a tentative syntax of modern indo-european
TRANSCRIPT
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Fernando López-Menchero Díez
Ópitj ī eurōpā ́iosjo k ṓnātijā kómtagtis
A tentative syntax of Modern Indoeuropean
Version 1. March 2013
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ÉnduktisSindhueuropā jās átidemtis dn ̥ghwās məgnós áiwesi bhébhowe wighowos. Káputlom wenghosghi egēsmn ̥ dhn ̥ghewós skribht ī ́ tristimónjosjo wéseti, ítətom telom stúdjosjo dhugtr ̥dn ̥ghwãmwr ̥dhomeni keitoi. Bheustjos paukom ad wr ̥tnóm esti nū ad kómtagtijoi wóqqejmenos wilowoi.Polā ́ sā swḗristā aw esti werijosei dn ̥ghuwidjōi ə ptéwijōi.
Tosjo enskroibh ī meinom nē new ī sindhueuropā josjo kómtagtjos pl ̥nowr ̥gnā ́aposkroibhodeiktim esti, ghina spekjẽm plḗ jestā n ̥gnōtā ́ dāite ī ́ nū t́enāi wéseti. Ati káiwonimdémomos áitijom aw móghnijom protimonom bhocóis cójistois kowésmn ̥bhos sm ̥ bhodhóm.Protimonos so oqosk ī r ḗd kr ī tós órtujēd esti, qos penqe sm ̥ ghesla átnōm pr āi bhāstor.
Bhod ólterom sesgesmn ̥ sindhueuropā jāi ambhi kómtagte ī ghoretum chélomos, jota k ṓnāiwosenskroibhos so bhrougis sjēti newōm jékmonom ordhésmenei awti eti práiloghom protignōnom déikmenei, enpronkt ī newa dhébhjosawe ékslegmona atidemtipropodōi n ̥ser ṓi.Prówelutijom jekmn ̥stānom dektéwijom esti sólwotos bhātrodeqste ī ́ .
Pelúwijes pr ̥ksk ās wḗropropēd dew n ̥ lūtās, mənḗsonti, déikmn ̥ tos kem ptōtis pér əmāms regonts
sjūtra. Esti weteljā jãm dn ̥ghwãm pér əmom próitijom, jóqodhei ántitjom sedleinom preismēdsémlibhos génesjom bhr ū ǵjetoi démtibhos; komsqr ̥teinom awti stā ńejom awti génesjom;ghōdheinom, loudhweinom senoprekonjokloweinomqe dətēiwom. Nū per dúsqoristomkómmoinim rektum tosmei ádklētm ̥ , ud edqom an bhūt.
Jotna bholetum wél ī mes toqe peluwom loisṓm, qoi kóbotos peros ékosmi stéighmeneiménmenjoi onənḗr. Tōdem bhúrtjolom epidhídhēntes, epi gígantom skándomos omsons.
Introduction
The reconstruction of Indoeuropean language has always been a big challenge. The maindifficulty is the lack of direct written testimony, so that the base for study lies mainly on the
vocabulary of its daughther languages. Little attention has been paid until now to its syntacticgrammar analysis. This approach is however very important to attain a wider knowledge of thelanguage.
The aim of this document is not to present a fully fledged description of the new Indoeuropeansyntax, since most of its aspects remain unknown at the present time. We just reconstruct a partial but possible pattern squaring with the current understanding of Late Indoeuropean inaccordance with prevailing theories. This pattern is obviously different from the original onewhich was spoken some five millennia ago.
We definitely wish to encourage further research on indoeuropean syntax, so that thistemptative document may be useful to raise further issues or even counter the availableinformation, bringing in new or more solid items into our reconstruction process. An evolutivestate of the issue has to be accepted in the presentation of the model as whole.
Many questions will probably long remain unsolved, as for instance the case governing theabsolute clauses. Italic languages have an absolute ablative, whereas Ancient Greek usesmainly the genitive for similar constructions; Sanskrit either the locative or the genitive;Gothic, Lithuanian and Old Church Slavonic the dative. It is for the moment very difficult todetermine a common denominator for this, if it ever existed.
We would also like to highlight the efforts of many scholars who have successfully contributedto step further in this monumental domain. By just laying a little brick, we ride on giants’shoulders.
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Udbholowédheta Pronunciation guide
c /gu ̯/ch /gu ̯h/dh /dh/bh /bh/gh /gh/ j, w /i ̯/, /u ̯ / djo, tjo, kje, bhje /di ̯o/, /ti ̯o/, /ki ̯e/, /bhi ̯e/dwo, two, kwe, bhwe /du ̯o/, /tu ̯o/, /ku ̯e/, /bhu ̯ e/qa, qe, qi, qo, qu /k u ̯a/, /k u ̯e/, /k u ̯ i/, /k u ̯o/, /k wu/gt, ght, kt /kt/bt, bht, pt /pt/ss /ss/ /s/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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7.-Wər ēmn ̥
Énonmōs Pr āwos Dwóteros
TritjosWoqes
Qíqerjā Medhjā P ətjomnī Éksonmis
Ambhítowā spekjēs wr t̥jōmmodesomqe
Wr t̥ja
Enst ānt N
̥roki
Kómsqr ̥tom
Bhewsont
Módesa
Déiktijom
PróknejomUpotágtijomÓptijom Éntagtijom
Bhr ūgtjes/ wəlēntjom Bhéutijā St āiwā Kéntijā Propódejā Éntonwā
Ménghijā Wéistijā Wn
̥ sk āiwā
The verb 69
Persons FirstSecond
Third Voices
Active Middle Passive Impersonal
General outlook of tenses and moods
Tenses
Present Aorist Perfect Future
Moods
Indicative PrecativeSubjunctiveOptative Imperative
Usages/ valency NaturalStative/ essive Inceptive/ fientive Progressive Intensive
FrequentativeCausative Desiderative
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B.-Bhānis
1.-Bhānipr ̥ ptus
Sm ̥ plobhānisApṓgnujā bhānisPr ̥ktijā bhānisSkrígtijā bhānisÉnbhətijā bhānis N d̥higsnimobhr ūgtjesAtik ō pjobhr ūgtjesQr t̥r ̥nōmn ̥ /Pətjomnonōmn ̥ Per əmá kómtagmonaSm ̥ bhondhos
2.-Bhānism ̥ bhendhmn ̥
Komjougos
Wedhmosjūtra DelmosjūtraWinomosjūtra Enbhorosjūtra Praiqinasjūtra Protiwr
̥tnosjūtra
Ekswōqosjūtra
Upojougos
Kómpl ē sjūtra Anábhōrsjūtra Ambhist ānosjūtra
SoikowōdosSānowōdosMēlowōdos
Antimēlowōdos Səmitiwōdos
PosmēlowōdosUpódhētiwōdosSəmostātíwōdosWéismn ̥wōdosSqérmn ̥wōdosProtistoupowōdosKoituwōdos
3.-Ambhítowos wistolos módesom,wr ̥tjōm esomqe kómseqmenos
4.-Kómseqtis módesom
References
The sentence
Form of the sentence 106
The simple sentence
The negative sentenceThe interrogative sentenceThe exclamative sentenceThe emphatic sentenceUses of the infinitiveUses of the participlesAgent/ patient nounThe absolute clausesAgreement
Sentence combination 136
Coordination
Copulative clauses Disyuntive clauses Distributive clauses Illative clausesCausal clauses Adversative clauses Explicative clauses
Subordination
Completive clauses Relative clausesCircumstancial clauses
The expression of finalityThe expression of placeThe expression of temporality
The expression of anteriority The expression of simultaneity
The expression of posteriorityThe expression of conditionThe expression of comparisonThe expression of causeThe expression of effect/ consecutionThe expression of concessionThe expression of manner
General pattern of moods, tenses and theirsequence 227
Sequence of moods 231
Ənábhorās 232
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A.-Bhāniqestjes
1.-Sentmn ̥ ptōtjesqe
Kluw ē iwā
Qis, qid?Upológhejā
Marijā sénchetiPetros bhúdhmeni swépeti Nū smeustromcrújeti
Anadókejā
Swesōr menemāmjā estiDomosməgnā Dəlkú todWestā ghortei bhewtiKluwē jō Markos
Práidoikwā
Smaurós kéideti dānusKsērā ́ āmrei bhebhowe westisR ōdos molét kwōnGer ōn cəlēnós propātKomnopraiseds nōmnā jetoGlēkis sā klújetor / k ərjetórGlēkis sā kn ̥sḗ jeti / kn ̥séjetor
Maqā kom wr ̥stā ́ esti cenā
Maqā cenā genét
Parts of the sentence
The substantive and the cases
Nominative
Who, what?Subject
Mary is singingPeter sleeps on the floorThe computer is loading now
Attribute
My sister isnurse The house isbig This issweet The party isin the garden My name isMarkos
Predicative
The river goes downturbid The clothes appeareddry in the morningThe dog appeared joyful The old man looktired He was appointedchairman of the board She is reputed (to be) intelligent She is considered (to be)intelligent
The girl becamea woman
The girl becamea woman
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K əl ē iwā
Anag ā ́rujā
Susanna, cəmje kom-ke
O, qoleu, snētr ī prija…
Gheuse,Kaison, mərísomnōs twoikoiluwérjonti
Qotewólneswn ̥t (=wólneswents)
bhúgjesi?
Skrígtijā
N w̥idlé!
W ī ré paukreddhēs (=pau kreddhēntw ī ré)
Vocative
Appellative
Susana, come here
Ohdistaff , friend of them who spin…
Hail,Cesar, those who are going to diesalute you
Whither are you fleeing,full of wounds?(pro nominative)
Exclamative
You, ignorant!
You, man of little faith (=little trusting man)
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Lokt ē iwā Qim, qid?
Dhn ̥ ghuqermenjā
Nāwn ̥s dr k̥ ō Ekwoméikesi
Práidoikwā
Tewom adwésontm ̥ modneichelō
Komnopráisedm ̥ em nōmnā jónt
Ins “n ̥káputins” werjont/nōmnā jont
Dhwolnom te kn ̥sejō
Glēkim tewom qeisō
Regm ̥ tewom dhēsō/ wortesō
Wítn ̥ stijā
Apokm ̥tom stāwāt léiteses metr ōm
awonjom
Dhochōu stighomes
Upológhosoikejā
R ōmām eiti
Lugtētjām n k̥nunti
Nebhos skandét
Dóljakómoqesardijā Platnām qelóntambhí
AccusativeWhom, what?
Of direct object
I seesome ships You’ve gota horse
Predicative
I want you presentat the meeting
They appointed himchairman of the board
They name(d) them “the headless”
I think you area fool
I consider you (to be)intelligent
I’ll make youa king
Of extension
The hotel was separatedone hundred meters from the beach
We walkedduring two days
Of destination of the subject
He goesto Rome
They arrive to Paris
It went upto the sky
Of point of view relating a particleThey circulatedaround the square
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Génesj ā Qejos/ qesjo?
Swéljonejā: genesbhenstijā
Gorlos,Marijās sūnús, twe koilújetiDúghterm ̥lubhē jō dā ́mosjo-two
Pot ē iwā
Pətros domus
Deiwōm weqtjes
Órenom némētom (=orn ̥némētom)
CowsMartéinosjo esti
Augt ōros
Swónatās Mózartjos
Aitis sólwosjo
Domõsdhworis pətḗ jeti
Apo louksām werjom nē moghō peqónjosjo
Swégonis qáljot ā
Stebhanjā, uruwijós widjās cenā
Ortus
Dhūlās pērom (dhūlapērom)
Áitijā
K ūmósálchosjo Méiwijestā dhghómenom Pauwídjosjo / sn
̥stewos
Magjṓs (mā ́səmos)bhrātrom Tritjos r ēgomQismaqōm Edqidpr ī ́smosjo ménenos Aw: Edqod mēmsóm
GenitiveWhose, of what?
Of kinship: Family relation
Charles, the sonof Mary says hello to youI am in love withyour mate’s daughter
Possessive
The father’s house
The thingsof the gods
The sanctuaryof the eagles
The cow isMartin’s
Author
Mozart’s sonates
Part of a whole
The doorof the house is open
I cannot open the windowof the kitchen
Peculiar qualiy
Stephania, a woman who haswideknowledge
Origin
The dangerof the storm
Partitive
A lotof money The minorityof the people Littlewisdom / sense The elderof the brothers The third king /the thirdof the kings Oneof the boys Somethingof (from) the original idea However:Some meat
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Upológhejā
Pówerōm déktewi mendhos
Súwoljā dhghómenom
Qérmenjā
Németom bhejos
Ōdjomkwonom
Stéimenos
Westim webhekosjo snḗmonos
Awā swednās aqās
M ḗ tijā
Roupjom penkweeurōm(penkwḗurojom roupjom)
Plāmn ̥sm ̥ghéslosjo pəstrōm(=sm g̥héslopəstri plāmn )̥
Wéismenjā , woinā jā ́ ghaln ̥nī tijāwe
Glaghā ́ upostosjo dusdréwmenos
K ómpl ē mn ̥ epikéimenom
Kómwidslawtlōm
Ghoilosséghosjo
Plēnóswóinosjo (=Plēnós/pl n̥ós woinō) Bhōwijóm qéronom
Bheugtumbh ī luwóm
W ər ḗ mənī s
Kelutjos tosjo mémona (=kélutimmémona, =kélutibhi mémona)
Colnōm bhibhjai (=bhíbheimi colna)
Subjective
The children’s interest in learning
The people’s goodwill
Objective
Feartowards the enemies (possiblysubjective too: the enemies’ fear)
Hatredtowards dogs
Of material
Weave a clothof this thread
A sourceof fresh water
Of measure
A five-euro coin
A bookof 1000 pages
Of cause, fault or mourning
A complaintfor alleged ill-treatment
Complement of adjectives
Consciousof the benefits
Happyabout his victory
Fullof wine Likely behaviour
Fleeing is commonamong cowards
With verbs
I rememberthat trip
I am afraidof airplanes
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Dət ē iwā Qismōi?
n ̥dhn
̥ ghuqérmenjā
Dómūnōi dəsdhi (dōdhi) klāwm ̥ati
Tḗmētopr āmn ̥toibhos dō 18 atnons wetānóm
Solwaepiworṓi wedét wēra
Méndhesjā
Élnēsāi wosjom adjḗr tod
Newām sūnewéispondjét dwírotlām
Tebhei (prōd) strouda
Láwtlejā l ē utijāwe
Wobhjā jéweti me dē peqtewei
Swēr ū ́ témōlos dusḗ jetikoilutātei(=swēr ū ́ témōlos lēwti kóilutātm )̥
Séikmenos
Bher ō ta eksí tewe (tebhei)gnōnōi
Ágrēno ī s eiti
Wismértewei píbeti
Leistjos
Tr k̥nō tebhei kantum Pot ē iwā
Meghei trija sonti mūrogaldhra
Epikeimn ̥kómpl ē mn
̥
Skousā ek ā megheisústātis
Leubhtéwijom esti tebhei wergom(qr ̥t ṓr )
DativeTo whom, for whom?
Of indirect object
Give the key backto the landlord It is forbidden to sell alcoholto minors under the age of 18
He toldthe policeman all the truth
Of interest - benefactive
They have prepared this roomfor her
He promised a new bicycleto his son
I’ve been strugglingfor you
Of benefit or damage
Fibre helps memake digestion
Tobacco seriously damagesyour health
Of purpose
I explain thisfor your information
He goesfor fruits
He drinksto forget
Of permission
I allow youto sing Possessive
I’vegot three mobile telephones
Complement of adjectives
These trousers are comfortableto me
You have to loveyour work (agent)
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St ā ́nej ā Qismi?
St ānom qodhei qertis gígistoi
Perímona, bhodisdomei Lugtētjāi trebhō
Pəstrei septméi molos esti
Nédjotjosjo
Dmudhwore ī sedē bhwāt
Ambhibhówosjo
Anawoidos óljoisi str āt upon ī moisiuponojoisiqe
Daitis qom qertis gígistoi
Mēloi tosmi nē menēm qota sā kluwō jāt
Énteronejā
Ati tritjei stéstōwediwí
Jektrom tod kswekstoiqā ́qosmiemtéwijomloudei
Ambhíst ānejā
Wipodoi amēikn ̥s gnēses
Pér əmom kómtagmn ̥
Anateplói, eksí sodét
C ādhésmenjā
Mē egne ī supā je apṓdsmonom
C ī takórsokos-two enswordikorbhe ī dhghomést
LocativeIn what, where?
Place where action happens
Experiments...betterat home I livein Paris
There is a mistakeon page seven
Of proximity
He was sittingat the door of his house
Of environment
The report spreadamong all the studentsand teachers
Time when action happens
At that moment I couldn’t remember whather name was.
Of interval
He rose againon the third day
This medicine has to be takenevery sixhours (every sixth hour)
Of circumstance
In adversity you will know your friends
Absolute clause
By a mild weather, he went out
Of immersion
Don’t throw the deodorantinto the fire
Your cv landedin the dustbin
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Méntijā- menesqérmenjā
Tosmi proksútəmōs ejes
Dólmoisi-swo wistr n̥ós cnānokom nē pr t̥et
Wērom bhūt monjompraiwodei tosmi(=tom ambhí praiwodom)
Dhabhrotagnṓtijā
Bhūtiwidjeisuwids
Tjēmn ̥plokjoi esti bhlogós
(=Tjēmn ̥ plókjosjo esti bhlogós,tjēmn ̥ plókjejos esti bhlogós,tjēmn ̥ plokobhlogós so)
Qā ́litjejā
Ismi widē jō pelu stórgosjo
Dokosjo
Ghesr ̥ sí -two, potei,ā ́tmonm ̥ bhistujō mene
Regs regnā powoqnostinsswojéiminésterei mn ̥dāst
W ər ē mənī ́ s
Lóndhomommākesjāi glínāmi
Cogitative – of mental activity
They are vey demandingabout this
Distractedwith (on) his calculations, hedid not notice his wife’s arrival.
The report was righton that prediction(=about that prediction)
Of ability and knowledge
Expertin physics
He is a geniusin origami
(=He is a genius of origami, he is anorigamic genius, he is an origamigenius)
Of quality
I see a lot of lovein him
Of recipient
Into yourhands, Lord, I commend myspirit.
The king entrusted the responsibilities of thekingdomto his minister
With verbs
I stick the mapon the wall
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Próitijā Qejes?
Proitist ānom
DouknomLóndhonēd séptəmāióighetoi
Weteljād bhewmi
Apóstətis məgnā ́ ərésmenes
Peritjes-two dídksketi
Awr ̥ /probhowos/ortus
Plámenes senēd menr ̥aimm ̥tod
Práimē los qertjos
Dn t̥ikormos meghei estiamrēdékosmēd (apó)
Dr ̥ksmost ānom
Cown s̥ cerjes ghénghn t̥ins
pr ōd spokjānt Deltis
Dele gr ānómpélowād
S əmodhē tis
Senjós esti woghnos tewetosmōd
Wr d̥hom n ̥sjesmeghmonjós(meghmónterom)Kritā ́ estiswésərjos
Steimn ̥
Leimēd qeqr n̥ t̥ai dómewes tāi
Eg ē smn ̥
W ī rós ekesl ̥wosn
̥stewés egē jet
Ablative From what?
Place of departure
The train departsfrom London at seven
I amfrom Italy.
A great distancefrom the starting point
He is learningfrom your experience
Source/origin
I copied this ideafrom an old book
Initial moment of an action
I’ve got a toothachesince this morning
Place of perspective
They watched the cows advancing from themountain
Separation
Separate the grainfrom the chaff
Comparison
Your car is olderthan this one
A word is mightier than a sword
She is differentfrom her sisters
Material
These houses are madeof mud
Lack
This man lackscommon sense
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2.-Epikeimn ̥
Genos
Paulosekwos (mas.)Paulā owis (fem.)Paulā domus/domos (fem.)Paulom stādhlom (neu.)
Akris dontsAkris secūris (fem)Akris bhāmn ̥(neu)Akri ēchr ̥(neu.)
Swādus bhreugs (mas.)Swādus (swādw ī ́) woqs (fem.)Swādu bharsjom (neu.)
Juwōn w ī rós (mas.)Jūn ī ́ (jūn ī ks) cenā (fem.)Juwon weidmṇ (neu.)
Piwōn w ī rós (mas.)Píwer ī (píwerjā/a) cenā (fem.)Píwer ī edā ́ Piwon ednom (neu.)
Sreidhmōs
Paulos ekwos (sing.)Paulōs ekwōs (plur.)Paulās ówejes (plur.)Paula stādhla (plur.)Ákrejes dontes (plur.)Ákrija bhā ́mona/échona (plur.)Swā ́dewes bhreuges/woqes (plur.)Swā ́duwa bharsja
Júwenes/píwones w ī r ṓsJū ́nijes/píwerjās cenāsJúwona wéidmonaPíwerijesedā ́sPíwona edna
Ptōtimojos
Juwōn w ī rós jūn ī m spékjetiakr ī cenām sek ūr ī paulei ekwoi
Pr āi píwenosw ī rosjo bhérontiákrejes dontespíwona ednaswādewés bhr ūcós
The adjective
Gender
Small horse
SmallsheepSmallhouseSmallstall
Sharp toothSharp axeSharp speechSharp drink
Sweet fruitSweet voiceSweet bread
Young manYoung womanYoung science
Fat manFat womanFat foodFat meal
Numbers
SmallhorseSmall horsesSmallsheepSmallstallsSharp teethSharp speeches/drinksSweet fruits/voicesSweet breads
Young menYoung womenYoung sciencesFat foodsFat meals
Case variation
Theyoung man sees ayoungwoman with asharp axe on a smallhorse
The fat man’ssharp teeth prefer fat mealthansweet fruit
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Gwā ́mona
Bhéwtijom/dhḗmenjom
Albhos ekwos
Paulā domusAkris dontsSwādus bhreugsJūn ī ́ cenā Piwon ednom
Səmostāiwom/Eksóptijom
Albhóteros ekwosPaulóterā domusAkríteros dontsSwādúteros bhreugsJewísteros bhr ātēr
Səmodhēiwom
Albhjṓs ekwos owejesBhr ēwād méwijā domusBhr ēwā méwijā domū Akrijṓs sek ūris dentesSwādúterom melit bhrugés kosmēdJéwijṓs cenā k ā w ī r ḗd óisosmēdPiwijós ednom kod bhrugés
Perəmóm uperdhēiwom
Albhos albhos ekwosÁlbhistos ekwosMínwistā domus estiÁkristos dontsSwādútəmom melit
Jéwistos w ī rósPíwistom ednom
Séqijom uperdhēiwom
Albhósəmos ekwos óljoisōmMinwmā ́ domus oisāsōmAkrísəmos dontsēsosSwādúsəmos bhreugs dhghmosPiwósəmos nóster ōm
Grades
Natural/Positive
White horse
Small houseSharp toothSweet fruitYoung womanFat meal
Equative /Elective
A so white horse /The whiter horseSuch a small house /The smaller houseSuch a sharp tooth /The sharper toothSuch a sweet fruit /The sweeter fruitSuch a young brother /The younger brother
Comparative
The horse iswhiter than the sheepThe house issmaller than the bridgeThe bridge issmaller than the houseThe axe issharper than a toothHoney issweeterthan this fruitThis woman isyounger than that manThis meal isfatter than the fruit
Absolute superlative
A very white horseA very white horseThe house isvery small A very sharp toothVery sweet honey
A very young man / the very young manVery fat meal
Relative superlative
The whitest horse of allThe smallest house of theseThe sharpest tooth of the mouthThe sweetest fruit of the earthThe fattest one of us
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Bheungtjes
Ádnomwos
Mātḗr menemāmjā estiPəter-sowetwḗs estiWl d̥ā ́ ghortei (=ghórtejā) esti
Práidoikwos
Éndoikwā bheungtis
Reudhei kelújonti woghneiAnglom éikonti ámeikm ̥Wetwesn ̥s powojét stolons, nē newons aw
Witórejā bheunctis
Wetwesn ̥s powojét stolons (oljons powojét stolons, qoiwétweses).
Nōmnkómplēmn ̥
Stornjās agronjomStornjāgronjomStórn ī jom agronjom
Ekwōm kr ̥stusEkwokr ̥stusÉkwejos kr ̥stus
Kr ̥ stuwomekwosKr ̥stwekwosKr ̥ stujós ekwos
Teutās wistoqojosTeutãm wistoqojosTeutawistoqojosTéutā jos wistoqojos
Nāwom katus NawkatusNāwikós katus
Functions
Attributive
My mother isnurse / a nurse / the nurse His father isold The party isin the garden (=gardenly)
Predicative
Especificative function
They travel in ared carThey’ve got anEnglish friendHe cleaned theold tables, but not thenew ones
Explicative function
He cleanedthe old tables (he cleaned all thetables, which wereold).
Noun complement
A/the hospitalof the centre A/the central hospitalA/thecentral hospital
A/the raceof horses A/the horse raceA/thehorse race
A horseof races A/the race horseA/therace horse
A/the historyof the people A/the history of the peoplesA/the history of the people(s)A/thepopular history
A/the fightof ships A/the naumachiaA naval fight
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Deiwosjo énterloukjomDeiwṓm énterloukjomDeiwḗnterloukjomDiwjóménterloukjom
R ūmā ́i por āi uponejərR ūmoporauponejərR ūmopor ā jóm uponejər
Bhr ēwā uper Dā ́naprim Uperdā ́napribhr ēwā Uperdā ́naprijā bhr ēwā
Márejes wentosMariwentosMárijos wentos
Sjewtewei/sjewtejei bhoungjomSjū bhoungjomSjéwtujom/sjéwtijom bhoungjom
Bhāmnā awis*Bhāmnāwis
Petonts awis*Petontawis
Plē josa déikmona
Ghoilos, -ā, -om esmiR ōdos, -ā, -om egṓ Lubhətós, -ā ́, -óm essiPr ī tós, -ā ́, -óm tū Smidhós, -ā ́, -óm estiEndhūmós so/ is (id)Tr ̥pnā sā/ s ī / isKuprṓu/ jōrṓu, -ā ́i, -ói swos(i)
Dhabhnṓu/ -ā ́i, -ói wejeKomseghnṓu, -ā ́i, -ói stasWistr
̥nṓu, -ā ́i, -ói juwe
Amghesnṓu, -ā ́i, -ói stesWiqr ̥nṓu, -ā ́i, -ói tōu/ tāi/ toi/ eje Bh ī luwes/ dwoisuwes, (-uwijes,) –uwa smos(i)Creughōs, -ās, -a/ā wejes/ n ̥smeGhislṓs, ghisnṓs, -ā ́s, -á/ -ā ́ steKighrṓs, spudrṓs, -ā ́s, -á/ -ā ́ juwes/ jusmé
Kr ̥d ī tṓs, kr ̥d ī mnṓs, -ā ́s, -á/ -ā ́ sonti/sentiRustṓs, -ā ́s, -á/ -ā ́ toi/ tāi/ ta/ tā/ ejes/ ija
The God’s twilight The Gods’ twilightThe twilight of the God(s)Thedivine twilight
A/the lessonin open air An/the open air lessonAn/theopen air lesson
A/the bridgeover the Dnieper A/the bridge over the DnieperA/the bridgeover the Dnieper
The windfrom the sea The seawindThesea wind
A/the machineto sewA/the sew machineA/thesewing machine
A talking birdA talking bird
A flying birdA flying bird
More examples
I amhappy I am joyful You arein love, fascinated You arepleased, satisfied He/she/ it ischeerful He (it) isenthusiastic She isamused We both areeager
We both aresurprised You both areconcentrated You both aredistracted They both areoverwhelmed They both aredisappointed We areafraid
We aresad You areindignated You arestressed
They areangry They arefurious
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3.-R ēidhmōs Numerals
ADJECTIVES AND NOUNSCARDINAL COLLECTIVE ORDINAL PARTITIVEqotjoi, qotjāi? qotis? qomos, qomā, qomod? qowṓs, qowā ́s, qowá?
1 sems, smjā, sem semtis pr āwos preiwṓs2 dwōu, dwāu, dwōu dwoitjom, dwoinom dwóteros dw ī swṓs3 trejes trija tisres troinom tritjos tr ī swṓs4 qetwores, qétesres, qetwṓr qétwr ̥tis qətwr ̥tos qətwr ̥swṓs5 penqe penqtis penqtos penqswṓs6 (k)s(w)eks (k)s(w)ekstis (k)s(w)ekstos (k)s(w)ekswṓs7 septm ̥ séptm ̥ tis séptəmos septm ̥ swṓs8 oktōu óktotis oktowós oktoswṓs9 newn ̥ néwn ̥ tis néwn ̥mos newn ̥swṓs
10 dekm ̥ dékm ̥ tis dek əmós dekm ̥ swṓs11 sémdekm ̥ sémdekm ̥ tis semdek əmós semdekm ̥ swṓs12 dwōdekm ́ ̥ dwōdekm ́ ̥ tis dwṓdek əmos dwōdekm ̥ swṓs13 tréjesdekm ̥ tréjesdekm ̥ tis tréjesdek əmos trejesdekm ̥ swṓs14 qétwordekm ̥ qétwordekm ̥ tis qétwordek əmos qetwordekm ̥ swṓs15 pénqedekm ̥ pénqedekm ̥ tis pénqedek əmos penqedekm ̥ swṓs16 (k)s(w)éksdekm ̥ (k)s(w)éksdekm ̥ tis (k)s(w)éksdek əmos (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ swṓs17 septmdekm ̥ ̥ séptrmdekm ̥ ̥ tis septrm ̥ dek əmos septm ̥ dekm ̥ swṓs18 óktōdekm ̥ óktōdekm ̥ tis óktōdek əmos oktōdekm ̥ swṓs19 néwndekm ̥ ̥ néwndekm ̥ ̥ tis néwn ̥dek əmos newndekm ̥ ̥ swṓs
20 dwídkm ̥ t ī dwídkm ̥ totis dwídkm ̥ təmos dwidkm ̥ tswṓs21 sems dwídkm ̥ t ī qe sémdwidkm ̥ totis pr āwos dwídkm ̥ təmos semdwídkm ̥ tswṓs30 trídkm ̥ ta trídkm ̥ totis trídkm ̥ təmos tridkm ̥ tswṓs40 qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ ta qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ totis qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ təmos qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tswṓs50 penqédkm ̥ ta pénqedkm ̥ totis penqédkm ̥ təmos penqedkm ̥ tswṓs60 (k)s(w)éksdk ṃta (k)s(w)éksdkm ̥ totis (k)s(w)éksdkm ̥ təṃos (k)s(w)eksdk ṃtswṓs70 séptm ̥ dk ṃta séptmdkm ̥ ̥ totis séptmdkm ̥ ̥ təmos septm ̥ dk ṃtswṓs80 oktṓdkm ̥ ta óktōdkm ̥ totis oktṓdkm ̥ təṃos oktōdkm ̥ tswṓs90 néwndkm ̥ ̥ ta néwndkm ̥ ̥ totis néwndkm ̥ ̥ təmos newndkm ̥ ̥ tswṓs100 km ̥ tom km ̥ temtis km ̥ témtəmos km ̥ temswṓs200 dwikm ̥ tṓs /dwoi km ̥ toi dwíkm ̥ temtis dwikm ̥ témtəmos dwikm ̥ temswṓs300 trikm ̥ tṓs / trija km ̥ tā ́ tríkm ̥ temtis trikm ̥ témtəmos trikm ̥ temswṓs400 qetwrkm ̥ ̥ tṓs /qetwṓr km ̥ tā ́ qétwrkm ̥ ̥ temtis qetwrkm ̥ ̥ témtm ̥ os qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temswṓs500 penqekm ̥ tṓs /penqe km ̥ tā ́ pénqekm ̥ temtis penqekm ̥ témtəmos penqekm ̥ temswṓs600 (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ tṓs /
(k)s(w)eks km ̥ tā ́ (k)s(w)ékskm ̥ temtis (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ témtəmos (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ temswṓs
700 septmkm ̥ ̥ tṓs /septm km ̥ ̥ tā ́ séptmkm ̥ ̥ temtis septmkm ̥ ̥ témtəmos septmkm ̥ ̥ temswṓs
800 octōkm ̥ tṓs /oktōu km ̥ tā ́ óctōkm ̥ temtis octōkm ̥ témtəmos octōkm ̥ temswṓs900 newnkm ̥ ̥ tṓs /newn km ̥ ̥ tā ́ néwnkm ̥ ̥ temtis newnkm ̥ ̥ témtəmos newnkm ̥ ̥ temswṓs
1 000 sm ̥ gheslom sm ̥ ghéslotis sm ̥ ghéslotəmos sm ̥ ghesloswṓs10 000 teusmn ̥ téusmn ̥ tis téusmn ̥ tos teusmn ̥swṓs
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12 354 teusmn ̥ dwoi sm ̥ ghesla trijakmtā ́ qetwores penqédkm ̥ taqe
téusmn ̥ tis dw ī sk ā ́sqesm ̥ ghéslotjes tr ī sk ā ́skm ̥ temtjes pénqedkm ̥ totisqétwr ̥tisqe
dwōdekm ́ ̥ qis téusmn ̥ tos tr ī skm ̥ témtəmos qətwr ̥tos penqédkm ̥ təmos
dwōdekm ́ ̥ qis téusmn ̥swṓstr ī s km ̥ temswṓs penqekm ̥ temswṓsqətwr ̥swṓs
100 000 km ̥ tom sm ̥ ghesla km ̥ temtis
sm ̥ gheslotjom/km ̥ temsk ā ́ssm ̥ ghéslotjes
km ̥ tom sm ̥ gheslótəmos kmtemn ̥ ̥ qis sm ̥ ghesloswṓs/
km ̥ temswṓs sm ̥ gheslōm
1 000 000 weltjom wéltjonom wéltjomos weltjoswṓs
1 000 000 000 próweltjom próweltjonom próweltjomos proweltjoswṓs
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ADJECTIVESDISTRIBUTIVE
(I)DISTRIBUTIVE
(II)MULTIPLICATIVE CLASSIFICATIVE
(I)CLASSIFICATIVE
(III)qonṓs, -ā ́s, -a? qok ṓs, -ā ́s, -á? qoplós, -ā ́, -óm? qogenós, -ā ́, -óm? qobhujós, -ā ́, -óm?
1 preiwṓs preiwṓs sm ̥ plos sm ̥ genós sm ̥ bhujós2 dw ī snṓs dw ī sk ṓs dwoplós /dwojós dwogenós dwobhujós3 tr ī snṓs tr ī sK ṓs triplós /trojós trigenós /trojós tribhujós /trojós4 qətwr ̥snṓs qətwr ̥sk ṓs qətwr ̥ plós qətwr ̥genós qətwr ̥ bhujós5 penqsnṓs penqsk ṓs penqeplós penqegenós penqebhujós6 (k)s(w)eksnṓs (k)s(w)eksk ṓs (k)s(w)eksplós (k)s(w)eksgenós (k)s(w)eksbhujós7 septm ̥ snṓs septm ̥ sk ṓs septm ̥ plós septm ̥ genós septm ̥ bhujós8 oktosnṓs oktosk ṓs oktoplós oktogenós oktobhujós9 newn ̥snṓs newn ̥sk ṓs newn ̥ plós newn ̥genós newn ̥ bhujós10 dekm ̥ snṓs dekm ̥ sk ṓs dekm ̥ plós dekm ̥ genós dekm ̥ bhujós
11 semdekm ̥ snṓs semdekm ̥ sk ṓs semdekm ̥ plós semdekm ̥ genós semdekm ̥ bhujós12 dwōdekm ̥ snṓs dwōdekm ̥ sk ṓs dwōdekm ̥ plós dwōdekm ̥ genós dwōdekm ̥ bhujós13 trejesdekm ̥ snṓs trejesdekm ̥ sk ṓs trejesdekm ̥ plós trejesdekm ̥ genós trejesdekm ̥ bhujós14 qetwordekm ̥ snṓs qetwordekm ̥ sk ṓs qetwordekm ̥ plós qetwordekm ̥ genós qetwordekm ̥ bhujós15 penqedekm ̥ snṓs penqedekm ̥ sk ṓs penqedekm ̥ plós penqedekm ̥ genós penqedekm ̥ bhujós16 (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ snṓs (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ sk ṓs (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ plós (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ genós (k)s(w)eksdekm ̥ bhujós
17 septmdekm ̥ ̥ snṓs septmdekm ̥ ̥ sk ṓs septrmdekm ̥ ̥ plós septrmdekm ̥ ̥ genós septrmdekm ̥ ̥ bhujós18 oktōdekm ̥ snṓs oktōdekm ̥ sk ṓs oktōdekm ̥ plós oktōdekm ̥ genós oktōdekm ̥ bhujós19 newndekm ̥ ̥ snṓs newndekm ̥ ̥ sk ṓs newndekm ̥ ̥ plós newndekm ̥ ̥ genós newndekm ̥ ̥ bhujós20 dwidkm ̥ tsnṓs dwidkm ̥ tsk ṓs dwidkm ̥ toplós dwidkm ̥ togenós dwidkm ̥ tobhujós
21 semdwídkm ̥ tsnṓs semdwídkm ̥ tsk ṓs semdwidkm ̥ toplós semdwidkm ̥ togenós semdwidkm ̥ tobhujós30 tridkm ̥ tsnṓs tridkm ̥ tsk ṓs tridkm ̥ toplós tridkm ̥ togenós tridkm ̥ tobhujós40 qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tsnṓs qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tsk ṓs qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ toplós qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ togenós qetwrdkm ̥ ̥ tobhujós50 penqedkm ̥ tsnṓs penqedkm ̥ tsk ṓs penqedkm ̥ toplós penqedkm ̥ togenós penqedkm ̥ tobhujós60 (k)s(w)eksdk ṃtsnṓs (k)s(w)eksdk ṃtsk ṓs (k)s(w)eksdkm ̥ toplós (k)s(w)eksdkm ̥ togenós (k)s(w)eksdkm ̥ tobhujó
s70 septm ̥ dk ṃtsnṓs septm ̥ dk ṃtsk ṓs septmdkm ̥ ̥ toplós septm ̥ dkm ̥ togenós septmdkm ̥ ̥ tobhujós80 oktōdkm ̥ tsnṓs oktōdkm ̥ tsk ṓs oktōdkm ̥ toplós oktōdkm ̥ togenós oktōdkm ̥ tobhujós90 newndkm ̥ ̥ tsnṓs newndkm ̥ ̥ tsk ṓs newndkm ̥ ̥ toplós newndkm ̥ ̥ togenós newndkm ̥ ̥ tobhujós100 km ̥ temsnṓs km ̥ temsk ṓs km ̥ templós km ̥ temgenós km ̥ tembhujós200 dwikm ̥ temsnṓs dwikm ̥ temsk ṓs dwikm ̥ templós dwikm ̥ temgenós dwikm ̥ tembhujós300 trikm ̥ temsnṓs trikm ̥ temsk ṓs trikm ̥ templós trikm ̥ temgenós trikm ̥ tembhujós400 qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temsnṓs qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temsk ṓs qetwrkm ̥ ̥ templós qetwrkm ̥ ̥ temgenós qetwrkm ̥ ̥ tembhujós500 penqekm ̥ temsnṓs penqekm ̥ temsk ṓs penqekm ̥ templós penqekm ̥ temgenós penqekm ̥ tembhujós600 (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ temsn
ṓs(k)s(w)ekskm ̥ temsk ṓs
(k)s(w)ekskm ̥ templós (k)s(w)ekskm ̥ temgenós
(k)s(w)ekskm ̥ tembhujós
700 septmkm ̥ ̥ temsnṓs septmkm ̥ ̥ temsk ṓs septmkm ̥ ̥ templós septmkm ̥ ̥ temgenós septmkm ̥ ̥ tembhujós800 octōkm ̥ temsnṓs octōkm ̥ temsk ṓs octōkm ̥ templós octōkm ̥ temgenós octōkm ̥ tembhujós900 newnkm ̥ ̥ temsnṓs newnkm ̥ ̥ temsk ṓs newnkm ̥ ̥ templós newnkm ̥ ̥ temgenós newnkm ̥ ̥ tembhujós
1 000 sm ̥ gheslosnṓs sm ̥ gheslosk ṓs sm ̥ ghesloplós sm ̥ gheslogenós sm ̥ gheslobhujós10 000 teusmn ̥snṓs teusmn ̥sk ṓs teusmn ̥ plós teusmn ̥genós teusmn ̥ bhujós
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12 354 dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥snṓs tr ī skm ̥ temsnṓs penqekm ̥ temsnṓsqətwr ̥snṓs
dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥sk ṓs tr ī skm ̥ temsk ṓs penqekm ̥ temsk ṓsqətwr ̥sk ṓs
dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥ plós tr ī skm ̥ templós penqekm ̥ templósqətwr ̥ plós
dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥genós tr ī skm ̥ temgenós penqekm ̥ temgenósqətwr ̥genós
dwōdekm ́ ̥ qistéusmn ̥ bhujós tr ī skm ̥ tembhujós penqekm ̥ tembhujósqətwr ̥ bhujós
100 000 kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ gheslosnṓs/km ̥ temsnṓssm ̥ gheslōm
kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ gheslosk ṓs/km ̥ temsk ṓssm ̥ gheslōm
kmtemn ̥ ̥ qissm ̥ ghesloplós
kmtemn ̥ ̥ qissm ̥ gheslogenós
kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ gheslobhujós
1 000 000 weltjosnṓs weltjosk ṓs weltjoplós weltjogenós weltjobhujós1 000 000 000 proweltjosnṓs proweltjosk ṓs proweltjoplós proweltjogenós proweltjobhujós
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ADVERBSITERATIVE (I) ITERATIVE (II) ITERATIVE (III) ITERATIVE (IV) ITERATIVE (V)
CONTINGENTIAL DISTRIBUTIVEqoqis? qoqr ̥ t? qonim? qotim? qowr ̥ tis? qoqr ̥pis?
1 semli semqr ̥t pr āwnim semwr ̥tis semqr ̥ pis2 dw ī s dwiqr ̥t dwonim dwiwr ̥tis dwiqr ̥ pis3 tr ī s triqr ̥t trinim triwr ̥tis triqr ̥ pis4 qəturs qəturqr ̥t qétwr ̥nim qəturwr ̥tis qəturqr ̥ pis5 pénqenqis penqqr ̥t penqnim penqwr ̥tis penqqr ̥ pis6 (k)s(w)éksn ̥qis (k)s(w)eksqr ̥t (k)s(w)eksnim (k)s(w)ekswr ̥tis (k)s(w)eksqr ̥ pis7 séptm ̥ qis séptmqr ̥ ̥ t séptm ̥ nim séptmwr ̥ ̥ tis séptmqr ̥ ̥pis8 óktonqis óktoqr ̥t óktonim óktowr ̥tis óktoqr ̥ pis9 néwn ̥qis néwnqr ̥ ̥ t néwn ̥nim néwnwr ̥ ̥ tis néwnqr ̥ ̥pis10 dékm ̥ qis dékmqr ̥ ̥ t dékm ̥ nim dékmwr ̥ ̥ tis dékmqr ̥ ̥pis11 sémdekm ̥ qis sémdekmqr ̥ ̥ t sémdekm ̥ nim sémdekmwr ̥ ̥ tis sémdekmqr ̥ ̥pis12 dwōdekm ́ ̥ qis dwōdekmqr ́ ̥ ̥ t dwōdekm ́ ̥ nim dwōdekmwr ́ ̥ ̥ tis dwōdekmqr ́ ̥ ̥pis13 tréjesdekm ̥ qis tréjesdekmqr ̥ ̥ t tréjesdekm ̥ nim tréjesdekmwr ̥ ̥ tis tréjesdekmqr ̥ ̥pis14 qétwordekm ̥ qis qétwordekmqr ̥ ̥ t qétwordekm ̥ nim qétwordekmwr ̥ ̥ tis qétwordekmqr ̥ ̥pis15 pénqedekm ̥ qis pénqedekmqr ̥ ̥ t pénqedekm ̥ nim pénqedekmwr ̥ ̥ tis pénqedekmqr ̥ ̥pis16 (k)s(w)éksdekm ̥ qis (k)s(w)éksdekmqr ̥ ̥ t (k)s(w)éksdekm ̥ nim (k)s(w)éksdekmwr ̥ ̥ tis (k)s(w)éksdekmqr ̥ ̥pis17 séptrmdekm ̥ ̥ qis séptrmdekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t séptrmdekm ̥ ̥ nim séptrmdekmwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis séptrmdekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis18 óktōdekm ̥ qis óktōdekmqr ̥ ̥ t óktōdekm ̥ nim óktōdekm ̥ wr ̥tis óktōdekmqr ̥ ̥pis19 néwndekm ̥ ̥ qis néwndekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t néwndekm ̥ ̥ nim néwndekmwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis néwndekmqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis20 dwídkm ̥ tonqis dwídkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t dwídkm ̥ tonim dwídkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis dwídkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis21 sémdwidkmton ̥ ̥qis sémdwidkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t sémdwidkm ̥ tonim sémdwidkm ̥ towr ̥tis sémdwidkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis30 trídkmton ̥ ̥qis trídkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t trídkm ̥ tonim trídkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis trídkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis40 qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ tonqis qétwrdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t qétwrdkm ̥ ̥ tonim qétwrdkmtowr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis qétwrdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis50 pénqedkmton ̥ ̥qis pénqedkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t pénqedkm ̥ tonim pénqedkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis pénqedkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis60 (k)s(w)éksdkmton ̥ ̥qis (k)s(w)éksdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t (k)s(w)éksdkm ̥ tonim (k)s(w)éksdkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis (k)s(w)éksdkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis70 séptmdkm ̥ ̥ tonqis séptmdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t séptmdkm ̥ ̥ tonim séptmdkmtowr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis séptmdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis80 óktōdkm ̥ tonqis óktōdkmtoqr ̥ ̥ t óktōdkm ̥ tonim óktōdkmtowr ̥ ̥ tis óktōdkmtoqr ̥ ̥pis90 néwndkm ̥ ̥ tonqis néwndkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t néwndkm ̥ ̥ tonim néwndkmtowr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis néwndkmtoqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis100 kmtemn ̥ ̥qis kmtemqr ̥ ̥ t km ̥ temnim kmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis kmtemqr ̥ ̥pis200 dwíkmtemn ̥ ̥ qis dwíkmtemqr ̥ ̥ t dwíkm ̥ temnim dwíkmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis dwíkmtemqr ̥ ̥pis300 tríkmtemn ̥ ̥ qis tríkmtemqr ̥ ̥ t tríkm ̥ temnim tríkmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis tríkmtemqr ̥ ̥pis400 qétwrkmtemn ̥ ̥ ̥ qis qétwrkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t qétwrkm ̥ ̥ temnim qétwrkmtemwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis qétwrkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis500 pénqekm ̥ temn ̥qis pénqekmtemqr ̥ ̥ t pénqekm ̥ temnim pénqekmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis pénqekmtemqr ̥ ̥pis600 (k)s(w)ékskmtemn ̥ ̥qis (k)s(w)ékskmtemqr ̥ ̥ t (k)s(w)ékskm ̥ temnim (k)s(w)ékskmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis (k)s(w)ékskmtemqr ̥ ̥pis
700 séptmkmtemn ̥ ̥ ̥ qis séptmkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t séptmkm ̥ ̥ temnim séptmkmtemwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis séptmkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis800 óctōkmtemn ̥ ̥ qis óctōkmtemqr ̥ ̥ t óctōkm ̥ temnim óctōkmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis óctōkmtemqr ̥ ̥pis900 néwnkmtemn ̥ ̥ ̥ qis néwnkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥ t néwnkm ̥ ̥ temnim néwnkmtemwr ̥ ̥ ̥ tis néwnkmtemqr ̥ ̥ ̥pis
1 000 sm ̥ ghéslonqis sm ̥ ghésloqr ̥t sm ̥ ghéslonim sm ̥ ghéslowr ̥tis sm ̥ ghésloqr ̥ pis10 000 téusmn ̥qis téusmnqr ̥ ̥ t téusmn ̥nim téusmnwr ̥ ̥ tis téusmnqr ̥ ̥pis
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12 354 téusmn ̥qis dw ī sqesm ̥ ghéslonqis tr ī skmtemn ̥ ̥qis pénqedkm ̥ tonqisqətursqe
téusmnqr ̥ ̥ t dw ī sqesm ̥ ghésloqr ̥t tr ī skmtemqr ̥ ̥ t pénqedkmtoqr ̥ ̥ tqétwrqr ̥ ̥ tqe
téusmn ̥nim dw ī sqesm ̥ ghéslonim tr ī skm ̥ temnim pénqedkm ̥ tonimqétwr ̥nimqe
téusmnwr ̥ ̥ tis dw ī sqesm ̥ ghéslowr ̥tis tr ī skmtemwr ̥ ̥ tis pénqedkmtowr ̥ ̥ tisqétwrwr ̥ ̥ tisqe
téusmnqr ̥ ̥pis dw ī sqesm ̥ ghésloqr ̥ pis tr ī skmtemqr ̥ ̥pis pénqedkm ̥ toqr ̥ pisqétwrqr ̥ ̥pisqe
100 000 kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghéslonqis
kmtemqr ̥ ̥ tsm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥ qissm ̥ ghésloqr ̥t
km ̥ temnimsm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥ qissm ̥ ghéslonim
kmtemwr ̥ ̥ tissm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghéslowr ̥tis
kmtemqr ̥ ̥pissm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghésloqr ̥ pis
1 000 000 wéltjoqis wéltjoqr ̥t wéltjonim wéltjowr ̥tis wéltjoqr ̥ pis1 000 000 000 próweltjoqis próweltjoqr ̥t próweltjonim próweltjowr ̥tis próweltjoqr ̥ pis
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100 000 km ̥ temdhē sm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/ kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghéslodhē
km ̥ temgha sm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/ kmtemn ̥ ̥qissm ̥ ghéslogha
kmtemkn ̥ ̥ s sm ̥ ghéslon ̥qis/kmtemn ̥ ̥ qis sm ̥ ghéslokn ̥s
1 000 000 wéltjodhē wéltjogha wéltjokn ̥s1 000 000 000 próweltjodhē próweltjogha próweltjokn ̥s
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Gérbhtijōs rēidhmōs
Bhūt sems w ī rós welpowosjoi
Kómopjomsmei dhghómenei kod
Dwāi áwejes nisdoi sénchonti
Dwāi áweje nisdoi sénchetes
Trins eik ō prokóns
En penqe wínāti bhr ēwāns olnom
En bhodesmn ̥ wínāti penqe bhr ēwãmolnom
Kom porésetioktōu kr ̥keróns
Kom poréseti kr ̥ker ṓm oktōu
Cówqolosnewn ̥ steighet gwewbhis
Dekm ̥ eik ō bhr ātern ̥s
Bhr ātromdekm ̥ eik ō
Pénqedekm ̥ eik ō swésorn ̥s
Swéserompénqedekm ̥ eik ō
Cardinal numbers
There wasone man in the waiting-room
This is the equipmentfor one person
Two birds are singing in their nest
Two birds are singing in their nest
I havethree suitors
The project involves five bridges
The project involves the upgrading offive bridges
He will contribute witheight chickens
He will contribute witheight chickens
The cowboy walked withnine cows
I have ten brothers
I have ten brothers
I havefifteen sisters
I havefifteen sisters
'1' to '4' '5' to '19' '5' to '19' from '20' onwards
Type of construction Concordant numeric phrase Juxtaposed numeric phrase Genitival numeric phrase Genitival numeric phrase
Order of elements Indiferent Cardinal number +
quantified nounQuantified noun + cardinal number Indiferent
The numeral is inflected Yes No No Optionally a·10b
Case for the cardinal number in subject/ object clauses
Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Indeclina ble Indeclinable Indeclinable
Case for the quantified noun in subject/ object clauses
Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Genitive Genitive
Case for the cardinal number in oblique clauses
Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./ instr.
Indec linable Indec linable Indecl inable
Case for the quantified noun in oblique
clauses
Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./ instr.
Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./ instr.
Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./ instr.
Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./ instr.
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Ridhmēpikéimona
Kérdhesja
Prāwos wosos nē ər ḗ jeti kr ̥ pjobhim-two
Tod antjei gisto sm ̥ ghéslosjonewnkm ̥ ̥ témtəm ī néwndkm ̥ ̥ təm ī októwosjo átnosjo
Edjḗw estiprāwos karpólijosjodwóter ī sm ̥ ghéslosjo dek əmosjo
Ausromdék əmom éikomoskwentónijosjo
Áitija
Trejes qətwr ̥wōs eksignṓs/ghóstejeskómjugtōs sonti
Trejes qətwr ̥ tōs eksignṓs kómjugtōssonti
Trejes qətwr ̥wās eksignṓm kómjugtās/kómjugtōs sonti
Trejes qətwr ̥ tās eksignṓm kómjugtās/kómjugtōs sonti
Krenghom moitā ja penqwã k ā ́ posjokosjo
Numeral adjectives
Ordinal
The first dress does not pass with your
shoesThis happened by the end of the yearnineteen ninenety eight
Today is first of August oftwo thousandten
Tomorrow we havetenth of December
Partitive
Three out of four foreigners are married
Three out of four foreigners are married
Three quarters of the foreigners aremarried
Three quarters of the foreigners aremarried
I exchanged the ring fora fifth of this land
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Ksweks bhūnt westrodhōnja, trijawóghokoi qā ́qosmi,qetworesqe w ī r ṓs.Dw ī snṓu w ī rṓu tr ī snā ́ nijóntwestrodhōnja.
Newn ̥ bhūnt westrodhōnja trejesqe w ī r ṓs. W ī róspreiwos tr ī snā ́ (trija) nijétwestrodhōnja.
Apo ép ī tn ̥s oktosnónskowesn ̥ t
Apo ép ī tes oktosnṓs kowésn ̥ to
Péluplektija
m ̥ g ā ́tiwortija
Dwoplóm luwét awoqrojom
Wr ̥dhom toddwoplóméiketi usdoikom
Triplóm ghedāt kousnom
Áitiwortija
Dwoplómwestrodhōnjom(=dwóbhudhmi westrodhōnjom)
Dwoplā ́ domus (=dwóplāris domus)
Qórostija
Komwodhos so dwoplós:ənapadṓs nē
wek ānt k ə ptolondhom leiktum, joqeenignṓs wedr ̥ erktum nē wek ānt
Aigjom esjodwogenóm: nē moghātghostum neqe sweptum
Aigjom esjodwobhujóm: neqe ghosātneqe lówāto
There weresix suitcases,three on each cart,and four men.Every two men carriedthreesuitcases.
There were nine suitecases and three men.Each man carriedthree suitcases.
They evacuated the passengers eight byeight
The passengers were evacuated eight byeight
Multiplicative
Of augmentative value
He paid adouble fee
This word has adouble meaning
She received a triple rent
Of partitive value
A double-bottom suitcase
A two-storey house
Classificative
It (was) atwofold conflict: the invaders did
not want to leave the captured ground andthe native population did not want to sharethe water
His illnesshad double consequences: hecould neither eat nor sleep
His illnesshad a double origin: he neitherate nor washed himself
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Ridhmēpiwərḗmona
Iterā ́tija
Tebheidékm ̥ qis (=dékmqr ̥ ̥ t) woqa:
smeustrom neqom klawde pr ī jósm ̥ nedhsk ōrknetim əneu.
Stéleswortija
Sm ̥ weghtom nē qid peum;dwóweghtom trija labhóm wr ̥dha;tríweghtom galmoupologhom labhóm;qétwr ̥weghtom solwāns peum bhānins,enim pénqeweghtom galmom seghtummoghóm.
Kswéksweghtom cm ̥ jonts(=kswéksweghtom jom ludhóm), júwonm ̥ medóm médodikm ̥
Udbhórowortija
Dhghjesi newom bhr ūgtós esmiprāwnimwoghnom
Dwonim (=dw ī s) məgsomobhr ēunāsepitərunā ́s
Nū trinim (=tr ī s) peqonjom klewtumskelō
Wétesi kosmei seghtṓr so sperstimqétwr ̥nim (qəturs) wikét
Edjḗw médodikm tom pénqenim setíjai
Ksweksnimcm ̥ jonts (=jom ksweksnimludhóm)senom medóm médodikm ̥
Winómowortija
Dōwn ̥kleitrom adéstpénqewr ̥ tis /pénqeqr ̥pis (=pénqe séstisu)
Numeral adverbs
Iterative adverbs
I’ve told itten times to you: never close the
computer without firstsaving (your)files.
With locative value
The first time I did not understandanything;the second time I catched threewords;the third time I got the topic of theconversation;the fourth time I understoodwhole sentences, andthe fifth time I wasable to hold a conversation.
The sixth time I came, I met a youngdoctor.
With contingential value
Yesterday I used the new carfor the firsttime
For the second time (=twice), themaximum limits have been surpassed.
This is the third time (=three times) now Ihave to clean the kitchen
This year this champion has won thecompetitionfor the fourth time (=fourtimes)
Today I visit this doctorfor the fifth time
When I camefor the sixth time, I met anold doctor.
With distributive value
She prepared the databasein five times (=infive sessions)
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Péluplektija
Dékm ̥ dhē lō bām q ī t
Ambhimojā ́ bhr ū gtis
Tridhē k ādr ̥ tod leutéwijom(=tribhískoitubhis)
Áitija
Londhom medōn trigha widhét (=trijaen kérora)
Épiseqesja
M ḗ lowortija
Prāwom, gerjā (bhudhjā) joqe udsistām. Dwóterom dr ̥k ām lowom,dontn ̥s melk ō tribhís méiwn ̥ bhis joqeā ́mreja (pr ṓtera) dhidhēm éukesa.Tritjom, pr ā ́mēdjom edmi joqe owō
Prokónsowortija
Kr ōtós enā ́ dhghōmōn, semkn ̥ s prijṓm prowodhōm r ōdhí,dwikn ̥ s mlōdhr ṓ ártijō wergō, trikn ̥ s sənitjó ī s gousno ī s joqeqétwrkn ̥ ̥ s (enim ántjokn ̥s) ejoswidjolubhjó ī s awonomo ī s.
Multiplicative
He paid ten times for his crime
Alternative use
This problem can be solved in three ways(=through three manners)
Partitive
The governor divided the country in three parts (=in three regions)
Sequential
Of chronological value
Firstly, I wake and get up in the morning.Secondly, I wash my face, brush my teeth inthree minutes and do my morning exercises.Thirdly, I have a breakfast and get dressed.
Of argumentative value
She is a reputed person;firsly because ofher friendly manners,secondly, because ofher excellent artistical work,thirdly, because of herexquisite tastes andfourthly(and finally) because of her philosophicalcontributions.
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4.-Antinṓmona (proroká uporokáqe)
Énonmija
Widíktija antinṓmona
Is, idDef. nom os(i), ac. om/em, dat. esmei,gen. s. esjo, pl. esom, altern. ad im,ismei, ejos, eisom
Qismei jāmi cotēnṓi anábhorma(anabhorikós wertos)
Petr ōi pr k̥om qid eitr ̥ ambhí mənjet, atqeneqidis proti wewqét
Tr ī s woida bhloigom, nē lubhjō awejosantjom
So, sā, tod
Komk ṓpotos anáwesn ̥ta
bhətorklutr ̥bhom
Ordhēsmn ̥tod meghei ménestom prépeti
Bhādhjomtosmōi w ī r ōi skelō pr ī snimqām ati medoim
Ghoi-ke, ghāi-ke, ghod-ke
Bhū ́mn ̥tos anáwesn ̥tabhətorklutr
̥bhom
Eme bheitlomghod-ke enim kl d̥omsék ādhighom-ke
Qis domei trébhetighesāi?
Ghod-ke chelō wesmn o̥rkjom
Pronouns and determinants
Personal
Demonstrative
This, he, she
Referred to something already mentioned(anaphoric value)
I asked Peter what he thought about the trip, buthe didn’t answer anything
I’ve seen the film three times, but I don’tlike the endof it
This
Conceptually present to both speaker andhearer
This proposal seems reasonable to me
I have to speakto this man before I meethim again
This
Physically present to both speaker andhearer
Take this axe and cut this piece of wood
Who livesin this house?
I wantthis cupboard
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(E)ko, (e)k ā, (e)kod
Bhū ́mn ̥tos komk ṓpotoswe anáwesn ̥taoinim bhətorei
Porsógaldhromkod nē sū bhúngetoi
Chedhjō proti mē déwmeneikosmōiskréibhete
Édqismei tértinōi anábhorma(km
̥tabhorikós wertos)
Septəm bhūtiswenwornōs sontikoi: mū, bē, miau, bau, kol, qa, cr ī
Oiso, oisā, oisod
Bhətores qeli, klūtori proqēd
Pr āi enke sedlām oisām
Qori pn ̥ tē stéighesióisāsōd?
Eno, enā, enod (elno, elnā, elnod)
Bhətorklūtr ̥bhem qeli
Enod spekje ceri
K ṓnāswo wəronkimelnām leintum
Widíktijās doljās
Ke, kiAnAw
Sontom legeke, pl n̥ādhiem an kom joqe emaw olē je w ī
This
Physically or conceptually present just tospeaker
This telephone does not work well
Please do not replyto this message
Referred to something which will beexplained (cataphoric value)
The seven natural musical notes arethese:C, D, E, F, G, A, B
That, yonder
Far from speaker, near to hearer
Bringthat chair to me
Why are you goingthat way?
That, yonder
Both from speaker and from hearer far
Look atthat mountain
Try to avoidthat dip
Demonstrative particles
ThisThis otherThat, yonder
Readthis letter, completethis other one and destroy that one
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Qā ́wn ̥tera antinṓmona
Edqis, edqid (qis, qid)
Estiqis kei an domei?Edqid colnei me bhojə jet c ī wei meneambhí
Neqos, neqā, neqod
Neqos klāwm ̥k ām nānke
Préimonē néwostis ghēdnā ́ estineqō
Edqos, edqod
Pr ōd dhēljognātjesedqā cece daitis
Nē édqosmi plak ē jō sméudhmeni
Qisqe, qidqe
Dəsdhiqísmeiqe séwijom
Dekm ̥ senti dómewes,qismiqe qetworasweptorja
Qāqos, qāqā, qāqod
Wergom ejosqāqos gnōwe
Wergom seweqāqos gnōwe
Epi dókmeni deiktromqāqei dhētumskélesi
Qéjespejoi
Dw ī spokna sonti domqéjespeja k ə psāi
Drugholtōm glóghejesqéjespejoisom bhr ēgnā ́s sonti
Quantitative pronouns
Someone, anyone, something, anything
Is thereanyone here at home?Something on the plane caused me to fearfor my life
Someone, something
Someone has found this key
The news was received witha certainamount of pleasure
Some
Sometime has elapsed since the baby’s birth
I don’t agreewith some idea
Each (one)
Give toeach one his share
There are ten houses with four bedroomseach one
Eacb one
Each one knows his work (of his)
Each one knows his own work
You have to put a stampon each document
A few, some
There are stilla few biscuits in the box
The tipsof some pencils have been broken
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Solwos, solwā, solwod
Dhochomsolwom kei nē bhowe
Solwō tosjo alchō ōighei
Oljoi, oljāi, olja
Oljo ī s tosjo ambhíqolo ī s ōighei
Drewaāsḗ jonti olja
Neqis, neqid
Neqis woide qid gégoisissēt PLPF. PREC.
Aponeq ī tod wérutum móghsesi
Nōinos, nōinā, nōinod
Upéri qertim elnām dokots bhowātnōinos skewonts
Eksínōinā einjom dhwor ī esti
Totjoi, totjāi, totja
Totjoi bhewent w ī r ṓs jotjāi cenās
Tótjābhis sprigē jō mōrotā bhis
Tā ́wn ̥tos, tā ́wn ̥tā, tā ́wn ̥tod
Megheitā ́wn ̥tom kob ī (kobom) esti
jā ́wn ̥tom wolpsāmTā ́wn ̥tō ednom (ghosmom) loda wergō
All, the whole
He hasn’t been herein all the day
He departedwith all his money
All, every
He departedwith allhis servants
All the trees are dry
No one, none, nothing
No one knew what had happened
You won’t be able to open itwith anything
No
There wasno teacher supervising thatactivity
It isnot possible to go outthrough any door
So/as many
There wereso many men as women
I am fed up withso many stupid things
So/as much
I amas successfulas I had expected (I have
so muchsuccessas I had expected)I have forgotten the mealbecause of somuch work
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Éteros, éterā, éterod
m ̥ dhrom édnijom,éterod qid wisowent(=loiqá wisówenta)
So gnōwe,(te-/ke-) éteroi ngnōsā ́ jontiSomós, somā ́, somód
Dhworins peltum kr ī ́tijāns móghesi trinssomã klāwē
Wr s̥tjes senti qétesressomosjo sqel ī
Isem, idem
W ī rós elno isem qom dhjesi woida
Douknei kelúsetiijo-em (=somō) qām bhr ātēr tewe
So-pe, sā-pe, tod-pe / S(w)el (e)pe
Praisedsso-pe (=swelpe) moikoiluwertum ludhét
S ī tesãi-pe (=swélpesãi) dr ā ́ jeti
Qisqis, qidqid
Qisqis árgumona peuti ta
Wənmā ́ q ī q ī west ī essi
Qisqomqe, qidqomqe / josqis, jāqis, jodqid
Pr āi qimqomqe widḗ jēsi kasjom enke
Alchom dídōmiqismeiqomqe n k̥ ḗ jēti
Tālis, tāli
Tāli gáudhjom mene seghom pos esti
Nē tāljom woida upelōm protimoghtrom
Tāli chelō wesmn o̥rkjomThe other, any other
The blue one is edible,any other one is poisonous (=the rest is poisonous)
He knows it,the rest ignore it
The same (one)
You can open three different doorswith the same key
There are four versionsof the same story
The same (one)
That isthe same man that I saw yesterday
He will travelon the same train as your brother
Himself, herself, itself
The presidenthimself came to salute me
She worksfor helself
Any, anyone, anything
Anyone understands these argumentations
You are prettywith any garment
Whoever, whatever
Bringwhatever hare you may see
I give moneyto whoever needs it
Of such kind/quality
Such is my joy after the victory
I don’t know the remedyto such evils
I want a wardrobelike this one
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Neqóteros, neqóterā, neqóterod
Neqóteroswēra gnōwe
Neqóterō móghnijom dr ātum
None of the two
None of the twoknows the truth
It is impossible to workwith any of these
two ones
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Atibhr ̥tija antinṓmona
Jos, jā, jod
Kwonm ̥ jos bherti bhr ātēr esti mene(=kwn ̥ bhr t̥ṓr bhr ātēr mene esti / Kwonm ̥[so] bheronts bhr ātēr esti mene )
Eme jod welāsi
Sā esti klāws josjo tā ́wn t̥āms r k̥ ḗ jetir ūnāms
(=Tosjo esti sā klāws,qos tā ́wn t̥āmsr k̥ ḗ jeti r ūnāms)
Qos, qā(i), qod
W ī rós qos ekwō wéghetor jentēr estitewe (=ekwoweghmos w ī rós jentēr estitewe)
Kei esti nemots,qesjo n s̥ ī sūnús tewechn t̥ós esti
Sā esti klāwsqesās potis tā ́wn t̥āmsr k̥ ḗ jeti r ūnāms
Jóteros, jóterā, jóterod
Plā ́mone dwoi stom skolpei, dəsdhi-moi jóterod məgsi lubhojta
Jemō tloqsai joterō bheidhmn ̥ plē jósmeghei esti (=jóterom plē jós bheidhō)
Jótəmos, jótəmā, jótəmod
Jótəmos pr t̥óm məgnom ghedēt, dr ātumstrigā ́sēti
Ersā jēr jótəmoi ənagesn s̥ (əgesmuktóns)
lā ́ jonti
Relative pronouns
The one who, the one hat
The one who is carrying the dog is my brother
Takewhat you want
This is the keyof the one who conceals somany secrets
(of the one this is the key,whoconceals somany secrets)
Who, that
The manwho is being conveyed by a horseis my cousin (=The man riding the horse ismy cousin)
Here is the enemy, by whose sword yourson has been killed
This is the key the masterof which concealsso many secrets
The one of two who/which
There are two books on the shelf. Give methe one you liked most
I’ll talk to the twinwhich I trust the most.
The one among many who/which
The onewhowins the big price will stopworking
Thosewho scold innocent people are
mistaken
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Jotjoi, jotjāi, jotja
Jotjoi bhn t̥oi ersā ́ jontiJewe jotjons n k̥ ḗ jōnti
Jā ́wn ̥tos, jā ́wn ̥tā, jā ́wn ̥tod
Jā ́wn ̥tod welāsi eme
R ēimn ̥kod jā ́wn ̥tosjo qéqəmai
Jālis, jālid
Odsām jā ́lija wiweqt
Anábhor ām ghōda jā ́lismi pik āt
Áinuja antinṓmona
Mene tod (=menjom tod)
Those many, so many
Those (many) who are speaking are wrongHelp those who may need it.
That much
Take as much as you want
This is a list of all I have acquired
Of that kind, of that quality
I detested the kind of things he used to say
I took as reference the kind of things he painted
Posessive pronouns
This is mine
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5.-Doljās Particles
əneu acc. olsí, ólteri oltrōd* acc., loc.apo / apó / apsí abl. pəra acc.apóteri abl. pəros abl.ad acc. per(i)/perti acc., loc.ambhí acc, loc. perom loc., abl.ana (əna) acc, loc. pos(ti), pósteri postrōd* acc.anta acc. poti acc.antí acc., loc. prāi loc., abl.awou abl. práiteri acc.dē / de abl. prōd / pro acc., dat., abl.dō/ do acc, dat. próteri acc.ek / eksí / éksteri ekstrōd gen., abl. proti acc., dat., abl.en / ení / ensí / endo entrōd* acc., loc. pūnim acc.énteri acc, loc. rōdhí gen.ektós abl. səní / sn ̥ terí abl.epi / opi acc., loc., instr. seqi gen. jāwn ̥ ts (qomdom) acc. teni / tenos gen.k əmti instr. trāntis / teres / tr ̥qe acc.kom komtrōd* instr, loc. upo acc., loc.n ̥dheri n ̥dhertrōd* acc., loc. úperi / upsí úpertrōd* acc., loc.n ̥dhi acc., loc. ud(i) / udsí abl.n ī n ī trōd* acc., loc. w ī / wi loc., abl.obhi acc., loc. wr ̥ stom acc.
*Káiwonim lokteiwã ptōt ī *Only with the accusative case
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Əneu
Smoldom welmi goldoməneu
Suk ēnstiməneu óighoighei
Ad
Ad gálgaljānt āsām
Ad léitomos sm m̥ādom
Petromad, wērom tod nē bhūt
Ambhí
Ambhí dāmõs swepónt oljoi
Ciwānt dekm ̥ ambhí dólsjobhis dhochoi
Ambhí kolsom dhēt kolsowospom
Ambhí wedhrom gólgoljomos
Ana (əna)
Somosóds douknostātorioməna wérgeti
Ana bhuwḗr tégesi
Nāwisəna (=práiteri) pluwét dānum
Ana okrim montjos stighóm
Woghoi əna (=woghō) ludhét
Without
I want coffeewithout sugar
He departedwithout saying good-buy
At, to, towards, according to
They were talkingby the fireplace
We are going to the party
According to Peter, this was not true
Around, about
All the colleagues were sleepingaround
They livedapproximatelyon ten dollars aday
He put the scarfaround the neck
We are talkingabout the weather
To, on, along in an upwards direction
The train headsto the train station
They wereon board
The ship navigated along the river
I hikedup to the top of the hill
He cameon cart (=by cart)
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Anta
Somosóds douknostātoriomantawérgeti
Pr k̥sk ā newans rir ḗgsetiantasnitómestins
Antí
Domom antí stāt(o)
Stāmr ̥ todantí sontjes, tétrudme
Apo / apó /apsí
Pútlotjēd lépetiapó
Domēd apó mene sentum ad km ̥ tomsonti podes
Apó meghei dede ghornóm plāmn ̥
Ghwedhō, kr āsi mewom ghaweapó
Apóteri
Dhóighēd apóteri sedḗ jonti maqôs
Kaiwodáitibhes apóteri uksórm ̥ wedhét
Awo(u)
Awo dhobhnóm dhghjesi protipornjom
aanokeAwo porsógaldhrom stolom leloghóm
Towards
The car headstowards the train station
The question aims at the new restriction
measures
In front of
He stoppedin front of the house
We are worried by the situation we arefacing
From, since, back
He stutterssince his childhood
From my house to the path there are onehundred steps.
He gave the lent bookback to me
Please call meback tomorrow
Behind/ after
The boys are sittingbehind the wall
After his bachelor times he got married
Back
The spoiled goods cameback yesterday
I laid the phoneback on the table
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Dē/de
Dē nébheses kádeti wr s̥tā
Dē km t̥om dólsjobhes pornetumskélomos Dō/ do
Dō stighét drómāntjom
Dō oltr ōd sr t̥ā dānewi tetnēt
Ek / eksí / éksteri / ekstrōd ektós
Dhūmā jeteksí skreibhtorjēd
Ekstrōd awmēd sodét pr ōnkomghwātewei
Skownouseksí trijomnuwətṓs esti
En / ení / ensí / endo / entrōd
Kleitlām ení mijomes
Skreibhtorjei nē estien
En te spektewi matérm ̥ -two mímnāsk ō
Énteri
Démeseénteri esti prótimā
Bhewet katus oljansénteri wénjāsi
Gnōtos esti óiwowidsiénteri Epi / opi
Domusēsāt dhm ̥ bhonjoiepi
Epi tūrjóm bhūt woinos
Epi wr ̥stã, chádhsomos dom
From upwards
Rain fallsfrom the sky
We have to negotiatefrom one hundred
dollars downwardsUntil
He walkeduntil the end of the corridor
The queue reached the other side of the river
Outside
He uses to smokeout of his office
He wentour of the hotel to call for a taxi
He passed two(out) of the three exams
Inside
We entered the cabin
He isn’tin his office
When I look at you I remember your mother
Between, among
There is a statuebetween the two buildings
The was a fightamongall the families
He is knownamong specialistsOn, in addition, despite
The house was situatedon a graveyard
There was cheesein addition towine
Despite the rain, we’ll keep walking
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Jāwn ̥ts (momdom)
Kelutim jāwn ̥ts swpónt
Probhoudhos:solwom dhochom swpont
Km ̥ti
Domusēsāt arwō km ̥ti
Km ̥ti bhokom mēmsóm dhēt
Kom, komtrōd
Kom dhēt wodr ̥ glaktiqe =kom dhētwodr ̥ glakt ī
N ̥dheri n
̥dhertrōd
Dhghmin ̥dheri esti kowṛ
Dhghomm ̥n ̥dheri kidḗr
N ̥dhi
Weqmn ̥ejos qid ordhésmenesn ̥dhi bhūt
Tāi pr ̥ksk ās ghi jenti pūr ḗd n ̥dhi lubhobhoudhēd
Tr s̥tjen ̥dhi spordhṓs pōtum skélonti
N ī , nitrōd
Klopnimnitrōd kéidonti ekwō
N ī klopne ī esti lakus
N ī sā n ̥ bhudhnóm spekét
During
They sleptduring the journey
Caveat: Theyslept (during) all the day
Next to, beside
The house was situatedbeside a field
He put the meatclose to the fire
Together
He put the water and the milktogether = he put the watertogether withthe milk
Deep under, underneath
There is a cavernunderneath the ground
They descended deepunder the ground
Further than, in addition to
His comment was somethingmore than a proposal
These questions go wellbeyond merecuriosity
Athletes must drink beyond thirst
Down, downwards, at the bottom They godown the valley on horse
At the bottomof the valley there is a lake
She lookeddown the abyss
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Obhi
Obhi sentoi lougosēst
Obhi dhworim sedlām stelét
Olsí /ólteri/ oltrōd
Olsí kreekwāi bhrankonim bhār
Oltrōd loidom bhətos esti
Olsí Reinom sodónt twr m̥ās
Pəra
Polninspəra senti toqe stṓnejes stoighei
Pəra dr ātim minusterjei, léismonawéspenja dídōti donsonjei
Tosjopəra aiwos, yuwoon prépeti
Pəros
Domēd pəros swepet ekwos
Stətos Johannis Claudyād pəros esti
Per(í)/perti
Gerjaiperí ausōsm ̥
Kwōn drewom wr t̥etóiperí
PeromPerom wergēd, trudná k ā ́dena wéwora
Gheris bhod esti, wənmotāi perom
In the middle of
There was a login the middle ofthe path
He put a chairbefore the door
Beyond, on the other side
Beyondthe border French is spoken
He has spokenmore than permitted
Thee troops wentbeyond the Rhein.
Close, beside(s)
Beside the shops there are stands in thestreet
Besides his work at the ministry, he givesclasses in an evening school
He looks youngfor his age
Before, in front of
The horse was sleepingin front of the house
John was appointed as Claudia’s boss
About, around
I am waking upabout dawn
The dog is turningaround the tree
Apart from, besides
Apart from work, I found severe problems
She is really friendly,to say nothing of her beauty
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Pos(ti), pósteri / postrōd
Pos wórsotrom praikonkei esti
Jodqid daitimpos pr k̥skesi, jewosskémbesi
ṓighei óbhjēdjompósteri
Poti (=wr ̥ stom)
Trejes kowireges grádjontoi stādhlompoti
Mənjēs téwijā neustumpoti welis qāmspartum esti
Prāi /prai
Prāi n k̥et Petros Marjād
R ēgi kr s̥etiprāi
Kersnād prāi ghighḗ j!
Práiteri Nāwispráiteri (=ana) pluwét dānum
Dik āns legm ̥práiteri dōt
Prōd / pro
Pro stighomes séqomnom woikom
Léudhseti Marjā Klaudjād pro(=Klaudjās stānei)
Ednom todmeghei (prōd) péqeti(sudhē iwom)
Próteri
Bhāmn ̥adést ejos modnompróteri
Teksnastānom m ̥ gəmípróteri ménenatewe sonti
Behind, after
The umbrella isbehind the curtain
Since you ask after time, you lose your right
He departedafter lunch
Towards
The three wise men advancetowards thestable
You are more favourableto spending than tosaving
Before
Peter arrivedbefore Maria
He runs before the king
Come back before dinner!
Along, depassing, laying aside
The ship navigated along the river
He gave orderslaying aside the law
Forwards, onwards, instead of , in favourof
We wenton walking towards the nextvillage
Maria will comeinstead of Claudia (=inlieu of Claudia)
He’s cooking this fodd for me(benefactive)
In advance, further
He prepared his speechin advance of themeeting
Your ideas are much further than the stateof technique
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Teni / tenos
Snām kanenántjósjotenos
Ucē bhwānt ostjomtenos
Trāntis / teres / tr ̥qe
Wedṛ robhoi reimām teres soilāt(=Wedr ̥robhoreimã soilāt)
Probhupropodom trāntis eitumskélomos
Ud(i) / udsí
Ud lákuwes sodét sā ́weljos
Polmēd ud dhr āghe roupjom
Uperi / upsí / úpertrōd
Orosuperi skandét
Óresiuperi bhūt s’mmādos
Upo
Noinloiupo senti penkwe cā ́mona
Dhghmiupo bhūt dānus
Oisoi Percéjwonta mūsá dhghomm ̥upo teqḗr
W ī / wi
W ī dhghmí skedḗr koimsās
W ī dew ghordhjēd dūtjōs dūlijēromḷgātéwijā bhos nówostibhos
Wr ̥ stom (=poti)
Trejes kowireges grádjontoi stādhlomwr ̥ stom
Mn ̥ jēs téwijā neustumwr ̥ stom welisqām spartum esti
Until
I swamuntil the end of the channel
They were wet until their bones
Through
Water drippedthrough a crack in the roof
We have to gothrough a test process
Out (to a visible place), from under
The sun cameout from the lake
He pulled a coinout of his pocket
Up, upwards, up to, over
He hikedup to the mountain
There was a partyup on the mountain
Under, below
We have five degreesbelow zero
There was a river (just)under the ground
Those surviving mice fledunder theground
Asunder
The drawing pins got scatteredon the floor
The messengers dispersed farfrom the palace to anounce the news
Towards
The three wise men advancetowards thestable
You are more favourableto spending than tosaving
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6.-Ənawərēmn ̥
An?
Dā, jāi
Dr ūtṓ Oqosk ī r ḗd NāiGhi, ka, smā, toiUta dā, uta jāiWḗropropēdBhewtum móghetiMóghnijomOpt ī BhéwonimWēr ēdAn nē Uta nē n ̥móghnijom Nē Ghawōd NeiGhi nē
Énbhətidoljā s
-i, -em, -ka
The adverb
Perhaps?
Yes
SurelyObviouslyAbsolutely yesCertainlyRather yesProbablyMaybeOptionallyPossiblyIn realityTrulyMaybe notRather notImpossible No Not at allAbsolutely not Not at all
Emphatic particles
( This) right here, right now
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Qom?
Nū Mēlei kosmi/tosmi
Mēlei tosmi/énosmiTom(-ke)
Qomqe /qomqidEdqom NeqomÁiwesi/ aiwiJomqidQā ́qomAmbhomKom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-peOisom-pe/im-pe/enom-peAljomOnjom
Weghtei kosmi/tosmiWeghtei tosmi/énosmi Nūnoi Nū per Pr āiPos(ti)/ pósteriJāwn t̥s/ momdomMigí/ bhroqoi (migí gisto)Meigm ̥ pos/ bhroqom pos (meigm ̥ posqoksū ́ bhewsō)Meigm ̥ / bhroqomPrestimBhwite ī ́ /pārjeiAntjoiPauper/ nedūdom Nedūdēd Nedūdoi
Dūdom/ dwāróm/ djēwksDūdr ̥dDūdoiQoilēdQr ̥tusíBhn ̥ghū Mn ̥ghū ApomomdomomQm d̥ōqid(qe)R ̥ dhē
When?
NowAt this moment
At that momentThen
At any momentAt some moment NeverAlwaysWheneverAt each momentIn both momentsIn this very momentIn that very momentIn another moment againIn another moment else
This timeThat time NowadaysFor the momentBeforeAfterwardsDuringIn a moment (it happened in a moment)In a moment (in a moment I’ll be with theclient)For a while/for a momentOn timeAt the beginningAt the endFor a short timeShort time agoSince short time ago
For a long timeSince long agoA long time agoAfter a whileSometimesOftenFrequentlyFrom time to timeOccasionally, incidentallyRarely
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Sm ̥ perTn t̥om/protn t̥óm/sm ̥ tn t̥omEdjḗw, kéidiwiDhghjesiAusrom/ kr āsiAuseri/ ausrí/ kwijósSūnpādei/ sūnpādoiPraidhghjesiPosausromPernódiwiSəmitū / səmit ī Jāmi/jāmDom Nedom /nē domPenqedíwijoi (énklawstijom dolos)Penktḗd pr āi diwésPenqe dwām diwbhésāmroi/ pr ṓteriWesproiMedhidiwíMedhinoqtí Noqtí Noqtm ̥ AtiÁjeri/ ghr ēwLodiSḗtjosi/ pósqoteromMogsū ́ Pósqoterom mogsúteromweWétesi kekn ̥dwesí/ procecəwesíWétesi (é)kosmiWétesi nédsəmoi
PārjeiOlnim/ AntjeiUdhū ́/ kitōdTérmn ̥ tos
ÉpitəmēdÉksemt ī
Once and for allContinously/continuallyTodayYesterdayTomorrow
At dawnAt sunsetOn the day before yesterdayAfter tomorrowIn a few daysAt the same timeAlreadyStill Not yetIn four days (inclusive counting)Four days agoSince four days agoIn the morningIn the eveningAt noonAt midnightBy nightDuring the nightAgainEarlyLateLaterSoonSooner or laterLast yearThis year Next year
At firstAt last/ finallyImmediatelyFinally
DefinitivelyExceptionally
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Qom apo?
Nū-apoMēlei kosmi/tosmi apo
Mēlei tosmi/énosmi apoTom(-ke) apo
Qomqe /qomqid apoEdqom apo Neqom apoÁiwesi/ aiwi apoJomqid apoQā ́qom apoAmbhom apoKom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe apoOisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe apoAljom apoOnjom apo
Qom dō?
Nū-dō Mēlei kosmi/tosmi dō Mēlei tosmi/énosmi dō Tom(-ke) dō
Qomqe /qomqid dō Edqom dō Neqom dō Áiwesi/ aiwi dō Jomqid dō Qā ́qom dō Ambhom dō Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe dō Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe dō
Aljom dō Onjom dō
Since when?
From now onFrom this moment
From that momentSince then
From any momentFrom some momentSince neverEver sinceSince wheneverFrom each momentFrom both momentsFrom this very momentFrom that very momentFrom another moment againFrom another moment else
Until when?
Until nowUntil this momentUntil that momentUntil then
Until any momentUntil some momentUntil neverFor everUntil wheneverUntil each momentUntil both momentsUntil this very momentUntil that very moment
Until another moment againUntil another moment else
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Qām?
Sū Bhl ̥gū Dus
BhodisWolisPedis
Qā ́wəntom
K ā ́wəntom/ tā ́wəntomÓisā ́wəntomEnā ́wəntom
Qā ́wəntomqidÉdqāwəntom NéqāwəntomÓlāwəntomJā ́wəntomqidÁljāwəntom/ ónjāwəntom
LigomGeSətū, sət ī PauMeiwis/ mínusiAit ī Ambhí/ swāi-per/ ad qolomEpi, n ̥dhiChonṓ Pelū ́ Məgis/ mā jis/ plē jisWelmíM ̥ gəmíSl ̥wotósPl ̥nim
N ̥ dhi/ n ̥dhidhughnómKáiwotosMinumṓ, km ̥ bhisəmṓ Məgsəmṓ Dōris/ pr ī
How?
WellWonderfullyBadly
BetterPreferablyWorse
How much?
This muchThat muchThat much
Any quantitySome quantity No quantityEvery quantityAny quantityAnother quantity
A bitAt leastEnoughLittleLessPartlyApproximatelyAdditionallyAbundantlyMuchMoreA lotPlentily, at wide extentCompletelyFully
Too/ too muchOnlyMinimumMaximumFor free
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Qodhei?
Kei/teiOisei /idheiEnei
Qódheiqe /qódheiqidÉdqodhei NéqodheiÓlodheiJódheiqidQā ́qodheiÁmbhodheiKei-pe/tei-pe/oisei-peOisei-pe/idhei-pe/enei-peÉterodheiÁljodhei/ ónjodhei
Qō(i), qote, qotr ē d?
Kei/ kote / kotr ēdTei / tote/ totr ēdOisei/ óisote/ óisotr ēdEnei /énote / énotr ēd
Qō(i)qe / qō(i)qidQóteqe / qóteqidQótr ēdqe /qótr ēdqid
Edqō(i) / édqote/ édqotr ēd Neqō(i)/ néqote/ néqotr ēdOlō(i) / ólote / ólotr ēdJō(i)qid / jóteqid / jótr ēdqidQā ́qō(i)/ qā ́qote/ qā ́qotr ēdÁmbhō(i)/ ámbhote/ ámbhotr ēd
K ō(i)-pe/ tō(i)-pe/ oisō(i)-pe
Kote-pe/ tote-pe/ óisote-peOisō(i)-pe/ idhō(i)-pe/ enō(i)-peÓisote-pe/ídhote-pe/énote-pe
Éter ō(i)/ éterote/ éterotr ēdAljō(i) / onjō(i)Áljote / áljotr ēdÓnjote/ ónjotr ēd
Where?
HereThereOver there
AnywhereSomewhere NowhereEverywhereWhereverIn each placeIn both placesIn this very placeIn that very placeIn the rest of placesSomewhere else
Whither?
HereHereThereOver there
To anywhere To anywhereTo anywhere
To somewhereTo nowhereTo everywhereTo whereverTo each placeTo both places
To this very place
To this very placeTo that very placeTo that very place
To the rest of placesTo somewhere elseTo somewhere elseTo somewhere else
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Qeti? Qotr ōd?
Keti/ kotr ōdTeti/ totr ōd
Óiseti/ óisotr ōdEnei/ énotr ōd
Qétiqe /qétiqidQótr ōdqe /qótr ōdqid
Édqeti/ édqotr ōd Néqeti/ néqotr ōdÓleti/ ólotr ōdJétiqid / jótr ōdqidQā ́qeti/ qā ́qotr ōdÁmbheti/ ámbhotr ōd
Keti-pe/teti-pe/óiseti-peKotr ōd-pe/totr ōd-pe/óisotr ōd-peÓiseti-pe/ídheti-pe/éneti-peÓisotr ōd-pe/ídhotr ōd-pe/énotr ōd-pe
Étereti/ éterotr ōdÁljeti/ áljotr ōdÓnjeti/ ónjotr ōd
Qosōd?
Kosōd/ tosōdÓisosōdÉnosōd
QósōdqidÉdqosōd Néqosōd
ÓlosōdJésōdqidQā ́qosōdÁmbhosōdKosōd-pe/tosōd-pe/óisosōd-peÓisosōd-pe/ídhosōd-pe/énosōd-pe
ÉterosōdÁljosōd/ ónjosōd
Wherefrom?
From hereFrom here
From thereFrom over there
From anywhereFrom anywhere
From somewhereFrom nowhereFrom everywhereFrom whereverFrom each placeFrom both places
From this very placeFrom this very placeFrom that very placeFrom that very place
From the rest of placesFrom somewhere elseFrom somewhere else
Whereby?
By hereBy thereBy over there
By anywhereBy somewhereBy nowhere
By everywhereBy whereverBy each placeBy both placesBy this very placeBy that very place
By the rest of placesBy somewhere else
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Qota?
Kota/ tota / ita (itə)Óisota
ÉnotaQótaqe /qótaqidÉdqota NéqotaÓlotaJótaqidQā ́qotaÁmbhotaKota-pe/tota-pe/óisota-peÓisota-pe/ídhota-pe/énota-pe
ÉterotaÁljota/ ónjota
Qī ?
K ō, tō Oisō Enō
Qótaqe /qótaqidÉdqō Néqō Ólō QōqidQāqō Ambhō K ō-pe/tō-pe/oisō-peOisō-pe/idhō-pe/enō-peÉter ō
Áljō/ ónjō
How?
This way, like this, soThat way, like that
That way, like thatAnyhowSomehow NohowEveryhowIn whatever wayIn each wayIn both mannersIn this very mannerIn that very manner
In the rest of mannersSomehow else/ otherwise
By what means?; In what manner?
This way, like this, soThat way, like thatThat way, like that
AnyhowSomehowBy no meansEveryhowBy whatever meansIn each wayIn both mannersIn this very mannerIn that very mannerIn the rest of manners
Somehow else
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Apólūtēd/ per əmBhelnimKr ̥d ī tósƏr əmi/ wəlē Dus
Andhṓ Mnāmn ́ ̥ tosSm ̥ kloutnim/ sm ̥ podō PróbhudhnimSk ī r ḗdKómmoin ī / kómmoinitosSəmojēd/ Sm ̥ cānimKr ̥diksRegtḗdDhn ̥ghū
ReidhēdSomḗd / aiqēdArtiBhersi/ōk ū ́/ twr ̥tēdDhernim/ stər ō DhreghnimKloutnim N ̥ k ū Ml ̥k ē Déikmn ̥ tosSwādū ́ Cā ́mn ̥ tosGhoilēdMolisUktimCər ū, swēr ū ́, nok ī Nṓmn ̥ tos N ̥ bhr ūg ī GhleunimPrósednimSlagsū ́
StreptimMoilēdBhewt ī KolisGnṓsmn ̥ tosÓbhidhēnim
AbsolutelyAloudAngry/ angrilyAppropriatelyBad
BlindlyBy heartBy chanceCarefullyClearlyCommonlyConventionallyCordiallyCorrectlyDirectly
EasilyEquallyExactlyFastFirmlyFluentlyFortunatelyForcingly, necessarilyBy fumbling, gropinglyFor instanceGently, smoo