a survey on device-to-device communication

A survey on Device-to-Device

Communication

Kuldeep Narayan Singh

30-Jan-15 1 A survey on Device-to-Device Communication

Table of Content

• Background and Introduction..

• Classification and Promises of D2D

• D2D Vs Ad-hoc

• Challenges

• Applications

• Conclusion


1. Background and Introduction

Key Challenges

• global mobile data traffic increased (81% in 2013)[1]

• Increase in mobile data traffic 2 times/year[1]

• 1000x by 2020 and 100,000x by 2030[1]

• Current infrastructure unable to handle this huge traffic[1]

Figure 1: growth in mobile data traffic

(in EB/month)[1] Figure 2: Future key challenges[2]



Affects of increase in mobile data traffic

• User QoS decreases[2]

• User experiences network congestion

• Cost Increases[2]

• CAPEX Increases

• OPEX Increases

• Revenue Decoupling

Figure 3: Data-Revenue-vs.-Cost-Decouple-graph[3]



Technologies Introduced for NW performance enhancement

Figure 7: Device to Device

Comm.[2]

Figure 5: Adv. Small Cells[2]

Figure 6: Interference

Management[2]

Figure 4: Adv. MIMO/BF[2]



Device-to-Device Communication

• Direct Communication without Base Station

• Key Motivation

• Offload Core Network Traffic

• New Comm. Paradigm to Support Public Safety

Figure 8: Conventional network and offloaded network(with D2D)[2]


2. Classification and Promises of D2D

Classification of D2D Technology[5]

1. Inband D2D

• Operates in cellular band

1.1 Network Assisted D2D 1.2 No Network Assisted D2D

Figure 9: D2D with network

assisted in licensed band[5]

Figure 10: D2D without network

assisted in licensed band[5]

Network Assisted

• N/W providers have control over D2D.

• Most recommended scenario in D2D

• Could reduce energy consumption and

better cellular resource management

No Network Assisted

• N/W providers have limited or no control

• Comm. Without network deployment

• Similar work as Terrestrial Trunked

Radio(TETRA)

•Useful in national security and public safety




1. Network Assisted D2D

1.1.a Underlay 1.2.b Overlay

Figure 11: Schematic Representation of overlay and underlay Inband D2D[5]

Underlay

• Increase spectral efficiency by

utilizing Spatial Diversity

• Many algorithms have been

proposed. [7] Use uplink for D2D. [8]

Use mode selection.

Overlay

• A dedicated resource for D2D

• Reduces the concern of interference

• More focus on resource allocation to

avoid wastage of resource




Inband D2D Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

• QoS Guaranteed.

• Transmission Distance~ 1KM, Max Data Rate: 1Gbps

• No need of new interface.

Disadvantage:

• Challenge to handle D2D and Cellular interference.

• Complex algorithm for resource allocation




2. Outband D2D

•.Operates in ISM(Licensed Free Band)

• Could be

• Network Controlled

• Autonomous

Figure 11: D2D without network

assisted in licensed band [2]

Figure 12: Schematic representation

of out of band D2D[6]



Classification of D2D Technology

Advantages and Disadvantages of Out Band D2D[7]

Advantages:

• No interference issue b/w cellular and D2D

• No need of recourse allocation.

• simultaneous D2D and cellular communication

Disadvantages:[7]

• Unlicensed band interference uncontrollable

• Two interfaces required

• Not power efficient, Low Tx. Distance and Data Rate.



Promises of Device-to-Device Communication[2]

1. Proximity services

• High Data Rate and Low delays

• low energy consumption

2. Increase spectrum efficiency

• D2D and cellular on same spectrum

3. Extend Cellular Coverage

4. Quality of Service Guaranteed

5. Economical

• Uses the pre-existing cellular infrastructure

6. Public Safety and National Security

• Replace the old TETRA technology with improved LTE-A D2D

technology


3. D2D Vs Other Technologies

Issues with Ad-hoc technologies[4]

1. Security

• Much less than cellular system.

• Not suitable for Public Safety Application.

2. Unlicensed Spectrum

• No central control of interference.

3. Not suitable for high user density

• Throughput, Reliability and Range Suffer

4. Manual Pairing

• Not Suitable for Autonomous, Dynamic Proximity Services

5. Less Power Efficient

• Runs parallel with cellular More battery drain


3. D2D Vs Ad-hoc

Difference to Ad-hoc

Parameters D2D Ad-hoc

(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc)

Frequency band Licensed band LTE-A ISM band

Max. Transmission

Dist.

1000m 10-200m

Max. Data Rate 1Gbps 24-250 Mbps

Security Robust less; Not suitable for

Public safety

Expenses CAPEX: No cost as

user using the same

terminal

OPEX: Very less in

terms of battery use

CAPEX: No cost as

user using the same

terminal

OPEX: Very less in

terms of battery use


4. Challenges

Major Technical in D2D[5]

1. Interference Management – especially in the case of underlay D2D

2. Power Allocation – Proper regulation needed to avoid interference

3. Resource Allocation – Critical issue in Inband D2D

4. Optimal Peer Discovery Methods

Centralized or Distributed

4. Modulation Format

• OFDM or SC-FDMA?

5. Channel Management

6. Energy Consumption


4. Challenges

Major Business Challenges in D2D[5]

1. D2D between devices subscribed to different operators

– Which spectrum to use (for direct communication)?

2. Lawful interception

– How to monitor direct communication?

3. Charging

– How to perform (content-based) charging?

– How to charge if D2D communication is supported w/o NW

coverage?

4. Privacy, Security, Authentication etc…


4. Applications

Application and Use cases of D2D [4]

1.Local voice traffic

• Offload voice traffic from BS

• Example: In conferences exchange

voice traffic without BS

2.Local Data Services

• Content sharing

• Streaming services

• Mobile Multiplayer gaming

Figure: Offloading voice traffic in different

scenario[4]

Figure: Local data sharing D2D[4]


4. Applications


3.Multiuser Cooperative Comm.(MUCC)

• The user in good coverage may help

(Benefited user )BU to improve its signal

and act as a supporting user (SU)

4. Vehicle to Vehicle communication

• Requires very low latency

• Provides information about the nearest

car in front including traffic.

Figure: D2D in Multiuser cooperative

communication(MUCC)[4]

Figure: D2D in V2V scenario[4]


4. Applications


5. Public safety (police, fire and ambulance services)

• Still uses old Technologies like TETRA

• Key Motivation: Move public safety to a new level(LTE)


Figure: Public safety scenario in D2D[3]

5. Conclusion


• Provided survey on D2D based on available literature.

• Types of D2D Communication[2]

• Inband (Underlay, Overlay)

• Outband (Controlled, Autonomous )

•Discussed Major Technical and Business Issues.

•Interference control, Resource management, Pricing etc.

• Applications

•Public Safely, Offloading etc.

•Survey shows D2D is still immature.[1]

•Still numerous open challenges.

References

[1] http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-

networking-index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html

[2] Smart Direct LTE Communication Shahid Mumtaz.

[3] http://wirelesshabitat.eu/archives/104

[4] http://www.slideshare.net/fransiscobento1/d2d-device-to-device-

communication?next_slideshow=1

[5] A Survey on Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks Arash

Asadi, Student Member, IEEE, Qing Wang, Student Member, IEEE, and

Vincenzo Mancuso, Member, IEEE

[6] A Survey on Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks: Arash

Asadi, Student Member, IEEE, Qing Wang, Student Member, IEEE, and

Vincenzo Mancuso, Member, IEEE

[7] B. Kaufman and B. Aazhang, “Cellular networks with an overlaid device to

device network,” in Proceedings of Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems

and Computers, 2008, pp. 1537–1541.


http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html











http://wirelesshabitat.eu/archives/104

http://www.slideshare.net/fransiscobento1/d2d-device-to-device-communication?next_slideshow=1









3. D2D Vs M2M

Difference to M2M

M2M (Machine to Machine) / MTC (Machine Type Com.) (3GPP TR 22.368) Definition: M2M/MT

Communication is a form of data communication between entities that do not necessarily

need human interaction.


D2D M2M

Describes connectivity

services

Defines a class of

devices & is application

oriented

Main target Discovery and local

communication

Data exchange between

machines / infrastructure

Type of device Not defined (arbitrary) Machine

Number of devices Typically two or a few Typically many

Location Proximity Not defined (arbitrary)

Communication Between devices (D2D) Typically many to one (N

terminals to 1 server;

machine to infrastructure)

Potential Future Work

• Theoretical Work

– mathematical tools and optimization techniques - very limited

• Architecture

– very little work explaining the required architecture in order to

support D2D communications in cellular networks[5]

• Application

– First introduced for relay now have lots of applications: P2P,

Multicasting, Cellular Offloading etc.

– Could have more application especially in social networking,

location-aware services

• Performance analysis

– Studies are still far from reality

30-Jan-15 A survey on Device-to-Device Communication 23

a survey on device-to-device communication

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