A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL MICRO-GRAMMARA SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL MICRO-GRAMMAR

OF SPANISH CLITICSOF SPANISH CLITICS

Víctor M. CastelVíctor M. CastelConicet y UNCuyo, Mendoza, ArgentinaConicet y UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina

vcastel@lab.cricyt.edu.arvcastel@lab.cricyt.edu.ar

Sydney, Australia ISFC 2008 2

WORD ORDER PATTERNSWORD ORDER PATTERNS

(1)(1) III II I A/DIII II I A/D

(2)(2) III II I A/D + V [non-imperative finite fomr]III II I A/D + V [non-imperative finite fomr]

(3)(3) V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + III II I V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + III II I A/DA/D

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WELL-FORMED CLITIC SEQUENCESWELL-FORMED CLITIC SEQUENCES

Schema ‘Schema ‘III II I A/D’III II I A/D’

One clitic Two clitics Three clitics Four clitics

se se te te le(s) se te me se me lo/a(s) se te me le(s)

te se me te lo/a(s) se te nos se nos lo/a(s) se te nos le(s)

me se nos me le(s) se te le(s) te me le(s) se te me lo/a(s)

nos se le(s) nos le(s) se te lo/a(s) te nos le(s) se te nos lo/a(s)

lo/a(s) se lo/a(s) me lo/a(s) se me le(s) te nos lo/a(s)

le(s) te me nos lo/a(s) se nos le(s)

te nos te me lo/a(s)

Table 1: Word Order Patterns among Clitics

See sample of ill-formed clitic sequences (SLIDE 17).

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WORD ORDER PATTERN EXAMPLESWORD ORDER PATTERN EXAMPLES

Clauses satisfying (2) Clauses violating (2) Clauses satisfying (3) Clauses violating (3)

Me saludás. *Saludásme. Saludame. *Me saludá.

Lo saludás. *Saludáslo. Saludalo. *Lo saludá.

Me lo regalás. *Regalásmelo. Regalámelo. *Me lo regalá.

Te las quieren regalar. *Quieren te las regalar. Quieren regalártelas. *Quieren te las regalar.

Se estaban saludando. *Estaban se saludando. Estaban saludándose. *Estaban se saludando.

Table 2: Word Order Patterns between Clitics and their Governing Verbs

((2)2) III II I A/D + V [non-imperative finite III II I A/D + V [non-imperative finite fomr]fomr]

(3)(3) V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + V [imperative or infinitive or gerund] + III II I A/DIII II I A/D

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EXPRESSION OF PARTICIPANT ROLESEXPRESSION OF PARTICIPANT ROLES

Me lo regalo/ás/a. mei, Af-Ca lon, Af-Po regaloi/ásk/ak, Ag

Me le regalo/ás/a. mei, Af-Po lej, Af-Ca regaloi/ásk/ak, Ag

Me regalo/ás/a. mei, Af-Ca regaloi/ásk/ak, Ag

mei, Af-Po regaloi/ásk/ak, Ag

Te lo regalo/ás/a. tei, Af-Ca lon, Af-Po regalok/ási/ak, Ag

Te le regalo/ás/a. tei, Af-Po len, Af-Ca regalok/ási/ak, Ag

Te regalo/ás/a. tei, Af-Ca regalok/ási/ak, Ag

tei, Af-Po regalok/ási/ak, Ag

Se lo regalo/ás/a. Spurious se: sei, Af-Ca lon,

Af-Po regalo/ás/ak, Ag

Reflexive se: sei, Af-Ca lon,

Af-Po regalai, Ag

Impersonal se: sei, Ag lon,

Af-Po regalai, Ag

*Se le regalo/ás. // Se le regala. Reflexive se: sei, Af-Po len, Af-Ca regalai, Ag

Impersonal se: sei, Ag len, Af-Ca regalai, Ag

*Se regalo/ás. // Se regala.

Reflexive se: sei, Af-Po regalai, Ag

sei, Af-Ca regalai, Ag

Impersonal se: sei, Ag regalai, Ag

Table 3: Correlations between PRs, and Clitics and Verb Endings

Key: Af-Ca = Affected-Carrier;

Af-Po = Affected-Possessed;

Ag = Agent

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SYSTEM NETWORKSYSTEM NETWORK

Figure 1, (Slide 23)Figure 1, (Slide 23)

Figure 2, (Slide 24)Figure 2, (Slide 24)

Figure 3, (Slide 25)Figure 3, (Slide 25)

Figures 4-7. (Slide 26)Figures 4-7. (Slide 26)

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REALIZATION RULESREALIZATION RULES

Realization of outsiders and addressees:Realization of outsiders and addressees:Af-Po: Af-Po: Accusative cliticsAccusative clitics lolo, , lala, , los, las los, las (Slide 18)(Slide 18)Af-Ca: Af-Ca: Dative clitics Dative clitics le, les le, les

(Slide 19)(Slide 19)

Realization of performers:Realization of performers:Af-Po/Af-Ca: Af-Po/Af-Ca: First person clitics First person clitics me, nos me, nos

(Slide 20)(Slide 20)

Realization of addressees:Realization of addressees: Af-Po/Af-Ca: Af-Po/Af-Ca: Second person clitic Second person clitic te te (Slide 21)(Slide 21)

Realization of low deixis outsiders Realization of low deixis outsiders Third person clitic Third person clitic sese (Slide 22)(Slide 22)

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THE CLAUSE INITIAL STATETHE CLAUSE INITIAL STATE

(4)(4)

[[selection_expressionselection_expression]]

ClCl

11

……

120120

Key:

= Place-holder for text-sentence.= Place-holder for text-sentence.

Cl = ClauseCl = Clause

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POTENTIAL PLACES FOR CLITICSPOTENTIAL PLACES FOR CLITICS

(5)(5)ClCl

11……9595 Clt3Clt39696 Clt2Clt29797 Clt1Clt19898 CltA/CltDCltA/CltD9999 OO100100 MM101101 VndVnd102102 Clt3Clt3103103 Clt2Clt2104104 Clt1Clt1105105 CltA/CltDCltA/CltD……120120

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GENERATION OF GENERATION OF Lo saludás.Lo saludás.

[… giver, …][… giver, …]

ClCl

11

……

9797

CltA/AfCltA/Af

lolo

9999

MM

saludsalud

Vnd/AgVnd/Ag

ásás

102102

……

EE

..

Lo saludás. Lo saludás.

[…, giver, …][…, giver, …]

ClCl

CltA/AfCltA/Af

lolo

MM

saludsalud

Vnd/AgVnd/Ag

ásás

EE

..

Lo saludás. Lo saludás.

Key: CltA = Accusative clitic; Af = Affected; Ag = Agent; M = Main verb root; Vnd = Verb ending; E = Ender.

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GENERATION OF GENERATION OF Saludalo.Saludalo.

[…, proposal_for_action, […, proposal_for_action, …]…]

ClCl

11

……

9999

MM

saludsalud

Vnd/AgVnd/Ag

aa

102102

103103

104104

CltA/AfCltA/Af

lolo

106106

……

EE

..

Saludalo. Saludalo.

[…, proposal_for_action, […, proposal_for_action, …]…]

ClCl

MM

saludsalud

Vnd/AgVnd/Ag

aa

CltA/AfCltA/Af

lolo

EE

..

Saludalo. Saludalo.

Key: CltA = Accusative clitic; Af = Affected; Ag = Agent; M = Main verb root; Vnd = Verb ending; E = Ender.

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GENERATION OFGENERATION OFSe lo saluda.Se lo saluda. (Impersonal (Impersonal sese))

[ [ …, agent_and_affected, non_coref_rel_ag_af, agent_fcs, outsider_fcs, low_deixis_fcs, outsider_low_deixis, outsider_fcs_recoverable, …, singular_fcs, …, agent_stated, affected_stated, …, outsider_af_recoverable, …, singular_af, high_deixis_af, least_active, outsider_high_deixis_least, non_feminine_af ]

ClCl

Clt3/AgClt3/Ag

sese

CltA/Af-PoCltA/Af-Po

lolo

MM

saludsalud

Vnd/AgVnd/Ag

aa

EE

..

Se lo saluda. Se lo saluda.

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THE EXPONENCE OF THE EXPONENCE OF lo/a(s)lo/a(s)Realization rule 20.11Realization rule 20.11

L1L1 20.11 : outsider_high_deixis_least :20.11 : outsider_high_deixis_least :L2L2 [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then CltA @ 98, [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then CltA @ 98, L3L3 else CltA @ 105],else CltA @ 105],L4L4 [if high_deixis_af then Af by CltA],[if high_deixis_af then Af by CltA],L5L5 [if high_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by CltA],[if high_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by CltA],L6L6 [if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_af[if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_afL7L7 or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (non_feminine_af or or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (non_feminine_af or L8L8 non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "lo"],non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "lo"],L9L9 [if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_af[if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_afL10L10 or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (feminine_af or or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (feminine_af or L11L11 feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "la"],feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "la"],L12L12 [if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or [if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or L13L13 plural_addressee_af_po) and (non_feminine_af or plural_addressee_af_po) and (non_feminine_af or L14L14 non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA <

"los"],"los"],L15L15 [if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or [if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or L16L16 plural_addressee_af_po) and (feminine_af or plural_addressee_af_po) and (feminine_af or

feminine_af_po) feminine_af_po) L17L17 and least_active then CltA < "las"].and least_active then CltA < "las"].

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THE EXPONENCE OF THE EXPONENCE OF seseRealization rule 20Realization rule 20

L1L1 20 : outsider_low_deixis : 20 : outsider_low_deixis :

L2L2 [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then Clt3 @ [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then Clt3 @ 95, 95,

L3L3 else Clt3 @ 102],else Clt3 @ 102],

L4L4 [if low_deixis_fcs then Ag by Clt3],[if low_deixis_fcs then Ag by Clt3],

L5L5 [if low_deixis_af then Af by Clt3],[if low_deixis_af then Af by Clt3],

L6L6 [if low_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by Clt3],[if low_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by Clt3],

L7L7 [if low_deixis_af_ca then Af-Ca by Clt3],[if low_deixis_af_ca then Af-Ca by Clt3],

L8L8 Clt3 < "se".Clt3 < "se".

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The paper has presented the system network and The paper has presented the system network and realization rules of a generation oriented micro-realization rules of a generation oriented micro-grammar of RPS clitics. The specification is based on grammar of RPS clitics. The specification is based on Castel (2007)’s rule typology of the Cardiff Grammar Castel (2007)’s rule typology of the Cardiff Grammar framework (framework (Fawcett 2008, 2000; Fawcett Fawcett 2008, 2000; Fawcett et alet al 1993 1993). ). GSC is written within GeneSys, the development GSC is written within GeneSys, the development environment of the Cardiff Grammar Generator environment of the Cardiff Grammar Generator (Fawcett & Castel 2006). GSC accounts for core (Fawcett & Castel 2006). GSC accounts for core phenomena of RPS clitics in simple clauses: the word phenomena of RPS clitics in simple clauses: the word order patterns governing the occurrence oforder patterns governing the occurrence of clitics clitics with other clitics and with their governing verbs, and with other clitics and with their governing verbs, and the distribution of participant roles.the distribution of participant roles.

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REFERENCESREFERENCES

• Arús, Jorge (2006) “Perspectiva sistémico-funcional de los usos de Arús, Jorge (2006) “Perspectiva sistémico-funcional de los usos de sese en español”, en español”, SignosSignos 39 (61): 131-159. 39 (61): 131-159.

• Castel, Víctor M. (2007) “Rule Types in a Systemic Functional Grammar: An XML Castel, Víctor M. (2007) “Rule Types in a Systemic Functional Grammar: An XML Definition of the Cardiff Lexicogrammar Generator”. In Barbara, L. y T. Berber Definition of the Cardiff Lexicogrammar Generator”. In Barbara, L. y T. Berber Sardinha (ed.) Sardinha (ed.) Proceedings of the 33rd International Systemic Functional Proceedings of the 33rd International Systemic Functional CongressCongress. . San Pablo: PUCSP.San Pablo: PUCSP.

• Fawcett, Robin P. (2000) Fawcett, Robin P. (2000) A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional LinguisticsA Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics. . Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

• Fawcett, Robin P. (2008) Fawcett, Robin P. (2008) Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics. The Cardiff Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics. The Cardiff Grammar as an extension and simplification of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar as an extension and simplification of Halliday’s Systemic Functional GrammarGrammar. London: Equinox.. London: Equinox.

• Fawcett, Robin P., G.H. Tucker y Y.Q. Lin (1993) “How a systemic functional Fawcett, Robin P., G.H. Tucker y Y.Q. Lin (1993) “How a systemic functional grammar works: the role of realization in realization.” En Horacek, H. y M. Zock grammar works: the role of realization in realization.” En Horacek, H. y M. Zock (eds.) (eds.) New Concepts in Natural Language GenerationNew Concepts in Natural Language Generation.. London: Pinter.London: Pinter.

• Fawcett, Robin P. and V. M. Castel (2006) Fawcett, Robin P. and V. M. Castel (2006) Software for GeneSys: Prototype Software for GeneSys: Prototype Generator 3Generator 3. . Cardiff UK: Computational Linguistics Unit, Cardiff University.Cardiff UK: Computational Linguistics Unit, Cardiff University.

• García, Érica C. (1975) García, Érica C. (1975) The Role of Theory in Linguistic Analysis. The Spanish The Role of Theory in Linguistic Analysis. The Spanish Pronoun SystemPronoun System. Amsterdam/Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company.. Amsterdam/Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company.

• Perlmutter, David M. (1972) Perlmutter, David M. (1972) Deep and Surface Structure Constraints in SyntaxDeep and Surface Structure Constraints in Syntax. . New York: Holt and Co.New York: Holt and Co.

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SAMPLE OF ILL-FORMED CLITIC SEQUENCESSAMPLE OF ILL-FORMED CLITIC SEQUENCESViolation of schema ‘III II I A/D’Violation of schema ‘III II I A/D’

Two cliticsTwo clitics Three cliticsThree clitics Four cliticsFour clitics

*lo/a(s) me*lo/a(s) me

*lo/a(s) te*lo/a(s) te

*le(s) me*le(s) me

*me te*me te

*te se*te se

Etc. Etc.

*lo/a(s) te me*lo/a(s) te me

*lo/a(s) me te*lo/a(s) me te

*le(s) se te*le(s) se te

*lo/a(s) le(s) te*lo/a(s) le(s) te

Etc.Etc.

*te se me lo/a(s)*te se me lo/a(s)

*te me se le(s)*te me se le(s)

Etc. Etc.

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ACCUSATIVE CLITIC ACCUSATIVE CLITIC lo/a(s)lo/a(s): : REALIZATION OF REALIZATION OF OUTSIDERSOUTSIDERS OR OR ADDRESSEESADDRESSEES

L1L1 20.11 : outsider_high_deixis_least :20.11 : outsider_high_deixis_least :L2L2 [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then CltA @ 98, [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then CltA @ 98, L3L3 else CltA @ 105],else CltA @ 105],L4L4 [if high_deixis_af then Af by CltA],[if high_deixis_af then Af by CltA],L5L5 [if high_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by CltA],[if high_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by CltA],L6L6 [if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_af[if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_afL7L7 or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (non_feminine_af or or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (non_feminine_af or L8L8 non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "lo"],non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "lo"],L9L9 [if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_af[if (singular_af or singular_af_po or (formal and (singular_addressee_afL10L10 or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (feminine_af or or singular_addressee_af_po))) and (feminine_af or L11L11 feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "la"],feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < "la"],L12L12 [if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or [if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or L13L13 plural_addressee_af_po) and (non_feminine_af or plural_addressee_af_po) and (non_feminine_af or L14L14 non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA < non_feminine_af_po) and least_active then CltA <

"los"],"los"],L15L15 [if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or [if (plural_af or plural_af_po or plural_addressee_af or L16L16 plural_addressee_af_po) and (feminine_af or plural_addressee_af_po) and (feminine_af or

feminine_af_po) feminine_af_po) L17L17 and least_active then CltA < "las"].and least_active then CltA < "las"].

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THE DATIVE CLITIC THE DATIVE CLITIC le(s)le(s)::REALIZATION OF REALIZATION OF OUTSIDERSOUTSIDERS OR OR ADDRESSEESADDRESSEES

L1L1 20.12 : outsider_high_deixis_less :20.12 : outsider_high_deixis_less :

L2L2 [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then CltD @ 98, [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then CltD @ 98,

L3L3 else CltD @ 105],else CltD @ 105],

L4L4 [if high_deixis_af_ca then Af-Ca by CltD],[if high_deixis_af_ca then Af-Ca by CltD],

L5L5 [if (singular_af_ca or (formal and singular_addressee_af_ca)) and [if (singular_af_ca or (formal and singular_addressee_af_ca)) and

L6L6 less_active and not outsider_af_po_recoverable then CltD < less_active and not outsider_af_po_recoverable then CltD < "le"],"le"],

L7L7 [if (plural_af_ca or plural_addressee_af_ca) and less_active and not [if (plural_af_ca or plural_addressee_af_ca) and less_active and not

L8L8 outsider_af_po_recoverable then CltD < "les"].outsider_af_po_recoverable then CltD < "les"].

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THE CLITICS THE CLITICS meme AND AND nosnosREALIZATION OF THE REALIZATION OF THE PERFORMERPERFORMER

L1L1 20.2 : referent_includes_performer : 20.2 : referent_includes_performer : L2L2 [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then Clt1 @ 97, [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then Clt1 @ 97, L3L3 else Clt1 @ 104],else Clt1 @ 104],L4L4 [if referent_includes_performer_af or (coref_rel_ag_af and [if referent_includes_performer_af or (coref_rel_ag_af and L5L5 referent_includes_performer_crt) then Af by Clt1],referent_includes_performer_crt) then Af by Clt1],L6L6 [if referent_includes_performer_af_po or [if referent_includes_performer_af_po or L7L7 (agent_and_affected_possessed_coref and (agent_and_affected_possessed_coref and L8L8 referent_includes_performer_crt) then Af-Po by Clt1],referent_includes_performer_crt) then Af-Po by Clt1],L9L9 [if referent_includes_performer_af_ca or [if referent_includes_performer_af_ca or L10L10 (agent_and_affected_carrier_coref and referent_includes_performer_crt) (agent_and_affected_carrier_coref and referent_includes_performer_crt) L11L11 then Af-Ca by Clt1],then Af-Ca by Clt1],L12L12 [if singular_performer_af or singular_performer_af_po or [if singular_performer_af or singular_performer_af_po or L13L13 singular_performer_af_ca or (coref_rel_ag_af and singular_performer_af_ca or (coref_rel_ag_af and L14L14 singular_performer_crt) or singular_performer_crt) or

(agent_and_affected_possessed_coref (agent_and_affected_possessed_coref L15L15 and singular_performer_crt) or and singular_performer_crt) or

(agent_and_affected_carrier_coref (agent_and_affected_carrier_coref L16L16 and singular_performer_crt) then Clt1 < "me"],and singular_performer_crt) then Clt1 < "me"],L17L17 [if plural_performer_af or plural_performer_af_po or [if plural_performer_af or plural_performer_af_po or L18L18 plural_performer_af_ca or (coref_rel_ag_af and plural_performer_af_ca or (coref_rel_ag_af and L19L19 plural_performer_crt) or (agent_and_affected_possessed_coref plural_performer_crt) or (agent_and_affected_possessed_coref L20L20 and plural_performer_crt) or (agent_and_affected_carrier_coref and plural_performer_crt) or (agent_and_affected_carrier_coref L21L21 and plural_performer_crt) then Clt1 < "nos"].and plural_performer_crt) then Clt1 < "nos"].

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THE CLITIC THE CLITIC teteREALIZATION OF THE REALIZATION OF THE ADDRESSEEADDRESSEE

L1L1 20.3 : singular_addressee :20.3 : singular_addressee :L2L2 [if casual then [if casual then L3L3 [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then Clt2 [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then Clt2

@ 96, @ 96, L4L4 else Clt2 @ 103],else Clt2 @ 103],L5L5 [if singular_addressee_af or (coref_rel_ag_af and [if singular_addressee_af or (coref_rel_ag_af and L6L6 singular_addressee_crt) then Af by Clt2],singular_addressee_crt) then Af by Clt2],L7L7 [if singular_addressee_af_po or [if singular_addressee_af_po or L8L8 (agent_and_affected_possessed_coref and (agent_and_affected_possessed_coref and L9L9 singular_addressee_crt) then Af-Po by Clt2],singular_addressee_crt) then Af-Po by Clt2],L10L10 [if singular_addressee_af_ca or [if singular_addressee_af_ca or L11L11 (agent_and_affected_carrier_coref and (agent_and_affected_carrier_coref and L12L12 singular_addressee_crt) then Af-Ca by Clt2], singular_addressee_crt) then Af-Ca by Clt2], L13L13 Clt2 < "te"].Clt2 < "te"].

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IMPERSONAL, REFLEXIVE AND SPURIOUS IMPERSONAL, REFLEXIVE AND SPURIOUS sese

L1L1 20 : outsider_low_deixis : 20 : outsider_low_deixis :

L2L2 [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then Clt3 @ [if not (proposal_for_action or infinitive or gerund) then Clt3 @ 95, 95,

L3L3 else Clt3 @ 102],else Clt3 @ 102],

L4L4 [if low_deixis_crt then Ag by Clt3],[if low_deixis_crt then Ag by Clt3],

L5L5 [if low_deixis_af then Af by Clt3],[if low_deixis_af then Af by Clt3],

L6L6 [if low_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by Clt3],[if low_deixis_af_po then Af-Po by Clt3],

L7L7 [if low_deixis_af_ca then Af-Ca by Clt3],[if low_deixis_af_ca then Af-Ca by Clt3],

L8L8 Clt3 < "se".Clt3 < "se".

overtaffected_c

oughtaffected_s

tatedaffected_s

rtagent_cove

htagent_soug

edagent_stat

csaffected_f

plural_fcs

cssingular_f

(12) edcs_specifioutsider_f

ablecs_recoveroutsider_f

(sp24) s_fcshigh_deixi

(sp23) _fcslow_deixis

(sp31) csoutsider_f

ressee_fcsplural_add

csddressee_fsingular_a sdressee_fcncludes_adreferent_i

former_fcsplural_per

cserformer_fsingular_p srformer_fcncludes_pereferent_i

t_fcsinteractan

agent_fcs

rel_ag_afnon_coref_

(sp5) ag_afcoref_rel_

affectedagent_and_

AF_TYPE

AG_TYPE

...

NUMBER_FCS

CS_TYPEOUTSIDER_F

DEIXIS_FCSPERSON_FCSFOCUS_TYPE

_AFREF_REL_AG

2 Fig.To

7 Fig.To

2 Fig.To

Figure 1

icnon_emphat

(12) emphatic

ASISFOCUS_EMPHablecs_recoveroutsider_f

t_fcsinteractan

Figure 2

Figure 2

df_specifieoutsider_a

ne_afnon_femini

ffeminine_a

plural_af

fsingular_a

itcurrent_unable_from_af_recover-outsider

itrevious_unble_from_pf_recoveraoutsider_a

blef_recoveraoutsider_a foutsider_a

ressee_afplural_add

fddressee_asingular_a dressee_afncludes_adreferent_i

former_afplural_per

ferformer_asingular_p rformer_afncludes_pereferent_i

t_afinteractan

tatedaffected_s

agent_fcs

rel_ag_afnon_coref_

GENDER_AF

NUMBER_AF

ITERECOVERY_S

F_TYPEOUTSIDER_A

NUMBER_ADD

NUMBER_PFR

T_AF_TYPEINTERACTAN

PERSON_AF

4 Fig.To

4 Fig.To

Figure 3

5 Fig.To

7 Fig.To

s_afhigh_deixi

_aflow_deixis

ressee_fcsplural_add

ag_afcoref_rel_

csddressee_fsingular_a

formal

ag_afcoref_rel_

fddressee_asingular_a

formal

ressee_afplural_add

csoutsider_f

ag_afcoref_rel_

blef_recoveraoutsider_a

DEIXIS_AF

(20.11)_least igh_deixisoutsider_h

1s_other_prhigh_deixi

s_af_pohigh_deixi

s_afhigh_deixi

TES_LEAST_GAHIGH_DEIXI

(20.12) _lessigh_deixisoutsider_h 2s_other_prhigh_deixi

s_af_cahigh_deixiES_LESS_GATHIGH_DEIXI

(20) ow_deixisoutsider_l

_af_calow_deixis

_af_polow_deixis

_aflow_deixis

_fcslow_deixis

_GATELOW_DEIXIS

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

(20.11)_least igh_deixisoutsider_h

1s_other_prhigh_deixi

s_af_pohigh_deixi

s_afhigh_deixi

TES_LEAST_GAHIGH_DEIXI

Figure 5

(20) ow_deixisoutsider_l

_af_calow_deixis

_af_polow_deixis

_aflow_deixis

_fcslow_deixis

_GATELOW_DEIXIS

Figure 7