a survey on visual cryptography techniques

8/19/2019 A SURVEY ON VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected]

Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2016 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 5, Issue 2, February 2016 Page 100

ABSTRACTVisual Cryptography is a new technique for securing the visual information like picture, text etc. The basic idea of Visual

Cryptography is that images are divided into several parts called shares. These shares are distributed among concerned

participants and to decrypt them arrange or stacked to get the image back. At first there are various measures on which performance of visual cryptography schemes depends, such as pixel expansion, visual quality, image quality, contrast, security,

quality of shares, size, computational complexity. Visual Cryptography techniques was developed for binary images only but

later on it was advanced for colour images also. In this paper, we have done the literature survey on existing work which used

different techniques for visual cryptography from 2011 to 2015.

Keywords : visual cryptography, pixel expansion, visual quality, security, quality of shares.

1.INTRODUCTIONVisual cryptography is introduced by first in 1994 Noar and Shamir. Visual cryptography is a cryptographic techniquewhich allows visual information (e.g. printed text, hand written notes and pictures) to be encrypted in such a way thatthe decryption can be performed by thehuman visual system, without the aid of computers.This paper provides overview of various visual cryptography schemes. Taking limited bandwidth and storage into

consideration two criteria pixel expansion and number ofshares encoded is of significance. Smaller pixel expansionresults in smaller size of the share. Encoding multiple secret images in to the same share images requires less overheadwhile sharing multiple secrets. Meaningful shares avoid attention of hacker considering the securityissues over thecommunication channels.This paper is organized as follow: 1.over view of black and white visual cryptography scheme, 2.color visualcryptography scheme 3.gray scale image visual cryptography scheme 4.analysis of various visual cryptography scheme.

1.1 BLACK AND WHITE VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY SCHEME:

Naor and Shamir’s proposed encoding scheme to share a binary image into two shares Share1 and Share2. If pixel iswhite one of the above two rows of Table1is chosen togenerate Share1and Share2.Similarly If pixel is black one of the below two rows of Table1 is chosen to generate Share1and Share2. Here each share pixel p is encoded into twowhiteand two black pixels each of share alone gives no is clue about the pixel p whether it is white or black. Secretimage is shown only when both of the images became shares are upper imposed.

Figure 1 Black and White image VCS

A SURVEY ON VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY

TECHNIQUESM.SIVA KUMAR

1, A.SHILPA

2, J.R.VIJAYALAKSHMI

3

1,2,3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.


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Table 1: Construction of Black and White image VC

To hide a binary image into two meaningful shares Chin Chen Chang et al suggested spatial-domain image hidingschemes. These two secret shares are embedded into two gray level cover images. To decode the hidden messages,embedding images can be superimposed.Balancing the performance between pixel expansion and contrast Liguo Fangrecommend a (2, n) scheme based on combination. Threshold visual secret sharing schemes mixed XOR and ORoperation with reversing and based on binary linear error correcting code was suggested by Xiao Qing and Tan .Thedisadvantage of the above schemes is that only one set of confidential messages can be embedded, so to share largeamounts of confidential messages several shares have to be generated.1.2 GRAY SCALE IMAGE CRYPTOGRAPHY SCHEME:

The (2, 2)–VCS scheme is introduce the basic concepts of threshold visual secret sharing schemes. In the encryption process, secret image is divide into two shares, and each share belongs to the corresponding secrete image. In thedecryption process, two corresponding shares are mound together to retrieve the secret image. With (k, n) threshold

visual cryptography scheme for gray level images using dithering technique, the reduction the reduction size ofdecrypted image compared to technique is obtain but the quality of decrypted image depends upon the quality ofhalftone image. The half toning is performed by Adaptive order technique of gray-level image by using a space-filingcurve to perform an adaptive variation of the cluster size. For the encryption using half-toning technique gray levelimage is changed into approximate binary image or halftone image having pixel value 0 and1. By considering the caseof (2, 2) - VCS, the step is divide the secrete image into two shares. For decryption the original image is reconstructed by mound binary shares.

254: [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0]Table 2-Construction of gray scale image VC

Share1 (1st half): 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0Share2 (1st half): 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

--------------------1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254

Share3 (1st half) : 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0Share1 (2nd half): 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

-------------------1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254

Share2 (2nd half): 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

Share3 (2nd half): 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0-------------------

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254


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Secret image share1 share2Figure 2 Gray scale image VCS

Combining any two half shares will give exact bit and by doing the same procedure for the whole grayscale block gives perfect high quality image when reconstructed without any loss of contrast.

1.3 COLOR VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY SCHEME:Until the year 1997 visual cryptography schemes were applied to only black and white images. First colored visual

cryptography scheme was developed by Verheul and Van Tilborg. Colored secret images can be shared with theconcept of arcs to construct a colored visual cryptography scheme. In c-colorful visual cryptography scheme one pixel istransformed into m sub pixels, and each sub pixel is divided into c color regions. In each subpixel, there is exactly onecolor region colored, and all the other color regions are black. The color of one pixel depends on the interrelations between the stacked sub pixels. For a colored visual cryptography scheme with c colors, the pixel expansion m is c× 3.Yang and Laihimproved the pixel expansion to c × 2 of Verheul and Van Tilborg . But in both of these schemes sharegenerated were meaningless. For sharing a secret color image and also to generate the meaningful share to transmitsecret color image Chang and Tsai anticipated color visual cryptography scheme. For a secret color image twosignificant color images areselected as cover images which are the same size as the secret color image. Then accordingto a predefined Color Index Table, the secret color image will be hidden into twocamouflage images. One disadvantageof this scheme is that extra space is required to accumulate the Color Index Table. When more colors are there in thesecret image the larger the size of shares will become. To overcome this limitation Chin- Chen Chang et al developed a

secret color image sharing scheme based on modified visual cryptography.Table 3: Construction of color image VC

Figure 3 Color image VCS


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2. ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY SCHEME:Table 4: Table for Visual Cryptography problems and solving techniques

AUTHOR NAME TITLE AND YEAR METHOD TO SOLVE PROBLEM

Xuehu Yan et al Halftone Visual CryptographyWith Minimum Auxiliary

Black Pixel & Uniform ImageQuality2015

HVCS(Halftone Visual CryptographyScheme)

Error diffusion

Large auxiliary black pixeldistribution

P.G.Haritha et al A New Visual CryptographyTechnique For Color Images

2015

VSSError DiffusionChen technique

Visual qualityPixel expansion

Contrast lossMs.Deepti

Chaudhary et alA Secure Authentication Using

Visual Cryptography& Steganography

2015

Steganography(LSB)VC (k,n)

Authenticity

J. Ida Christy et al Feed Forward Networks InColor Extended VisualCryptography To

Generate Meaningful Shares2015

EVCS

ColorHalftoning

Random pixelmanagement

Pixel expansion

AlfiyaSaiyyad et al Secure Authentication ByImage Processing And Visual

Cryptography For BankingApplications.

2015

Image processing

Correlation method

Authenticity

RiteshD.Yelane etal

Security Approach By UsingVisual Cryptographic

Technique2015

EVCS

Halftone

Informationsecurity

ContrastShrutiSekra et al Steganography Using Genetic

Encryption Along With VisualCryptography

2015

Steganography (using LSB-Geneticalgorithm)

VCS

Authenticity

SujitAhirrao et al Visual Cryptography SchemeFor Color Image Using K-N

Secret Sharing Algorithm2015

K n secret sharing algorithm

Secure Visual Crytography

Water Marking(LSB)

Malicious attacks

Sankar Das et al Visual Cryptography usingThree Independent Shares in

Color Images2015

(3,3)VCSRandom insertion of bits

Floyds error diffusion Halftone

Reconstruction ofsecret message

Fersna et al Progressive VCS Without PixelExpansion For Color Images

2015

Progressive Visual Cryptography

Halftone

Digital watermarking algorithms

Pixel expansion

Security

Contrast

AparnaBhosale etal

Reducing Transmission RiskUsing Diverse Image

Media

2015

(n,n) NVSS(natural image based VSSscheme)

Transmission risk problem

Jainthi.K. et al A Novel CryptographicTechnique That Emphasis

Visual

K out of k (EVCS)

Floyds steinberg error diffusion

Security

Visual quality


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Quality And Efficieny By FloydSteinberg Error

Diffusion Method2015

algorithm

Random grids

Halftone

Contrast

Size

Quality ofreconstructedimage

Ketanraukundiya etal

Secure System Framework forSecure VisualCryptography

2015

Steganography(LSB)

(CRT)Chinese Remainder Theorem

RNS(Residual Number System)

Pixel expansion

Security

Image qualityVandhana.G.Pujari

et al Novel Approach for Visual

Cryptography Using AdaptiveLocalFilter2015

Adaptive local filters Quality ofdecrypted image

Alkhamohan et al Contrast Enhancement in ColorExtended Visual Cryptography

2015

ABM(Additional Basis Matrix) Contrast loss

Pixelreconstruction

F.R.Shiny Malar Secured Privacy PreservingMechanism for Distributed

Digital Documents2015

Visual cryptic filtering scheme

Error transformission technique

Image quality

Security

Kai-Hui Lee et al Digital Image Sharing byDiverse Image Media

2014

(n,n) NVSS (Natural Visual SecretSharing)


Che-Wei Lee et al A Secret-Sharing-Based

Method for Authenticationof Grayscale Document Images

via the Use of thePNG Image With a Data Repair

Capability2014

Shamir secret sharing scheme Image

authentication

Kai-Hui Lee et al Sharing Visual Secrets inSingle Image Random Dot

Stereograms2014

BVCS(Binocular VisualCryptography Scheme)

SIRDSS(Single Image Random DotStereograms


HaoLuo et al Color Transfer In Visual

Cryptography2014

(k-n)Secret Sharing Algorithm Computational

complexity

Cheng-Chi Lee etal

A new Visual Cryptographywith Multi-level Encoding

2014

VSS(Visual Secret Sharing) Pixel expansion

Shruti M.Rakhunde

Reversible Data Hiding UsingVisual Cryptography: A

Review2014

RDH(Reversible Data Hiding)

SDS(Seiving-Divison Shuffling)Algorithm

Lossless image

Encryption/decryption cost

Jyoti Rao et al Survey Of Visual CryptographySchemes Without

Pixel Expansion2014

Wu –chen Scheme

Shyu et al scheme

Xia oyu et al Scheme

Pixel expansion

Count of secretimage shares

Share generation


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Tsungleihlin,horng-lee chen et alscheme

K.V.Ramana et al Error Diffusion Based ColorVisual Cryptography ForSecure Communication

2014

Error diffusion

VIP Synchroniztion

Floyds and Steinberg error filters

Color diffusion

Less visual qualityof meaningful andmeaningless shares

Shekhachenthara etal

A Novel Approach On ColorExtended Visual CryptographyFor General Access Structures

Using Error Diffusion2014

PVC watermarking Quality ofMeaningful share

LekhikaChettri Visual Cryptography SchemeBased On Pixel

Expansion for Black & White

Image2014

(2,2) Visual cryptography algorithm

K out of k Visual Cryptography

Scheme

Pixel expansion

Security

Contrast

T.Anuradha et al A Novel Gaussian ErrorDiffusion based Colour

Extended Visual Cryptography2014

Color EVCS

Gaussion Error Diffusion

PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio)

NCC(Normalized CorrelationCofficient)

MSE(Mean Square Environment)

Quality of shares

Security

Performace

Bharanivendhan .Net al

Visual Cryptography Schemesfor Secret Image Sharing

using GAS Algorithm2014

GAS algorithm

Stamping algorithm

Visual quality

Security

Resolution ofshares

Pixel expansionDhara Trivedi et al Visual Cryptography in

Biometrics Passport2014

Bio metricies Authenticity

Security

ShyongJianShyu Visual Cryptograms OfRandom Grids For General

Access Structures2013

VCRG-GAS(Visual Cryptograms OfRandom Grids For General Access

Structures)

Pixel expansion

ShyongJianShyu etal

General Constructions ForThreshold Multi-Secret Visual

Cryptography Scheme2013

(k,n,s,R)MVCS(Multi-Secret VisualCryptography Scheme)

ILP(Integer Linear Programming)

Pixel expansion

Kai-Hui Lee et al Image Size Invariant VisualCryptography For General

Access Structures Subject To

Display Quality Constraints2013

SIVCS(Size Invariant VisualCryptography Scheme)

Pixel expansion

Uncontrollable

display quality problemRoberto De Prisco

et alColor Visual Cryptography

Scheme for Black and WhiteCBW-VC(Color-Black And White)

Visual CryptographyPixel expansion


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Secret Images2013 BW-VC(Black And White) Visual

Cryptography

Peng Li et al Sharing More Information in

Gray VCS2013

SHIGVCS(Sharing More Information

in Gray VCS)

PSSS(Polynomial-based SecretSharing Scheme)

Visual quality

Pixel expansion

Th. RupachandraSingh et al

Video Watermarking SchemeBased Visual Cryptography

And Scene Change & Detection2013

Video watermarking scheme Video pre processing

Grishma R.Bhokare et al

Color Extended VisualCryptography Using Error

Diffusion With VIPSynchronization

2013

Error diffusion

VIP Synchronization

(k-n) Secret Sharing Algorithm

Visual quality

Color shares

Pixel expansion

Dr.V.R.Anitha et al Extending The VisualCryptography Algorithm Using

ImageWatermarking Technique

2013

Watermarking Pixel expansion

Display quality

Anuprita U. mande Parameter Evaluation andReview of Various

Error-Diffusion Half toningalgorithms used in

Color Visual Cryptography2013

(E-D) algorithms

Floyds-stengberg halftone algorithm

Jarvis halftone algorithm

Stucki halftone algorithm

ModificationFloyds-stengberg halftone algorithm

Contrast loss

Perceived loss

Anuprita U. mande A Fast Encryption Algorithmfor Color Extended Visual

Cryptography2013

Faster and easier color VC encryptionmethod


Jarvis halftone algorithm

Stucki halftone algorithm

ModificationFloyds-stengberg halftone algorithm

Contrast

Image (visual)quality

Sathiya k et al Comparison of VisualCryptographic

Algorithms for Quality ImagesUsing XOR

2013


Javris halftone algorithm

Stucki halftoneAlgorithm

Pixel reversal technique

Visual quality

Dr.V.R.ANITH etal Extending the VisualCryptography AlgorithmWithout Removing Cover

Images

EVCS without Remove cover image Management problem

Pixel expansion


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2013SonalWange A Visual Cryptography to

Secure Biometric Database: AReview2013

Biometric identification technique Authentication

MitsuguIwamoto A Weak Security Notion ForVisual Secret Sharing Scheme2012

WS-VSSUS-VSS Contrast loss

Pixel expansionChing-Nung Yang

et alK Out N Region Incrementing

Scheme In Visual Cryptography2012

RIVCS(Region Incrementing schemeIn Visual Cryptography Scheme)

Wang scheme-Incorrect color

problem

Amir Kolaman etal

Quaternion StructuredSimilarity A New Quality Index

For Color Images2012

VQM(Visual Quality Matrix)

QTP(Quaternion Image Processing)

QSSIM(Quaternion Structured

SIMilarity

Image quality

Duan-Yu Chen etal

Visual Depth Guided ColorImage Rain Streaks Removal

Using Sparse Coding2012

Rain removal framework

Sparse coding

Rain removal

Kai - H ui L e e etal

An Extended VisualCryptography For General

Access Structures2012

EVCS(Extended Visual CryptographyScheme)

Stamping algorithm

Pixel expansion,Display quality,Random pixelmanagement

problemPankajaPatil et al Visual Cryptography For

Color Images Using ErrorDiffusion And Pixel

Synchronization2012

Error diffusion

VIP Synchronization

Javris and Floyds error diffusion

Low frequencydifference

Visual contrast

Anshul Sharma Performance Of Error Filters InHalftone

Visual Cryptography2012

Error diffusion filters

(PSNR&UQI)

Image quality ofhalftone shares

AnanthakumarKendra et al

An Improved (8, 8) ColourVisual Cryptography Scheme

UsingFloyd Error Diffusion

2012

Authentication

Security

VIPSynchroniztion

CRC AlgorithmColor VC

Error diffusion

Manimurugan.S etal

Visual Cryptography Based OnModified

RLE Compression withoutPixel Expansion

2012

RLE compression Pixel expansion

Decrypted imagequality

Security

Anushal Sharma et

al

Performance of Error Filters on

Shares in HalftoneVisual Cryptography via ErrorDiffusion

2012

All Error Diffusion Algorithm

Sierra,Stevenson-Arce error filters

Visual quality

Contrast


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InKoo Kang et al Color Extended VisualCryptography Using Error

Diffusion2011

Visual information pixel (VIP)synchronization

Error diffusion

Low visual qualityof shares

Tzung-Her Chen et

al

User Friendly Random Grid

Based Visual Secret Sharing2011

RGVSS(Random Grid Based Visual

Secret Sharing)

Pixel expansion

ShyongJianShyu etal

Optimum Pixel Expansion ForThreshold Visual Secret

Sharing Scheme2011

ILP(Integer Linear Programming) Pixel expansion

Velmurugan.N etal

Visual Pixel Expansion ofSecret Image

2011

VCSORVCSXOR

Pixel expansion

Small contrast N Krishna Prakash

et alVisual Cryptography Scheme

For Color Images

Using Half Toning Via DirectBinary Search With AdaptiveSearch And Swap

2011

Direct Binary Search(DBS) withadaptive search and swap method

Quality of halftoneimage

Computationalcompexity

MorampudiNareshkumar et al

A Novel Approach ForCheating Prevention

Through Visual CryptographicAnalysis

2011

Robust Cheating PreventionAlgorithm

Cheating problem

Shiny Malar. F R etal

Error Filtering Schemes forColor Images in Visual

Cryptography2011

Visual cryptic filtering Scheme

Fourier transform

Quality of image

Blurring effects

Pixel expansion

3.PROPOSED METHODOLOGYProposed methodology has been divided into three phases. It will support all image file formats including 2D,and 3Dimages.3.1 Halftone Image Creation

In this phase, the original color image is taken from the system that may be any file format (expect *.bmp,*.wbmp).Then the original image is halftoned using Floyd – Steinberg algorithm. In this algorithm takes less time to performhalftones. Then the halftone image is ready to generate shares. The halftone image pixels are not expanded and alsohighly contrasted.3.2 Share Generation

In this second phase, the halftone is generated into share images using K-N secret sharing algorithm. The n number oftransparency shares are generated and every share was saved. These shares are same size, pixel and different intransparency levels and also meaningful images.3.3 Reconstruction

In this third phase, the selected k number of shares are overlapped and reconstruct the halftone image. The finalreconstructed images is highly contrasted and free from pixel expansion problem.

4. FUTURE SCOPE:We had suggested a future development of VC scheme to,1.Apply VC for videos.

2. Using MSB algorithm in steganography for encoding and decoding in VC.4.1 CONCLUSION

In today’s world security of the image is very important. In this paper we have surveyed different problems andtechniques in the years (2011-2015). This survey table is very useful to understand problems and corresponding


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problem solving techniques and also identifies available techniques to solve a problem. In the 20 years of VC historythe extended and embedded VC techniques are hard to hack the hidden information. We conclude that all techniquesare good for data hiding and have their own advantages and disadvantages and give a security so that no one can accessthe image in open network.

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AUTHORS

M.Sivakumaris currently pursuing Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science&Engineering from SriRamakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore.His interests include Cryptography&Network Security,WebDevelopment.

A.Shilpais currently pursuing Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science&Engineering from SriRamakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore. Her interests include Cryptography&Network Security,DBMS.

J.R.Vijayalakshmiis currently pursuing Bachelor of Engineeringin Computer Science&Engineering fromSri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore. Her interests include Cryptography&NetworkSecurity,Artificial Intelligence.