a survey study in denmark and the netherlands which
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DTUDate Title
Which factors affect handheld phone use in traffic?
– A survey study in Denmark and the Netherlands
2
Rebecca Brandt, Mette Møller, Sonja Haustein and Marjan Hagenzieker
DTUDate Title
Laws and sanctions are widely
used means to regulate
behaviours in traffic
3
Behavioristic explanation
The law works as an inhibitor
by adding a (new) risk (a fine)
with a higher probability
- Åberg, 1998
Systemic explanation
The law alters culture and
indirectly affects behaviours by
changing the perceived safety risk
- Nadler, 2017
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The practical framework
Case: The ban on handheld phone use in The Netherlands
- mixed methods: interviews and surveys
- compare to Denmark, specifically with focus on culture
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Ban of Hhuse in NL
Interviews DK Interviews NL
Survey DK + NL
Interviews NL
Survey DK + NL
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov May
2018 2019 2020
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Country characteristics
Denmark The Netherlands
Population size5.806.081
(Q1, 2019)
17.101.084
(2018)
Area sq.km 42.933 42.508
Risk by exposure:
Deaths per billion
kilometres cycled
9
(2011-2015)
8
(2011-2015)
Trips by bicycle18 %
(2008)
26 %
(2008)
Statistics Denmark / Danmarks Statistik
Statistics Netherlands / Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek
OECD/IFT (2018) Roundtable 168 Summary and Conclusions
Buehler, R. & Pucher, J. (2012): Walking and Cycling in Western Europe and the United Stated, TR News 280 May – June
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Theoretical background
• Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991, 2006 and more)
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Method
Semi-structured, qualitative pre-survey
interviews
DK n =9 NL n =10
Web survey
Distributed by Epinion
Response collection: May 13 to June 11
2019
Inclusion criteria:
• Age 17<
• Phone ownership
• bike frequency>never
Language: Danish and Dutch
• Analysis performed in SPSS
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Sample description
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Denmark The Netherlands Test of difference
N (completed) 580 509
Age (SD) 46 (15.8) 45.7 (14.8) T-test: p = 0.734
Gender (F/M/O) % 55.1/44.9/0 52.7/47.3/0Fisher's Exact Test p =
0.427
Education level
(Low/high) %49/51 33.1/66.9
Fisher's Exact Test p =
0.000
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Handheld use within country
9
63,1 63,5
36,9 36,5
DK = 601 NL = 515No Yes
Fisher’s Exact test p = 0.755
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Most frequent bike type, within country
10
4,79,7
74,8
7,831,4
21,6
70,6
3,1 3,3
Racing bike (incl. Fixieand SS)
Two-wheeled e-bike orspeedpedelec
Regular two-wheeledbike
Mountain bike Other
DK = 600 NL = 514
Fishers Exact Test: p =<0.000
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Law beliefs by country
11
16,1
54,9
2,7
22,821,2
38,6
5,2
33,8
No law Hh ban Hf ban Hh + hf ban
DK = 580 NL = 509
Fishers Exact Test: p = <0.000
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Helmet use (for most freqent bike type)
12
34,3
8,6 10 9,5
37,7
82,7
5,3 6,93,3 1,8
Never Almost never Occasionally Often Very often
DK = 581 NL = 509
Pearson Chi-Square: p = <0.000
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Perceived risk of handheld phone use
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DK NL Mean difference (CI)
4.32 4.12 0.20 (0.98, 0.31) ***
HH legal HH banned Mean difference (CI)
4.17 4.24 -0.08 (-0.20, 0.05)
By law belief
By country
* p ≤ 0.05
** p ≤ 0.01
*** p ≤ 0.001
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Principal Component AnalysisComponent
Perceived Self
(responsible)
Social
Norms
Neg.
Perceived
Behavioural
Control
Behavioural
beliefsSafe cycling 0.73 -0.12 0.10 -0.07
Compliance with traffic laws 0.67 0.01 0.24 -0.25
Concern about others 0.58 0.05 0.27 -0.23
General norms -0.06 0.55 -0.19 0.30
Peers attitude -0.03 0.77 -0.16 0.13
Peers use -0.01 0.80 -0.08 0.21
Wobble (HH) -0.04 -0.07 0.17 -0.12
Skills 0.01 -0.12 0.70 -0.24
Attention 0.19 -0.07 0.70 -0.25
HF pleasant 0,10 0.13 0.18 0.43
No disturbance 0.24 0.22 -0.31 0.39
HH pleasant -0.16 0.12 -0.12 0.73
Perceived safety (HH) -0.12 0.18 -0.23 0.62
Cronbach’s Alpha 0.71 0.68 0.79 0.58
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Denmark: Handheld phone useDemographic variables only With psychological variables
B Exp(B) 95% C.I. B Exp(B) 95% C.I.Age -0.08 *** 0.93 (0.91, 0.94) -0.06 *** 0.95 (0.93, 0.96)Male (1) 0.34 1.41 (0.93, 2.14) -0.07 0.94 (0.58, 1.98)Cycling in minutes 0.38 *** 1.46 (1.19, 1.80) 0.45 *** 1.56 (1.24, 1.98)Number of
inhabitants in
municipality0.18 * 1.20 (1.04, 1.40) 0.24 ** 1.267 (1.07, 1.50)
Higher education
(1)0.22 1.25 (0.83, 1.88) 0.30 1.37 (0.84, 2.15)
Constant 0.94 2.55Perceived self:
responsible-0.08 0.93 (0.62, 1.38)
Social Norms 0.55 ** 1.73 (1.21, 2.47)Neg. PBC -0.63 *** 0.53 (0.39, 0.72)Behavioural beliefs 0.94 *** 2.56 (1.73, 3.79)Lawbelief HH
banned (1)-0.58 0.56 (0.31, 1.02)
Constant -0.67 0.51Nagelkerke R
Square0.36 0.53
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* p ≤ 0.05
** p ≤ 0.01
*** p ≤ 0.001
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The Netherlands: Handheld phone useDemographic variables only With psychological variables
B Exp(B) 95% C.I. B Exp(B) 95% C.I.Age -0.09 *** 0.91 (0.90, 0.93) -0.06 *** 0.94 (0.92, 0.96)Male (1) 0.94 *** 2.56 (1.62, 4.03) 0.71 ** 2.03 (1.22, 3.39)Cycling in minutes 0.17 1.18 (0.97, 1.43) 0.16 1.180 (0.93, 1.48)Number of
inhabitants in
municipality0.06 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) 0.08 1.09 (0.93, 1.28)
Higher education
(1)0.41 1.50 (0.92, 2.44) 0.52 1.68 (0.96, 2.92)
Constant 2.10 *** 8.14Perceived self:
responsible-0.52 * 0.60 (0.40, 0.90)
Social Norms 0.80 *** 2.22 (1.49, 3.30)Neg. PBC -0.77 *** 0.47 (0.34, 0.63)Behavioural beliefs 0.09 1.10 (0.73, 1.65)Lawbelief HH
banned (1)-0.50 0.61 (0.35, 1.06)
Constant 3.53 ** 34.00Nagelkerke R
Square0.38 0.54
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* p ≤ 0.05
** p ≤ 0.01
*** p ≤ 0.001
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Comparison across countriesDK NL
B Exp(B) 95% C.I. B Exp(B) 95% C.I.Age -0.06 *** 0.95 (0.93, 0.96) -0.06 *** 0.94 (0.92, 0.96)Male (1) -0.07 0.94 (0.58, 1.98) 071 ** 2.03 (1.22, 3.39)Cycling in
minutes0.45 *** 1.56 (1.24, 1.98) 0.16 1.18 (0.93, 1.48)
Number of
inhabitants in
municipality0.24 ** 1.27 (1.07, 1.50) 0.08 1.09 (0.93, 1.28)
Higher education
(1)0.30 1.35 (0.84, 2.15) 0.52 1.68 (0.96, 2.92)
Perceived self:
responsible-0.08 0.93 (0.62, 1.38) -0.52 * 0.60 (0.40, 0.90)
Social Norms 0.55 ** 1.73 (1.21, 2.47) 0.80 *** 2.22 (1.49, 3.30)Neg. PBC -0.63 *** 0.53 (0.39, 0.72) -0.77 *** 0.47 (0.34, 0.63)Behavioural
beliefs0.94 *** 2.57 (1.73, 3.79) 0.09 1.10 (0.73, 1.65)
Lawbelief HH
banned (1)-0.58 0.56 (0.31, 1.02) -0.50 0.61 (0.35, 1.06)
Constant -0.67 0.51 3.53 ** 34.00Nagelkerke R
Square0,53 0,54
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* p ≤ 0.05
** p ≤ 0.01
*** p ≤ 0.001
DTUDate Title 18
Rebecca Karstens Brandt
Phone: (+45) 45254444