a thesis submitted to faculty of letters and humanities in...
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BORROWING WORD TRANSLATION IN DIGITAL CAMERA
MAGAZINE PUBLISHED IN INDONESIA FOR MARCH 2014 EDITION
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
By
ACHMAD YUSUF
1110026000098
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2015
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ABSTRACT
Achmad Yusuf. Borrowing Word Translation in Indonesian of Digital Camera
Magazine March 2014 Edition. A thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2015.
In this research, the writer’s objectives of this research is to know what
types of borrowing word and what types of procedures of translation used in
translating borrowing words in the magazine. The focus is on borrowing word
types and the translation procedure of borrowing word from Digital Camera
Magazine by Geoff Harris: the magazine is translated in team led by Yuliandi
Kusuma publish in Indonesia.
The writer applies descriptive qualitative methods. The writer describes
translation procedures used by the translator to translate the words belong to the
types of borrowing word. He analyses the translation by reading the source
language and its translation, marking with Adobe Photoshop operation, selecting
words, grouping into kinds of borrowing, and analyzing them based on Imam
Taufik’s theory of procedures of borrowing, then determining the words into their
group of borrowing word in Indonesian written language.
The research found that there are 19 selected borrowing words and two
procedures. They can conclude as follows: first, ten Loan Blends with nine
Adaptation procedures; and one Translation procedure; second, six Loan Shifts
with six same Translation procedures, and third, three Loan Words with three
Absorption procedures. All types that find, Loan Shift appears as the most
occurrences in the data analysis.
While, the Adaptation procedure from Imam Taufik is the most
occurrence procedure in data analysis with 12 times found, comparing with
Translation procedure with 6 times found.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best
of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or
written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been
accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other
institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in
the text.
Jakarta, March 6, 2015
The writer
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the Name of Allah SWT, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful
First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and and
praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe for his help, affection and favor in
completing the writer’s study in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta. Then, peace and blessing be upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad
SAW and all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.
The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirement for
the Strata 1 Degree to The Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters
Department State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
In the terms of completion the study, the writer would like to express his
deepest gratitude to the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Dr. Komar, The
Head and my master teacher of English Letters Department, Drs. A. Saefudin,
M.Pd, The secretary of English Letters, Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, and to
Miss Jessica and to all his lecturers who have taught his a lot of things during the
study.
His own family deserves the deepest esteem more than whoever; my
beloved parents since they whose always support the writer; financial assistance,
moral and spiritual. This is the only his initial step to the future and the motivation
to fulfill their pretension for me as their last children. To all my neighbors who
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had accompanies and supports me by their hand and their ideas as long as doing
this thesis.
Additionally, the writer is deeply grateful to the individuals too numerous
to mention who have sent him and her suggestions, corrections, and criticisms,
especially for Mr. Muhammad Farkhan and Mrs. Danti Pudjianti as his thesis
advisors, since the writer is awfully aware of his and her every guidance and
patience.
In addition the writer would like to thank the following fellows and
acquaintances: to Sarah Levida his most sharing friend who has supported him in
doing the thesis, his other best friends Ernawati, Dwi Santika, Muhamad Vikry,
Liyon Akbar, The student of class C 2010 and the other friends in Translation
class 2014 for being his classmates. He really enjoyed friendship with all of them,
and to his great partner at home is Ustadz Agus Sulton. And whom he cannot
mention, by their memories their laughs, their activities, their supports, their spirit,
their souls, their love conveyed him into life-mature and finally his great thanks to
the entire places that gave his pleasures within the study process.
Jakarta, April 2015
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... i
APPROVEMENT .......................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION .......................................................................................... iii
DECLARATION ............................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURE ......................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
A. Background of Study ......................................................... 1
B. Focus of Study .................................................................. 4
C. Research Question ............................................................. 5
D. Significance of Study ......................................................... 5
E. Research Methodology....................................................... 5
1. Objective of Study........................................................ 5
2. Method of Research ..................................................... 6
3. Technique of Data Analysis ......................................... 6
4. Unit of Analysis ........................................................... 7
5. Place and Time of Research ......................................... 7
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................... 8
A. Previous Research .............................................................. 8
B. Borrowings ......................................................................... 9
1. Definition of Borrowing ............................................... 9
2. Types of Borrowing ..................................................... 10
C. Translation.......................................................................... 11
1. Definition of Translation .............................................. 11
2. Process of Translation .................................................. 12
D. Procedures of Translation .................................................. 13
1. Imam Taufik ................................................................. 13
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ..................................................... 15
A. The Data Description ......................................................... 15
B. The Data Analysis .............................................................. 15
1. Borrowing Word for Loan Word and Its Procedures ... 16
2. Borrowing Word for Loan Blend and Its Procedures .. 17
3. Borrowing Word for Loan Shift and Its Procedures .... 17
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................... 19
A. Conclusion ......................................................................... 19
B. Suggestion .......................................................................... 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 21
ix
APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 25
Appendix 1 The Source of Data .................................................................... 25
Appendix 2 The Target Text of Data............................................................ 36
Appendix 3 The Writer .................................................................................. 47
Appendix 4 The Editor .................................................................................. 48
x
LIST OF TABLES
1. Table 1 : Comparison Biography of The Magazines .......................... 7
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Figure 1 : Nida’s Three Stages System of Translation ....................... 14
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Language is used by people to communicate. Language may be understood if
the speaker and the listener have the same language. The misconception between the
speaker and the listener came if they do not understand the languages from each
other. That is why a translation is needed in order to reduce the misconception. There
for, a translation is necessary. According to Arif Rokhman, “the translation is a work
to restate an idea about one language to other language.”1 There are two languages
that implicate a translation they are source language (SL) and target language (TL).
SL and TL are used by translators and researchers to learn about language
translations.
Languages can evolve from time to time. According to Chaer, “there is a
relationship between language and human being. Human activities which are
constantly changing and developing, leads a specific changes for the language.”2 In
the development of Indonesian culture, it is possible that there is a relation with other
countries, especially to introduce the culture. Cultural relation from one country to
another country may also cause a language contact. Under such a contact situation, it
is possible for a certain language to borrow some particular words from another
language. According to Champbell, “a lexical item (a word) which has been
1 Muh Arif Rokhman, Penerjemahan Teks Inggris, Teori dan Latihan, (Yogyakarta: Hanggar
kreator, 2006), p. 9 2 Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum,(Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1994), p. 32
2
„borrowed‟ from another language, a word which originally is not part of vocabulary
of the recipient language but is adopt from some language and made part of the
borrowing language‟s vocabulary is called loanword.”3
English language has spread all over the world for the last two centuries and
influenced many aspect of globalization. The cultural, economic, politic, medic,
military and scientific from United States and United Kingdom has given English
pre-eminent status as a language of international communication. English language is
spread through film, music, internet, documentary, games, and media. In Indonesia,
so many forms from media such as newspaper, tabloid, journal, and magazine use
English to explain some new terms for Indonesian languages. Some words are
borrowed to fulfill the gap between the source language meaning and target language
meaning.
According to Kachru, “The deficit hypothesis presupposes that borrowing
entails linguistic “gaps” in a language and the prime motivation for borrowing is to
remedy the linguistic “deficit”, especially in the lexical resources of a language.”4
This is quite similar with explanation from Champbell, and based on this statement it
can be assumed that a certain words are borrowed, because there is no equivalent
word in the native language to explain the intended meaning. A large number of
borrowing words which are adopted from English to Indonesian language draw the
3 Lyle Champbell, Historical Linguistic: An Introduction, (Eidinburg: Eidinburg University,
1998), p. 62 4 Kachru, Braj B. Englishization and Contact Linguistics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1994), p. 135
3
function of the loanwords. First, loanwords are aimed to fulfill the need of new
vocabularies, and the second is for prestige.5
Loanwords are many used in Indonesian language, one of the loanword from
English is such as televisi from television.6 One of the borrowing words from Arabic
to Indonesia is syetan from .7 In other country like Japan, the loanword such as
コミュニケーション (ko-myu-ni-ke-to) is word from communication in English.8
These words are used when the native speaker of the words above to do contact and
communicate with indigene people for some decades, until their languages became
language that is used by native speaker for daily activity.
However, not all the loanwords and their counterparts (or synonym) have the
same meaning when they come in different contexts. As stated by Sumarsono, “In
linguistics nowadays, it almost becomes axiomatic that an absolute synonym does not
exist.”9 In his book, he also quotes Macauly who said that change the structure of the
sentence, replace one synonym with the other, then the overall effect of that sentence
would be destroyed. Those statements lead into a question whether or not absolute
synonym exists. This is one of the so many problems of translating borrowing words.
That is why the study of terms is necessary to reduce misunderstanding by readers.
5 Lyle Champbell op. cit., p. 64
6 John M. Echols and Hasan Sadily, Kamus Inggris Indonesia, (Jakarta: Gramedia, 2003), p.
582 7 Mahmud Yunus, Kamus Arab Indonesia, (Jakarta: PT. Mahmud Yunus Wa Dzurriyyah,
2007), p. 209 8 Bachtiar Harahap, Kamus Kata Serapan Bahasa Jepang, (Gramedia: Jakarta, 2006), p. 384
9 Sumarsono, Sosiolinguistik, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2009), p. 54
4
From the explanation above, the writer uses Digital Camera Magazine to do
research. Then the writer tries to analyze the photographical terms found in The
Digital Camera World Magazine from English to Indonesia which using translation
procedure for translating borrowing words.10
Then, the types of borrowing words
which are found in Digital Camera Indonesia magazine will be classified by theory of
Charles F. Hockett who is explaining theory of loan word, loan blend, and loan
shift.11
The writer‟s interest is in this topic are based on the view that borrowing word
should be considered as an independent discipline. However, we must be aware of the
fact, most of the translation terms are still applying foreign terms. Thus, the purpose
of this study is to provide further understanding of borrowing equivalence.
B. Focus of Study
Based on the research background above, this study focuses on the process of
translating source language (English) into target language (Indonesian) of
photographical term. Then, the writer reads, identifies, marks, and analyzes loan
word, loan blend, or loan shift found in Indonesian borrowing words of Digital
Camera Magazine March 2014 edition.
10
Jeremy Munday, Introducing Translation Studies Theories and applications.
(London and New York: Routledge,2001), p.56 11
Charles F. Hockett, A Course in Modern Linguistics, (New York: The McMilan Company,
1958), p. 408
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C. Research Questions
From the focus study above, the research question is:
1) Why borrowing word types are applied in the translation of Digital Camera
Magazine?
2) How do the translation procedures of borrowing words occur in Digital
Camera Magazine?
D. Significance of Study
Generally, this research can help other researchers to examine the problem of
translation of borrowing words in various fields and better analyzing in translation
process of borrowing words. The writer hopes the reader can also understand kinds of
borrowing words in Indonesian photographical magazine.
E. Research Methodology
1. Objectives of Study
The objectives of the study as follow:
1) Discovering the types of borrowing words occur on the Digital Camera
Magazine for March 2014 edition.
2) Discovering the procedures of translation occur on the Digital Camera
Magazine for March 2014 edition.
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2. Method of Research
The method of this study is descriptive qualitative method by describing the
theory of borrowing, describing the theory of translation procedure, writing down the
whole data analysis, and collecting the information from the research, in which the
data collected are read, compile, and analyze using the theories of equivalence and
borrowing words. Research findings are displayed with the results of its analysis.
3. Technique of Data Analysis
The technique of Data Analysis is conducted in several steps:
1) Reading and understanding the theories of translation from Roger T. Bell,
Eugine Nida, and Benny H. Hoed, then read procedures of translation from
Imam Taufik, and read types of borrowing from Charles F. Hockett‟s theory
carefully.
2) Reading the unit of analysis of both Digital Camera Magazine English and
Indonesian version for comparing the translation process.
3) Compiling and grouping the data according to SL borrowing.
4) Each datum qualitatively is analyzed by applying the theories and assessed for
the type of borrowing from Charles F. Hockett‟s theory that occurs in the
translation process.
5) Concluding the collected data and displaying the result of data analysis.
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4. Unit of Analysis
Materials analysis used in this research are Digital Camera world March 2014
Edition. It is published by Future Published Limited. Its translation is Digital Camera
Indonesia march 2014 Edition. It is published by PT. Kompas Gramedia, Indonesia,
Jakarta.
Table 1:
Comparison Biography of the Magazines.
ENGLISH INDONESIA
Name Digital Camera World Digital Camera Indonesia
Editor Geoff Harris Yuliandi Kusuma
Year of Publication 2014 2014
Publisher Future Publishing Limited Kompas Gramedia
Number of Pages 172 92
5. Place and Time of Research
The writer begins this study in March 2014 and is studying the field of study
English Language and Literature seventh semester Adab and Humanities Faculty of
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. Moreover, this study is located
in the Faculty of Adab and Humanities Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
Jakarta, Main Library, Library of Adab, and at the house of the writer.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
This is not the only research of borrowing word because the writer found
other relevant researches. They are; Translation Via Borrowing of Sony Ericsson
W200I Mobile Phone Guide by Mohammad Zubaidi Ashfar (2013), An Analysis of
English Borrowing Word In Indonesian Computer Terminology by Hervan Prianggi
Rezardy (2013), and The Analysis of English Borrowing Words in Indonesian
Political Terminology by Lorania (2013).
The first study is entitled Translation Via Borrowing of Sony Ericsson W200I
Mobile Phone Guide Book by Mohammad Zubaidi Ashfar (2013). The focus is on
analyzing English Borrowing words and the purpose is to categorize types of
borrowing word. He is using theory of borrowing word from Charles F. Hockett to
classify the words and using the theory of Benny H. Hoed for the technique but he
focused on the process of translating source language into target language. He found
eighteen words of the guide book. In this study, he described each word and the
equivalence but he did not write what equivalent he used, however, he wrote it down
in the data description.12
12
Mohammad Z. Ashfar, Translation Via Borrowing of Sony Ericsson W200I Mobile Phone
Guide Book, (Jakarta: UIN Syahid, 2013), p. 36
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The second is entitled An Analysis of English Borrowing Word In Indonesia
Computer Terminology by Hervan Prianggi Rezardy (2013). The focus is acceptation
of English borrowing to computer fields in Indonesian which describes kinds of
condition of borrowing. The process is by using semantic change, such as extensions,
narrowing, and the same meaning and describing process of word formation. He
found twenty borrow words of computer terminology. In this case, the writer used
process of translations substantively, the process of translations may use if the result
of a translation is not foreknown yet.13
The third is entitled The Analysis of English Borrowing Words in Indonesian
Political Terminology by Lorania (2011). This research used descriptive qualitative
method. This research is focused on English Borrowing in political terminology and
the words those experienced the change of meaning, such as Extension, Narrowing,
and same in meaning. Then, she categorized the borrowing words into Loanword,
Loanblend, and Loanshift from Charless. F. Hockett‟s theory. She found twenty
borrowing words with only two kinds of meaning change which occurred in the
Kompas newspaper, the words rest are have no changed. This analysis should add
more data to be analyzed and categorized. So, the kind of meaning change can be
found more often.14
13
Hervan P. Rezardy, An Analysis of English Borrowing Word In Indonesia Computer
Terminology, (Jakarta: UIN Syahid., 2013), p. 24 14
Lorania, The Analysis of English Borrowing Words in Indonesian Political Terminology,
(Jakarta: UIN Syahid, 2011), p. 24
10
All the three latest survey is research on borrowing word with focus on types
of borrowing words, condition of borrowing, and the change of meaning words.
These theses are significant research because the borrowing words have many
focusing topics to be studied. And the writer will analyze borrowing words with focus
on technique of a translation and types of borrowing word in chapter three.
B. Borrowings
1. Definition of Borrowing
Borrowing words are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a
different language.15
The evidence can process from the non-native speaker who is
write or speech willfully or not take the word in order that the reader can understand
what is being spoken because borrowing is not always from language into another,
sometimes it is merely between dialects.16
A borrowing can also be called a loan
word.17
The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words
from a source language into their native language. Loan and borrowing are of course
metaphors, because there is no literal lending process. There is no transfer from one
language to another, and no returning words to the source language.18
They come to
15
Martin Haspelmath, Understanding Morphology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 107 16
Charles F. Hockett, A Course in Modern Linguistics, (New York: The McMilan Company,
1958), p. 389 17
Azhari Hasan, Borrowing and Lexicon, (Karbala: Kerbala University, 2009), Vol.7, No.3, p. 41 18
Ibid.
11
be used by a speech community that speaks a different language from the one they
derived it.
Languages borrow primarily to communicate; borrowing, therefore, occur to
necessity or need where a language does not have a readily available word for
something. Other reasons for borrowing include prestige and foreign influence.
Borrowing occurs when speakers of a given language have had some contact with
another/other language(s).
2. Types of Borrowing
Charles F. Hockett is a professor of linguistics explained that there is four
types of borrowing words processes depending on phonological and semantic
characteristics.19
Hockett has organized as follows:
1. Loan word: Loan word is the process of morphological importation
involving no morphological substitution but with or without substitution
in phoneme. Example: Data = Data, Skill = Skill, Fellow = Fellow,
Window = Window, Skin = Skin, Tax = Tax, Religion = Religion, Saint =
saint.20
2. Loan blend: Loan blend is the combination of more than one loan-word, is
a form in which one element is a loanword and the other is a native
19
Charles F. Hockett, op.cit., pp. 408-413 20
Azhar Hasan, op.cit., p.43
12
element, as in the borrowed preost (priest) plus the native -had (hood) in
Old English to produce preosthad (priesthood).21
3. Loan shift: another process that occurs in adapting native words to the
new meanings. Examples of loanwords in English are God, heaven, and
hell.22
Example in Indonesian: efficient = tepat guna, performance =
dayaguna.23
C. Translation
1. Definition of Translation
A translation is an operation performed on languages; a process of
substituting a text in one language for a text in another24
, on the other hand, are a
process of replacing a text in one language by a text in another.25
There has been a
plethora of definitions which Eugene A. Nida has elaborately surveyed. He
elucidates: Definitions of proper translating are almost as numerous and varied as the
people who have undertaken to discuss the subject. This diversity is in a sense quite
21 Bates L. Hoffer, Language Borrowing and the Indices of Adabtability and Receptivity, (San
Antonio: Intercultural Communication Studies, 2005), Vol. XIV, No. 2, p. 54 22
Ibid. 23
Dendy Sugono, Pengindonesiaan Kata dan Ungkapan Asing, (Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa,
2003), p. 132 24
J.C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 1 25
Susan Bassnett, Transaltion Studies (London: Routledge Taylor, 2002), p. 22
13
understandable; for there are vast differences in the materials translated, in the
purpose of the publication, and in the needs of the prospective audience.26
According to Brislin, a translation is a general technical term that pointed on
mind and concept from one language (source language) to other language (target
language),27
either in writing language or spoken language; either both language have
a basic system on writing language or not.28
This translation is supported by theory of
J.C. Catford who clarifies that translation is replacement textual material in one
language by equivalent textual material in another language29
.
Rochayah Macali explains the definition of a translation as said by Newmark,
that “the translation rendering the meaning of text into another language in the way
that the author intended the text.”30
The translation works not only in writing text also
make a clear communication with global areas in dialogue. Like Newmark said, as a
means of communication, a translation is used for multilingual notices, which have at
last appeared increasingly conspicuously in public places; for instructions issued by
exporting companies; for tourist publicity, where it is too often produced from the
native of the „foreign‟ language by natives of a matter of national pride; for official
documents, such as treaties and contracts; for reports, papers, articles,
26
E.A Nida, Toward a Science of Translating. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964), p. 161 27
Richard W Brislin, Translation; Application and Research, (New York: Gardner Press, Inc,
1976), p. 1 28
Zuchridin Suryawinata, Translation: Bahasan Teori dan Penuntun Praktis
Menerjemahkan, (Kanisius: Yogyakarta, 2003), p. 13 29
J. C. Catford, op. cit., p. 20 30
Rochayah Macali, Pedoman bagi Penerjemahan (Jakarta: PT. Grasindo, 2000), p. 25
14
correspondence, textbooks to convey information, advice and recommendations for
every branch of knowledge.31
2. Process of Translation
Anuradha Dingwaney said, that the processes of translations involved in
making another culture comprehensible entail varying degrees of violence, especially
when the culture being translated is constituted as that of the “other”.32
According to
Nida and Taber, there are three processes of a translation:
A B
(Source language) (Receptor language)
(Analysis) (Restructuring)
X Transfer Y
Figure: 1. Nida‟s three stages system of translation
31
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (Prentice Hall International: UK, 1988), p. 7 32 Anuradha Dingwaney, Carol Maier, eds., Between Languages and Cultures Translation
and Cross-Cultural Texts, (London: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995), p. 4
15
This system translation used when the translator did not understand what the
purpose of the word or sentence or paragraph of the translation text. Second, the
translator had in trouble translates the source text, even have comprehended the
source text. The explanation for below:
1. Analyzing the Source language
The translator learns the language text from aspect structure, semantic style
and message into the target language support33
and they should know the
connection of meaning in between words and combines words. In this case,
the translator‟s way of thinking is cover by experience, speaking ripeness
level, and social aspect mastery, culture and technology influenced of
translation quality result.34
So, the translator does not capable to
comprehension in two languages, but two “worlds”, they are language,
culture, society, and the way of life of citizen that pertinent in the translation
language.35
According to Newmark, text is distinguishable by depending on
language functions those are the expressive function, the informative function,
the vocative function, the aesthetic function, the phatic function, and the
metalingual function. If translation text has informative function like text that
has knowledge inside it such as technology, economy, commercial and so on,
33
Ibid, p. 33 34
Frans Sayogie, Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta: UIN Syahid), p. 24 35
Ibid, p. 25
16
with standard format like in text book, report book, articles, science of
journals and so on.36
Beside, text can be distinguishable into two those are fiction text and
non-fiction text. Fiction text does not have a real reference or it is just in
the text. Non-fiction text has a real reference that clear and obvious
because its text was wrote by the fact.37
2. Transferring
The translator analyzes the material transferred in the translator‟s mind from
source language into target language.38
The translator is maintaining order and
information which has translate classically, without cutting the meaning of
source language by the means of translator of the text. It is done by depends
on translator‟s method of translation.39
3. Restructuring40
In this method, the translator changes the grammatical structure and semantic
of SL into TL while check the translation whether appropriate to target design
and important analysis.41
In this step, translator can adjust the text that felt
“stiff”. Despitefully, the process may occur adaptation verbality, for example
36
Ibid. p. 26 37
Ibid. 38
Benny, H. Hoed, Penerjemahan dan kebudayaan, (Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2006), p. 11 39
Frans Sayogie, op. cit. p. 28 40
E.A. Nida and C.R Taber, The theory and Practice of Translation, (Leriden: E.J. Brill, 1982) p. 33 41
Benny, H. Hoed, op.cit. p. 12
17
if it is wether using the general form of text or phrase or wether standard
once.42
D. Type of Translation
Relation between languages can generally be regarded as two-directional,
though not always symmetrical. As a process, translation is always uni-directional: it
is always performed in a given direction, from a Source Language into a Target
Language.43
We can call Source Language as SL and Target Language as TL. The
writer will defines some broad types of categories of a translation as explained by
Catford, in terms of the extent, levels, and ranks.44
Extent:
1. Full translation: the entire part of SL text is replaced by TL text material.
2. Partial translation: some part or parts of the SL text are left untranslated.
Levels:
1. Total translation; grammar and lexis SL is replaced by equivalent TL
grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL
phonology/graphology by (non-equivalent) TL phonology/graphology.
2. Restricted translation; it means placement of SL textual material by equivalent
TL textual material at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
Respectively, substitution of SL grammar for equivalent TL grammar, but
42
Frans Sayogie, op. cit. p. 29 43
J. C. Catford, op. cit., p. 20 44
Ibid, p. 21
18
with no replacement of lexis, and substitution of SL lexis for equivalent TL
lexis but with no replacement of grammar.
Besides the type of translation mentioned above, Catford distinguishes the other two
types, they are:
1. Phonological Translation; SL phonology is replaced by equivalent TL
phonology, but there are no other substitutions, except such grammatical or
lexical changes as many result accidentally from phonological translation.
2. Graphology Translation; SL phonology is replaced by equivalent TL
graphology with no other substitutions, except accidental changes.
Ranks:
1. Rank-bounded translation; an attempt is made always to select TL equivalents
of the same rank, e.g. word. A word-rank-bound translation is useful for
certain purposes, often, however, rank-bound translation is „bad‟ translation,
in that it involves using TL equivalents which are not appropriate to their
location in the TL text, and which are not justified by the interchangeability of
SL and TL texts in one and the same situation.
2. Rank-unbounded translation; a free translation is always unbounded-
equivalences shunt up and down the rank scale, but tend to be at the higher
ranks-sometimes between larger units than the sentence.45
45
Ibid. p. 23
19
E. Procedures of Translation
Method of translations is different to strategy and technique of translation,
method is focus of the option whether the way used by the translator to translate the
source language.
1. According to Imam Taufik, absorption process of borrowed word is consists of four
ways procedures which are explained as follows:46
1.1 Adoption, if the translator takes form and meaning SL which is absorbed totality.
The word supermarket, plaza, mall, hotdog are the examples of adoption.
1.2 Adaptation, if the translator is only takes meaning of foreign word which is
absorbed then process of writing and spelling area appropriated with target
language rules. Such as pluralisasi, akseptabilitas, maksimal, dan kado are
examples of adaptation. Those words are experience changing spell from the
original (pluralization and acceptability).
1.3 Translation, if the translator takes a concept consisted of foreign language then
looking for the comparison of TL. Such as tumpang-tindih, percepatan, proyek
rintisan, and uji coba are born from translation process of English overlap,
acceleration, pilot project, and try out. Translation of foreign term has some
profits. Other than enrich Indonesian words with synonym, foreign terms also
increase expression of Indonesian language. In figuration by translation, it is
necessary to look up these orientations.
a. Translation is not always translates word for word. Example:
46
Iman Taufik. Kompeten Berbahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2007), p. 47
20
Psychologist ahli psikologi
Medical practitioner dokter
b. Foreign terms in positive are translated into TL with positive form too, as well
as negatives. Example:
Inorganic tak organic
Bound form bentuk terikat
c. Word class in foreign term if possible defends in target term. Example:
Merger (nomina) gabung usaha
Transparent (adjectiva) bening (adjektiva)
d. In translation of plural form of SL, the plural marker is vanished. Example:
Master of ceremonies pembawa acara
1.4 Creation, if translator is only takes basic concept of SL then searching its
equivalence in TL. Although as quickly similar with translation, this one is
different. Creation does not sue similarity of physical form of the translation. The
word that in SL is written in two or three words, in TL may just one word or vice
versa. Example:
Effective daya guna, manjur47
Shuttle ulang alik48
2. According to Dendy, doing the translation works for foreign word and expression
is doing through Translation and Absorption.49
47
Hasan Alwi. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai pustaka, 2005), p. 185
48 Imam Taufik. op. cit. p. 50
21
2.1 Translation, translate the word or combined words into target language, for
example:
Shophouse become rumah toko; ruko
Industrial estate become kawasan industry
Playground become taman (ber)main50
2.2 Absorbtion, this absobtion step is through orthographic adaptation by focus on
the form of the text. The result of the absorption is articulated with Indonesian
language. for example:
Villa become vila
Mall become mal
Agent become agen51
Dendy also said that pattern of the name that indicates new word or combined
word in Indonesian language is using first, “diterangkan-menerangkan”.52
For
example:
Bank Alita not Alita Bank
Plaza Arion not Arion Plaza
Balai Pertemuan Jakarta not Jakarta Convention Center
49
Dendy Sugono. Pengindonesiaan Kata dan Istilah Asing, (Jakarta: Depdiknas, 2003), p. 10 50
Ibid. 51
Ibid. 52
Ibid. p. 9
22
Second, pattern of “menerangkan-diterangkan”.53
For example:
Adikarya Betawipura
Artagraha Swakarsa
F. Analogy and Anomaly Perspectives Borrowed Word in Indonesian Language
Analogy is language regularity and anomaly is divergence or irregularity of a
language. Where there is development there is a n anomaly and analogy issues. The
description of both is below:
1. Analogy Perspective
Analogy is language regularity which a language unit can be analogy if that unit
appropriate with valid conventions.
A borrowed word needs to see the original form only for detect the borrowed
word is really borrow or not without has to find out how is the changing process or
equivalence happen. Then, compare the borrowed word by prevail agreement.
Because analogy clarifies regularity of a language related to language agreements, it
is related with norms of language certainly, even in phonologic system, spelling
system, or structure system.
1.1 Analogy in Phonologic system
53
Ibid. p. 10
23
It is so many borrowing words in Indonesia turned out to have appropriate
system of phonology, either through adaptation process or not. Those words as
follow:54
Aksi - action (English) Derajat - darrajat (Arabic)
Dansa - dance (English) Fajar - fajr (Arabic)
Ekologi - ecology (English) Hikmah - hikmat (Arabic)
Galaksi - galaxy (English) Insan - insan (Arabic)
Phonemes /a/, /b/, /d/, /e/, /f/, /g/, /h/, /i/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /0/, /r/, /s/, /t/, and
/ng/ that use in words as above is phonemes appropriate by phonologic system in
Indonesia. Besides, there are other phonology like: /kh/, and /sy/, which come
from Arabic read by Latin written language. For Indonesian, /kh/, and /sy/ reputed
as deviation symptom or anomaly, but after so long it lasts and with high appears
frequency sooner or later it can be considered as natural indication, no longer
reputes as divergence.
1.2 Analogy in Spelling System
Spelling system is a matter relating to stardardization. This analogy is based
on spelling prevail that is Spelling Enhanced (Ejaan yang disempurnakan).
Following its integration level, loan element into Indonesian is divisible by
two big classes. First, loan element not absorb stark into bahasa yet, like word:
54
Imam taufik., op. cit. p. 49
24
reshuffle, shuttle cock. These elements use on Indonesian language contexts but
process of writing and pronouncing are still following foreign rules. Second, loan
element that process of writing and pronouncing are adjusted with Indonesian
language principle. Of course, the second criteria is an analogy which element of
loan word already adjusted. In Indonesian Spelling Enhanced, it has compiled as
valid norm for borrowed elements. Some examples such as:
Kaustik - caustic Aksen – accent
Sentral - central Kolera – cholera
Akomodasi – accommodation Efek – effect
2. Anomaly Perspective
Anomaly is deviation or irregularity of a language. A unit can be anomaly if it
does not appropriated or divergence with prevail conventions.55
The method used for determining language anomaly on borrowing words in
Indonesian language is equal with the method used for it that is weigh with intern
elements of target language. if the word does not show equivalences with valid rules
it can be said consist of anomaly word. This is same with analogy; it can be counted
into spelling phonology or structure phonology.
2.1 Anomaly in Phonologic System
55
Ibid., p. 51
25
Foreign words that absorbed into Indonesian intact without experiencing
changing written form have read as their original, then causing anomaly on
phonology. Examples:56
Export from export Ekspos from expose
2.2 Anomaly in Spelling System
Foreign words which still absorb intact without crossing adaptation in written
language in general, it is anomaly words in Indonesian. Example:
Bank - bank (English) Qur'an - Qur'an (Arabic)
Intern - intern (English) Jum'at - Jum'at (Arabic)
Modem - modem (English) Fardhu - Fardhu (Arabic)
Those words above are including to anomaly because they did not appropriate
with valid norm in Indonesian language. The things that did not appropriate are:
<nk>, <m>, <‟>, and <dh>. These spelling did not agree with Indonesian spelling
systems.
Sometimes foreign word that found absorb and written as its origin but
appears as anomaly symptoms, because it does not diverge with Indonesian
principle coincidentally. Example:
Era - era (English) Formal - formal (English)
Label - label (English) Edit - edit (English)
56
Ibid., p. 52
26
2.3 Anomaly in Structure
A word sometimes consists of one phoneme, but sometimes arranges by two
or more phoneme. Example: 57
Federalisme - federalism (English) Edukasi - education (English)
Bilingual - bilingual (English) Eksploitasi - exploitation (English)
Dedikasi - dedication (English)
Process of absorption of words above is done intact unity. So, word
federalisme does not absorb separately as “federal” and “isme”. Word bilingual
does not absorb as “bi”, “lingua”, and “al”. Word dedikasi does not absorb from
“dedicate” and “tion” as follow as “edukasi” does not absorb from “educate” and
“tion”. Borrowing word from English which has “tion” suffix is absorb into
bahasa experience adaptation until becomes “si” at suffix by pass off with high
frequency. This fact uttering language problems namely appearing suffix “sasi”
adhering with words that did not originated from English, like:
Islamisasi - Islam + sasi Neonisasi - neon + sasi
Kristenisasi - Kristen + sasi Polarisasi - pola + sasi
In other words, if the reader compares with grammatical rules especially word
morphology, suffix sasi in Indonesia is never exist. So, this matter includes
language anomaly symptoms. But if this suffix is acceptable as common suffix in
Indonesia, it can be said that there is a changing from anomaly becomes analogy.
57
Ibid. p.53
27
The strategies above will be used by the writer to analyze the source text from
Digital Camera Magazine and its Translation Magazine.
28
CHAPTER III
DATA ANALYSIS
A. The Data Description
The data are compiled by highlighting, comparing, and agglomerating the
words that found in Digital Camera Magazine in English and Indonesian version into
borrowing category. The technique, theory of borrowing and types of borrowing are
used in determining the borrowing category and procedures of translation. After
applying the category, the writer rechecks the words which classified by looking up
both the English and Indonesian dictionary for detecting the word meaning. Then, the
writer also finds out how the procedures of translations is applied in translating the
borrowing words by reading and understanding the procedures of translations, types
of translation, theory of borrowing, and types of borrowing word that found in The
Magazine.
The data of borrowing or loan words are described below. Begin by
rewrite SL and TL data from The Magazine. Describe each datum by the fittest
dictionary explanation, then finding the appropriate meaning to TL by the closest
meaning and the right form of the datum. The writer uses some dictionaries to
support the analysis data to find the meaning of each word for whole data as the
standard research of the thesis. The next explanation below is the data descriptions
for English Borrowing Words in Digital Camera Magazine for March 2014 Edition:
28
29
B. The Data Analysis
Analysis is starting by (1) understanding the source text type, (2) determining
the source text function, (3) searching comparison source language through
comparison word for word, (4) analyzing the data with searching comparison word in
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia and Oxford Dictionary for English words searching.
(5) displaying the data analysis.
The analysis will be explained The Source Language and The Target Language. The
writer uses theory of Charles Francis Hockett to analyze the types of borrowing word
and process of translation theory by E. A. Nida, Vinay and Darbelnet‟s theory of
translation procedure to analyzed procedures of translation of each datum. Based on
the tabulated data above, the writer uses the dictionaries to get the meaning of each
word from SL to TL and also classify to the types of borrowing words. The analyses
are below:
1. Borrowing Word for Loan Words and Its Procedures
The analysis of borrowing word for loan word and its procedures will be
discussed here:
a. SL : Tripod (Digital Camera World)
TL: Tripod (Digital Camera Indonesia)
30
The word Tripod in sentence “Use tripod that enables you to position the
camera high enough” is translated into “Gunakan tripod agar kamera dapat
diposisikan cukup tinggi”. This word is borrowing word for loanword type when
writer found the translation. This word exists in Indonesia dictionary, because there is
no equivalences into other form. It is better to use directly this word for the
translation. Tripod means three-legged supporting stand used to hold the camera
steady.58
The translation does not have the change analogy, it is still tripod. The reason
of the translator that uses SL word is because tripod is international word for
camera‟s equipment which not from Indonesia. The translator is maintaining the
meaning and spelling with “adoption” procedure that makes the reader can easily
understand it. Tripod is new for Indonesian language but it is probably familiar for
photographer in everywhere in the world for many years before, so defending target
text meaning by keep that word is completely succeeded.
b. SL : Manual (Digital Camera World)
TL: Manual (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Manual in “we’d recommended using manual focusing and Live
View” is translated into “kami sarankan untuk menggunakan pemfokusan manual dan
Live View”. The synonym above is right word, manual is manual in Indonesia. This
58
Rochester. A Glossary of Photographic Terms, (New York: Eastman Kodak Company,
1999), p. 7
31
word already has the equivalences long time ago together along with that word.
Manual in camera means that the photographer adjusts the focus of a lens by hands.59
This word use “adoption” procedure from Imam Taufik in the writer
analyses even if the word does not experience analogy changing form but manual
already exist in TL Dictionary, there are new synonym word more suitable than
manual itself, so it is easier to understand it. Manual means dilakukan dengan tangan
if the translator wants to translate it literally.60
c. SL : Sensor (Digital Camera Indonesia)
TL: Sensor (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Sensor in the sentence “rather than worrying about the detail of
sensor resolution and lens quality” is translated into “daripada mengkhawatirkan
tentang detail resolusi sensor dan kualitas lensa”. This is kinds of borrowing word
for loanword that directly uses without any changes. Sensor is used because not only
exist in Indonesia dictionary, it is also no matching word left that can change it and
defends meaning better than sensor itself. Sensor is the electronic component that
replaces film, light falls on the individual pixels that make up the sensor and this gets
59
Paul L.G, Morris, Digital Photography Glossary for Beginners.(UK: PM Studios, 2014), p.
7 60
Hasan Alwi, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. (Jakarta: Balai pustaka, 2005), p. 714
32
converted to a digital signal which then makes the image.61
Literally is elemen yg
mengubah sinyal fisik menjadi sinyal elektronik yg dibutuhkan komputer.62
The translation uses “adoption” procedure, because Indonesia itself has no
words which have the same form and meaning with it before, so the editor is put from
English word directly. Generally it is borrowing procedure and the text of translation
becomes easier to understand with TL reader. Though, it is international word but
Indonesia already has this word as its language.
2. Borrowing Word for Loan Blend and Its Procedures
The analysis of borrowing word for loan blend and its procedures will be
discussed here:
a. SL: Compensation (Digital Camera World)
TL: Compensation (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Compensation in the sentence “so be prepared to dialed in positive
exposure compensation to keep things bright” is translated into “jadi bersiaplah
untuk mengaplikasikan exposure compensation positif agar foto tetap terang”. This
synonym must be kompensasi with adding suffix “i”, because any word that come
from English language that has suffix –tion it should be adding “i” as Indonesian
word anomaly structure not still compensation. This borrowing word for loan blend is
61
Paul L.G, Morris, op. cit., p. 8 62
Hasan Alwi, op. cit., p. 1039
33
experiencing blending form into kompensasi with experience anomaly “sasi”, so the
type of borrowing is loan blend. In the Oxford Dictionary, this word has no
explanation with the collocation, it is written just as exposure which has the meaning
a length of film in a camera that is used to take a photograph, or as the length of time
for which light is allowed to reach the film when taking a photograph.63
The procedure that appeared is “adaptation” procedure that changing the
form but has the resemble pronunciation. Ganti rugi is the literal translation for that
SL phrase but this cannot be used for the translator because the reader may confuse
with the meaning of the TL text. Moreover, this phrase had patented on camera, then,
it makes someone still uses the SL phrase as his/her translations.
b. SL : Portraits (Digital Camera World)
TL: Portrait (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Portraits is the title of the page 10 Things theme, so it has no
sentence on it. The right translation is potret not portrait even loosing suffix “s”. this
borrowing word for loan blend was experiencing form into different form but has
resemble pronunciation. This type of word found because in TL sentence it is wrong
form, so the right form of TL should put in into TL translation sentence. So, the right
translation can gain right.
63
Sally Wehmeier, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. (London: Oxford University,
2000), p. 464
34
Portrait word is similar with the TL meaning and use “adaptation” procedure
as its kinds of anomaly. By the translator, it has the same meaning but different
spelling. It is just fading “s” and changing form word. So, the translator directly uses
this word as its translation, with adaptation procedure and without watching the word
class, except it becomes singular word from plural in SL. The Digital Camera
Indonesia’s translator is directly uses this word as its text of translation under the
cloak of maintaining the means of SL. In sketchy point of view, the word portrait is
pronounceable because it is common word to speak.
c. SL : Lens (Digital Camera World)
TL: Lensa (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Lens “I decide to use my extreme wide-angle lens” is translated into
“saya memutuskan untuk menggunakan lensa extreme wide-angle”. This borrowing
word for loan blend type has experienced into lensa as its synonym in bahasa. It is a
curve piece of glass or plastic that makes things look larger, smaller or clearer when
you look through it.64
Indonesian said kaca65
that means benda yg keras, biasanya
bening dan mudah pecah (untuk jendela, botol, dsb)66
.
The translation found that the right procedure is “adaptation” procedure that
experiencing blending form into lensa. For general procedure it is calque that better
64
Ibid, p. 768 65
Dendy Sugono, Thesaurus Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa, (Jakarta: Depdiknas, 2008), p. 289 66
Hasan Alwi , op. cit., p. 485
35
use. Since Indonesian borrows this word, it has no more equivalence in bahasa for
photograph area, except the word lensa. It has same meaning but different spelling
because lens has one syllable, whereas lensa has two syllables. Kaca does not use for
photograph, it is more appropriate to use lensa for calling a lens.
d. SL: Landscapes (Digital Camera World)
TL: Lanskap (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Landscapes is one of the page 10 Things of the magazine on it
has no sentence on it. The translation is lanskap because in KBBI, word landscape
has its synonym with lanskap.67
This borrowing word for loan blend changes into
singular word in bahasa. It means button to hold the camera in its normal orientation
to make a horizontally oriented photograph or commonly said as landscape mode.68
According to Oxford Dictionary, landscape is a painting of a view of the countryside;
this style of painting.69
In Indonesia means tata ruang di luar gedung (untuk
mengatur pemandangan alam: or jumlah total aspek setiap daerah, baik pedesaan
maupun kota.70
The word lanskap is borrowed from English in “adaptation” procedure, but it
has experienced into lanskap that shows this word has calque procedure in general
translation, which experiencing blending word form, that changing as singular word,
67
Ibid, p. 468 68
Dennis P. Curtin, An Extension to The Textbook of Digital Photography. (Massachusetts:
Short Courses, 2007), p. 5 69
Sally Wehmeier, op. cit., p. 751 70
Hasan Alwi, op. cit, p. 637
36
this word does not have collocation in any TL, and having the same meaning and
spelling, that word means panoramic viewing of nature or impression of culture.
e. SL : Memory card (Digital Camera World)
TL: Kartu memori (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Memory card in the sentence “but record a color version of the
image on the memory card for convention later” is translated into “tapi merekam
versi berwarna dari foto pada kartu memori untuk nantinya dikonversi”. It has the
right synonym, and the sentence has a good form. The editor uses kartu memori
because this word has been familiar around the people. It is use to memory card for
handphone, camera, and so on. This borrowing word is the type of loan shift that
experienced shifts in TL form but has the same meaning.
Memory card is the part of computer where information is stored; the amount
of space in a computer for storing information.71
The translation procedure that found
is “translation” procedure which according to Imam and Dendy.72
If this word does
not separate, the translation is never existed. Indonesia has this phrase as its own
language. So, literal translation procedure in general form becomes the best way to
investigate this word. However, kartu memori is new for Indonesian language.
71
Sally Wehmeier, op. cit., p. 833 72
Dendy Sugono, op. cit. p. 124
37
f. SL: Focus (Digital Camera World)
TL: Fokus (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Focus in sentence is “use wider apertures and selective focus” is
transalted into “menggunakan aperture lebar dan fokus selektif”. The synonym is
focus that the translation has the right word. This borrowing word for laon blend has
experienced into fokus changing letter “c” in SL into “k” in TL but the meaning is
same. Focus in Oxford, is to aim rays of light onto a particular point using a lens.73
Indonesian says fokus as substitution of focus in English. Fokus is titik atau daerah
kecil tempat berkas cahaya mengumpul atau menyebar setelah berkas cahaya itu
menimpa sebuah cermin atau lensa, berkas cahaya yg datang berada dl keadaan
paralel dng sumbu cermin atau lensa itu.74
This translation procedure is “adaptation” that changing one letter to different
form. The meaning from SL to TL has the same meaning and spelling. The word
fokus is used to many writing text and one of the words in Indonesian dictionary. The
word focus has been already inside the camera text as a guide to take a photograph.
So, this translation is useful for understanding the translation text of photography
because of the similarity of meaning text.
g. SL : Macro (DigitaL Camera World)
TL : Makro (Digital Camera Indonesia)
73
Sally Wehmeier, op. cit., p. 519 74
Hasan Alwi, op. cit., p. 319
38
The word Macro in the sentence “the typical approach when shooting macros
subjects is to use smaller apertures” is translated into “cara yang umum digunakan
ketika merekam objek makro adalah menggunakan aperture lebih kecil”. The
synonym is makro in TL. So, it includes loan blend type of borrowing word. Nikon
often calls macro lenses Micro.75
Macro in bahasa is makro, where “c” is substitute
with “k”, this is same with focus and fokus word. It is found because Indonesia has
been already used this word but it was experiencing blending form.
The procedure becomes “adaptation” with the result is makro, this borrowing
word is experiencing anomaly structure blending situation, so it becomes makro not
macro anymore. The editor uses calque procedure in general to translate this word.
He does not use borrowing procedure because Indonesian has equivalence as same as
its meaning.
h. SL : Extreme (Digital Camera World)
TL : Extreme (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Extreme in the sentence “I decided to use my extreme wide-angle
lense” is translated into “saya memutuskan untuk menggunakan lensa extreme wide
angle”. The word synonym is ekstrem with changing consonant “X” with combine
consonant “KS” and loosing the vocal letter e in the ending of TL word. This word
includes loan bled type of borrowing word changing some letters in TL translation.76
75
Paul L.G, Morris, op. cit., p. 7 76
Hasan alwi, op. cit., p. 367
39
The editor should be used ekstrem as Indonesian synonym, because the word has
already been absorption form into ekstrem. Furthermore, the meaning is same with
the SL word.
The data analysis used “adaptation” as its procedure, the sentence meaning
does not change far away because word extreme has ekstrem as TL translation that
clearly have the same meaning. So the translation is easier to understand. However,
the whole translation text in this section is clearly understandable with this ordinary
word of many texts.
i. SL : Reflectors (Digital Camera World)
TL: Reflektor (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Reflectors in sentence “Use reflectors to bounce light into darker
areas” is translated into “Gunakan reflektor untuk memantulkan cahaya pada area
gelap”. This word is camera device and it is one of international words. According to
KBBI reflektor is benda yang memantulkan cahaya (suara atau panas).77
, this word
as loan blend type has experienced blending form of original word, because “c” in
original word is turned “k” in target word and even if it‟s plural, any word become
singular in Indonesia because there is no additional meaning if plural word from
English become singular in bahasa. The reason is, any plural word from English in
this modern era always said singular in melayu language that used by Indonesian.
77
Hasan Alwi, op. cit., p. 939
40
The editor reason for using reflektor is no option left to use word that
defending meaning of reflectors more than reflektor itself. If the editor uses literal
translation, of course, it becomes pemantul. He uses “adaptation” procedure in
translation magazine for reflektor. Reflectors has equivalence in bahasa, it was
reflektor. Meaning and spelling do not have a change, however, there is substitution
of word “c” in reflectors (English) become “k” in reflektor (Indonesia). Reflektor
does not have collocation, it is independent. So it does not need it or something else.
j. SL : Resolution (Digital Camera World)
TL : Resolusi (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Resolution in sentence “worrying about the detail of sensor
resolution and lens quality” is translated into “mengkhawatirkan tentang detail
resolusi sensor dan kualitas lensa”. Resolution becomes resolusi with adding suffix
“si” in Indonesia.78
Resolusi is putusan atau kebulatan pendapat berupa permintaan
atau tuntutan yang ditetapkan oleh rapat (musyawarah, sidang).79
Literal translation
is not the right method in this text. In other word, resolution is the power of a
computer screen, printer, etc., to give a clear image, depending on the size of the dots
that make up the image.80
The translator uses “adaptation” procedure to translate the word because in
target language that word has the equivalence. Resolusi from target language is loan
78
John M. Echols and Hasan Sadily, op. cit, p. 481 79
Hasan Alwi, op. cit., p. 952 80
Sally Wehmeier, op. cit., p.1132
41
word from English because meaning is equal, however, the spelling is experiencing
blending form. It is the culture of Indonesian in reducing the word from other
language, such as television becomes televisi, communication becomes komunikasi,
action becomes aksi, and so on. Therefore, this translation is acceptable text that
makes reader is easier to understand.
3. Borrowing Word for Loan Shift and Its Procedures
The analysis of borrowing word for loan shift and its procedures will be
discussed here:
a. SL : Raw (Digital Camera World)
TL : Raw (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The source language raw found in page 18 from English Magazine is
translated into “raw” too in translation magazine that found in page 14 that word has
already been synonym in Indonesia. The synonym is “bahab baku/bahan mentah”.81
The word bahan baku/bahan mentah is borrowed word shifting meaning in Indonesia
with full translation way.
The sentence of raw in the magazine is “shoot it in raw format”, in the target
language is become “rekam dalam format raw”. The writer found raw and choose it
because that word has synonym in Indonesia. By the means of editor who still uses
81
Dendy Sugono, Pengindonesiaan Kata dan Ungkapan Asing, (Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa
Depdiknas, 2003), p. 150
42
SL word as in translation magazine may to maintain his style language, and the
purpose is letting the reader or someone who had hobby of photograph to understand
its sentence, so the meaning of sentence is captured easier. According to procedure
that published by Depdiknas Indonesia, matching word is done through “translation”
and “absoption”.82
The word raw is translated into bahan baku/bahan mentah and
equivalencing to the new concept in TL, so the sentence should be “rekam dalam
format mentah/baku”. To defend loosing word from foreign word that go into our
language, the editor should use baku/mentah as the translation of raw in Digital
Camera Magazine Indonesia.
b. SL : Preview (Digital Camera World)
TL: Preview (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The SL preview that found in page 18 is translated into “preview” too in TL
page 14, whereas this borrowed word has synonym as “pratonton” in Indonesia.83
The sentence “this will give a Black and White preview on the camera’s screen” on
SL is translated into “ini akan memberikan preview Hitam dan Putih pada layar
kamera”. This anomaly word includes of loan shift which maintain the taste of
sentence in order to give an easier meaning for the reader. Preview is a small LCD
display screen on the back of the camera used to compose or look at photographs.84
82
Ibid. p. 10 83
Ibid. p. 84
Dennis P. Curtin, op. cit., p. 6
43
Preview always appears after capturing a picture situated in back of a SLR camera,
DSLR, digital camera, and cellular phone that has screen camera feature.
The preview of a picture on a camera is always said for many photographers,
even Indonesian photographers use this word rather than pratonton. The translator
uses borrowing translation because the meaning and spelling were kept by this
procedure, so the reader is easier to understand the text clearly. Preview word is new
for Indonesian language dictionary. Nonetheless, it is acceptable word for Indonesia‟s
photographers.
c. SL : Black & White (Digital Camera World)
TL : Hitam dan Putih (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The words Black & White in the sentence “This will give a Black & White
preview on the camera’s screen” is translated into “Ini akan memberikan preview
Hitam dan Putih pada layar kamera” appear because the synonym of that words
have been already exist in TL, so the editor is easier to translate. This is a full
translation that shifting that combined borrowing words.
Black is having the darkest color, like night or coal.85
White is having the
color of fresh snow or milk.86
Hitam in bahasa means warna dasar yang serupa
dengan warna arang,87
whereas, putih means warna dasar yang serupa dengan
85
Sally Wehmeier, op. cit, p. 121 86
Ibid, p. 1537 87
Hasan Alwi, op. cit., p. 405
44
warna kapas.88
The procedure used is “translation” from Dendy Sugono‟s theory
because those words have already been become one of the Indonesian anomaly
structure words, as general. Indonesian usually communicates with hitam and putih of
many situations. The literal translation as general procedure is found on these words
because one by one word is translated clearly and they are existed in TL dictionary.
d. SL : Close ups (Digital Camera World)
TL: Close up (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Close up in the sentence “why not try shooting close-ups with the
opposite intension?” is translated into “mengapa tak mencoba merekam close up
dengan tujuan sebaliknya?”. The synonym in Indonesian language is jarak dekat.89
This word means to make the distance or difference between two people and things
smaller; to become smaller or narrower.90
This borrowed word for loan shift is one of
word that experiencing shifts that TL translation is become another form but same
meaning of both words.
The translator put close up as the translation to maintain the SL meaning. If
the editor uses “absorption” procedure that the phrase becomes jarak dekat, the
translation becomes “mengapa tak merekam dengan jarak dekat dengan tujuan
sebaliknya?”. For general procedure, the editor is better uses equivalence because the
88
Ibid. p. 913 89
Dendy Sugono, op. cit. p. 52 90
Sally Wehmeier, op. cit., p. 234
45
word has had adapted for many years before, and to keep the meaning of the sentence
the editor still uses close up rather than jarak dekat as its translation.
e. SL : Background (Digital Camera World)
TL : Background (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word Background in the sentence “too little, and the background may be
blur” is translated into “jiika terlalu sedikit mungkin background akan kabur”.
Background has the synonym “latar belakang/dasar” in bahasa. It is the part of the
scene that appears behind the principal subject of the picture.91
The translation is still
background not latar belakang.92
Latar belakang is keterangan mengenai suatu
peristiwa guna melengkapi informasi yg tersiar sebelumnya.93
In the Translation
Magazine, latar belakang from TL word does not use in order to reduce
misunderstanding between text and the reader. Because background is text of
software inside camera‟s screen, if background is translated with latar belakang the
meaning becomes awkward. But in the right translation, background should be
translated into latar belakang/dasar so the translation sentence becomes “jika terlalu
sedikit mungkin latar belakang/dasar akan kabur” or it is better to use additional
information inside parenthesis of endings by the sentence.
The word background that becomes latar belakang/dasar is borrowed word
for loan shift type. It is not use in translation text because the editor wants to maintain
91
Paul L.G, Morris, op. cit., p. 1 92
John M. Echols and Hasan Sadily, op. cit., p. 50 93
Hasan Alwi, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2005), p. 643
46
the meaning of word in order to gives the easily reading for the reader. However, the
translation has “absorption” for the right procedure, because Indonesia itself has
already been had this word by absorb that word into latar belakang/dasar. For
general procedur, it has equivalence as the procedure by translating the word into TL
word.
f. SL : Balance (Digital Camera World)
TL : Balance (Digital Camera Indonesia)
The word balance in the sentence “I know I can adapt my white balance” is
translated into “saya tahu saya bisa mengadaptasi white balance”. Balance in TL has
the synonym into keseimbangan94
. So the type of this borrowing word is loan shift
changing the whole form and the spelling word. The target text should be “saya tahu
saya bisa mengadaptasi keseimbangan white-nya”. The type of loan shift found
because Indonesian language has the synonym of the word and it is better to use
keseimbangan for enrich the Indonesian words. The translation is still balance,
however, it can be translated into keseimbangan and this translation better and it does
defend the meaning of SL.
The editor chooses borrowing procedure because the text will not be
complicated to read. If the translation is uses “absorption” procedure-keseimbangan
the meaning of SL does reach TL text meaning too. So, it is acceptable if the
translator uses the absorption procedure to maintain SL meanings.
94
Hasan alwi, op. cit. p. 84
47
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions
Based on the result by the research that has been conducted by the writer,
about translation procedures and types of borrowing word of the borrowing
words translation from English into Indonesian language can be concluded as
follow:
1. Borrowing word for loan blend appears as most in Indonesian translation.
Loan blend type has ten words and all of them have the adaptation as
their procedure. This shows as if Indonesian language has many loan
blends, especially for digital photography area. Borrowing word for Loan
shift type has six words. Ten words have the adaptation as the procedures.
Borrowing word for loan word has three words. All of the words have
adaptation as the procedures. In this research, Borrowing Word for Loan
Shift shows as most happen in research findings, this shows that in
Indonesia has equivalence for some words from other language.
2. The procedure from Imam Taufik and explained procedure of foreign
word translation has four and procedures, it is through Adoption,
Adaptation, Translation, and Creation. Adaptation appears at most with
the total 12 times found from loan word and loan blend types rather than
“translation” procedure is six times found.
47
48
3. The borrowing words type does not have the same pattern of procedures.
Loan blend words appear with almost absorption procedure, this shows as
if not all borrowing words have the same procedure in translation. This
result shows as if the translator of the magazine may directly used the
source language word for defends the meaning sentences because some
reasons. But the facts are, there are many source words found on target
text that experiencing loan, blending, and shifting form.
B. Suggestions
After finishing this research, there are some suggestions the writer would
like to give as follows:
1. To the editor of Digital Camera Magazine Indonesia, since many sources
words could be found on TL it is important to pay attention about the
project and who is the translator and how good is his or her work. In data
analysis, a number of loan words still have a big amount whereas they are
in target text. If the translator chooses to use word in SL form, it is
necessary to write additional information, because the reader is not always
people who know about the photography.
2. To translator for general, the digital photography issue is a new field to be
understood. Open minded for this sector of study is valuable in order to
get additional knowledge not only for photographer but also for common
49
people because digital photograph can detectable in our hands easily, as
example cellular phone or gadget.
3. It is a good choice to use borrowing method to translate particular text,
such as a word in digital photography area, borrowing word in law area
and so on. Sometimes, the word that comes new in people‟s conversation
is borrowed from another languages, it is useful for using borrowing word
translation to study on it.
50
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1 The Source of Data
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Appendix 2 The Target Text of The Data
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
Appendix 3 The Writer
Editor of Digital Camera Magazine, Geoff Harris, is the latest in a string of high
profile journalist, author & photographers to join Premium Digital Photography
School, MyPhotoSchool.
He is as the former of best-selling photography title Digital Camera Magazine,
has joined MyPhotoSchool today as chief blogger and Commercial lead.
MyPhotoSchool (www.my-photo-school.com) is part of MyOnlineSchools Ltd, a
rapidly expanding internet group of online only school for vocational & hobby
subjects. MyPhotoSchool and its sister school MyGrandSchool, two of the world‟s
first virtual live vocational schools, and are fast attracting the best authors and
journalists in their respective industries who are turning their skills to online tutoring
and writing.
Founder Duncan Heather commented: “We‟re delighted to welcome Geoff to
the team. He joins our other high profile writers and author including Heather Angel
(former president of The Royal Photographic Society) and many more author as best
friend. Many were from the publishing industry, but Geoff was a clear lead in terms
of both editorial and commercial skills for MyPhotoSchool.
77
Appendix 4 The Editor
Yuliandi Kusuma, more than 10 years works in media and photography
industry. Managing local and internasional (licenced) photography and computing
magazine in Indonesia. Professional photographer for landscape and architectural
(endorsed by various brand). Writer for various best seller photography and
computing books tutorial published by large publisher. Experienced as jury of
photography contest and tutor/lecturer photography and it workshop-seminar.
Judges; Lomba Foto BNI - Java Jazz 2013 (held by BNI) – Jakarta, Color of
Jakarta 2012 (held by Pemprov DKI) Jakarta, Canon Photo Marathon 2012 (held by
PT Datascrip - Canon) Yogyakarta, Lomba Foto Mudik - Canon 2012 (held by PT
Datascrip - Canon) Jakarta, Canon Photo Marathon 2013 (held by PT Datascrip -
Canon) Jakarta, Color of Jakarta 2014 (held by Pemprov DKI) Jakarta. Managing
photography and technology magazine (print, digital, and online) namely:
Digital Camera Indonesia (photography magazine)
Travel Fotografi (travel and photography magazine)
TipTapNet (gadget and mobile computing digital magazine)
Laptop1 (mobile computing magazine)
Writer and Photographer 2007 – 2011 (4 years) Jakarta. Writer of various best
seller photography and computer books published by various publisher. Some of
book translated and distributed in Malaysia.