.01 32.89 31.66 32.04Premium Gasoline cent/litre 74.75 62.82 54.27 38.34 37.25 35.37 34.40 32.89 32.76 42.74 37.70 35.31 35.37 34.52 35.03Diesel contlitre 42.81 35.97 31.08 27.14 26.37 25.53 24.84 23.74 23.65 32.49 27.89 29.97 29.74 29.10 29.27

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene cent/litre 39.10 32.86 28.39 26.36 25.61 25.62 24.92 23.82 23.73 33.73 32.83 34.53 33.37 32.87 33.15LPG cent/Kg 63.83 53.64 46.34 42.43 41.22 41.23 40.10 38.34 38.19 42.74 40.90 39.88 39.86 39.31 39.73Natural / City Gas

kndustrtal FuelsLight Fuel Oil cent/itre 27.60 23.19 20.04 13.91 13.06 12.64 12.30 11.76 11.71 16.44 13.43 12.98 15.02 13.42 13.04HFO low sulphur, (Industry) cent/litre 26.13 21.96 18.97 12.06 11.72 12.14 11.81 11.29 11.24 15.08 12.48 12.06 13.79 12.50 11.83HFO low sulphur, (power) cent/litre .25.81 21.69 18.74 11.59 11.26 12.01 11.68 11.17 11.13 14.74 12.18 12.09 13.35 12.21 12.31Natural Gas (large Ind.)Natural Gas (power) $IMMBTU 5.42 4.69 3.87 3.02 2.93 2.93 2.85 2.72 2.71 2.71 2.66 2.69 2.69 2.42 2.46Natural Gas (fortilizer) 2.72 2.71 2.81 2.76

4-

I 9rchange Rate 23.00 27.15 26.65 26.13 25.07 25.24 25.95 26.69 25.79 25.29 25.71 25.28 25.29 25.52 25.25aex of Manufactured ExpoirlsMUVG4 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%



THE WORLD BANK

A ~Y Ene~gyPI. SuVy

Counvty : MalaysaCity: Kuala Lunpur

01101/84 01/01/851 01/01/86 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01107/89 01/01/90 01/07/90 01/01/91.01/07/91 01/01/9201/07/92 01/01/93 01/07/93Automotiv. Arels

Regular Gasolina centlitre 36.49 39.66 37.87 30.33Premium Gasalins cent4tre 38.90 42.28 40.37 40.86Diesi cenlitre 22.41 24.36 23.26 23.54

HousahldFue9Uight Fuel O0lKäroseno coatre 22.75 24.73 23.61 23.90LPG 40.62 44.16 42.15 42.67Natural / City Gas

IndusIaf Fu9Light Fuel 011HFO low sulphur, (indusy)HFO high sulphur, (powe cenlitre 7.57 8.23 7.86 7.96Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

Exchang. Rate 2.34 2.43 2.43 2.60 2.49 2.72 2.71 2.70 2.71 2.70 2.78 2.72 2.51 2.61 2.58IndexofManufacuredl~potUMUVG4 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%


THE WORLD BANK

Asa Eng P.c. S...y

Country KoreaCity: Seoul

Phices onmJauay First Prics on January and Juldy First

AuMroVM Fuels01101184 101185 00118| 01101/87| 01101/881 01/01/891 01/071891 01/01/90 0107/90| 01/01/911 01107/91| 01101/921 01/07/92| 01/01/93 01/07/93

Regular Gasoline cent/litre 121.92 116.28 91.66 74.48 68.20 62.08 59.07 54.89 52.09 65.13 64.53 61.26 72.39 72.20 70.82Premium Gasoline cent/itre 164.41 156.80 123.60 103.23 94.68 81.24 80.36 94.70 94.45 92.65Diesel centklitre 51.17 48.80 38.47 30.05 27.41 27.64 28.34 26.34 25.00 24.44 24.21 22.06 24.92 24.85 24.38

Hout~ ldFuelLight Fuel 01 centmäreKerosene centftre 53.76 51.27 40.41 31.36 28.47 28.73 29.45 27.37 25.98 32.50 29.22 26.62 30.14 30.06 29.49LPG cent/Kg 136.70 130.37 102.77 75.79 67.54 64.09 65.72 61.07 57.96 56.66 59.25 56.70 54.59 54.44 53.41Natural/CityGas $/MMBTU 10.60 9.21 8.41 7.82 7.08 6.93 6.86 6.25 6.42 6.40 6.28

InduialFu@fläLight Fuel 01 centlitre 41.75 39.46 31.11 23.39 21.19 20.23 20.74 19.28 18.30 17.75 17.45 15.90 17.68 17.63 17.30HFO low sulphur, (industry) centlitre 37.13 34.36 27.08 19.21 17.48 14.52 14.89 13.83 13.13 15.43 12.45 11.34 12.10 12.07 11.84HFO lowsulphur, (power) centlitre 30.30 28.01 22.08 15.29 13.77 11.43 11.72 13.54 12.85 9.69 9.60 9.24 8.90Natural Gas ( large ind.) $/MMBTU 10.60 9.21 8.07 7.50 6.24 6.11 5.72 5.21 5.53 5.52 5.41Natural Gas (power) $/MMBTU 5.48 5.61 5.48 5.09 4.90 4.79 5.14 4.68 4.94 4.92 4.83Natural Gas (fertilizer)

Ercng. Rae 795.50 827.40 890.20 861.40 792.30 684.10 667.20 679.60 716.00 716.40 723.10 760.80 790.20 788.40 803.70In~XofMaufactd ~daxporwMUVG-5 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%


The caloriflc value of natural gas is 10,500 kilo calories per cubic meter.

THE WORLD BANKPetroreum Produt nd Gas? PcesaConstnt1990 US CurrecyAsia Enorgy Price Survey


Prices on January irstPrce on January and July Frst01/01184 01/01/85 01/01/86.01/01/871 01/011881 01/01/891 01/071891 01/01/901 01/07/90 01101/911 01/07/91 01/01/921 01/071921 01/01/93 01/07/93

Automouive FuelaRegular Gasoline cent/litre 59.14 54.29 48.35 30.18 27.98 26.86 26.22 24.49Premium Gasollne centlitre 47.31 47.51 42.31 26.41 24.48 23.50 22.94 21.42 24.40 23.16 22.53 25.89 25.37 24.89 31.28Diesel cent/litre 16.48 27.15 24.18 13.72 12.72 12.21 11.92 11.13 12.74 12.09 11.76 13.42 13.15 12.90 16.09

Household FulsLightFuelOil cent/tre 18.48 27.15 24.18 13.72 12.72 12.21 11.92 11.13 11.93 10.29 11.01 10.36 10.15 9.96 10.73Kerosene cent/litre 14.78 20.36 18.13 11.32 10.49 10.07 9.83 9.18 10.30 9.78 11.01 10.36 10.15 9.96 9.83LPG cent/Kg 48.90 50.22 40.66 22.66 37.54 32.40 35.18 32.88 32.04 32.88 31.99 35.31 34.59 33.94 33.52Natural / City Gas $/MMBTU 4.70 3.80 2.40 2.23 2.14 1.85 1.73 1.68 1.60 1.55 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.39

ändustrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil cent/litre 18.48 27.15 24.18 15.09 12.72 12.21 11.92 11.13 11.93 11.32 11.01 10.36 10.15 9.96 10.73HFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sujlnhur (nnwar)Natural Gas( large ind.) YMMBTU 4.41 4.37 3.71 3.38 3.15 3.17 3.17 3.00 3.00 2.93 2.93 2.81 2.81 2.80 2.80Natural Gas ( power) $IMMBTU 4.41 4.37 3.71 3.38 3.15 3.17 3.17 3.00 3.00 2.93 2.93 2.81 2.81 2.80 2.80Natural Gas ( ferilizer) $MMBTU 1.47 1.46 1.24 1.13 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93

Exchange Rat 994.00 1074.00 1125.00 1641.00 1650.00 1731.00 1773.00 1797.00 1844.00 1901.00 1954.00 1992.00 2033.00 2062.00 2088.00IndexofManufcuredporsAJUVG4 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

NOTES AND DEFIN1TONS

THE WORLD BANK

AsiaEnergpy Prio ney

Country : BangladeshCity: Dhaka

01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/861 01/01/87 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/07/89 01/0/90 01/07/90 01/01/91 01/07/91 01/01/92 01/07/92 01/01/93 01/07/93Autono*e Fires

Regular Gasoline centilitre 82.87 58.94 47.07 43.31 42.17 42.17 23.27 23.80 37.28 37.28 33.15 32.08 31.92 31.28Premium Gasoline centiltre 9.39 6.68 49.45 45.50 44.30 44.30 24.45 24.31 39.88 39.88 35.46 34.36 34.19 33.50Diesel centIlitre 40.48 28.79 24.52 22.56 21.97 21.97 20.79 20.56 37.47 37.47 33.32 32.24 32.08 31.44

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene centlitre 40.48 28.79 24.52 22.56 21.97 21.97 20.79 20.56 37.47 37.47 33.32 32.24 32.08 31.44LPG cent/Kg 47.10 33.50 33.18 30.53 29.73 29.73 28.14 28.74 40.58 40.58 36.09 34.55 34.38 33.69Natural / City Gas

Idustial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry) centiltre 30.33 21.57 17.18 15.81 15.39 15.39 14.56 14.70 20.25 20.25 18.01 17.10HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large nd.) $IMMBTU 2.31 2.32 1.88 2.08 1.91 2.14 2.50 2.37 2.52 2.40 2.54 2.26 2.46 2.45 2.40Natural Gas(power) $/MMBTU 0.74 0.80 0.68 0.76 0.91 1.02 1.18 1.12 1.19 1.13 1.16 1.04 1.13 1.12 1.10Natural Gas (ferdilizer) $/MMBTU 0.74 0.80 0.68 0.76 0.91 1.02 1.02 0.96 1.03 0.98 1.01 0.90 0.98 0.98 0.96

00I Exchange Rate 25.00 26.00 31.00 30.80 31.20 32.27 32.27 32.27 34.90 35.79 35.79 38.58 39.00 39.00 39.80

kaexofAanufacturedExpofpMUV05 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%


Price quoted at Depot levels

THE WORLD BANK

Asia Energy Prlc Survey

Country : Sri LankaCity: Colombo

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .. . . . .. .** * ** .. **~.*****. .. . . ......~PrcsonJanr!yxFirst rices on January and July First

A 01/01/84 01/01/85| 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/881 01/01/891 01/07/891 01/01/90 01/07/901 01/01/911 01/07/911 01/01/92 01/07/921 01/01/931 01/07/93Autörmo tFeft

Regular Gasoline cent/litre 79.35 74.88 60.89 53.28 46.04 43.18 49.03 50.00 50.00 72.93 71.28 66.07 63.97 66.94 63.55Premium Gasoline cent/litre 79.00 77.22 71.57 69.30 72.01 68.37Diesel cent/litre 47.79 45.10 36.67 32.09 27.73 26.00 26.20 24.00 24.00 26.74 26.14 24.23 24.63 23.63 22.53

HouseholdFuelsLight Fuel 01lKerosene cent/litre 38.68 36.50 29.68 25.97 22.44 21.05 20.16 16.45 16.45 21.39 20.91 19.38 18.76 17.85 22.72LPG cent/Kg 65.54 61.85 50.29 44.01 38.03 35.66 34.17 27.88 41.35 40.21 39.30 36.43 35.27 33.55 38.52Natural / City Gas

Industrial FuelsLight Fuel Oil cent/litre 2.57 26.96 21.92 15.94 13.78 12.92 13.39 12.13 12.13 15.56 15.21 14.09 14.82 14.10 13.38HFO low munhår findbjntrvl mntAitre 97 26 1A 91 9O 14.AR 12.29 11 A 1 9M iin in la A id a ii in i.86 1.10 10 oHFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

Exchange Rata 25.00 26.28 27.41 28.52 30.76 33.03 34.48 40.00 40.00 40.24 41.17 42.58 43.98 46.00 48.45IndexofManufacuredExportsMUVG- 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

THE WORLD BANK

Asa Energy PirIcSurvey

Country: PakistanCity: Islamabad

PrisonJauary Frst Prce onJanuaryand.July FirsAutomodveFs 01/01/14/ 11/01/851 01/1// 111871 011018/ 0101/891 01107/89 01/01/901 01/01/91 01/07/911 01/01/92 01/07/92 01/01/93 01/07/93

Regular Gasoline cent/litre 65.31 61.69 55.31 45.35 42.99 40.50 35.80 33.38 32.81 36.98 33.33 41.16 40.49 39.39 41.02Premium GasolineDiese1 cent/litre 43.54 40.33 32.88 25.12 23.15 21.81 19.28 14.71 17.67 25.24 20.33 19.16 18.84 18.34 19.10HouseholdFuisLight Fuel (IKerosens centlitre 29.93 28.47 25.53 19.58 18.04 17.00 15.02 14.71 13.77 22.11 19.93 18.78 18.47 17.97 18.72LPG cent/Kg 37.82 37.80 30.81 25.99 23.95 22.56 19.94 20.57 20.22 19.68 21.15 19.93 19.61 19.08 29.11Natural / City Gas $/MMBTU 2.34 2.03 1.67 1.47 1.36 1.77 1.57 1.57 1.54 1.50 1.59 1.50 1.48 1.44Industdal FulhLight Fuel 01HFO low sulphur, (industry) cent/litre 17.79 15.51 12.64 10.23 11.31 10.66 9.42 8.78 8.63 13.92 8.99 8.47 8.33 8.11 8.44HFO low sulphur, (power) cent/litre 17.79 15.51 12.64 10.23 11.31 10.66 9.42 8.78 8.63 13.92 8.99 8.47 8.33 8.11 8.44Natural Gas(large ind.) $/MMBTU 2.45 2.58 3.34 2.81 3.11 2.93 2.59 2.42 2.37 2.31 2.40 2.26 2.22 2.16 2.04Natural Gas ( power) $/MMBTU 2.45 2.58 3.34 2.81 3.11 2.93 2.59 2.42 2.37 2.31 2.40 2.26 2.22 2.16 2.04NaturalGas(fertilizer) $/MMBTU 2.26 2.45 2.00 1.69 1.55 1.46 1.29 1.21 1.19 1.15 1.04 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.89

Exchange Rota 13.50 15.36 15.98 17.25 17.45 18.65 21.10 21.42 21.79 21.90 24.30 24.72 25.13 25.70 27.16Index of Manufactured ExportsMUVG4 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

THE WORLD BANKPettoteumn Product and as Prkcs Inostant 1990 US CurrencyMia EnrgyPrc. Survfy

Country : IndiaCity: Bombay

Pc January First Prices on JanuaryardJulyFirst01/01/841 01/01/851 1/0/186 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/07/89 01/01/901 01/07/90( 01/01/911 01/07/91 01/01/92 01/07/92 01/01/93 01/07/93

Autoouv. FuelsRegular Gasoline cent/litre 63.16 61.65 58.24 63.33 49.80 60.52 59.51Premium GasolineDiesel cent/litre 25.24 24.64 23.27 25.94 20.40 20.57 20.23

Househofd FulLight Fuel 01Kerosene cent/litre 12.74 12.43 11.74 12.28 9.66 8.84 8.69LPG cent/Kg 23.21 22.68 21.40 18.25 14.35 17.04 16.76Natural / City Gas

ändustrial FuelsLight Fucl OUlHFO ow sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas ( large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

0'

Exchange Rate 10.49 12.45 12.17 13.12 12.88 14.95 16.53 17.04 17.45 18.07 21.19 25.83 25.89 26.20 31.34IndexofManufacturodExportsMUVG4 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

THE WORLD BANK

Asis Energy Price Survey

Country : IndiaCity: Calcutta

Price on Jnuar Firs Prics onJanuaryanid JulyFis-op,..................................

01/01/84 01/01/85 01/01/86( 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89( 01/07/89 01/01/90 _01/07/90( 01/01/911 01/07/914 01/01/92 01/07/92 0/19(01/07/93Automotire Ftsels

Regular Gaeoline cent/litre 59.11 57.70 54.50 57.84 45.48 56.07 55.13Premium GasolineDiesel cent/litre 24.65 24.06 22.73 24.00 18.88 19.23 18.91

Household FuelsUght Fuel OilKerosene centhitre 13.33 13.01 12.29 13.39 10.53 9.78 9.62LPG cent/Kg 26.13 25.50 24.09 20.55 16.16 19.69 19.36Natural I City Gas

knWustrial FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (lIarge ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas( fortilier)

I-r., Exchange Refe 10.49 12.45 12.17 13.12 12.88 14.95 16.53 17.04 17.45 18.07 21.19 25.83 25.89 26.20 31.34I lndexoft1ianufacturedErportsJfUVO-3 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

THE WORLD BANK

Asinteens ireSese

Country :IndiaCity: Delhi

...................... * . . . * .. . . . . . . .. **,.*......

01/01/841 01/01/851 011011861 01/01187 01/01/88 01/01/891 011071891 01/01/90 01/07/901 01/01/91 01/07/91 01/01/921 01/07/921 01/01/93 01/07/93Automotve Fuels

Regular Gasoline centitre 57.76 56.38 53.26 56.69 44.57 52.95 52.07Premium GasolineDiesel cent/Itr 23.95 23.38 22.08 23.31 18.33 18.29 17.99

Housold FuesLight Fuel OilKerosene cent/litre 13.21 12.89 12.18 12.79 10.05 9.13 8.97LPG contKg 23.82 23.25 21.96 18.73 14.73 17.32 17.03Natural i City Gas

Møtustrial FuWsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Naturel Gas (fortilizer)

O Erchange Rate 10.49 12.45 12.17 13.12 12.88 14.95 16.53 17.04 17.45 18.07 21.19 25.83 25.89 26.20 31.34IndexofManufacurdExportsMUVG4 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.85% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

THE WORLD BANK

County : IndiaCity: Madrea

.. ~.. .............

A 01/01/84 01101/851 0170116 01/01/871 01101881 01101/89 0107/89 01/0190 010790 10191 0107191 01/01192 01/07/921 01/01/93 01/07193

Regular Gasoline centilitre 65.10 63.54 60.02 63.75 50.13 62.19 61.15Premium GasolineDiesel centuitre 25.59 24.98 23.60 25.02 19.87 20.72 20.37

lousathaldfFuelsLight Fuel Oi . . . ..Kerosene cent/litre 13.44 13.12 12.39 13.62 10.71 10.14 9.97LPG cenVKg 23.75 23.18 21.89 18.67 14.68 10.13 17.82Natural / City Gas

kdustraI FuelsLight Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large ind.)Natural Gas (power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

3 Echange Rate 10.49 12.45 12.17 13.12 12.88 14.95 16.53 17.04 17.45 18.07 21.19 25.83 25.89 26.20 31.34IWex of Manufactured Exports MUV 0.5 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.84% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

THE WORLD BANKPerfunrdutnGsrceiCntn199US CurrencyAsia Energy Pricesurey

Country:kn&City: Kanpur

AutornotelFuels 01/01/841 01/01/851 01/01/861 01/01/871 01/01/88 01/01/89 01/07/89 01/01/90 01/07/90 01/01/91 01/07/91 01/01/92 01/07/92 01/01/93 01/07/93

Regular Gaeoline centAIitre 60.52 59.07 55.80 58.76 46.21 55.02 54.10Premium GasolineDiesel cent/iItre 26.06 25.44 24.03 25.02 19.67 19.63 19.30Household Fuels - - - . . .Light Fuel Oil - - - . .Kerosene cent/itre 14.68 14.32 13.53 14.03 11.03 10.07 9.90LPG cenVKg 25.45 24.84 23.46 19.71 15.50 18.22 17.92Natural / City Gas

hwdustdef FuelsL!ght Fuem! OilHFO low sulphur, (Industry)HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large Ind.)Natural Gas (power)

I Natural Gas ( ferlilizer)

U1I Erchange Role 10.49 12.45 12.17 13.12 12.88 14.95 16.53 17.04 17.45 18.07 21.19 25.83 25.89 26.20 31.34IndexofiAsnufaMuredEpoAsMUVG5 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

THE WORLD BANKPetroleum Prodct and Gas Prces in Constant I9 Us CurremyAsM EnWy Pitce Surwvy

Country : NepalCity: Kathmandu

1984 1985 19 9 1967 1988 19891 19891 199 19 1991 1991| 19921 1992| 1993| 199MAutomotive Fuels

Regular Gasoline centfitre 89.91 87.46 65.10 55.77 62.66 54.08 54.08 66.43 66.43 64.35 64.35 54.90 54.90 60.48 60.48Premium GasolineDiesel cent/Itre 54.62 60.74 44.79 38.37 36.43 31.44 31.44 31.82 31.82 32.18 32.18 21.96 21.96 24.30 24.30Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKerosene cent/Kg 47.37 47.78 34.34 29.42 27.93 24.11 24.11 24.13 24.13 27.35 27.35 17.57 17.57 19.98 19.98LPG cent/Kg 99.19 85.11 64.86 55.56 52.75 51.40 51.40 42.87 42.87 48.72 48.72 44.84 44.84 44.11 45.62Natural / City Gas

Indubsral FuelsLight Fuel Oil cent/Iitre 39.12 33.51 31.82 27.46 27.46 33.22 33.22 30.57 30.57 26.02 26.02 25.60 25.60HFO low sulphur, (industry) centilitre 45.35 34.64 29.68 28.17 24.32 24.32 20.28 20.28 28.80 28.80 19.66 19.66 19.44 19.44HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas (large Ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas (fertilizer)

0'0' Exchange Rate 15.20 18.00 20.70 22.00 21.60 25.20 25.20 28.60 28.60 30.40 30.40 42.70 42.70 43.20 43.20Index offMnufactured Exports MUV-5 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

THE WORLD BANK

As EnrgyP c Survoy

Country :OECD AverageCity:

198M 198F 198 198 198 198 198 1990[ 199 19911 19911 192 199 1993 199Autorolve PR*Is

Regular Gasoine cent/litre 8.93 45.37 14.90 46.43 45.43 50.40 50.40 50.67 50.67 49.70 49,70Premum GasolneDiesel centite 63,05 42.40 39.87 40.68 40.68 46.80 46.80 48.22 48.22 46.69 46.89

Housh Fuel3Light Fuet <» contlItre 43.23 31,24 27.64 29.98 29.98 36.51 38.51 37.65 37.65KerosenaLPGNatural /City Gas YMMBTU 10.44 9.58 8.13 8.37 8.37 9.12 9.12

ftWustrdalFuosLight Fuel 0i0 3X.33 24.00 19.11 21.09 21.09 25.30 25.30 25.25 25.25HFO low sulphur, (industry) centflitr 27.27 14.44 1i.72 12.69 12.69 14.61 14.61 13.34 13.34 12.50 12,50HFO low sulphur, (power)Natural Gas ( larga Ind.) $IMMBTU 6.59 4.72 3.60 3.57 3.57 3.58 3.58 - -Natural Gas ( power) $/MMBTU .32 3.85 3.04 3.23 3.23 3.32 3.32Natural Gas ( fertlizer)

~nMex of MAnufacurdExpts NUVO- 88.05% 68.80% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

Somme: yPricaaná Tues. nteratiOlEnagyAgencPce$ hom yar by yer amg

THE WORLD BANKPetroleum Product and Gas]PricesbnConlstant 1990 U&OCurrency~

Asia Energy Pric Survy

Country :FOB SingaporeCity:

19 198R 198 19 198 198 198 199[ 199g 1991 19911 19921 1992 1993| 199Regular GasolinePremium Gasoline cent/litre 16.39 13.09 15.43 15.43 20.51 20.51 17.62 17.62 15.85 15.85Dlesel

Household FuelsLight Fuel OilKeroseneLPGNaturel I City Gas

Industrial FuelsUght Fuel OilHFO low sulphur, (industry) cent/litre 22.29 9.11 10.96 7.49 9.26 9.26 10.64 10.64 8.69 8.69 8.01 8.01HFO low sulphur, (power) cent/litre 22.29 9.11 10.96 7.49 9.26 9.26 10.64 10.64 8.69 8.69 8.01 8.01Natural Gas (farge ind.)Natural Gas ( power)Natural Gas ( fertilizer)

00) IndexofManufacturødExport MUVG- 68.05% 68.60% 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 94.65% 100.00% 100.00% 102.23% 102.23% 106.64% 106.64% 107.17% 107.17%

ANNEXES

Exchange RatesConsumer Price IndicesPrice Survey Questionnaires and Sample Cover LetterList of Electricity Utilities and Organizations Providing Energy Price DataPower Pricing in China

-169-

E x ch an g e R atp~s......................................Local Currency per US dollar

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Banglsdesh Jan 1 25 26 31 30.8 31.2 32.27 32.27 35.79 38.58 39Bangisdesh PAV 25.3539 27.9946 30.4069 30.9498 31.7328 32.27 34.5688 36.5962 38.9508

Bhutan Jan 1 10.4932 12.4514 12.1655 13.122 12.8772 14.9489 17.0352 18.0732 25.8338 26.2Bhutan PAV 11.3626 12.3687 12.6108 12.9615 13.9171 16.2255 17.5035 22.7424 25.9181

Chfia Jan I 1.9809 2.7957 3.2015 3.7221 3.7221 3.7221 4.7221.5.2221 5.4342.5.7518China PAV 2200.4 2.9366 3.45279 3.7221 3..221 365.. 478321 5.32339 5..1459

Fiji Jan 1 1.04624 1.14299 1.12045 1.14534 1.44051 1.40489 1.49388 1.46921 1.47275 1.56446Fiji PAV 1.0826 1.15355 1.13287 1.24386 1.43026 1.48333 1.48091 1.47556 1.50299

lni Jan 1 10.4932 12.4514 12.1655 13.122 12.8772 14.9489 17.0352 18.0732 25.8338 26,21ndia PAV 11.3621 12.3687 12.5108 1.2.9615 13.9171 16.2255 17.5035 22.7424 25.9181

Indonesia Jan 1 994 1074 1125 1641 1650 1731 1797 1901 1992 2062Indonesia PAV 1025.94 1110.58 1282.56 1643.85 1685.7 1770.06 1842.81 1950.32 2029.92

Kiribati Jan 1 1.10865 1.20802 1.46864 1.50421 1.38408 1.16891 1.26151 1.29316 1.31614 1.45222Kiribati PAV 1.13952 1.43189 1.49597 1.42818 1.27991 1.2646 1.28106 1.28376 1.36165

Korea Jan 1 795.5 827.4 890.2 861.4 792.3 684.1 679.6 716.4 760.8 788.4Korea PAV 805.976 870.02 881.454 822.567 731.468 671.456 707.764 733.353 780.651

Malaysia Jan 1 2.3383 2,425 2.4265 2.603 2.4928 2.7153 2.7033. 2.7015 2.724 2.612Malaysil PAV 2.34304 2.46304 2.58144 2.51964 21878 2.70804 2.70487 2,75007 2.54738

Nepal Jan 1 15.2 18 20.7 22 21.6 25.2 28.6 30.4 42.7 43.2Nepal PAV 16.4594 18.2464 21.2298 21.8192 23.2892 27.1888 29.3692 37.255 42.7175

Pakistan Jan 1 13.5 15.36 15.98 17.25 17.45 18.65 21.42 21.9 24.72 25.7Pakistan PAV 14.0463 15.9284 16.6475 17.3988 18.0033 20.5415 21.7074 23.8008 25.0828

PNG Jan 1 0.875503 0.941354 1.01245 0.961169 0.878426 0.826446 0.859623 0.953016 0.952562 0.987459PNG PAV 0.898552 1.00031 0.971414 0.907899 0.867052 0.858797 0.955 0.951709 0.964663

Phfttppines Jan 1 14.002 19.16 19.032 20.53 20.8 21.335 22.44 28 26.65 25.095.Philippines PAV 16.6987 18so73 20.3857 20.5077 21.0947 2L7367 24.3105 27,4706 25.5125

Sri lanka Jan 1 25 26.28 27.408 28.52 30.763 33.033 40 40.24 42.58 46Sri lanka PAV 25.4382 27.1626 28.0173 29.4447 31.8067 36.0471 40.0629 41.3715 43.8296ThaiIand Jan I 23 27.15 25.55 25.13 25.07 2524 25.69 25.29 25.28 25.52Thailnd ?AV 23.6392 .271587 26.2987 25.7227 25.2937 25,7019 25.5853 25,5167 25,4Vietnam Jan 1 1.28469 1.3144 22.5 22.5 281.25 1125 5375 8125 11500 10565Vietnam PAV 1.28794 8.45507 22.7444 78.2914 606.518 4463.95 6482.8 10037 11202.2

Jan 1 - Exchange rate on the 1 st of January of each yearPAV - Perlod Average (annual)

Source: IMF

CONSUMER PRICE INDICES

BASE 1990 = 100

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993*

Banigladesh 57.12% 63.25%, 70.21%' 76.91% 84.12% 92.540k 100.00% 107,21% 111.83% 115.75%Bhutan 56.99% 58.04% 67.90% 74.70% 81.25% 89.38% 100.00% 110.27% 116.08% 121.88%

~~ China 54,02% 60,42% ø4.65% 70.33% 84,89% 98.73% 100.00% 105.08% 114410% 127.80%Fiji 69.37% 72.41% 73.71% 77.91% 87.04% 92.47% 100.00% 106.52% 111.73% 117.31%

Indla 63A7% $7.02% 72.86% 79.29% 86.73% $2.09% 100.00% 113.8% 1t27.50% 13.43%Indonesia 66.83% 69.98% 74.11% 80.90% 87.40% 93.07% 100.00% 109.24% 117.42% 123.86%

KiribatiKorea 74.96% 76.80% 78.96% 81.34% 67.*17% 92.09% 100.00% 109.68% 116.1 2.

Malaysia 91.22% 91.49% 92.13% 92.41% ~94.78% 9ø7,44% 100.00% 104.39% 109.33% 114.36%Nepal 54.67% 59.10% 70.33% 77.90% 84.87% 92.38% 100.00% 115.54% 135.40% 141.84%

TPakistan 68.28% 72.10%.74,62% 78.15% 85.00% 98,99¶% 100.00% 111,75% 122,42% 133.38%PNG 75.08% 77.88% 82.17% 84.89% 89.49% 93.54% 100.00% 106.93% 111.92% 116.82%

Philippines 5.73% 6383% 69.18% 71,79% 73.04% Ø7.5% 100.00% 118.67% 129.24% 137.27%Sri lanka 54.81% 55.65% 60.10% 64.72% 73.79% 82.30% 100.00% 112.19% 124.99% 133.56%Thbailand 80.66% 82.64% 84.13% 86.28% 89.59% 94.38% 100.00% 105.70% 110.00% 115.70%Vietnam

MUVG-... 80.89% 88.84% 95.31% 94.65% 100.00% 102.23%.106.64% 17.17%

* Staff estimates

Source: IMF

The World Bank 1818 H Street N.W. (20 477.1234INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Washington. D.C. 20433 Cable Address: INTBAFRADINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION U.S.A. Cable Address: INDEVAS

July 9, 1993

Mr.Ministry of EnergyStreet AddressCity, CountryFax

Subject: World Bank Energy Price Survey

Dear Mr.

In response to frequent requests from several of our borrowers regardinginternational comparisons of energy prices and electricity tariffs, we at theWorld Bank would like to launch a Survey of Energy Prices in Asia. We wouldappreciate your assistance in developing the necessary data.

As you may know, the IEA publishes quarterly surveys of energy prices inOECD countries, with occasional information on some developing countries, butno systematic survey exists for developing countries.

The proposed survey covers major petroleum products, natural gas whenapplicable, and electricity tariffs. Given that, in many countries, pricesmay vary across regions, this survey covers only prices in the capital ormajor cities of each country.

Two separate survey sheets are attached, one for petroleum products andnatural gas, the other for electricity tariffs. We would appreciate yourcompleting these forms with the assistance of relevant entities.

As regards petroleum products, the definition of the price is quiteclear (retail price, all taxes included). As regards electricity tariffs,international comparisons of mere average rates should be made with caution,and should take into account differences in consumer mix, different practiceswith regard to cost recovery through connection charges vs. the tariff. Forthis typical customers, as well as average rates by customer category and inthe aggregate; it also includes a supplementary questionnaire on connectioncharges to the completed survey forms, you could send us a copy of the tariffschedule as of January 1, 1993.

We intend to update this survey every summer, to cover prices at thebeginning of the year and at midyear. The survey forms include space to coverthe last ten years; for those data items for which figures would not bereadily available, please indicate the 1993 figures and most recent figuresavailable, although we would appreciate if historical series could becompleted at a later stage.

Upon receipt of responses from the various countries surveyed, we shallprepare and send to all respondents a report "World Bank Asia Energy Price

-172-RCA 248423 * WUI 64145 * FAX ( 477-3091

January 14, 1994

Survey 1993", which will include a compilation of the survey, in table andgraphic forms.

To ensure timely production of this report, we would appreciatereceiving your answer by August 15, 1993.

Please send completed surveys to:

Asia Energy Price SurveyThe World BankAttn. Mr. Olivier Koenig, Rm. E 9-1081818 U Street, N-.Washington, D.C. 20433 USAFAX: (202) 477-5520, TEL.: (202) 458-2868

A fax answer will be appreciated.

Please indicate in your response if you would see objection to thepublication of the report as a Bank Technical Paper.

We thank you in advance for your cooperation, and for making this firstsurvey a success, hoping that it will provide a useful new service to you andto our other borrowers.

Sincerely yours,

Anil MalhotraEnergy Adviser

Director's OfficeAsia Technical Department

-173-

January 14, 1994

Cleared with and cc: Hessrs./Maes. (ew/cc)

cc: Messrs./Maes. (cc)

Asia Information Center

(author:typist's initials)

-174-

THE WORLD BANKASIA ENERGY PRICE SURVEY: Electricity Tariffs

Country:_i. Name of utility:

City- Private Public

Fiscal Year: ___atn & ndat. Distribution Only Generatiorn & Distribution


1/1/841 1/1/851 1/1/86 1/1/87 1/1/88 1/1/891 1/1/90 1/1/31 1/1/92 11133Small ResidentialLarge ResidentiaiSmall CommercialLarge CommerciatSmall Industry.Medium industryLarge lndutrySmall Irrigation

see nots and definitions on page 3.


1984 1985 1986 19871 1988 1989 19901 19911 1992esideta en_ ___ia--l

Commercial.IndustriafAgricultureother

Tot7al* -

* see notes and definitions on page 3.


kWh per rnenth-195- 1985| 1936 13871 13881 1389 19901 1991 192

Average consumptonper residential customer

-175-


ADDMTONAL CIUESTIONS

1. Taxes:.

,.1 please specify taxes coilected by the utility fi addition to the publishedtariff (municipal =xes, VAT, etc.) as of 1/1/93.

T AX TYPE AMO0UNT

YES NO1 2Is the utiity subject to income tax77

1 .3 Other comments an~ taxes (free form)

2.. Conditlons of Services.-YES NO

* 2.1 Does your utility use connection charges/ cutomef Contributions. .

2.2 Do customers with sole use transformers (primrrty suiPPlyl* 2.2.1 Own their transformers E I~

2.2.2 Pay for it in connection charge [ I~2.2.3 Maintain -their transformers 7-7

2.3 Does your utility provide housewiring services E:-71 r-7

3. Connection Charges

* 3.1 what is the amount of the connection charge for a small residential users ________

3.2 Total revenue from customer contributions as %Of total ________

revenue from electricity saies

3.3 H-ousewiring charges for small residential ________

-176-


ADOMONAL QUESTIONS (continua)

3.4 Other comments on conditions of services and connec:ion charges

4. Fuel and Other Cost Adjustments YES NO

4.1 Do you use automatic fuel cost adjustment

4.2 Do you use automatic bulk purchase cost adjustment

4.3 Do you use automatic foreign exchange adjustment

If yes in any of the above:

Value of the fuellpurchase adjustment on 1/1/93

Value of the foreign exchange adjustment on 1/1/93

.)EFINMONS FOR TABLE 1 AND 2

1. Prices in local currency per kWh based on the published tariff, excludingVAT, local or other taxes.

2. Customer.Types (table 1)Small Residential 50 kWh/monthLarge Residential 300 kWhlmonthSmall Commercial 400 kWh/monthLarge Commercial 100 kW, 25000 kWh/month, Medium voltage supplySmall Industry 10kW, 1700 kWh/month, Low voltage supplyMedium Industry 100 kW, 25000 kWh/month, Medium voltage supplyLarge Industry .53000 kW, 2.5 GWh,/manth, High voltage supplySmall Irrigation 10 kW, 1700 kWh/month, Low voltage supply

3. In table 2, total average rate should exclude bulk sales to other distributions; pleasespecify otherwise.

ADDIONAL INFORMATION USEFUL TO THE SURVEY

Please include in this space any information you may deem useful to the survey,or comments on the survey itself.

-177-

THE WORLD BANKASIA ENERGY PRICE SURVEY: Petroleum Products and Gas

Country :

City:

Prices on January First Prices on January and July First

I11/8 1 1 6 8 11 1l9 7/1189 111190 7/1890 171/91 711191 111192 7192 111/93Automotive Fuels

Regular Gasoline .

Premium Gasoline

Diesel

Household Fuels

Light Fuel Oil

Kerosene

LPG

Natural _ City Gas

IndustrIl Fuels

Light Fuel Oil

HFO tow sulphur, (industryl

HFO low sulphur, (power) -*

Natural Gas I large Ind.-

Natural Gas ( power)

Natural Gas I fertilizar-


Prices are retail consumer prices including all taxes and distribullon margins,expressed in local currency per volume for liquid products and natural gas.Prices of household LPG are in local currency per weight unit (k. lb.1 for 20-25 kg bottle.

Please see the questionaire on units and product characteristics attached

THE WORLD BANK.SIA ENERGY PRICE SURVEY: Petroleum Products

Pletse specify units used and product characterisics below (including heat energycortentsi.

ProductUNT Characteristics

AutomotFve Fuels

Regular gasoline

Premium gasoline

Diesel

Household Fuels

Ught Fuel Oil

Kerosene .

LPG .

Natural / City Gas

Industrial Fuels

Ught Fuel Oil

Heavy Fuel Oil

Natural Gas .

Are prices uniform throughout the country? YES NO=

Notes & Comments:

-179-

LIST OF ELECTRIC UTILITIES AND ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING ENERGY PRICEDATA

SC TY ELECTRICITY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Seoul KEPCO Korea Energy Economics InstitutesKuala Lumpur Tenga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Ministry of Energy, Telecommunications and

postsManila Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) Energy Regulatory BoardBangkok Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) National Energy Policy OfficeHanoi Power CopnyX.Nq.1I

Beijing Beijing Distribution BureuaGuangzhou Guanzhou Distribution BureuaJinan Jinan Distribution BureuaShanghai Shanghai Electric Power Bureua -Jakarta Perusahaan Umum Ustrik Negara Direktorai Jenderal Minyak Dan Gas BurniSuva Fiji Electricity AuthorityTarawa Kiribati Public Utilities BoardPort Moresby PNG Electricity CommissionDhaka Bangladesh Power Development Board Resident Mission Bangladesh, The World BankKathmandu Nepal Electricity Authority His Majesty's Government of Nepal

Bombay BSES Limited Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasBangalore Kamataka Electricity BoardCalcutta CESC Limited Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasDelhi Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasKanpur Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasMadras Ministry of Petroleum and Natural GasColombo Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) Ministry of Power and EnergyIslamabad Water and Power Development Energy Wing, Government of Pakistan

Authority

-180-

9OWER PRICING IN CHINA

As of late 1993, the power pricing system in China consists of threecomponents: (a) the state base prices, (b) a guidance price differential, and(c) a schedule of additional fees and surcharges. These components are thenadded to form the "administered" (in-plan) consumer price tariff or the"guidance" (out-of-plan) consumer price tariff. Although explanations and thenames for different components vary from region to region, as do the level andnature of specific fees, this basic systemis employed in most parts of China.

(a) State Base Prices

The state base prices are the base prices charged for electricitygenerated by capacity financed by the Central Government and managed byprovincial power companies such as JPEPC. This capacity includes (a)virtually all power plants constructed before 1985, with grant funding, and(b) plants, or shares of plants, constructed with loan funds allocated by theCentral Government since 1985.

The state base prices provide the basis for the revenue of theprovincial power companies and in 1993 averaged about 26.0 f/kWh in Jiangsu.These state base prices, together with various price markups from the scheduleof fees and surcharges, form the administered price tariff for certainqualified consumers as given in Table 1 below for a typical utility.

Table 1: STATE BASE PRICES IN JIANGSU PROVINCE. SEPTEMBER 1993

Energy Charge ( ffkWh) Demand charge

Maximum SubstationLow 35 kVA load capacity

Consumer Category voltage 1-10 kVA & above (Y/kW/mo (Y/kVA/mo)

Residences 26.0 25.0Commercial sector 37.9 36.9Regular industry 30.2 29.5 28.4 15.00 10.00Large industryof which: specialchemicals 20.3 19.2 15.00 10.00

Agriculture 25.0 24.2 22.9Agriculture irrigationin poor areas 6.0 5.8 5.5

Source: JPEPC.Exchange rate: 100 fen- US $ 0.17

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(b) The Guidance Prices Differential

The guidance price differential ( or increased cost of out-of-plansupply) factors the cost of other, noncentral government financed sources of

power supply into the power pricing system. These can be significant- in 1993noncentral government-affiliated sources of power supply accounted for about

one half of the total in Jiangsu. The main supply sources could include:

(a) Power from capacity financed by provincial and local governments,using the provincial and local government Power ConstructionFunds, usually as part of "joint-investment" plants.

(b) Power from other, independent plants.

(c) Power provided by various power plants above and beyond theircontracted production quotas, at negotiated prices.

(d) Electricity provided to the grid from captive industrial plant, atnegotiated prices.

The higher costs of these sources of power supply are added together andaveraged into a price markup, which is then added to the state base price,with various price markups from the schedule of fees and surcharges, to formthe "guidance price tariff" applicable to many consumers.

In September 1993, the guidance price differential was 12.5 f/Wh inNanjing Prefecture, and 9.0 f/kWh in Changzhou Prefecture and Changzhou City.

(c) Schedule of Fees and Surcharges

A variety of additional fees are further added to the prices paid byconsumers. This includes a 0.3 f/Wh levy on all consumers throughout thecountry to help finance the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Project. In a numberof provinces levies are added for provincial and local construction funds topartially cover local distribution costs or street lighting. Although the bulkof revenues collected by these additional fees is invested in the powersector, some may be used by local governments for other purposes.

(d) Consumer Tariffs

Table 2 shows price buildup and final consumer prices charged inChangzhou City, a typical city in Jiangsu, in September 1993. Theadministered price tariff includes the state base prices and various fees andsurcharges, whereas the guidance price tariff includes these two plus theguidance price differential. The average state base price was about 26 f/kWh(4.5c/kWh); while the average administered price is estimated at about 33f/kWh (5.7cf/kWh). The average guidance price is estimated at about 42 f/kWh(7.2c/kWh). The overall average consumer price is estimated at about 37 f/kWh(6.4c/kWh). (In Nanjing, power bureau officials estimate that the averageconsumer price is about 36 f/kWh).

As the table above shows, prices are highest for commercial consumers

-182-

and regular industries and the lowest for urban residences and agricultureconsumers. Within industry, however, certain consumers receive preferentialprices. Chemicals fertilizer producers receive particularly low rates as amatter of national policy. Enterprises with foreign investment (includingjoint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises) also receive preferentialtreatment as a matter of provincial government policy.

The tariff structure in China is undergoing rapid change. State baseprices were fully revised throughout China during the summer of 1993, both instructure and level, for the first time since 1976. The new system providesfor an increase in the overall price levels and for automatic annual priceadjustments to fully reflect changes in fuel prices. It also allows for powerfrom all capacity financed through loans to be priced at "debt repaymentprices," calculated for each individual plant, to fully cover financing costs.In terms of structure, the new base prices include an increase in the demandcharges for large industries, and separate prices for a new commercial sectorconsumer category.

-183-

Table 2: CONSUMER ELECTRICITY PRICES IN CHANGZHOU CITY,JIANGSU PROVINCE, SEPTEMBER 1993 /a

(fen/kWh)

Residential and Commercial /a

Urban Urban Urban Urbanresidences government commercial commercial

AgricultureILVI LV) CLV) (1-10 MV _ 1-10 k

State base price 26.0 37.9 37.9 36.9 25.0 24.2Prov. power investment

charge - - 2.0 2.0 - -Local power investment

charge - - 3.0 3.0 - -Distribution charge 0.7 - - - - -

Urban construction fee 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 - -Three Gorges surcharge 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Other local surcharges - 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Administrative Price 30.0 43.3 48.3 47.3 27.4 26.6

Guidance price differ-ential 9.0 9.0 9.0/29.0/S

Guidance Price 57.3 56.3 36.4/g 35.6/2

Larse industry

Demand Eneriy charxes

charges 14 Chemi- Other pref-YI Y/ 35 kY cal for- erential Rgar

LndustrhjA 11110 kV & above tiligers users Is 1-10 kV 35 kV

State base price 10 15 21.3 20.2 15.2 19.2 29.5 28.4Prov. power investment

charge - - 2.0/ 2.0/I - 2.0/1 2.0 2.0

Local power investmentcharge - - 3.0/1 3.0/1 - 3.0/1 3.0 3.0

Urban construction fee - - 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Three Gorges surcharge - - 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Other local surcharges - - 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Administered Price i2 15 29.4 28.3 i18.3 27.3 37.6 36.5

Guidance price differ-ential - - 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

Guidance Price 10 15 38.4 37-3 27.3 36.3 46.6 45.5

7! Actual prices also include an additional temporary 3.6 fen/kWh charge for all consumers, except forresidential users, to cover the cost of the state base price increase during July and August 1992,which had not yet been reflected on consumer bills for those months. As this fee is temporary, it hasbeen omitted here.

/k Only the main consumer categories are listed here.I Township governments may Levy additional charges not Included here.14 Large industries pay both a demand (capacity) charge and an energy charge./1 Includes selected chemical industries.

If Provincial and local power investment charges are waived for a few types of consumers.

/g Rural industries are exempt from this charge.

Source: Chan8zhou Prefecture Electricity Supply Bureau.

-184-

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RECENT WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS (continued)

No. 214 Bonfiglioli, Agro-pastoralism in Chad as a Strategy for Survival: An Essay on the Relationship betweenAnthropology and Statistics

No. 215 Umali, Irrigation-Induced Salinity: A Growing Problem for Development and the Environment

No. 216 Carr, Improving Cash Crops in Africa: Factors Influencing the Productivity of Cotton, Coffee, and TeaGrown by Smallholders

No. 217 Antholt, GettingReady for the Twenty-First Century: Technical Change and Institutional Modernization inAgriculture

No. 218 Mohan, editor, Bibliography of Publications: Technical Department, Africa Region, July 1987 toDecember 1992

No. 219 Cercone, Alcohol-Related Problems as an Obstacle to the Development of Human Capital: Issues andPolicy Options

No. 220 Kingsley, Ferguson, Bower, and Dice, Managing Urban Environmental Quality in Asia

No. 221 Srivastava, Tamboli, English, Lal, and Stewart, Conserving Soil Moisture and Fertility in the WarmSeasonally Dry Tropics

No. 222 Selvaratnam, Innovations in Higher Education: Singapore at the Competitive Edge

No. 223 Piotrow, Treiman, Rimon, Yun, and Lozare, Strategies for Family Planning Promotion

No. 224 Midgley, Urban Transport in Asia: An Operational Agenda for the 1990s

No. 225 Dia, A Governance Approach to Civil Servce Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa

No. 226 Bindlish, Evenson, and Gbetibouo, Evaluation of T&V-Based Extension in Burkina Faso

No. 227 Cook, editor, Involuntary Resettlement in Africa: Selected Papers from a Conference on Environment andSettlement Issues in Africa

No. 228 Webster and Charap, The Emergence of Private Sector Manufacturing in St. Petersburg: A Survey ofFirms

No. 229 Webster, The Emergence of Private Sector Manufacturing in Hungary: A Survey of Firms

No. 230 Webster and Swanson, The Emergence of Private Sector Manufacturing in the Former Czech and SlovakFederal Republic: A Survey of Firms

No. 231 Eisa, Barghouti, Gillham, and Al-Saffy, Cotton Production Prospects for the Decade to 2005: A GlobalOverview

No. 232 Creightney, Transport and Economic Performance: A Survey of Developing Countries

No. 233 Frederiksen, Berkoff, and Barber, Principles and Practices for Dealing with Water Resources Issues

No. 234 Archondo-Callao and Faiz, Estimating Vehicle Operating Costs

No. 235 Claessens, Risk Management in Developing Countries

No. 236 Bennett and Goldberg, Providing Enterprise Development and Financial Services to Women: A Decadeof Bank Experience in Asia

No. 237 Webster, The Emergence of Private Sector Manufacturing in Poland: A Survey of Firms

No. 238 Heath, Land Rights in C6te d'Ivoire: Survey and Prospects for Project Intervention

No. 239 Kirmani and Rangeley, International Inland Waters: Concepts for a More Active World Bank Role

No. 240 Ahmed, Renewable Energy Technologies: A Review of the Status and Costs of Selected Technologies

No. 241 Webster, Newly Privatized Russian Enterprises

No. 242 Barnes, Openshaw, Smith, and van der Plas, What Makes People Cook with Improved Biomass Stoves?:A Comparative International Review of Stove Programs

No. 243 Menke and Fazzari, Improving Electric Power Utility Efficiency: Issues and Recommendations

No. 244 Liebenthal, Mathur, and Wade, Solar Energy: Lessons from the Pacific Island Experience

No. 245 Klein, External Debt Management: An Introduction

No. 246 Plusquellec, Burt, and Wolter, Modern Water Control in Irrigation: Concepts, Issues, and Applications

No. 247 Ameur, Agricultural Extension: A Step beyond the Next Step

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