a tale of two forest typescaforestpestcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/ben-ramage.pdf ·...

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Benjamin Ramage 1 , Alison Forrestel 1,2 , Max Moritz 1 , and Kevin O’Hara 1 A tale of two forest types 1 Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management – UC Berkeley 2 Point Reyes National Seashore

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Page 1: A tale of two forest typescaforestpestcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Ben-Ramage.pdf · Notholithocarpus densiflorus. s. yn. Lithocarpus densiflorus) 5. 6. Potential for. Trophic

Benjamin Ramage 1, Alison Forrestel 1,2,Max Moritz 1, and Kevin O’Hara 1

A tale of two forest types

1 Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management – UC Berkeley2 Point Reyes National Seashore

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Presentation time is 20 minutes (15 minutes + 5 minutes for questions)
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• Exotic pathogen of unknown origin (Phytophthora

ramorum)

• Discovered in mid ’90s in Santa Cruz and Marin Counties• “Sudden Oak Death”

= lethal trunk infection

– impacts several tree species native to California(e.g. some oaks, tanoak, madrone)

“Ramorum

Blight”= sub‐lethal foliar infection

– affects a huge number of species– pathogen is likely to persist indefinitely

The Basics of Sudden Oak Death

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• Distribution is very patchy in CA coast ranges• Regional and local spread expected to continue

The Basics of Sudden Oak Death

(Meentemeyer

et al. 2004)(OakMapper

web application; 2006)

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Tanoak

• Ecological Significance– Prolific acorn production– Extremely shade tolerant– Very competitive in conifer forests

• Susceptibility– Genetic– Age/size classes– Environmental

tanoak could be heading towards (functional) extinction

in CA’s

coastal conifer forests

(Notholithocarpus

densiflorussyn. Lithocarpus

densiflorus)

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Potential forTrophic

Cascades

Presenter
Presentation Notes
When you have mortality of this magnitude, there is obviously the potential for a wide range of impacts... An example of one of the more concerning…
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OBJECTIVES

1.

Document and describe SOD 

disease progression in the 

redwood and Douglas‐fir forests 

of Point Reyes National Seashore

2.

Determine which factors affect 

tanoak survival probabilities

3.  Simulate tanoak mortality through 2025  (using three separate models)

4.  Compare baseline conditions in redwood and Douglas‐fir forests

5.  Integrate these findings to discuss differences in the likely overall impact 

of SOD in these two forest types

Presenter
Presentation Notes
OK… that’s it for the overview… now I’ll move on to my specific study…
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STUDY AREA

Plots: ‐

1/20 hectare circular (12.62 m radius), all in second‐growth redwood or Douglas‐fir forest

Figure 1. Plot Locations

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note progression from Bolinas Ridge to Inverness Ridge
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STUDY DESIGN

GIS used to:‐

stratify plots by forest type

In‐field protocol used to:

stratify plots by disease condition:‐

“Healthy”

(SOD symptoms scarce or non‐existent)       ‐

“Diseased”

(severely impacted)(using a variant of a randomized split‐plot design, which was made possibleby the highly patchy local distribution of the disease)

standardize tanoak basal area (to facilitate direct comparisons across forest types and disease conditions)

D

H

RP

Presenter
Presentation Notes
To answer our study questions, we used an in-field protocol to stratify plots by disease status… very time consuming, so I probably wouldn’t do it again, but it was successful in terms of plot standardization/stratification - Installed plots in pairs with one H and one D
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DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS

FIELD MEASUREMENTS:   (in 2007 and 2009)

DATA ANALYSIS

(for observational component):

* Recently fallen tanoaks 

were also recorded

Location, DBH, and health status for all standing* trees >

3 cm DBH‐

Cover classes of all vascular plant species (visual estimates)‐

Tree regeneration tallies‐

Fuel loading (with Brown’s transects) 

Generalized Linear Mixed Models‐ each plot pair (Healthy and Diseased) was treated as a random effect‐ error distribution varied with response variable‐model predictors were dependent upon the analysis 

(e.g. baseline comparison of forest types, effects of SOD) 

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RESULTS:  Disease Progression

RW:  3.2%    DF:  10.1%

RW:  8.2%    DF:  26.2%

RW:  7.1%    DF:  73.6%

RW:  4.8%    DF:  22.3%

Presenter
Presentation Notes
fully explain all symbology/layout (stems/BA, H/D, 07-09); and… RW and DF = forest type (all mortality is for tanoak) Red text = compounded annual mortality rates (across the two years from 2007 to 2009, calculated across all plots within each sampling stratum) BE ABSOLUTELY CLEAR – ALL MORTALITY IS FOR TANOAK
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RESULTS:  Disease Progression

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Main point here is that prop. of L. symp. is consistent higher DF rates will continue
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RESULTS:  Disease Progression

Presenter
Presentation Notes
This provides data to backup the observations that SOD got established in redwood forests first slower DF rate also occurring prior to 2007
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2007 2009

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2007

2009

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Typical of DF – dead trees still standing
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Presenter
Presentation Notes
Typical of RW – many dead trees fallen
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We tested  (individually and in interactions with forest type):‐ total stems, total BA, tanoak stems, tanoak BA‐mean tanoak DBH, mean DBH of all tree species ‐ California bay stems, California bay BA, richness of mature tree species ‐ slope, elevation, northness(variables that could have conceivably influenced disease development, but that were very unlikely 

to have been affected by

SOD‐induced mortality) 

What factors are increasing disease severity?

1. Which variables are associated with mortality patches?  (i.e. H vs. D in 2007)2. Which variables are associated with higher observed mortality rates from 2007 to 2009?

RESULTS:  All non‐significant

No pre‐existing plot‐level variables were related to disease severity 

However…

DBH, forest type, and 2007 plot‐level tanoak mortality were all significant predictors of mortality between 2007 and 2009   

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to project mortality forward, we need to ask… DBH and forest type make sense given DP figures, but tanoak mortality… (steady non-compounded rate, increasing compounded rate)
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Three different models,  each of which represents a different hypothesis about disease progression

slope p-valueSimple ModelIntercept 1.1326 0.0023Redwood Forest Type 1.0258 0.0574DBH (cm) -0.0626 <.0001DBH^2 0.0006 0.0343Redwood*DBH 0.0431 0.0127

slope p-valueTotal Dead Model

Intercept 0.3019 0.3414Redwood Forest Type 1.3132 0.0025DBH (cm) -0.0623 <.0001DBH^2 0.0007 0.0226Total Dead BA in 07 (m^2) -2.1384 0.0009Total Dead BA in 207^2 1.3826 0.0227Redwood*DBH 0.0434 0.0087

slope p-valueRecent Dead ModelIntercept 0.6544 0.0782Redwood Forest Type 1.2061 0.0183DBH (cm) -0.0674 <.0001DBH^2 0.0008 0.0108Recent Dead BA in 07 (m^2) -4.0060 0.0071Recent Dead BA in 07^2 7.2019 0.0285Redwood*DBH 0.0538 0.0039Recent Dead BA in 07*DBH -0.0827 0.0374

Presenter
Presentation Notes
EXPLAIN EACH HYPOTHESIS… “total dead” = total TANOAK dead I don’t have the time to explain how “recent dead” was calculated… line thickness indicates plot-level dead tanoak basal area (total or recent) – 10th, median, 90th percentile, DBH: x-axis constrained at 90th percentile.
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Simulation Methods

Survival probabilities (fitted from 2007 to 2009) were used to project  mortality forward in two‐year intervals to 2025

Three separate simulations  

one for each model / hypothesis

One static simulation (simple model); two dynamic simulations (total dead and recent dead models)

500 runs for each simulation 

Some details…

Effects of dead tanoak basal area (total or recent) were constrained to the 90th

percentile of our original (2007) 

data (because our models suggested that saturation occurs at approximately this point)

Random site effects (plot and block) were ignored when predicting future survival probabilities (although we 

accounted for the non‐independence of each tree when fitting models); as such, we assume that any 

differences in tree‐level survival probability between individual plots and blocks are transitory and do not 

reflect permanent characteristics

And an important note:

our projections assume that mortality rates between 2007 

and 2009 were representative of longer‐term trends

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These are somewhat preliminary projections… I’m sure I’d have a hell of a time trying to publish this (mostly because I only have two years of data); however, to this audience, I’d like to suggest that 2007 to 2009 was fairly characteristic… - the spring seasons of 2005 and 2006 were especially wet, and anecdotal reports indicate that a pulse of mortality occurred from 2006-2008 (also, relatively constant proportion symptomatic suggest continuation of observed trends)
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35%

20%

40%

0%

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Thick bars (07-09) are the only observed data Dots = median, bars = 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles
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20%

0%

20%

0%

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These are somewhat preliminary projections… I’m sure I’d have a hell of a time trying to publish this (mostly because I only have two years of data)
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35%

20%

40%

0%

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These are somewhat preliminary projections… I’m sure I’d have a hell of a time trying to publish this (mostly because I only have two years of data)
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20%

0%

20%

0%

5%

0%

5%

0%

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Little difference in D plots… all models predict close to zero for DF plots, 5-15% for RW plots
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Baseline differences 

between redwood and 

Douglas‐fir forests

(comparison of healthy plotsin 2007)

RESULTSRW DF

Basal AreaTotal, Tanoak, Conifer (RW or DF)

Non-tanoak hardwood +California bay +

Stem CountsTotal, TanoakConifer ++Non-tanoak hardwood +California bay +

Regen (Individuals / Clumps)Total, TanoakConifer ++Non-tanoak hardwood ++California bay ++

Fuels1-hr, 10-hr, 1000-hr, litterDuff +Litter and Duff +Total +

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Represent pre-SOD comparisons; Again… grey text shows non-sig relationships Major point of this slide is the greater FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY in DF forests (also explain the importance of CA bay for SOD)
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Baseline differences 

between redwood and 

Douglas‐fir forests

…continued

RESULTSRW DF

Cover ClassesShrub, Juv. Tree, ExoticHerb ++Canopy ++

RichnessHerb, Tree (Juv./Mature), ExoticShrub ++Total ( + )

EvennessTree (Juv./Mature), Exotic, TotalHerb +Shrub ( + )

DiversityHerb, Shrub, Juv. Tree, ExoticMature Tree +Total +

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Overall message of these two slides is greater diversity of DF forests (diversity = simpson’s diversity index)
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• Mortality rate is much higher in Douglas‐fir forests…for reasons that are not entirely clear:

Summary

1.  greater stand level abundance of CA bay?2.  more conducive climatic conditions?3.  greater abundance of other hosts?4.  more susceptible tanoak genotypes?

• Long‐term effects may be greater in redwood forests…because: 

But…

1.  pre‐SOD tanoak abundances were much higher in RW forest2.  there is less functional redundancy in RW forest

IMPORTANT NOTE:  these results do not necessarily apply to RW and DF forests outside of PRNS,

But they do demonstrate that SOD‐induced tanoak mortality can occur very rapidly in some areas

Presenter
Presentation Notes
RW rates similar to other published studies, But DF forests at PRNS are a bit odd (different parent material, DF forest often inland of RW)
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Point Reyes National Seashore   (fieldwork funding and site access)

Baker‐Bidwell Research Fellowship  (funding of data analysis)

Acknowledgements

Dave Rizzo and his 

students/staff  [UC Davis](for testing symptomatic 

samples and providing 

general guidance)

And our many excellent 

field volunteers

For more information,email me at:

[email protected]