a thesis - university of ottawa

N.A. NEKRASOV - "illNSTREL OF THE PEOPLE'S SORK3W"

Nataly Baurns

A THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of Arts

(East and Sou-tii European In s t i t u t e ) of the University of Ottawa in Par t ia l Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of

A"

•or

\u Ottawa/ |

MtiOTMtoutS

Ottawa, Canada, 1950

UMI Number EC55144

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1 . CeMeftno-poaoBH© BJTH«HH« Ha JIHHHOCTI> HeKpacoBa I

2 . B^HHHHe OKpyxaiomeS npnpoflH Ha HeKpacoBa 18 3 . BJiHHHHe ropo^a B »HH6 roflH SCH3HH HeKps-

coBa 21 A . B^HUHHe snoxH Ha (£opMHpoBaHHe MHpoco3ep-

uaHHH HeKpacoBa 24

I I . - KPECTLHHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 31

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2 . Taxejioe SKOHOMHiecKoe H wopajibHoe ITOJIO-JKeHHC KP«CTb«H 35

3 . HeorpaHH*ieHHaH BJincTb noM©mnKOB Has Kpe -CTbJTHaMH 49

4 . OTJmHVfTejiwwe nepTH x a p s K T e p a p y c c K o r o KpecTbaHHHa 6 3

s . Tlo^oaceHHe KpecTbflHCTBa a o H nocjie MaHH-tfcecTa 69

6 . OTHomeHHe HeKpacoBa K pedf)opMe H B©pa B CyayimrocTb Hapofla 74

I I I . - 5ETH H )KEHDIHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 78

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8 . H3HK HeKpacoBa 132

3AKJDDHEHHE 140

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! • ABSTRACT OF H.A. HeKpacoB - "IleBeij ropg HapogHoro". . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . 145

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"TeMn - Bee 3HaKT, K T O 3 T O .

BocxHrnaioTCH JIH ort i^BwoH, KTO-JTH6O a a saMSTHT: "A KaKO-

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CnOTJHT JW, CBOÔCTHO BHCKa3HBa« CaMbie paSJTHMHHe MHeHHH,

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nTaMn - Bee 3Ha»T, r a e 3 T O .

H B nHJiKHx H B cepbesHwx p a 3 r o B o p a x o neâJTbHoit c y a b -

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a n o x e .

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B THcaqn TNCHM p a 3 .

HeyaHBHTejrbHO no3TOMy, qTO aaTop TeMOH CBoeft patfoTH

BH6D8UI "HeKpacoB - neBen. r o p a H a p o a H o r o " .

ABTop CMHTaeT 3Ty TeMy BSOKHOH. T . K . , KBK ysce 6njio

CKa3aHO Bimie, CTHXH HeKpacoBa a o cTpaHHoro C O 3 B V H H H HanreMy

Bp©MeHH, H©CMOTpa Ha aaBHOCTb HX HanHCaHHH.

"CipaaaHHa p y c c K O r o H a p o a a " - Tenia, He cxoaamafl c VCT

pyccKHx JiroaeM B H3rHaHHH H ocHOBHa*i TeMa HeKpacoBCKoro TBop-

q e c T B a , H cjroBaMH n o s T a MH BHCKa3HBaeM aojno CBOHX MHCJieS.

CoBpeMeHHaa P O C C H H JtHiueHa FO^MOHCHOCTH HMeTb C O ( 5 C T B 6 H -

HHX H©KpacoBHx. CMSJibMaKH, nHTaBHraeca ^Ka3aTb np^Bay o c T p a -

aaHHHX H a p o a a , XOTH <5H HaMeKOM y K a s a T b HS CBoe Hecoiv iac i ie c

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H©HHH. MHorHe, oTHaflBiuttob, noiiMH Ha caMoyCnScTBO. ^tocTaToqHO

BcnoMHHTb HMeHa TyMHJieBa, BojrouiHHa H MHornx a p y r n x .

B O T noaTOMy HeKpacoB <5JIH30K HSM C e r o otfnaoH 3a n o p a -

CoiueHHHfi Hapoa H c e r o no33HeM, CecnpecTaHHO o TOM noroureM.

KpoMe T o r o aBTOp CHHTaeT H©O<5XO/IHMWM ocpeTHTb T / T O -

XQCTBeHHH© aoCTOHHCTRa 6e3yCJTOBHO BeJTHKOrO HaitHOHaJIbHOrO no3Ta

BBEAEHHE v i i

xyAOBBBRa a peaJtacTa, Gepjwfipo OCHOBOH CBOBPO TBopqecTBa Hapoa

a n i a y v o r o B aapoAaoa CTB.*©, BO AO CBX nop H© naHHToro a H © -

AocTaToqHO on©H©HHoro MBOPBMB.

Baxea B 'TOT $aRT^ HTO HeRpacoB - sepRajio nepexoAaopo

nepaoaa B p y e c R o l JtarepaType 1 9 - r o B©Ka, Koraa a a otiBteeTBea-

a y » e a e a y n o a B B j e a BOBHB Rjiaee ooêcTBa - KJiacc p a 3 B 0 i a a n e B ,

carpaBBRx <5ojibmy» pojib B nocK©Ay»«ea cyafcO© POCCBB a , MOXBT-

6"HTb, OTB©TCTB©HHHX SB BBSy 3KBPpaX(BK>.

BosToxy aBTop pemajt e s o n patfoTy nocBHTHTb pas(Sopy

TBOpieCTBa BBJIBROPQ B09TB B erO XyAOXeCTBeHBHM OC06©HHOCTffM,

eTBBaaiBx HeapacoBa B HBCJIO aaa60Jiee BNAa»iHHXca pyccRax noBTOB.

B aepso f i pjiaBe poBopaTca o npeanocHJiKax TBopqecTBa

HeRpaeoBa, nocTaBBBnax ©ro a a ayTb "neBija ropa HapoaHoro":

o ceMeBBO-poAOBBXBJiaaaaax; o npapoa© a RpecTbaacRoa e p e A e , c

ROTOpHBR 0CO<5©HHO KBOPO BOOT COBpBRacaJtCB B A©TCTB©; O pSHHOM

BJDMIBBB popoAa a , BaRoaen., o BJIHHHHH caxofi a n o x a , s e p a e e ,

r p a a a AByx anox - OTxapaBBa "yoaaeCHoft1' P o c c a a a HapoxAeaaa

BOBHX CJIOSB p a s B o i B a n e B a (JjaHaneoBoft tiypxyasaa.

Bropaa pjtasa nocB&steaa ocHOBBOxy TBopqecTBy HeKpacoBa -

cTHxoTBopeaaaM o xyxBRax, 06 a x Taxe^toit SKOHOMHMQCKOM a aopsuab-

HOB nojtoxeHBH B nepaoA RpeBocTHoro n p a B a . B a e 8 yAejieao B H B -

xaBBe (jHTy RpecTbaa, OCHOBHHM qepTaii ax xapaRTepa , ax oTHome-

HBD R p e $ o p x e a B3râay noaTa a a CyaymaocTb RpecTbaHCTBa.

TpexB« râBa nocB«m©Ha ACTAM a xeHamHaM B oTpaxeHaa

BeRpacoBcapff n o a s a a .

BBE.ZIEHHE • i i i

HexBepxaa rvtaBa oxBaTHBaex XBopqecxBO HeapacoBa, ox-

aocameeca R ropoay - deaaoxe a Bucmexy cBexy.

IlaTaa pjiaBa nocBaiaeHa aHajiH3y xyaoxecxBeHHHX ocodeH-

aocxea a AOCXOBBCXB noaxa.

ABxopy Kaxexca, qxo noaodHHB nopaaoK pacnpeaeJieHHfl

no pjiaBax aacx BosxoxHOCXb oxBaxaxb Haadojiee nojiBO OCHOBHH©

axaaa XBopqecTBa HeRpaeoBa a 3aaoaqaxb padoxy oneHKoM ax c

xyaox©CTB©HHOB cxopeax, x . e . npaAacx padoxe <5OJI©© HJIH xeaee

xoaoppa4»qeeRBM xapaaxep.

0 HeKpacoB© naeajiocb oaeHb KBOPO. Exy nocBamaJiH

dojibnae padoxn a accseAOBaaaa xaaae BejiaiBBH JiaxepaxypHoro

xapa KaK EBP©Hb©B-MaKcaxoB, HyKOBCKHH, 38xeB<5ayx, l©roJi©B,

ropa$ejibA, nxnaa B XBOPO apyrax.

K coxauieHHi), y exyaeaxoB CJaaBancKoro oxaeJia Bectxa

oiQrxax aeaocxaxoa JiaTepaxypH. TpyAHO aocxaxb aaxe OCHOBHH©

TpyaH nacaxejieM, ae roBopa o Kpaxaae HJIB cnenaa.abHHX padoxax.

noaxoxy as Top cqeji 3a .aynuee noJioxaxb B ocaoBy patioxx noapod-

HHB aHaJiB3 CTHxoTBopeHHfi HeRpaeoBa, acxoaa as npeanojiOKQHHa,

qxo p aBHH© pepoa npoaaBeaeaaM, ra© HeRpacoB cax H© Bacxynaex

AeficxBynmax JHIUOVI, Bxpaxaiox xHeaae noaxa.

IVIABA I

nPEOTOCbMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA

HTOGH noaaxb, RBRBX odpasox HeRpacoB npameji K cBoexy

xaapy, i x o A&SO exy Boaxoxaoexb nacaxb o RpecxbaHax, deABflKax,

Boodxe Bcex "ocRopdJieHaxx B yBBxeHHHXff xaa, RBR nacaJt OH,

caeAyex ocxaHOBBXbca aa HeRoxopxx cTopoaax ©ro jiaqHofi XH3HB,

aa BjnuiBBB BnenaxAeaaB a e x c x s a , aa BJIHHHHH caxxx dJiasRax

jnoaeS - oxaa a xaxepa , aa JOHomecTB© - nepBxx caxocxoaxejibHxx

POABX noaxa, X . K . O6HHHO nepBaa nop a XBSHB KJiaaeT oxneiaxoR

aa xapaaxep q©jcoB©Ka, a y Jivm coaaaaiomax - Ha xapaaxep

XBopqecxBa.

I . CexeSao-poAOBne BJiaaHaa Ha JJHHHOcTb HeKpacoBa.

HeRpacoB - Bsxoaen. a s cpeaHeM ABopaHCRofi cexba .

CaeayeT HecKOJibKo sapjiaayxb aa3aa, B cexeKHyro acxopaio. Eme

npaaea noaxa odJiaaaJi ROJSocca^bHHU dopaxcxBOM. Ho Ryxexa,

X6HBJHBH, KapXH yX©BbflIH4IB 6PO SHaHHTeJIbHO. EBr©Hb©B-MaKCHMOB|

cpaBHBBaa AORyxeaxx, Racajomaeca cexefiaoR xpoaaRa poaa Heapa-

COBBX, aadpeji aa HeaoxopHe HHxepecHHe $aRXH. TaK, OKaauBaex-

ca , dojtbmaa qacxb COCTOHHHA npa-npaaeaa noaxa, HROBB HBaHOBana

HeRpaeoBa, tfHJia npoRyneaa a oq©Hb doJibniaa qacxb yum a na

I B . E . EBreHbeB-MaRCHMOB, HeRpacgB_RaK_3e50BeRA_xyp; S M B S T . a . s g g j , MocRBa-^eaaappaA, Toe .HSAT, 1928 , c x p . 2 3 .

nPEflnOCbMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 2

i

ooRpxxae xaxopo-xo xaBBCXBeaaopo AOJia, o aoxopox jraROBBiecRa

yaoxxHaexca RBR o "cxpopocxax ero xeaHn. CoB©pm©HHO BCHO,

ixo "cxporocxa" GHJIB c aex-xo as apenocxHax a MTO coBepmeHBHfi

nooTynoK, daxb xoxex, HOCHJI xapaaxep KpoBaBoro caxoaypcxBa,

ix© dHJio aajiexo ae peARoexbn B I© ABB .

Ilpaaea noaxa - AjieaceM fiKOBJieBHq - xeaaxbdofi Ha dora-

xoM ABopaaae HpaBajiOBofi (npaaecisefi xyxy B npaaaHoe cxaBmee

BnocJieaciBHH saaxeBBXHX ce-abno rpemaeBo) nonpaBBJt nomaxHyBme-

eca 6UAO coexoaaae oxna.

#BA aeaxa, Cepre8 AJJ©KCB8BHH, xaaoft xe cTpacxaxS aap-

xexHBR, R B R B HROB HBaaoBaq, npoarpeus B KapxH Bee aocTaBxaeca

exy oexaxRa Koraa-xo Rpynaoro cocxoaHaa. nocaeABBfi dcabmofi

npoBppHK (8.000 pydJieS) noBJieK 3a codofi 3aKjraa aueHaa, 3axex

Cep re M AJieaceeBaq 3anyxajrca B aojirax, nponeHXH nepepocjia cyxMy

3&xopa a HeapacoBH paaopaJiacb eoBepmeHHO. IIpaBaa, xJionoTaMH

dadyxRH, xeaotaaH oq©Hb aHepraqHoft a xyxcKOPO CKJiaaa yMa, yaa-

Jiocb He xoJibKO nonpaBaxb aeJia, ao a nojiyqaxb Hasaa (fjaKxaqecKH

npoappaBHoe axeaae.

HaaoaeB, oxen, noaxa, AjieKcea CepreeBaq, cosepmeHHO

yHacJieaoBaJi poaoBOt! xapaaxep HeRpacoBBtx. HecaepxaHHxM, BcnHJib-

qaBHH, cxpacxaaa KapxexBBR, KyxaJta a cxpaciHHH RpenocxaaK, OB

xaa xe RBR a asa epo cxapmax dpaxa, dHJi BoeHHHM a cayxaji B

ErepcRBx nojiKax. HeKpacoB (CHB) xaK nepeaasaji oioBa oxBa BO

Bpexa cBoeB dojiesHa: "npeaaa BamH,-paccKa3HBaji exy Ajieacefi Cep-

pe©BHq,-dHJiH. dopaxH. Ilpa-npaaea Bam npoarpsur c©Mb XHCHH aym,

IIPEflnOCbLflKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 3

apaABA - ABB, ABA (xott OT©B) - OAay, a - Haqepo, noxoxy qxo

aeqepo GHJIO npoappasaxb, BO B Rapxoqaa noappaxb Toxe JIK-

d a j " . 2 3xo a ae XOPJIO duxb aaaqe . H3 noaoJieBBH B noKOJieHH©

HoRpacoBH XHJIB BOXHKB noxenjaRaxH - nojib30Bajiacb xpyaox CBOBX

padOB-KpecTbHH, aaaa, qxo caMH Mopyx aaqepo He Aejiaxb a B TO

xe Bpexa deeaoaxpojibBo pacnopaxaxbca cyabdaxa a aaxe XB3BHXB

CBOHX RpenocxBHX. H3 poaa B poa pocjio B Rpenjio xanaqBO pyc -

CRoe caxoAypcxBO, apoasx, coaBaaae HeoppaaaqeHHoM BJIBCXH HBA

coxHaxa, a noaqac a XHcaqaxa JiK>Ae8. BJiacib Bceraa onbaaaex.

Haxypa rpydx© axo aroHcxaqecKoe caMoaypcxBO IIPBBOABJIO cnjofflb aa paAox K X©CXOROCXB a aaxe sBepcxBy; Haxypa qyB-CTBOHHH© - R Heody3AaHHOMy pasBpaxy; Haxypa mumae - K yBaeqeaan BCAKHMH BBABMH a3apxa; HaxypH MHTKH© a naccaB-HH© - R KaHBJIOBCROXy np©HHH) BB KOpHK) H OdJIOMOBCKOXy daft-

daqecTBy®.

AJieKceft CeppeeBaq ocodoro odpasoBaaaa, Kpoxe BOBHHO-

PO, He nojiyqaJi. Bee , qxo XOPJIO dmb xopomepo B ero ayme, 3a-

PJIOXJIO, ae pacnseB. OB BWRBJI njioaox BocnaTaHaa poaoBsx npa-

BaqeR a aaRJioaaocxeS HeapacoBHX. CxpaaiHO cxaHOBaxca, qaTaa OX3HBH O BOX dHBfflHX ©TO RpenOCXBHX BJXB CTHXH ©TO CHHa.

AJI©RC©B Cepreesaq - apxfi RpenocTHHK, aaxe AJia CBoero BpeMeHH,

aeodHxaoBeBBO XOCXOKHH dapaa, can pacnpaBJiajica c KpenociHHMH,

npacoypoM a Aaxe xeaoi i , Be cxecaaacb npacyxcTBaa aeTeB.

MajieHbRafi xaJibqaK, noaqac HHKSM ae 3axeqeHHHft, qacxo dHJi CBH-

2 B . E . EBreabeB-MaKCHMOB, HeKpacoB KaK qejiOBeK, xyp B&XBCT a noaT. MocRBa-^eaaHrpaa, T o e , H 3 a . , 1 9 2 8 , c x p . 25

3 Ibid., cxp .25

IIPEZmOCHJIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 4

Aexejiex yxacHNX KapTHH, Morymnx nep©B©pHyTb H noTpacTH aymy

BspocJiopo q©JiOB©Ka, a He TOJibKO BneqaTJiHTejibHyio aymy pedeHKa.

XapaKTepHH OTSHBH dHBiiiax KpenocTHHx od AjieKcee CepreeBHq©

HeRpacoB©:

MBJIO cJiOB.a popa p©q©HbKa, TOPH peqeHbKa d©3aoHHaa.

- KaK MQTKO BnOCJieaCTBHH 3aM©THT CHH.

EHBHEHH CTapocTa c©Jia rpenmeBO, 9pacT MaKCHMOBHq Top-

qaa , BcnoMHBaeT, qTo AJieKceS CepreeBHq dHJi oq©Hb cTporaH H

CRynofi noMemHK. OcodoB noxaqKH CBOHM "jiioaaM" He aaBaJi. ITopKH

dbuiH npaBHqHHX aeJiOM B y c a a b d e . KpecxbHHKa TaTbHHa MapoKOBa

paccKasEreajia, BcnoMHHaa dapnjHHy B rpenraeBo: "xajia aseM H HOHbuf,

TopqHH ynoxHHaeT a o TOM, qTo AJieKcefi CepreeBHq B c e r a a HMSJI

JindOBHHB a s CBOBX xe KpecTbaaoK, HHoraa nejiHfi rap©M CbaHa dx-

Jia RopeHHaa, a p y r a e B n p a c T a x K e " ) . IIoaxBepxaaex 3xo H apyroB

KpecibaHHH, xoxe rpemHeBCKHH, Ceprefi C©M©HOBHq IIojiaHHH. OH

npHBoaax xaKofi $aKx:

CxapHH dapHH BO BP©MA OXOXH 3aMeTHJi KpacHByio aeByiHKy, nojiOBHiyio KapTO$©Jib; OHa ©My noHpaBHJiacb. -"ECJMIM, npaBeaa" , pacnopaaaj ica oa , a© aojiro ayMaa. Hy, E$HM H npneeji e o , KaK codaay Ha n.ena. ArpacJeHa 3Ta dHJia H3 KOIUSBKH. CyMejia yroaaTb dapaay - PJIBBHOS HajioxHHneft e© caeoiaji. A Koraa -Bce-xaKH H efi nonaaaj io . 4

IIpaBaHBOS KapXHHKOZ SnOXH aBJiaSTCfl 3KH3Hb IIOJIHHHHa.

Ero OTeB dmi npoarpaH B KapiH B TpeiiiHeBO. fleBHTHJieTHero

4 EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, op. c i t . , c T p . 30

nPEOTOCbLHKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 5

xaJibqamRy BSAJIB aa dapcaafi ABop. MaJibqaa dHJi mycxpxif, pa3Ba-

xoft a Aaxe ppaxoxBHa. Hxo dxjio yxacao , qxo noaeBOJie dojiee BH-

coRoe yxcxBeaaoe paaBHxae, qacToe qxeHae pasBHJia B H©M qyB-

CXBO codcTB©HHoro AocxoHacxBa - KaqecxBO, He npasoaamee R

aodpy B B pade n , ado STO qyBciBO HenpecxaHHO yaaxajiocb a xon-

xajioeb B rpasb . IIo BOcnoMHaaHHflM EBreHbeBa-MaKCHMOBa,KOTopoMy

yaajiocb jiaqao nodeceaoBaTb c IIOJIAHBHHX B 1913 roay, cxapaK

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11 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , c x p . 91

12 ABXorpacp H.A. HeKpacoBa, BHXnpoBaHO EBr©Hb©BHM-Ma KeaMOBHx, op. c i t . , cxp .31

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I 3 a HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "PoaaHa", T . I , CTp. 16

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16 HeRpacoB, op .o i t . , c x p . 96

17 ib id . , c x p . 15

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18 HeRpacoB, op . c i t . , c x p . 246

19 ib id . , c x p . 1 7 4 , T .3

nPEOTOCbMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 13

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20 K.H. HyROBCKaB, HeKpacoB KaK xyaoxHHK, CITE, H3a. "3noxa", 1922, cxp .31 — * - — — - — *-

21 Ibid., cxp . 31

nPEZUIOCbLUKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 14

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22 H.A. HeRpacoB, ITacbxa, qaxapoBaHO HyKOBCKHM, op. c i t .CTp.3I

23 HyKOBCKafi, op . c i t . , c x p . 32

24 H.A. HeapacoB, ABiorpacp, qnTapoBaHO EBrenbeBHM-MaacaxoBHX, op . c i t . , CTp.27

nPEfflTOCbUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 15

Bo BCflKOM cj iyqae, dyayqa JOHomeB ( B CTHXBX) H noxHJiHM qeJiOB©KOM,

HeKpacoB djraropoBsBHO BcnoMHHaeT o MaTepa. nycTb STO 3ano3-

aaBHiee qyBCTBO, HO OBO n p a u u i o . . .

B no3M© "MaTb" HeapacoB KaeTca:

v TOB nJiHXH, r a e TH Jiexaiub, poaHaa, npanoMBBJi a , BOJiHyacb H MeaTaa, HTO Mor em© yBaaeTbca c Todofi H on03aaj i . 25

Oa od"bflCH»©T, qxo

H MHoro JieT cpeaa TpyaoB a JieHH C nocTHaHHM MaJioaymbeM yderaj i TTJieHHTeJibHoB MHorocxpaaaJibHoB T©HH, 26

HO "qac H9CTajr" a , T . K . HeapacoB H© xoqeT a-aa Maiepa "no3aH©-

r o BeHna", TO OH xejiaex ( B nosM© "MaTb")

Hxod CB©T ayma BHCOKOB CBAJI aJia Bac cpeab nojiHoqn rJiydoKoB,

TToaodHO eS HecqacTHHe c e p a q a . 27

HecMoxpa Ha BCK> CBOIO aaMKHyTocxb, HeKpacoB HHoraa n y c -

Kajrca B CTpacTHH© naHerapHKH MaTepa. TaK ^OCTOSBCKHB BCTTOMH-

Hajr, qTO, OTKPOBeHHHqaa o MaTepH, HeKpacoB KSK-TO odpHcoBajrca

"caxoB cymecTBeHHofi H cawoB 3aTaeHHoB cToponoB CBoero a y x a " . OH roBopHJi MHe co cjiesaMH o caoeM aeTCTBe, o d e s o -

dpa3Hofi XH3HH, KOTOpaa H3MyqwJia ©ro B poaaTejibCKOM aoMe. o CBoeB MaTepa, H Ta cajia yMHJieHHa, c KOTopoB BcnoMHHaJi o Hefi, poxaajia H Toraa npeaqyBCTBwe, MTO ecjin dyaeT HTO-

25 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , C T p . 168 , T . I I T

26 HeKpacoB, l oc . c i t .

27 HeKpacoB, loc . c i t .

nPE/HIOCblflKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 16

aadyab CBATO© B ero xa3aa , HO TaKoe, qxo MOPJIO da cnacTa ©ro, a nocjryxBTb exy xaaaox, nyxesofi 3B©3aoB aaxe B ca-xxe xexaxe a poxoBxe xpaoBeaaa cyabdu e r o , TO yx , KOHeqao, JiaiHb oaHO 3TO nepBOHaqajibaoe BneqaTJieaa© aeTCKax CJIB3, AexcRax pxaaaaB BMecxe, odHHBinacb pae-aadyab yKpaaaoB, qxodx HO BaaaJia ( RBK paccKasHBaji oa xae ) c xyqeaaqeB ua-

T©pbK), C CyiaeCTBOX, CTOJIb JIBdHBlHHM ©rO.^O

3a©cb HeKpacoB dxJi em© oq©Hb XOJIOA. yx© yMapaa, OH qnxaji

TaBaedypoBy CBoe CTaxoiBopeHae "Maxb" a BBaae Bcxynjieaaa pac-

eRasaji exy Koe-qxo o xaTepa. Ilpaaex, paccRasxBaa, oa BcnoMBHaji o xaxepa c XBKOB jnodoBbio,

c xaRoB xpopaxeJibaoB aexaocxbio, OH npanacHBaJi efi xaaoe rpoxaaaoe Bjraaaae aa BCK> CBOIO xa3Bb a PBCOBBJI ee odpas B xaxox noaxaaecKOX opeojre, qTo AJIA MOHA Bnojme CTaJia HOHflTHa BOCTOpxeHHOCXb, C KBKOK) OH BCnOMHHaJI O MBTSpH B

npexaax CBOBX cTBXOTBopeaaax... 29

KaK xe Bce-TaKB noBJiaaota MaTb Ha HeapasoBa?

Bo-nepBHx, CJIOBBMB caMoro noaTa, ecjia eMy yaajiocb c roaaMa

ocBodoaHTbca OT MHororo "TJieTBopaoro", OT BJiaaaaa cpeax,

"popaaBsefica aeBexecTBOx", ©CJIH exy yaajiocb aanojiaaTb xa3Bb

"dopbdoB aa aaeaji aodpa a KpacoTx", TO MaTb Moa, noaBarayx a xodoio, Bo xae cnacjia xaByio ayury X H . 3 0

Maxb - ero "aaaa a AHreJi-XpaHBTejib". MaTb - ero nepsxB yqa-

xejib, cxapanstaBca paaBBTb yx a qyBCTBa pedeHKa.

28 #.M. HocToeBCKafi, aBSBBBK_DHSSISJJ8, 1877, N? 1 2 , qaxapoBaao EBPeabeBxx-MaKcaxoBHX, op .c i t . , c x p . 34

29 Cxaxbfl n . TafiaedypoBa B "Heaejie", 1878, N? I , qaxapoBaao EBPeabeBHX-MaKcaMOBHX, o p . c i t . , CTp. 35

30 HeapacoB, op .o i t . , T. I l l , c x p . 174

nPEOTOCbUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 17

H POJIOC XBOB . . . HcnoJiBeaaxB xejioAaa a JiacKH, Koxopxx xu MB© caaaxBajia cRaaRB 0 pnqapax, xoaaxax, aopojiax. 31

BnocjieacxBaa, Kacaacb xapoBoB JiaTepaxypx, HeapaBOB Bcnoxaaaji,

qTO BnepBae ©ro nosHaxoxaJia c Hefi MaTb.

noTox, Koraa qaiaji a flaaia a lUeacnapa, KaaaJiocb, a BCTpeqaji saaROxxe qepTx: To odpaax H3 ax XBBOPO Mapa B xoex yMe 3aneqaTJieJia XH. 32

Ha CBoex codexBeaaox npaxepe xaxb yaaJta cxaa pyMaaaocTa,

JIBdBB K dJIBXBBK, A8X6 ROPAB 3XOX dJIHXHBfi - pad . OBa 3BJIOXB-

jia cxay B ppyab "caJiy cBodoaayn, ropAyn"'; "He podeTb nepeA

npaBAofi-qapaqew aayqajia XH Myay xox>" - Bcnoxaaaex HeKpacoB.

BeAb ee aaeaJi - "ydaBJieaaoe pope". "Koraa Kpyrox aacajib©

JIBROBBJIO", ROPAB saaacTyn xyx XOXSJI pacnpaBaxbea e Kex-Jiado

aa KpenociHHx codcTBeaaopyqHO, oaa Kaaajiacb K Bexy aa men a

TOX aeBOJibHO yxoABJi. Tox xe KpecxbaaaH TopqHH paecaasHBaJi,

qxo qacxo EJieHa AHApeeBaa "npocaJia xyxa 3a Bcex a, aaopaa

BHBBBaa raeB e r o , caxa cxpaaajia" , 3 3 EHBinae Kpenocxaxe apee-

TbflHKB C JDOdOBbn BCnOXBBBIOX O H©fi, KBK O "aodpofi, XOpOM©fi

dapaa©", aoxopaa a dojibaxx noMOPajia, a aaBaJia, qxo MOPJia, a

eoBexoBajia oxoxao, a© odpexeaajia xeamaa padoxofi, a ecjia BH-

Aejia dojibayn, xo cJieaaJia, qxod Boodiae ae padoTaJia.

31 HeapacoB, op.oit., T . I I I , d p . 172

32 Ibid,, T . I I I , CTp. 172

33 EBreabOB-MaKCHMOB, o p . c i t . , CTp. 36

nPE/OTOCHJIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 18

EcxecxBeaao, qxo Bee ayBcxBO xajiocxa K HecqacxHHM

RpecxbflHax, CKonaBmeecg y HeRpaeoBa, npaxepoM MaTepa TOJibKo

yRpenJiflJiocb a noaaepxaBajiocb.

MaJio TOPO, MaTb cnocodcTBOBaJia apyxde cHaa c Kpe-

CTbflHCKHMB A©THniKaMH, qTO TaK H© JIBO6HJI a 3a qTO BaKasHBaji

oxeq. A COBMSCTHO© BpexanpenpoBOxaeaae, coBxecxaxe appx

oaeab cBasaJia dyaynjero nosxa c KpecxbaacKoB epeaofi.

no CBBAexeJibcxBy Mnorax COBpeMeHHHKOB, yxe dyayan

BspocJiHM, HeKpacoB He xepaJi CBH3B co CBepcTaaKaMa H3 aepeBBB.

TaK qTO xojibRO aexaoe , ao xBepaoe MaxepaacKoe BJiaaHae pa3BH-

JIO HeRpaeoBa yxcTBeHBO ( T . K . OTqoBCKafi aaeaJi - "pyaa TBepaa,

pjia3 Bepea, ayx acnHxaa, ao rpaMoxy BecbMa a© XBepAO 3Haji8,)

a cnacJio OT Toro oxyTa, Kyaa oa nonaji dH, JiamaBiUHCb e r o .

TojibRO odiaeaae no aacxoaaaio Maxepa c aapoaoM, aa raex oxqa,

oaaaaKOBO xaxeJio jioxaBmafica KaK aa apecTbaa, xaK H Ha cexbio,

3acTaBHJiH noaTa npoaaKayTbca noHaxaHaex apecTbaBCKOfi aynra.

2 . BJiaaaae OKpyxaniaeft npapoax Ha HeapacoBa.

Oaeab dojibmoe BJiaaaae aa CKJiaa ncaxaKa HeKpacoBa oaa-

aajia HenocpeacTBeaHaa dJinsocxb K Bojire - 3TOB BejiHKofi pyccKofi

peK©. MHoro© aoBeJiecb exy 3aecb yBaaaib . Bo-nepBHx, p^AOx

c rpemHeBHM npoxoaaji BJiaaaxapcKHfi TpaKT - 3HaxeBBTafl "BJiasa-

xapaa", no ROTOpoB axanoM roHajra ccxJibHHX. Hacxo cjixmajica

RaaaajibBHfi SBOB, 3ayaHBBHe necHH "HecqacxHxx". *3najo, aapoa

npoxopeaaofi qenaxa aTy aopory 3 0 B © T " , nacaji BnocjieacTBHB HOST.

nPEflllOCEUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 19

H c BOJIPB AOBOCBJica CTOH:

BxAb Ha Bojipty, qefi CTOH pa3AaeTca HaA BeJiHKOio pyccKOfi peKofi? 3TOX CTOH y Hac necHefi 3 0 B 6 T C H , To dypjiaKH aayx daaeBofi . 34

HeyaaBBxeJibao, qxo ayma p e d e a a a , eme ae ycneBmaa oqepcTBeTb,

3aJiaJiacb BOJIHOIO acajiocTH a coqyBCTBaa K nHecqacTH©HbKax".

EeaycJiOBBO asTodHorpacpaqecKoe CTaxoTBOpeHHe "Ha BoJire" a o a a -

3HBaex 3 T O . OdpaiaaflCb K peKe , HeRpacoB naTeiaqecKH BOCKJinqa-

e x : " 0 , BoJira, ROJixdejib x o a . JlndaJi JIB KXO x e d a , KBK a ? " -Ho ,

yBBAas HSMoxaeHHHx dypjiaKOB, KpoBaBHe paHH Ha nj i eaax , a a x e p x x e

JiaxKaxa, yBaaaB

JIOXXOTbfl xajiRofi HameTH, H3Bexox©HBxe qepTX H, Bxpaxaioiaafi yKop, CnoKofiao-deaaaaexHHB Bsop 3 5

OABOPO H3 dypjiaKOB, ycjixniaB " B O S " , T . © . n e c a n a x , HeKpacoB

npaxoaaT R BHBoay, aTO

He ymeji dH aaKyAa -KorAa d , o , BoJira! BBA Todofi

He pa3aaBaJica axox B O B ! 36

IIoxpaceBBHfi neqaJibBoB aapxaHoB, HeKpacoB ycTaxa BajiexaaKOBa

BOCRJiaqaex: . . . a cxoaji

Ha d e p e r y poaaofi p e a a , H B nepBHfi p a 3 e© aa3BaJi P e a o n p a d c i B a H I O C K B I 3 ™

34 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , c x p . 1 0 9 , T . I

35 HeRpacoB, 0 p . c i t . , T . I , CTp. 125

36 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , T . I , c i p . 1 2 4

37 HeKpacoB, Q p . c i t . , T . I , CTp.I25

nPE/raocbyiKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 20

Tyx x e HeRpacoB-BaJiexBBROB, cxoa Ha depepy peRH,aaBaJi KJIHTBH

c e d e . Oa ae POBopaT, aaRae, doacb, 'qxod axo-aadyab ae ocMeflJi".

Ho ax JIBPRO cede npeacxasaxb, BoodpadBB noTpaceaaopo HapoaHHM

popex BajiexHHKOBa.

HaRoaeq, BeJiaKopyccKaa npapoaa, cpeaa KoxopoB poaajica

a poc noax, Be xopjia ae ocxaBHXb OBoeodpaaaopo cjieaa Ha ero

TBopqecTBe. HxeHBO B aeTCKa© roax ayma qejioBena HaadoJiee BOC-

npaaxaaBa. rpemaeBO, rae npouuio aeTcxBO noaTa, dxJio xanaqaxM

BBJiHRopyccKax ceJibqoM, cepHM a yHHJiHM, c qepaoBKofi Ha xojiMe,

"ydorofi" a "MOXOM 3eJieHHM nopocmefi", pacKHHyBmaMca "nocpeaa

decKoaeqanx JiyroB". Jlec BeTpeqajica peaao , a o e - r a e . Ha xaKOM

cpoae noRpaBBBiUBecfl deaaxe apecxbaHCKae Hsdymaa H© MOT JIH c o 3 -

Aaxb paaocxaoro aJia rJiaaa Baaa. MaJibqaRy-HeRpacoBy qacxo npa-

xoaaJiocb BMecxe c oxqoM, Koxopxfi dHJi oaao BpeMa acnpaBBHKOM,

pas3>©3xaxb no OKpecaaHM aepeBHflM, npacyxcxBOBaib aa paccjieao-

Baaaa BceBoaxoxHxx npoacmecxBafi, xpedoBaBmax BMemaxeJibcxBa

OTqa. 3xo xoxe dojiee 03aaKOMHJio HeKpacoBa c dHiOM KpecxbaHCX-

Ba. Taa-KaK no xejiaHan Maxepa HeapacoB nocxoaHHO odniajica c

RpecxbHBCKBxa aexaniKaMB aoxa, xo nocxeneBHO ero ncaxaKa Bnaxa-

Jia B ceda xaorae CBoBcxBa a KaqecxBa, xapaKxepHH© HMSHHO aJia

RpecxbflH BeJiBKOpyccKOfi nojiocH. BnocJieacTBaa, npa©3xaa B3 Ile-

xepdypra aa oxoxy, OH onaib nonaaaJi noa BJiaaHae JindaMofi BeJia-

RopyccKofi npaposx a BeJiBKopyccKoro KpecibaaBHa. "HeKpacoB HH-

CXBBRXBBBO JiiodaJi B pyccKOx q©jioB©K© apocJiaBqa. HoBropoacKoro

HPEflnOCbLHKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 21

xyxBRa oa a e juodajx a qyxaaJica"- aoxa3HBaex HyKOBCRaB.3^

TOJIbRO OqyTBBlBBCb B pOABOX KpaX), BM6BBO CpeAB JindBMHX HM B©-

jniRopoccoB, B npaBxaaoB C T H X B B , HeapacoB n p e o d p a x a j i c a , noKH-

aaji CBofi yaxjixfi TOB B CTBXB ©PO CTaaoBBJiacb ndJiaroayniHO-3a-

Aopax a BecejiH, Kaa a n o a o d a e x x o x y , KXO a o x a , y c e d a , y CBO-

B X , a qyBCXByex CBOIO apenRyio cnaaaaocTb co B c e x OKpyxanmax" . 3 §

3 . BJiaaaae popoaa B ioaHe p o a x XB3BB HeKpacoBa.

EoJibmoe BJiaaaae a a TBopqecTBO HeKpacoBa* o c o d e a a o Ha

e r o BBRJI "ropoacKHX CTBXOB" 0Ka3ajia e r o paHaaa caxocToaxej iB-

aaa x a s a b . niecxaaaqaxaJieTaaM roHomefi OH noKHaaeT oxaafi a o x ,

( " 3 a cjiaBofi a B CTOjiaqy ToponaJica") , n o c x y n a e x Bonpeaa x e j i a -

aan o x q a B y n a B e p c a x e x ( o x e q xoxeJi BHaexb CHHa BOHHHHM) a ,

ocTaBJieHBxfi coBepuieHHO de3 KaKoB-Jindo MaTepaajibBofi noaaepxKB,

aaqaji " x a x b c s o a x Tpyaox" . H e r o - q e r o ae dxjio n e p e x a x o , KaKae

x p a a a x e cTopoax X B 3 B B H© dxjia a s B e a a a x . Ho y n o p a a a a a a n p a -

xeHHaa dopbda s a cyHieciBOBaaae ae cjioxaJia BO JIB HeKpacoBa.

Koraa oa noexaj i a a s e c x a x b POAHHX, OH dxji, no c o d c x B e a a o x y B H -

paxeBBn,

Ha X H B , HH xepTB ( a rojioAaji n o a o j i r y ) , Ho ropaeJ iBB. . . 4 0

38 HyKOBCKafi, o p . c i t . , CTp. 59

39 I b i d . , CTp. 60

4 0 HeRpacoB, Op. c i t . , T . I , CTp.I68

nPEflnOCHJIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 22

neTepdyprcKaa xaaab MHoroMy HayanJia HeapacoBa, HO d e -

roTHfl no ypoKBM, nocTOflHHoe OTcyTCTBne cpeacTB, yq©Fb© yp*re-

KaxH, qacTH© rojioaoBKH noaopBajin e r o s a o p o e b e .

Cpeaa, B KOTopoB BpamaJica no3T - xHJibUH MedJiHPOBaHHHx

KOMHaT, MOJIKH© qaHOBHHKH, d©aHH© CTya©HTH, KO©-K8K n©p©dHBaiO-

maeca c xjieda a a Boay, coTpyaanKH M©JIKBX xypaajiOB, apTHCTF

TPeTbefi BftjinqaHH. neqaJibHHfi cpaKx: K S K - T O , H© dyayqa B c o c -

xoaHHH ynjiaTHTb 3a ypoji, HeapacoB dtui BHKHHyT Ha yjiaqy. Ero

npa»TaJia KaKa©-TO aainao. y KOTOPHX OH a npoBOJi aecKOJibKO HO-

qefi. HeyaaBBTejibao, qTO BnepBH© aJia TOPO BpeM©HH y Heapac-OBa-

no3Ta noflBHJica HOBHB THnwrepoa" - HHUfaB.

H©JIOB©K, 3HaioiaHB Hapoa dJTH3KO, aojiro H BnJIOTHyiD od-

laaBiHaBca c HHM, 3acjiyxHBaeT xapaKTepncTHKa, aaHHoB B.fl . Epro-

COBHK:

HeKpacoB 3anjiaTHJi meapyn aaHb r o p o a y , saneqaTJieB B CBOHX CTBxax odpa3 coBp©MeHHoro eMy n©T©pdypra, 3apacoBaB T© TBHH a T© cqeHH, KOTopHe BHaeJi exeaHeBHO, H e r o dJiecK H e r o xpaK. OH caejiajt 9TO H© KBK cpoTorpacb, CHHMaronmfi Ha CBOHX njiacTHBKax Bee, qTO "noaBepTHBaexca" noa annapaT, BO KaK XyaOXHHK rOpOXaHHH, CaM JKHByiUHfi OaHOB XH3HbW c c o -Bp©M©HHHM TOpOaOM, TJiydOKO nOHflBIDHfi ©TO xyTKO©, MarH©TH-qecKO© oqapoBaHHe. nocjr© nyuncHHa SOCTOSBCKHB H HeKpacoB -nepBH© y Hac nosTH r o p o a a , H© nodoHBmaecfl a cyMeaniH© od-paTHTb B xyaoxecTB©HHH© co3aaawa T O , qTO npeaurecTBOBaBme--Xy nOKOJieHHK) "pOXaHTHKOB" Ka3ajIOCb "H©no3TaMHHM". 41

HeKpacoB dojibmyjo qacTb CBoero TBopqecTBa nocBautaeT

neTgpdypry . "EHTb MOX©T, 9TO aaxe jiyqume ©ro necHF, - TOBOPHT

EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB,- B HHX OTqaaHH© HHiaeTH, yxac oaanoqecTBa,

41 B.H. EpncoB, d a T b a B "PyccKHx BeaoMOCTax",1912, 25 aeKadpa, qHTnpoBaHO EBr©Hb©BHM-MaKCHMOBWM, op. c i t . , CTp.60

nPEOTOCttZIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 23

xajiodH BeyaoBJiexBopeHHOPO caxojuodaa, PBBB a 3Jioda Ha aecnpa-

seAJiHBOcxb xa3BB. 3Aecb - BBqero npaAyxaaaoro". 42

naaaeB BcnoxnHaex, noaexy EeJiHHCKHB TaK Jindaji a qeaaji

HeKpacoBa:

HeRpacoB e RBXAHX aH©x dojiee cxoaajica c E6JIHHCKBM, paccRasHBaji exy CBOB popbaae jiaxepaxypHxe noxoxaeHaa, CBOB paccaexx c peAaaxopaxa pasjiaqaxx xypaaj ioB. . . OH npo-BSBQJI aa EejiBBCKoro c caMoro aaaajia npafliaoe sneqaxJieHae. IIocjieaHafi nojmdaji ero 3a peaaafi, HecKOJibKO oxecxoqeHaxfi yM, 3a xe expaaaHaa, ao iopxe oa acnHiaJi xaa paBO, aodaBa-flcb KycKa Bacyocaopo xJieda, a 3a xox CMBJIXB npaKxaaecKafi BSPJiaA Be no JiexaM, RoxopxB oa Bxaec B3 CBOBB xpyxeaaqec-ROB a CTpaaaJibqecKofi xaaHB a KOTopoxy EeJiaacKaB Bceraa xyqaxejibao aaBBAOBBJi. Ha B KOM aa CBOHX npaaxeJieB EBJIHH-CKBB ae aaxoaaji HH Majiefimero npaRxaqecaopo ajiexeaxa a, npeyBejiBqaBaa ero B HeRpacoBe, CMOipeji aa aero c KaKHX-xo ocodeHHHM yBaxeaaex. 43

EeJiaacRafi, npoqaxas "nexepdyprcKae yrjix" HeKpacoBa,

Bocxoprajica axa PnexepdyprcKae yrjix" dHJia aanacaHH, Koraa

noaxy noaieji aBaaqaxb qexBepxHfi p o a ) . OB XBK oTosBaJica o BHX:

"nexepdyprcKae yrjix" r . HexpacoBa oxjiaqanxca aeodHKao-BeHHofi HadjmaaxejibHocxbn a aeodxKBOBeaHHX Macxepcxsox a 3 -Jioxeaaa. 3xo xaBaa Kapxaaa ocodopo xapa X B 3 B B , KOTOPHB He Beex aaBeexea, ao xex ae x e a e e , cyiaecxsyex, - Kapxaaa, npo-BBKByxaa XHCJibn . . . 4 4

EJiHsocTb HeRpaeoBa R ropoacKofi TOJIB, e ro coBMecTHaa XH3Bb c aeio,

Aajia exy B03xoxaocTb cjiHTbca ayinofi c BTHM aapoaoM a BocneTb ero .

Cax Heapacos BnocjieacTBaa nacaji:

42 EBreabeB-MaRCBMOB,op. c i t . , c i p . 61

43 H.H. n a a a e s , "BocnoMaaaaaa", qaTapoBaHO EBreabeBHM-MBRCBXOBHX, op, c i t . , CTp.52

44 B . r . EeJiaacRafi, HojiBoe codpaHHe cogHHeaafi. noa p e a . HBaaoBa-Pa3yxBBRa, CIIE, 1913 , d p . 365, T . I I

nPEOTOCEWEH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 24

Ho paao Haao MBOB oxapoxejia y3H ZIpypoB, aeJiacKOBofi H HejnodaMoB My3H, neaaJibHofi cnyTaaqx neqajiBaxx deaHflROB, PoxAeHBxx AJia TpyAa . . , 4 5

Ero Mysa BeJia epo no I lexepdypry

Hpe3 de3ABH xexaxe HacaJiaa a 3jia, TpyAa a TojioAa . . . noqyBCTBOBaTb CBOB cxpaAaaba HayqHJia, H CBexy B03Becxaxb o aax dJiarocJioBHJia. 4 6

4 . BJiaflBae anoxH Ha cpopMapoBaHae MapocoaepqaHHa HeKpacoBa.

HaxoBeq, nocJieAaafi, ao oaeHb BaxBHfi cpaKTop, oqeab n o -

BJiaaBmaB a cnocodCTBOBaBmafi {popMapoBaHHw ncaxaqecKoro CKJiaaa,

a, cjieaoBaTejibBO, a noaaaa HeRpaeoBa, dbuio ©ro nojioxeHH© H KaK

noaTa, H KBK odiaecTB©HHoro aeaTejia (peaaKiopa H xypHajiHCTa), a

KaK qejioBeaa Ha"rpaHH asyx anox" aKOHOMaqecKoro a odmecTBea-

a o r o pasBBTaa P o c c a a .

B aKoaoxaqecKoB XH3HH rpaHb Mexay asyMfl anoxaMH dHJia

npoBeaeaa Baesanao a p©3KO. B 1861 r o a y dHJi, aaKoaeq, p a 3 p e -

mea aadojieBnrafi KpecTbaacKafi Bonpoc, c yaejibaxx BpexeH dHBiaaB

xaxHex np©TKHOB©HHa BO BayTpeBHefi nojiaxaK© poccaficKoro pocy-

aapcTBa.

B yaejibaoe BpeMa KpecTbaa© eiae a© dHJia B npaMofi 3aBB-

CBMOCXB ox KBB3a a Morjia yxoaaxb ox Hero B "DpbeB aeHb" . C

co3aaHa©M e a a a o r o r o c y a a p c i B a B I 5 - O M BOK© KBH3ba "cxajia Bce-

45 HeapacOB, op. c i t . , T . I , c x p . 3 8

46 Ib id . , T . I , c x p . 3 9

IIPEflllOGIMKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 25

xx cpeAcxBaxa oppaBBaasaxb caodoAy Kpecxbaa^ 4 7 B I 6 - O M Bene

ax yxe aaxpenajiB, npasaa, xojibRO aa aexjiefi, T . K . noMemaKH non

jtyqaJiB CBOB xajtosaabe aa BoeHayn CJiyxdy KpecTbaHCKax TpyaoM.

Caaqajta RpecTbaae dHJia aojiroe Bpexa ysepeaH, qxo cjiyxda noM©-

saxy ecxb cjiyxda rocyaapcTBeHHaa, HO Koraa neTp I I I B3aaJi

"MaaacbecT o BOJibaocxa ABopaacTBa", CMKCJI 3aKpenomeBBfl KpecTb-

aa aeaea , ao can (paxx ocxajica. KpecTbaa© qacTO BOjiHOBaJiacb a

BOccTasaJia (OABB B3 KpynHeBmax dyaTOB - nypaqeBcaafi dyax) ,

T . K . , nepeaoca xaxecxa CBOBPO noJioxeaaa, oaa ae xoTejia xa -

paxbea c ero aeenpaBeAJiBBOcibn.

nocTeneaao, OAHaKO, KpecTbaae caeJiaJiacb nojiaofi cod-

CTBOHHOCTbW nOXeBfHKOB Hapflay CO CKOTOM, 3©MJiefi, HeaBHXHMHM

axywecTBOx.

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aejia BC» aeenpaBeAJiBBOCTb cymecTBOBaHaa KpenocTaoro npasa, ao

doflJiacb cABJiaTb pemaTejibaxfi map a STBX BOccTaaoBHTb npoTHB c e

da HeaaaHxepecoBaaaoe B oxMeae ero ABopaacxBO. ITyraJia ax a

aeaaBecxaocxb - sax noBeAeT ceda Bae3anao ocBOdoxAeaHaa MHJIH-

oaaaa apxaa padOB.

HecxoTpa aa acRpeHHee xeJiaHae XHOPBX rocyaapeK a Baaanx

rocyaapcXB©HHHX AeaxeJiefi noxoqb B pa3pemeHaa KpecibaHCKoro BO-

npoca, BBRIO ae aaaji XOJIKOM, KaK K aexy noAofixa.

HaRoaeq, 1 9 - P O cpeBpajia 1861 roAa, qepes 5 Jiex nocjie

47 B .T . KapiBmaa, PyccKaa acxopaa, H3AaxejibcxBO "noceB? repxaaaa, 1946, c x p . 263

ITPEflnOCbUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 26

BCxynJieaaa aa npecxoji, AJiOKcaaap I I noanacaji Maaacbecx od OCBO-

doxaeaaa Rpecxbaa OT xpenocTBofi aaBacHMoexfl.

HeRpacosy npauuiocb xaxb B caxoe aanpaxeHHoe npea a

nocJiepetpopMeHHoe Bpexa, Koraa dopbda CIOPOBHHKOB a npoxaBaa-

KOB ocBOdoxaeaaa aocxapjia CBoero KyjibMaaaqaoaaopo nyHKTa H

KOPAB nepea RpecxbaHCXBOx nocJie HecxojibKBx BBKOB padcTBa ox-

RpxJiacb aoBaa an ox a CBOdoaaoB, H©3aBHCHMoB xH3aa.

B Odm©CTB©HH0M H COBHSUIbBOX pa3BHTHH CXpaBH "ppaBb

AByx anox" cxaaaJiacb B noaBJieHaa HOBOPO KJiacca "pa3HoqaaqeB",

npameamepo aa cxeay paaee pocnoficxBOBaBmexy noxemaqbe-ABopaac-

Roxy RJiaccy, ROTopxfi nocTeneaHO "nepexaji ceda", X . K . dapcx-

Beaaocxb, RpenocxaaqecTBO - npaBHaaa xaTb 3a caeT KpecTbaH,

He padOTaa, "odJioxosmaHa" MemaJia npeTBopeaaro djiapax nopHBOB

a yjtyqmeaaio HapoAaoB aojia B x a a a b . noflBJieaae pa3aoqaHqeB npea-

semajio noflBJieaae BOBOB anoxa. PasaoqaaqH - Baxoaqx H3 MQJIKG-

qaaoBaaabeB cpeaa a ayxoBeacTBa, 3aKaJieaaH© B dopbde 3a cyme-

cxBOBaaae, BxaocjiaBHe, ynopBHe B Tpyae a aocTaxeaaa CBOBX qe -

Jiefi, Aeaxejibaxe H aaxe , xoxeT-dHTb, HecKOJibxo ppydoBaTxe -

CAejiajiacb Rpynaofi CBJIOB B xo3aficTBeaaofi a JiaTepaTypaofi XMSHH

POCCBB.

B Jiaxepaxype B aaaaJie I 9 - r o Bexa ©m© pocnoAcxBOBaji

ABopaHCKO-noMemaqbafi KJiacc. KyJibTypHHMH qeHTpaMH dHJiH apacTO-

RpaTaqecRae CBJIOHH, B KOTOPHX KpanKO npHBHJiocb KapaM3HHCKoe

HanpasjieHa©, x . e . no33aa, ae aaTparaBaromaa Haqepo HenpaaTHOPO,

aaqepo aeacxexaqBOPO, rae qapaji B03BHmeHHHfi "npaaxaxB" A3HK,

nPEflnOCbL/IKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 27

BaoxmeBHxfi nepa<ppa3axa.

EcxecTBeHHO, qTO aaeppaaaHM, aeaTeJibHHM pasBoqaaqaM

BB noAxoABJia acTeTaaapoBaaBaa a OTBJieqeaBaa noaaaa KapaM3BHa,

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aoBxe xexH, caJibHH© Bxpaxeaaa , CBexafi A3HK, x . e . BC© XO, qxo

nojiBocxbK) OTpaxajio dH dHT H qaflaafl Hapoaa .

Opa TaKOx pasj iaaaa xapaaxepoB a sanpocoB paaaeJieHae

odmecxBa B noJiaxaxe, B JiaTepaType a B acaycexBe dHJio a e a s -

d e x a o . IIoaTOxy 4 0 - e a 50 -e TOAH 03aaMeaoBajiBCb dxcxpxM p o c -

xox xaoxecxBa nojiHTHqecKHX xpyxKOB. 3 B a OCHOBHHX x e q e a a a , c

ROxopHxa npauuiocb cTOJiKayTbca HexpacoBy, dHJia T . H . 3anaaHHKB

a cJiaBflBO<pBJiH, HOCHTeJia aaefi HOBOH a cxapofi a n o x a .

3anaaaaKB (TypreaeB , Pepqea , EejiaacKafi, HepHumeBCKHB)

cToajia 3a qaBBJiB3aqaK) Poccaa no 3anaaaoMy odpa3qy . OBB c q a -

TaJia, qTO PoccHfl npaaaaJiexHT K c©Mb© ©BponeficKax HapoaoB, qTO

efi HeodxoaHMo npofiTH odaqaxfi nyTb, yace npofiaeaaHfi 3anaaaHMa

rocyaapcTBaxa, T . e . ocBodoaaxbca ox Kpenocxaopo npaBa a 3aT6M

nocTeneaao BBecTa KoacTBTyqaoaHHe yqpexaeHHa HB Maaep 3 a n a a -

aofi EBponx.

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aaodopoT, yTBepxaaJia, qTO Poccaa aojixaa HTTH efi OABOB n p e a -

aa3BaqeBBHx nyTex, He noaaaBaacb BJIBABBK 3 anaaa , T . e . coxpa-

aaa Tpa OCBOBBHX npaaqana pyccaoB XH3HH - npaBOCJiaBne, qapa

( d e s ROHCTHTyqaoHHHx orpaHBaeHafi) a naTpaapxaJibHOCTb ceMbn.

CTHqRH Mexay odeaMH rpynnaMH dbura ocodeaHO caJibHH B

nPEflnOCbLHKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 28

nepaoa 1840 - I860 POAOB a aaaaMajia codofi jiyqmae yxx n e x e p -

tfyppa a MOCKBH. KBK p a 3 B axo Bpexa MOJioaofi HeRpacoB nonaji

B nexepdypp a Bcefi ayinofi cTaJi a a CTopoay sanaaHHKOB.

HexpacoB,no poxaeHan npaHaa^exaBmafi K ABopaHaM-noM©-

mHRax, no qyBCTBaM H aaeaJiaM BceqeJio 6UJI B paaax padHoqnHqeB.

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poxaeaaio HeRpacoB npaHaaJiexaji KtsTqaM", no aaeaJiaM H xapaKTepy

TBopqecTBa - K "aeTflM". HyKOBCKHfi Ba3HBaex e r o "napaaoKCOM

H C I O P H H " . OqeHb Bepaa xapaKTepHCTBKa HJiexaHOBa:

XOTH OH cax dHji aBOpflHCKoro npoHexoxaeHHfl, HO y Hero aex yxe a cjieaa aaeaj ia3aqaa aBopaacKofi x a s a a ; OH pjiaaax Ha Hee pjiasaxa npoTeciyioiaero pasHoqaHqa. OHB noBepHyjiacb R aexy CBoeB oxpaqaxejibaofi cxopoaofi, apKo BHCTaBHB nepea aax npoTBBOpeqae aHTepecoB "djiaropoaHHx" aKcnJiyaiaTopoB, c BBTepecaMa aKcnJioaTapyeMofi " q e p a a " . 48

CexaaaqaTBJieTHHM »Homefi, xaBa B neTepdypre , HeapacoB

nameT CBOB nepBHe CTBXB, B3aaaHHe edopHaaKOM B 1839 r o a y noa

3arJiaBHex "MeaTH H 3ByKHn . HacTb cTHXOTBopeHafi B HQM dHJia Ha-

n a c a a a ©me B dHTHOCTb HeKpacoBa B PHMHB3HH , B "oneKaeMyio"

nopy XH3HH. TeMH HX dbiJia cyrydo poMaHTHqecKHe, OKpaineHHHe p e -

JiHrao3HO-XHCiHqecKHM HacxpoeHHeM, HaB©aHHBi© eme MaxepaHCKHMH

paccKasaMH,

H rojioc XBOB MH© cjiBnuaJiea BnoxbMax, HcnojiHeHHHfi Mejioann H JiacKH, KOTOpHM TH MHe CKa3HBaJia CKa3KH 0 pHqapax, MOHaxax, Kopoj iax . 4 9

48 nJiexaHOB, CTaTba o HeapacoBe, qaTHpoBaHO EBreHbe-BHM-MaKCHMOBHM, op. c i t . , CTp. 253

49 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , IIoaMa "MaTb", T . I I I , CTp.I72

nPEOTOCBUIKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 29

aaBeaBHHe CTaxaMH JKyKOBCKoro (HeKpacoB BcnoMHHaeT B nosMe

"Cya", KBK OH "OTPOKOM djiyxaaji no THXHM BOJIWCKHM deperaM" H

qaTaji "HyKOBCKoro noaMy" co BCHKHMH "yxacaMa": "T6MHHM cBoaoxi!

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xypHaJiaMH "Tejierpacb" a "TeJiecaon".

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meji oa aa noa nepa HexpacoBa.

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50 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , nosMa "Cya", T. I I , CTp.239

nPEZUlOCtWKH TBOPHECTBA HEKPACOBA 30

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xe a BanpaBJieaai) noaTa.

IVIABA I I

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

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xyxaK, caaaajia xpenocxHofi, a 3axex ocBOdoxAeHaxfi.

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cxbflBBBa, onacxBaiox jindyn npocjiofixy KpecxbaacKofi,cpeaH. Odpa-

ax npocTHX xJiedonaarqeB aepeaynxca c odpasaMB nayaa-KadaxqaKa,

dypjiaaa, xapaoro noapaAqaKa, BHmeAmero H3 Rpecxbaa; odpa3 MOJIO-

aoro padoaero aa x©Ji©3Hog aopore CMeaaexca npejiecxBHMa xapxaB-

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noxonmaqa, aeTamKB, eojiaaxn (xe xe KpecxbflHe B npomjiOM), peMec-

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noaxa.

HapoA! aapoa! MHB He aaao repoficxBa CJiyxaxb xede, - njioxofi a rpaxaaBHH, Ho xryqee CBaxoe decnoKoficxBO 3a xpedafi XBOB aoaec &. ao ceaaa . I

I HeKpacoB, 0 p . cit./yBHHHe", T . I I , cxp.325

KPECTfcflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 32

He oaaa HexpacoB, Bee pasaoqaaqn BepaJia B CHJiy p y c -

CROPO xyxaaa . Hxeaao axoxy KJiaccy npeacKa3HBaJiacb dojibniaa a

BaxBaa pojib B ppaaymax codHTaax coqHBJibHHX nepexea .

I . IlepBHe cxaxa HeKpacoBa, n o c -BflmeHHHe Hapoay.

IlepBHe cxaxa HeRpaeoBa, nocBameHHH© Hapoay, CTHXH

4 0 - x roaoB, onjiaRHBanT aojin Beeqacxaoro 3aKpenomeHBoro Myxa-

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I B B oaaofi aa caxax yxacaxx cpopM qeJiOBeqecxax BaaaMOoxBonteHafi-

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Ha caxHX BaxHHX cpaxxax, TO, qTO OH cyxeji BxaejiHTb HX H3 odiaefi

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KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 33

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daxxfi paaxep HeKpacoBa. Ho qxo xaaoe aHanecx - HeKpacos caM

He 3Haji. "H aajtee axda B pa3xepax HHaero ae noBHMan", -npa-

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qoBKofi. Eejiaacxafi nncaji o cxaxax noaxa:

Caxxe aaxepecHHe. . . npaaaaJiexax n e p y . . . r-Ha HeKpacoBa. OHH npoBBaayxH MHCJibn; axo - ae cxaxa K aeBe a Jiyae; B BBX xaoro yMBoro,AeJibaoro a coBpexeaHoro. Box Jiyqmee as aax - "B Aopore". Ilycib qaxaxejra caMa cyaax, enpaBea-JIBBO An aame MHeHae".3

2 HyKOBCKHfi, op. c i t . , cxp .49

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odOKpaji e e OTqa, 3BT©M H e e , "decTOJiKOByio", H npHHflJicn 3a caMoe

BHroaHoe - " s a n e p c a B iwrefiHyw q a c T b " .

C dojibio HapncoBaHa KapTHHKa - KpenocTHofi Jimrt^T "BOJib-

a y » " ( "H3B03qHK") . He HMea a e H e r , qTOd BBmynHTbca n a BOJTTO,

BanbKa-H3B03qHK HaqnHaeT KonnTb KonefiKy K KoneSKe. qrodBT BBT-

KynaTbca a x e H H T b c a . KaK-TO K y n e q - c e a o K 3adBui B c a n a x W M O K

c aeHbpaMH, H O , cnoxBaTHBHiHCb, 3 a d a p a e T e r o yTPOM. BaHbKa

KPECTtflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 35

OCOSBBOT, qTO B C » Hoqb B e r o caHax npojiexajio penreHH© e r o

cyabdH, a , ae Bxaeca Toro , qxo cqacTbe dHJio TaK dJia3KO, B © -

x a e T c a .

Bee axo xojibKO KapxaaKB c aaxypx , ao oaa sacxaBJinrox

qaxaxejia npaxoaaTb K ododmeaaaM.

2 . Taxejioe aKOHOxaqecKoe a MopaJibao© nojioxeaae xpecTbaH.

npHdjiB3axejibBO B Haaajie 50-x roaoB HeKpacoB noa BJIH-

aaaex Bpexeaa a apy3efi (HepaxmeBCKoro a ocodeaHO BeJiHHCKOro)

aaqaaaex ododmaxb dpaKiH B CBOHX c x a x a x . Ocodeaao BOJiayex e r o

yxacaoe aKoaoxaqeuKoe noj ioxeaae KpenociHoro RpecxbaHHHa.

noax ae nponycxaex xaxo aa OAay aexajib a s XB3HH x y x a a a . Mao-

r a e cxaxoxBOpeaaa axoro nepaoaa aaioT BBM MacTepcicae nopxpexx

KpecTbaa. BOT "TpyxeaaK BeqaHfi-naxapb":

C TexBHK, ydaTHX JIBBOM: j lanxa, JioxxoTba, manaeHKa, PBaHafl cdpy»; eaBa TaB©T Koeyjin KJiaaeHKa, C rojioay ejie xaBa . 4

Aa. a cax naxapb "roj ioaea T O X © " . BOT apyrofi :

Tpyab BnaJiaa; KaK BaasjieaaHfi SCBBOX; y pj ia3 , y p i a H3JiyqaBH, KBK xpemBHH Ha BHcoxmefi sexj ie ; H cax a a 36MJH0 MaxymKy noxo* oa: mea dypaa, Kaa nJiacT, coxofi OTpe3aaaHB,

4 HexpacoB, op. o i t . , ffleaymKa", T . I I , c x p . 251

KPECTbHHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 36

Kapnaqaoe Jiaqo, Pyxa - Ropa ApeBecaaa, A BOJIOCX - necoK. 5

HeBeceJiaa xa3Bb y xyxaqxa, ao , HecMOxpa Ha TO, qxo

ero "rope cnpedex",

OB doap, OH 3a coxofi inaraeT. Bea Bacjuaxaeaba oa XBBBT, E©3 coxajieHSil yxapaeT. 6

Koraa HeapacoB aaaaHaex poBopHTb o xyxHKe, od odHTa-

TeJie "sadHToB Eorox cTopoHH1', OH BHanx nepea codofi "xajiKOPO

xpyxeHaxa c noaypofi TOJIOBOS", BaaaT, KBK OH"padcTByeT% Ba

aax "ppynnx deaaaKOB aa BBBBX", CJIHIHHX "CXOHH dypjiaxoB HB

BOJCBCRBX depepax". Hoax cnpamaBaex: "CKaxH, yxejib Becb xpafi

XBKOB? HOBOJIbCTBa T6HB H6T?" - "TX B qapCTBO BBiaBX B padOB" -

oiBeqaex oa cede. H Bepao. Hxo xaKoe xaaab dapmaaaoro xpe-

exbaaaaa?

MH dapmHHHHe! BHPOCJIH HOA pHJiOM y noxemxRa. ,3eab - a a x o p r a . . . 7

Caxoe odBAaoe xo , axo xyxBK, caadxajomafi BC» 3exjiK> pyccRyn

xjiedox, padoxaraaafi aeab a aacTO aoqb, aaxe H© CHT. "C KOPH

ero pacnyqaJio",-roBopaT HeKpacoB B "rojioaaofi necBe" ("Koxy aa

Pyca xaxb xopomo"). Myxaa, xeqxaa noec ib BAOBOJib, yBepaex:

Kospary cbex

5 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca x a i b xopomo", T . I I I , cxp .75

6 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "TamaHa", T . I , c x p . 1 0 3

7 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy HB Pyca xnxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 1 3 3


Topa popofi, Baxpymxy c i e x Co CXOJI dojibmofi. °

Apyrofi xyxBR paccxasxBaex:

A caacTbe aame - B xjiedymae: H aoxa B EeJiopyccaa C XflRHHOD C KOCTpHKOK) HqxeHHHfi xJied xeBaji. ExBaJio, Bonnmb TOJIOCOM, Kax poxeaaqa xopqaaibca, Kaa cxBaTHT XBBOXH. *

HpoaxeBB BOT Tanas CTpoaa a cTpamao aeJiaeTca. yxacanfi napaaoxc

- POJIOABHB xyxBR.

B noaxe "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo" HeapacoB npaderaex

a npaexy poBopamax Ba3Baaafi. 3aaex aaBaxb aJiHHHxe xapaxTe-

pacxBRB, Koraa npoa3aeca BMeaa aepeBeHb, HCBO npeacxaBJiaemb

cede ax odJiaa. Box aepeBaa"noAXflByxofi rydepaaa, nycxonopox-

Hefi BOJIOCXH" . Ha3BaHaa ax caxBOJiaqaHt

3anjiaxoBO, flHpaBaao, PasyTOBO, 3HOdBmaao, TopeJioBO, HeeJiOBO. Heypoxafixa xox . *"

Tanaa aaaBaaaa aax aepeBHfl EOCOBO, HecaxoBO, rojioayxaao,

Eojibmae BaxJiaKa, EesrpaxoxHaa pydepHaa nepecHnanx BC» noaxy.

Myxaxa amyx Henopoxyn rydepaan, Henoxpomeayn BOJiocib, HsdHT-

ROBO CBJIO. Moxao JIB Jiyqme oxapaxxepasoBaxb axoHOMaqecKoe

8 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo", T . I I I , CTp.144

9 Ibid., cxp.78

10 Ibid., cxp.59


n o j i o x e a a e x p o c T b a a ?

B CTBXOTBOp©HHH "/JyMa" BC© TO XO. EeaHPK-KPeCTbCTHHH

H© axe©T aocTBTOqHO seMJiH - "BHrnaTb H©Kyaa KOpOByiHKy" . OH

H©ao©aa©T Kaxaxfi a©Hb. H MeqTH deaHflKa - nocTynHTb B d a T p a -

KH K Rynqy CeMnnaJioBy, r a e

ECaByT JiroaH, H© roBeioqH, Jlb^T Ha Ramy MacJio n o c T H o e , CJIOBHO B o a y , H© xa j ie roqa . I I

MyxBK JindaT padOTy, OH ©JO " T e m a T c a " , HO JiiodaT H n o -

©cTb - " B n o j i - o d e a a p a c n o a m y T c a , BOH H S T©Jia ayma n p o c H T c a " .

H n o r a a HeKpacoB, x e j i a a p©3qe noaqepKHyTb TffKeJihie CTOHOHH

RpeCTbflHCKOfi XH3HH, OdpaHiaeTCH K HPOHHH ( "KaJIHCTpaT" ) .

HeT d o r a q © , KpacHB©© KaJiHCTpaTa. KynaeTca OH B KJiioMeBofi B o a e ,

n p a q e c H B a e T c a " n a T e p H e B " , x©Ha 3aHHMaeTca "Ha H a r a x aeTHmeK

CTHpKOK)" . B CTBXOTBOpeHBH "MOJIOabl©" TO X© CaMO© - HiyTJIHBO©

npoTBBonocTaBJieaae , HO B myTKe - " r o p a peaeHbKa d e s a o H H a a " .

HeKpacoB BejiHKOJienHO g q a e T , KaKoe BejiHKoe H e c q a c T b e n o c T n r a -

©T BCK) KpeCTbflHCKyK) CBMbH), K o r a a yMHpa©T MyXHK-KOPVHJieq.

ECJIH p o x a e a a e pedeHKa, ycyrydjtaiofflee H y x a y , qacTO ^acTaBJiaer

pOaHHX nOBTOpflTb:

HTOd T H jionHyjio, npoKjiHToe. TTa . aq©M T H a po,THJioca? 12

TO CMepTb KopMWJibtja - HenonpaBHMoe d e a ^ B n e . PTOM T«M© n o

i l HeKpacoB, o p . c i t . , "HyMa", T . I , c T p . I P T

12 I b i d . , "Ha y j i a q e " , T . I , CTp .36


CBsmeaH BecKOJibRO OTaxoTBopeaaB noaTa - "Mopoa - Kpacanfi Hoc?

"B AepeBHe", pjiaBa "IIOB" aa "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo",

"Opaaa - xaxb cojuAaxcKaa".

B "Opaae - xaxepa cojiaaxcRoft" - dearpaaaqaoe oxaaa-

BBB xaxepa, cxopoHBBmefi CHHa-cojiaaxa; B "Mopoae - KpacHOX

Hoce" - rope cexba, noxepaBmefi aopMajibqa, caepxaaaoe a noa-

xoxy dojiee raydoRoe. CaojibKO TOCRB B CJIOBBX poaaHx, odpamea-

BHX K npoRjiy. Beab yxep "coBeTaaa poAaxejiax", "padoxHHR B

nojie". OHB 3Ba»x, qxo c axoro xoxeBxa

He CBexefi BOAOB yxxBaxbca, CJieaaxH roproqaxa aaM. * 3

3Ba»T, qTo CTapyxa - xaTb "noxpex co Kpyqaax", qxo xeBe npa-

Aexca Tax xe Rpyxo, X . K . "xo3flfiRa d©3 xyxa B aoxy" BC© paBao,

qxo "depe3a B Jiecy de3 Bepmaax". B CKynHX <bpa3ax HeRpacoB

paccRaaHBaex oxaero, codexBeHHO, HacxynaJia cxepTb 3aopoBOPo

cajibHOPO IIpoKJia. Oa npocTyaajica. jleaHJiH ero aepeBeHcxax

cnocodox. (Kaaofi dapaa npacjiaa dx B CBJIO, xyaa-TO 3a TpaaeBflTb

aexejib, AORTopa). ycepaae Bopoxeea ae noxorjio. Eojibaoro

oxaTKBaJia "Boaofi c AeBarra Bepexea", "npoaeBajia xpa pa3a CKB03b

noTHxfi xoxyx", cnycaajia B npopydb, "noa aypaaafi KJiajtH aacecT" .

Ho HpoKJi yxapaeT. "HeaBaxHO-HeMoB" CTOHT Haa MoraJiofi aeaymaa,

pasaacxca B on JIH Maxepn. Cxapocxa, roBopa HaarpodHoe CJIOBO,

Haxoanx, qxo

13 HeKpacoB,op. c i t . , "Mopoa-KpacHHfi Hoc", T . I I , cTp.I6


*

. . . TJiaBBoe: B cpoaa, yx KBK Te6a Eor BHpyqaJi, nJiaxaji rocnoABBy odpoKH.. . I4

Moxao cede npeAcxaBaxb, qxo dyAex c ceMbefi xenepb. B pjiaB©

"IIOBK CBameHHHK paccRasHBaex, qTO eMy npaxoaaTca qacTO 6 3 -

ABTb "R aeayxaoxy". Ho ae cax yxapanmafi CTpameH.

Cxpamaa eexba KpecxbaacKaa B TOX a a c , KaK efi npaxoanxca KopxaJibqa noxepaxb. I 5

B cxaxoxBOpeaaa "B aepeBHe" HeKpacoB c xaxax aymeB-

Bxx aaapxBOx paccxasHBaeT o cxepTa KpecTbaaaaa, BKJiaAHBaa

nOBecxBOBBHHe B ycxa xaxepn, deceaynmefi c coceaxofi . MaTb

aJiaqex:

nponajia a, rpearaafl! flymeabKa BoeT, do j iaT . . . yxep , KacbflHOBHa, yxep , cepaemaaa, yxep a B 36MJIB 3apHTi 16

B 3TBX cjiOBax Bea xpareaaa ocapoxeBmeB cxapymKB. "Kxo nparojiy-

dax cxapyxy deapoaayn?", odaamaBmyio, "KTO 3anacex . . . ApoBeq",

KOPAB aacxynax "oceab HeHacxHaa", "KXO, KaK aoaocaxca xenjiaa

mydymKa, 3aftqaKOB BOBHX aadbex"? -3aaex cxapymaa, qTO "CKO-

po aadeaxa coBceM pacmaTaeTca", qTO wH©KOxy noji© BcnaxaTb",

a caji"no xapy xoABTb" TOX© ae ocTaJiocb.

flpyroe rope nocxaraex aaorAa KpecxbaacRyn cexb»,pope Be xeaee

14 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Mopo3-Kpacaxfi Hoc", T . I I , CTp. 167

15 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp .66

17 Ibid., "B aepeBHe", T . I , cxp .50


dojibmoe - noxepa Jiomaaa - OCBOBBOPO xopMajibqa qejiofi ceMbn.

yxpex xeHa y naxapa -/Ipyryn 3aBeaex, yxpex H xa - OH x e a a x c a Ha x p e i b e f i . . . He d e a a l Xxpex pedeHOK - JIHIUBAA Kpoxa XHBHM ocxaHexca; KopOBynraa naaeT -Bee He d e a a , a no j i -deax . Eeaa BenonpaBaxaa, Koraa BajiaTbca Jiomaaa y naxapefi a a q a y x . 18

B OABOM a s OXPXBKOB a s noaxn "Koxy a a Pyca xaxb xopomo" n o a -

podao paccKa3HBaexca o cxepxa CaBpacxa. Koraa KpecxbaHe

yBaaejia ©ro xpyn,

Ha Ben cexbx> BecqacxHyn HameJi CTOjidHaK; KaKoe-TO no acTaae yxacBO© MoJiaaaae; noTOx Bceodmee pxaaHBe. 19

Haaaaaa ox flcxojiexaero aeAymRa",

3£©HH, CSCXpH X03flBHa, CJienofi cxojiexHefi dadymKH £ a xaJibaaKa xpexj ie iHero , 20

Bee noHBMarox, qxo npamjio noaxa aenonpaBBMoe HecqacTbe, odpe -

Kanmee ceMbn aa erne dojibmae Jiameaaa a , MoxeT-dHTb,nojiaoe

pa3opeBae . OaeHb, oqeab ae J ie raa KpecibflHCKaa X H 3 H B . Tnxe-

Jiaa, HaAPHBHaa padOTa "OT cojiHHmKa ao cojiHHniKa", cKyaHaa n a

me, ( B "Koxy a a PyCH x n i b xopomo" XJTXHKH MeaTaioT o "xjiedymxe,

18 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy Ha Pyca x n i b xopomo", T . I I I , CTp.156

19 Ib id . , T . I I I , CTp.157



BO nojiynyay B Aeab" a npeaeji© AOCXBTRB - "orypaaKax cojieanx"

a "KBacK©") aaoxaBJuanx HeKpacoBa npaTxa K BXBoay, HTO aeT

xaROPO ypojiRa BO scefi Poccaa, "ra© ceaxejib TBOB a xpaaaxejib,

rae dx pyccKflfi xyxaa Be cxoaaji". Oa cxoaex B©3ae:

. . .no nojiax, no aopopax, Cxoaex oa no xnpbxax, no ocxpopax, B pyABBRax Ha xejieaaofi qena; Cxoaex oa noa OBHHOM, noa CXOPOK, noA xeJierofi, aoqya B cxena; Cxoaex B codcTBeaaox deAHOx aoxamxe

Cxoaex B xaxaox pjiyxox popoAanxe, y BOAbeaAOB cyaoB a naj ia i" .2I

Aaxe, xoPAa xyxax oxpHBaexca OT aexjia, yxoaax B ropoa

Ha odpoR, exy XBR xe xaxeJio, oa xax xe deacxByex.

HecKOJibKO cppaa, oxaocamaxca K dypjiaKax,BCTaBJieaaHX B

paajraaaxe cTaxoxBopeaaa, noKa3HBanx, qTo a axax xpecxbaaax,

ympamax "xaayxb jiaxRy" B Haaexae Ha 3apadoxox, XBBexcfl aaqyxb

He Jiyame.

Bxab Ha Bojiry, qefi CTOH pa3aaexca Haa B©JIHROD pyccKofi pexofi? 3xox CTOH y sac necaefi aoBexca, To dypjiaRB aayx daaeBofi. 22

OBB aayx,

noaxa nparayBmacb POJIOBOB K aopax, odBBTxx daaeBofi, Odyxxx B Jiaflxa,

H dHJi B6BHHOCHXO ABK H cxpamao acea B XHHIHH© Hx xepaxfi noxopoaHxB RPHK. 23

21 HeRpacoB, op# c i t . , "PasxHrnJieHaa y napaAaoro noafc-eaAa", T . I , cxp .108

22 Ibid., T . I , cxp.109

23 Ibid., "Ha Bojire", T . I , cxp .124


Box nopxpex OABOPO aa dypJiaaoB, caaamero OKOJIO Kocxpa:

JIOXXOTbfl xajiKofi HBmexx, Hasexoxeaaxe qepTx H, Bxpaxanmafi yxop, CnoKofiao-de3BaaexBHfi B3op. 24

"Kajucafi Tpyxeaax-xyxBR", OTofiaa OT 36XJIB, cTaaoBBTca "yan-

JIHX, cyxpaqHKK dypjiaxox".

Haopaa xyxax yxoaaT B ropoa, aaaeacb peMecJioM sapa-

doxaxb dojibme a Bxruiaxaxb odpox. B rJiaBe "CaacxJiaBHe" B "Ko

xy HB Pyca xaxb xopomo" Bcxpeaaexca KaMeamaK. OB roBopax o

CBoex "cqacxba":

KaK npocaycb ao cojianrnKa Aa pa30PHycb o nojiHoqa, TaK ropy cOKpymyi 25

Apypofi "xyxBR c OAXBROio, paccJiadJieaaHB, xyaofi" paccaasHBaex

xojioAoxy, qTo OB dan "ae xyxe KaxeamaK", aa xflxejiaa padoxa

npaBeJia ero R xoxy, qxo OB "ae qejiOBeR - Roxap".

B cxaxoxBOpeaaa "JKeJieaaaa Aopora" xoxe noKaaaaNxyxaKB,

ymeamae a a aepeBaa aa 3apadoxKB Ba cxpoaxejibcxBO xejiesaoB a o -

popa. 3xo

C BojixoBa, c xaxymxa Bojira, c ORB, C pasBxx aoaqoB rocyaapcTBa BBJIBROPO -3TO Bee dpaxba XBOB - MyxBKa.26

3xo , nosajiyfi, OABO H3 caxHx BHaanmaxca, nojiBHX aeroaoBaBaa Ba

yxacBHB ycJiOBBa padoxx, cxaxoxBop©Hafi HeKpacoBa.

24 HeapacoB, op. c i t . , "Ha Bojire", T . I , CTp.I25

25 Ibid., ? KoMy Ha Pyca x a i b xopomo", T . I I I , CTp.77

26 Ibid. , "^eJiesHaa aopora", T.Tj; cTp.I78


3TO CTaxoTBOpeHHe HM©©T HHT©p©CHyK) KOMno3HqHio. B H©M qeTwpe

rjiaBH. T - onwcaHw© npwponw oc©HbK>. CBexne HenaTacKaHHHe

cpaBHeHHfl ( "Jiea HeoKpemirafi HB peqK© CTyaeHofi" JIOIKHT, KaK

"Tanmafi c a x a p " , JiwcTba, He ycneBiirae TTOdjieKFVTT,, jrA-tcar "xeji-

T H " , "CB©XH, KaK KOBep"). ?Ta c s e x a a KapTHHKa npnpoan aaHa

c qejibio yrJiydHTb TaxeJioe BneqaTJieHH© OT nocJieaHeB rjiaBw.

IT aacTb - TaxejiBT© ycJiOBna padOTH Ha nocTpofiK© xejieaHoB

a o p o r a . I l l qacTb - npe3pHT©JibH0e OTHOiueHae reHepajia K " a a -

poay" , BOCXBaJieHHe HM HHOcTpaHHoro (TeHaeHqaa MHornx HHTQJI-

jinreHTOB Toro BpeMeHa). i y qacTb - HCTHHHoe 3KOHOMaqecKoe

nojioxeHHe padoanx , noKa3aHHoe no9TOM.

HeKpacoB aeJiaeT ceda aeficTBywmHM jiaqoM. PaccKa3 Be-

a©Tca OT e r o a x e a a . nosT eaeT no BHOBb BHCTPO©HHOH a o p o r e ,

CJIBUHHT pa3POBop OTqa-r©Hepajia c CBIHOM, odbflCHaromero, KTO

CTPOHJI a o p o r y . HeKpacoB H© BBiaepxHBaeT, BMemHBaeTca B p a 3 -

roBop H paccKa3HBaeT MaJibqaKy od HCTHHHHX CTpoHTejiax, o p a -

doqax-KpecTbflHax. TeHepaji HeaoBOJieH BMewaTejibCTBOM no3Ta,

cqHTaeT, qTO "aeTCKoe cepaqe rpemHO BosMymaTb" H npocFT n o -

KasaTb "cBeTJiyro cTopoHy". nBTTaacb npeacTaBHTb MaJibqnKy PTy

"cBexjiyw CTopoHy", T . e . oaccqeT no OKOHnaHww padoT a yromeHHe.

cjieaynmee OT x03fl^Ha, HeKpacoB aaeT cpivyro denpaaocTHyro Kap-

XHHy.

CodcTBeHHO roBopa, d e c e a a BaHH c nosTOM - TwnHHHBW

npHMep oTHomeHHfi Haqajia 60-x roaoB, Koraa HapoaHHKH cqnTaJiH

Handojiee BOJKHBIM nponaranawpoBaHHe CBOHX aaefi npa TTOMOIIIH decea


c xojioaexbx), Haadojiee BoenpaaxaaBofi qacxbn odmecxBa.

CHaqaJia "JKeJieaHaa a o p o r a " He dHJia paapeineHa K n e a a -

XBBBK), X . K . qeaaypHHfi KOMaxex aameji, qxo B Hefi "od iacHaexca

reHepaJibCKOxy cHay KapTaaa Myqeaafi, acnHTHBfiEMRx padoqax JIIO-

aox npa nocxpofiae xeJie3axx a o p o r ; reaepaJi-npeacxaBHxeJib a p y -

r o r o dxxa , a p y r o r o COCJIOBHA, cxeexca a a a yaacxbio padoqax is.

aaxoAax oxpaaaon Kapxaay ocMoxpa padox? 27

HeapacoB Bosxymaexca aeaxoBepao TflxeJiHxa, xaxopxHH-

XH ycJioBBflxa Tpyaa . Bcxanx Teaa xepTBeqoB a noBecTBynT o

c e d e :

Mx HaapHBaJiHCb noa 3HoeM, noa xojioaoM, C BeaHO copayTofi cnaHofi, EHJIB B seMJiflBKax, dopojiaca c pojioaox, MepsJia a MOKJIB, dojiejia qHarofi. 28

HeRpacoB 3aa©iy qxo "xpyaao CBofi xjied aodHBaJi q©JioB©K".

CxpamHH nopxpexH padoqax ! Box deJiopycc "a3MOxa©H Jiaxopaaaoro"

TydH desRpoBHHe, B©KB ynaBmae, 3aBH a a xomax pya a x , Beaao B Boae no ROJICHO cxoaBmae Hora onyxJia; KOjuya B BOJiocax; Axon r p y a b , qTO a a aacxyn cxapaxejibao H30-aHfl-B-aeHb HaJ ie raJ ia . . . 29

Hxo xe axo 3a daq , sacxaBJianmafi Jiwaefi Becxa xaxyn aenocaJibByio

padoxy? OxasHBaexcfl,

27 Tlejio no coBeTy KHHroneqaTaHHfl" 3a 1864 r o a , N? 3 2 1 , BHTapoBaao EBPeabeBHX-MaKCBMOBHX, op. c i t . , CTp. 237

28 HeapacoB, op. c i t . , "acejiesaaa a o p o r a " , T . I I , c T p . I 7 8

29 HeRpacoB, loo . c i t .


B xape ecxb qapb: axox qapb decnomaaeH, rojioa Ha3Baabe eMy. 3 0

OB BcecaJieB, OB "B apxejia croaaiei Jinaefi", "xoaax aa nJiyroM",

oa-xo a "coraaji cnaa Maccx HapoaHHe", xoxopxe nocTpoaJia HO-

p o r y . HaTepecea annrpacp CTaxoTBopeaaa. K coxsuieHaio, OH B X -

paxaJi xaeaae XBOPBX. KaK poBopaxca B aapoaaofi nocjiOBaqe -

"aa aepeBbaxa Jieca ae yBaaaJia". SCeJi©3ayK> aopory nocTpoaji

rpacp KJiefiaxaxeJib, a a© xacaqa B3xyq©HHKX padoqnx, HS Koxopxx

XHOPBB CJIOXBJIB CBOB KOCTH OKOJIO "cTOJldBKOB, p©JIbC B MOCTOB" .

HeapacoB noaaepRBBaex, qTO xyxHK, CTaBma padoqaM, nepeHec

CBOB xyxHqRyio npHBHaxy K aodpocoBecTHOxy Tpyay Ha aoBoe xec-

TO padoTx. OH odpamaexca K BaH©:

9xy npHBHaxy K Tpyay dJiaropoaayn Hax da a© xyao c Todofi nepeaflTb.

H coBSTyex:

EJiarocJioBa xe padoxy Bapoaayn H aayaacb xyxaRa yBaxaxb. 3 *

Tyx xe HexpacoB noxasHBaex npeapaxejibaoe oxHomeBae peHepaJia,

xapaRxepHoe AJia AOBOjibHO odmapaopo CJIOA Baxejuiapeaqaa XOPO

Bpexeaa K xyxaxax . neqajiax HexpacoBa H apyraa, xoxe oqeHb

xaxejiaa noBBHaocTb xyxaqxafl - cojiaaxqaaa.

H3 KpenocTBofi BOBOJIB y dapaaa, yxoaa B cojiaaiH, xyxax

nonaaaji B 25-JieiHKio, Haqyxb Be odjiepqeHHyn, H6BOJIIO.

30 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "acejieaaaa aopora", T . I I , c T p . I 7 7

31 I b i d . , T . I I , CTp.179


Hxo aa HaqajibHHK, xo asepbi Aymy BKOJiaaaBaxb B naxaa npasaJiox dxjio x o r a a . 3 2

Hyxb axo ae xaa, qyxb ae yroaaji aaqaJibcxBy, aoBoaaBmepo Mym-

xpoBKofi AO aaBexoxeaaa, xoxaac

PyraHb nojibeTCfl pexofi, 3ydH nocnnJiioxcfl rpaaoM, nopex, roaaex CKB03b cxpofi! 3 3

B "Koxy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo" COJIABX paccKa3HBaex, B aex

"cqacibe cojiaaxcKoe". Oa noiSxBaji B AsaABaxa cpaxeaaax, "a H©

dxji ydax". Oa Aaxe B xapaoe Bpexa XOABJI "BB CHX, BB POJIOAQH?

"a cxepxa ae aajica", & Kpoxe XOPO, 3a npoBBHBOCTB "BeJiaxae a

xajuze" dxji oa "aemaaao daT naJixaxa", a ecjia nomynaab epo -

IKHB 1 . HeKpacoB npaxoaaT K 3aKJi»qeaBK), qxo c cojiaaTox a cno-

paTb aeaepo - "TH cqacxJiHB, CJIOBB nex?

B "CojiaaTCKoB necHe" B noaMe "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopo

mo" HeRpacoB noex o dojibaox, B3paHeHH0M cojiaaxe, Koxopoxy a a

xe B "neaqaoae" oxxasaJia, X . R . "cepaqe aacKBOsb ae npocxpejie-

BO" . flpaoe, xapaKxepaoe npoa3BeaeBBB "Opaaa - xaxb cojiaax-

CRaa" paccKa3HBaex o cxepxa CHHa OpaaymKa. yxoaa B cojiaaxx,

dxji oa

dorainpcKoro cjioxeaaa, aaopoBeaaxfi dxji AexaayniRa.34

32 HeRpacoB, 0 p . c i t . , ,: n£eay«Ra", T . I I , c x p . 252

33 HeRpacoB, loo. c i t .

34 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , ^OpHHa - MaTb cojiaaTCKaa", T . I , CTp. 160


A BepayJica qepes Bocexb Jiex - "doJibHexoaeR", c KanuieM, "deJiHfi

nJtax B KPOBH MORPBXOHQK". RoJiro H© paccRasHBaji BaHa, axo

cpydajio epo aaopoBbe, a nepea cxepxbn, dpeaa, aeBOJibHO BnaaJi

CBOB neqajibHHfi cexpeT. BoPHaJia epo B rpod xaxejiaa cjiyxda,

Bepaee ae cjiyxda, a deccxxcjieaaaa xynrrpoBxa, RoxopoB cJiaBH-

Jiacb pyccaaa apxaa xopo Bpexeaa. B decnaxaxcxBe "apTasyji

pyxbex BxxflAXBaJi, xax, qTO Becb aoMamxa B3ApapaBaJi",

Kax xypaBJib CTOAJI aa aoxeabxe Ha OAHOB - HOCOK BHTaraBaJi. Bapyr MexayJIGA . . .exoxpajr x a j i o d a o . . . noBaJiBJica - nJiaaex, Kaexca, KpaRsyJi "Bame djiapopoaael B a m e ! " . . . Baxy a a a n x a e x c a . 3 5

Ha axopo oTpxBRa ACHO Baaao, qxo xaaab Baaa a exy no -

aodHxx dHJia He cJiaaxa. "OpHHa - xaxb cojiaaTCKaa" H© nJioa no-

aTaqecRofi cbaaxaaaa Hexpacosa. CTaxoTBopeHae Banacaao co CJIOB

aeficTBBTeJibao cymecTBOBaBmefi Opaax, aoxopyro HexpacoB BCTpexHJi

BO spexa CBOBX oxoTaaqbax CRBTaaafi, a KOTOpaa paccaasaJia o

nocxarmex ee pope . Cecxpa noaxa nacajia: HexpacoB "HecKOJibKO

paa aejiaji RPBR", qxodH erne paa nopoBopaxb c Opaaofi, "a TO

dOflJICA CCpaJIbmBBBTb" , 3 ^

CXOBI xojibRO BAyxaibca, qxo xanoe dHJia cojiAaxqaHa,

qxo cpoR ee AJIHJICA 25 Jiex - yxoAHJia x-aoma, nojiaae CHJI B 3AopoBba

a BOBBpamaJiBcb cxapaxa, aaqacxyn c BxdwxHxa sydaxa, H xoraa

35 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Opaaa - Maxb cojiaaxcKaa", T . I I , cxp .161

36 EBreabBB-MaKCHMOB, op. c i t . , cxp. 300


OXB ax XB aex yxac a coxajieaae o aapydJieaanx XRSBAX.

B "Mopoae-KpacHOx aoce" paccKaaxBaexca, qxo ROJIB r o -

jiOBa B aepesae ae qecxeH, xo a eAaacxBeBaoro CHaa xoryx

"aadpaxb". fla axo a cjiyqajiocb qacxo . CKaxex "Bop-rojiOBa",

qxo "xapcRofi npapoBop" - a ae noMOxex xpecxbaaaa Baaex.

B cxaxoxBOpeaaa "Esuiex" HexpacoB pacyex xapxaay B03-

Bpamaiomerocfl xpeexbaacRoro od03a, xojibRO qxo cAaBmero penpy-

XOB. Hacxpoeaae Rpecxbaa,' paccxaBiiiaxca c AeTbxa, nepeKJiBKa-

exea c npapoaoB. "B dejiox caBaae cxepxa aeMJia, aedo xxypoe ,

nojiaoe xrJiox>". Ha cpoae axopo nefisaxa aaeT odo3, "KBK BSXHC

xojiqaT xyxBKa", CIOHSX dejioe eHexHoe xope - Taxejio TH, xpec-

TbHHCKoe pope".

3 . HeoppaflaqeBHaa BJiacxb noxemaxoB aaa RpecxbaaaxB.

HexpacoB qacTO nacaji aa Texy o TOX, qTO Kpenociaofi

KpecTbaaaa - Bemb CBoero dapaaa. HTO c HHM XOTAT, TO H a e -

JiaBT. npOaaiOT Bp03b OX 3©MJIH, MSHfllOT Ha codax, npoBrpHBaioT

B xapTH, xeHAT Ha HejiiodHMHx, dbKT ao nojiycMepTH. 3aqacTyK>

dape coBepmeHHO H© decnoKOHJiacb o CBOBX KpenocTBHX, 3arJiaaH-

sajia Kyaa-Eadyab B oxaajieBHyio aepeBeHbKy paa B KOH B6KH, a

BcecajibBHM X03ABBOM 6WJI "aeMeq-ynpaBHxeJib" .

Box B ciaxoxBopeHHH "3adHxaa aepeBHa" cxapynnca HeHHJia

xoqex noqHHaxb aadeHKy, aa dapHaa aex , a Jiecy dypMHexp

doaxcfl aa ib de3 paapemeHBfl. Kpenocxaaa aeByiima xoqex BHfixa

BPECTWfflE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA 50

aaxyx,"aa nepeaax A©BK© aoxeq cepAodojibanfi"... Bee aaaexax

aa dapaaa. A d a p a a . . . npaexaji, aa xoJibKO B rpody. "Cxaporo

OTnejia, HOBHB CJI©3H Bxxep, ceji B CBOK> xapexy H yexaji B na -

xep". OABB B3 dap, npoxaBaBmafi B nexepdypre, npocjixmaB, qxo

AJia dojibaoro xyxaaa nocajiajia sa jieKapcxBOM, namex cxapocx©:

"Aeabpa c xapy Bsxcxaxb, a JiexapcTBo aJia RpecxbaaaBa jiyqmee-

njiexb". ("raaexaaa") .

CxaxoxBopeaae "7 napaaaoro noAT>e3Aa" xoxe OXHOCBXCA

R OABHX aa aaadojiee caJibaxx. Tax XOAOKH H3 aepeBHH npnmjia K

BBJibxoxe, HO nreefiqap opjiaaeB a x ,

3aropejiH© pyxa a njieaa, ApxaqamRO xyaoB aa njieaax, no KoxoMKe aa cnaHax copflyxHX, KpecT Ha mee a KpoBb na Horax. B caxoaejibBHe JianTa odyTxx", ^

Bejieji "paaxb", X . R . BeJibxoxa "ae jnodax odopBaaHofi qepaa".

5a Beab ae deaa, "qxo noxepnax xyxaa", BeAb "oa xe npaBHK"!

HaxepecHa acxopaa aanacaBaa axopo cTaxoxBopeaaa. (Oaa JIHBIHHB

paa AoaaanBaex, qxo noaodane cxaxoxBopeBaa - ae nJioa cpaHxa3aa

noaxa, a BOAJIBBHHB cpaaix B3 X B 3 B B ) . naaaeBa-roJioBaqeBa Bcno-

xxaaex, qxo RBR-XO B xxypxfi, AOBAJIHBXB Aeab HeapacoB CXOAJI y

oxaa . Exjia xojioAaafl oceab . HanpoxHB K "BJiaaejibqy pocRomHHx

najiax" npanuia Rpecxbaae. KBapxajibaafi a ABOPHBK OXPOHAJIB HX.

Cqeaa npoaasoABJia oqeab Taxejioe Bneqaxjienae. HeapacoB CMOX-

pe.a BSBOJiBOBaHao, aaxex oxomeji a COJI aa nacbxeaaxfi CXOJI. TaK

H

37 HexpacoB, Op. c i t . , "Pa3XHmjreHaa y napaAHoro noAi-e3aa", T . I , cxp.107


noaBBJacb "PaaxxmjieBBa y napaAHoro noabesna". (Bocnpoa3Beae-

BO BO naxaxfl) .

HecxoxpA aa x o , qxo dape dHBaJia B dojibmaacxB© CBoex

oaeab aJioxaxa, saxemaBmae ax ynpaBaxeJia-aexqa dHJia eme x y x e .

3TO dHJia jnoaa, coBepmeHHO qyxaxe no ayxy pyccaoxy aapoay.

HeJibB ax npedHBaaaa B POCCBB dxjio pasdopaxexb a BepayTbca c

aanaxajibqex aa poaaay. Ha xyxaxa OHH dOJibmeio qacTbio cMOTpejin

c pj^eoKax npe3peaaex a ocodeaao c HHM HB qepexoaajiacb. 3Ta

cxopOHa xpecxbAHexofi XHSBB Toxe aaauia CBO© OTpaxeBae B CTH-

xax HexpacoBa. B"Koxy aa Pyca x a i b xopomo" B rjiaBe "CaBeJiafi-

dopaxxpb CBATopyccxaB" paccKa3KBaexca o aepeBHe, cxopoBBBmeficfl B

"apexyqax Jiecax", oxpyxeaaoB "dOJioxaxH TOHKBXB". noxemax

MaJiamBBROB BBKBR ae XOP aodpaxbcs ao CBOBX Rpecxbaa a nojiyqaxb

c aax odpoa. 3axo, Koraa xyxaxa aBHJiacb K aexy aa noRJioa B

ropoA, odbacBflflb qxo"xJied ae ypoABJica", "caexoaxa ae JIOBBJIBCA",

OH BeJieJi cojiaaxax nojixa, B KOTOPOK cjiyxaji, BxnopoTb a x . Koraa

aoffijio ao TOPO, axo "KOSPB yx noxpacaJiacA", Rpecxbaa© Bxxamajia

3anpAxaaBHe "jiodaaqBRa" a noanecJia dapaHy. Ha paaocxax, no

mapoRoB pyccRofi aaxype, dapaa noaaec xyxaxaM "ropqafimyio", aa

a cax BHnaJi, qoRayBmacb, Xyxe CXBJIO, Koraa Bxecxo caxoaypa-

dapaaa, myxBoro, ao ae ajioro, AeficxBOBaBmero no npaaqany "xoqy

KasBK), xoqy xajiy»", Roxopxfi Rpaqaji a aaKBAHBajica xan, qxo Ka-

sajiocb - ydbex, BO Koxopnfi, noJiyqaB AeHbra, "oxsaJiaxca, HH

Aaxb, HB B3ATb paaayBmaficA B codaqbex yxe KJieia", npaexaji THXBB,

CBOKOBBXB a aRRypaTBHfi aexeq-ynpaBJiaiofflBfi, Koxopxfi des Kaxax-Jiado

KPECTbtfHE B TBOPHECTBE HRKPACOBA *2

yKJioaeaafi m©Ji K CBO©B q e J i a . T a x o , KaK dyaTO Mexay ae^iOM, rtHJm

OKonaHBT KaHBBaMH doJiOTa, BHpydJieHH a^peBbfl B apeMyqeM Jiecy T B K ,

qTO nOKa3BJiacb n p o c e K a . npHmeJi H6M©q neuiKOM, " o a n a , KBK n e p c T ?

c oaHofi TOjTbKO yaoqKofi , a B a p y r noaBHJiHCb H x e H a a jeTHiuKH,

"noBeji xJ ied-eo j ib c HcnpaBHHKOM", c o Bcero n3eMCKofi npoqef i BJiac-

TBID" . T y T - x o H npamJiocb xypo MyxnqKaM. Co BpeMeHeM " a o H H T -

KH pa3opHJi" HX H©Meq. "A a p a j i . . . KaK caM HTajiauiHHKOB" 1 TOJibKO

TOT dHJi n p o c T , a y S T O P O " X B S T K B MepTBaa" - " n o x a H© nycTHT n o

Mnpy - H© OTofiaeT, c o c e T " l HeKpacoBy o d p a 3 THXoro, HO x e c T O -

Roro ynpaBJifliomero yaa j rca npeKpacHO. CaMoe y x a c H o e BO B 3 8 H M O O T -

HomeHHAx dapHHa H MyxHKa dHJio T O , HTO dapHH cqaTajr BnojiHe e c -

TeCTBeHHHM H HOpMaJIbHBIM, qTOd MyXHK BCK) XH3Hb padOTaJI Ha H6P0 .

T . K . HeKpaCOB He yCTaeT BHOBb H BHOBb B03MymaTbCfl 3THM, TO OH

B r j i a s e "nocJ ieanm" ( "KoMy HB P y c a xHTb x o p o m o " ) H3odpa3HJi

HM6HHO TaKoro dapHHa, K cqacTbio , y x e "nocj ieaBima". CKOjibKO

apoHHH B 3 T H X HecKOJibKHx CTpaHHqax. BapHH qyTb He comeji c yMa,

y3HaB, qTO "BBmuia BOJibHaa". Rem e r o , qTOdH TOJibKO ycnoKOHTb,

odMaHHBajDT e r o H odbABJiABT^ qTO KpecTbAHe BHOBb saKpenomeHBT.

OT paaocTH noMenniK

3anjraKaJi! n e p e a HKOHaMH Co Bcefi ceMbeio MOJIHTCA, BSJIHT CJiyXHTb MOJiedCTBHe, 3BOHHTb B KOJIOKOJIB. 38

OnflTb "aBopoBHX ayeT najiKOK)" H , HSKOHeq, ycJinuiaB OT dypMHCTpa,

38 H e x p a c o B , o p . c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pycn KKTb x o p o m o " , T . I I I , C T p . 1 2 1


qxo ceaoKOc dyAex oKOHqeH "KBK npaxaxexe", X.K.

y Hac no noJioxeHHio Tpa Aaa B aeAejiio dapcaae, C xapjia: padoTHHK c Jiomaabio, noApocTOR HJIH xeHmaaa, fla nojicTapyxa B A e a b . . . 3 9

H xyx-xo odxaaxBaexxfi dapaa aapeaaex cJioBa, ABJiawmaeca Roaqea-

xpaxox XHauieaBA Bcero noxemaqbepo COCJIOBHA XOPO BpeMeaa.

flypaRj AypaR.1 . rocnoACKafi cpoa - BCA XPISHD pada*. * u

Kaaab caaxaex, qTO xyxaRy y dapaaa

Ro cBeTonpecxaBJieaaa 3axaxy B ropcTB dxxb. 41

Apypofi noxemax Odojix-OdojiayeB caaxaex TOXB, qTO xpyaaxbca npa-

cxajio TOJibKO xyxBRy. A ABopaaaay - Tax OB BeAb "ae Kpecxba-

BBB-JianoxaaK". OH npoxaji B aepeBae noaxa desBxesABO 40 Jiex H

"ox pxaaopo KOJIOCB He oxjiaqy aqxeaaopo, a XHe no»x "xpyancb".

Oa coBepmeaao acxpeaae caxxaex, qTo aejio noxemBxa-ABopABBaa

flOCTOHHCXBO ABOpaBCKOe noaaepXBBaXb OXOTOK), napaxB, Bcaxofi pocxombx H XBTb qyxax xpyaox. 42

Kax axo ae ABKO a ae expaHao, ao noaxa Bee noxemaKa aa Pyca

nopdjia CBOWX Rpecxbaa. Bxpaxeaae nHa KoaiomBK)" cAeJiaJiocb

39 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 126

40 HexpacoB, l o c c i t .

41 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , T . I I I , cxp.127

42 Ibid., T . I I I , cxp .89


xpxjtaxxx. HHKTO HB ayxaJi o qyBCTBe qejiOBeqecxopo aocTOHHCXBa,

HBKXO ae ayxaji od acxaJieqeBBofi qejiOBeqecxofi ayme. B "Koxy Ha

Pyca xaxb xopomo" xyxaxa , codpaBmacb, cxajia "caasH q y a a n e "

CRaaxBaxb. r o s o p a x b dbuio He Tpyaao - "BC© nponacaao a a cod-

CTBQHHOB cnaHe", T . q . paccKa3HB«ro codcxseHHOfi xa3Ba, MOXHO

dHJio opaeaxapoBaxbCA no pydqaM. ^eaymxa CaBeJiafi a s "Koxy a a

Pyca XBTb xopomo" paccKa3HBaji, KaK dHJi npacyxaea x Ka iopre a

R BJieTax. Ho exy noxa3aJiocb, qTO e r o "ae Bxapaaa - noxa3aj ia" ;

nocjie nodepa c xaxoppa e r o nofixajia "saBoacxae Baqajibaaxa",

H3BecTBxe a a BCD Cadapb xex , qxo "codany cb©Jia a p a x b " . Ho BC©

aTB nopxa noKa3ajiHCb nycTAKaxa CaBejian, T . K . aoMa e r o noxemax

" a a p a j i . . . dojibaefi" -

TOT xacTep dHJi - yxeji nopoTbl Oa XBR xae mxypy Bxaejiaji, Hxo HOCBXCA C I O j i ex . ^ 3

Bee axo HeKpacoB aaaHBaex "oxoxofi Ha aByHorax" . Oa cnpamaBaex,

CJIHX8JI JIB KXO-JIBdO

. . .Bonjia CTapaKOB y d o r a x H xeHmaa, 3aceKaexHx KHyxoM? 4 4

H B oxBex Ha "c ieHaaaa aapoaa" "xxcjib pyccKaa cxoaajia B nojiy-

I O B " . 4r® HyxHO dHJio odJiaaaib dojibmax xyxecxBOM, qTodn n n c a i b

od axox . HeapacoB H© Moxex paBHoaymHO oiHecxacb K MH6HHIO Kpe-

nocTBHKOB CBOBPO BpeMeaa, qxo Kpecxbaae co3AaaH acKJimqaxeJibHO

AJia pado iH, a qxo odpa30BaHaa HM H© Hyxno. Aaajior Ka .Boexox-

43 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy a a Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 1 0 3

44 Ib id . , "MeABexba oxoxa" , T . I I , c x p . 2 2 6

45 HexpacoB, l o c c i t .


CROPO c dapoaox B "Measexbefi oxoxe" 3aM©qaxeJibHO oxpaxaex axo

XHenae. Hexeq-dapoa, nodHBaB HB oxoxe a "a3yqaB" pyccKafi Ha

poa, HaxoAHX, qxo"axoxy Hapoay nyxa K pa3BHXbio 3arpaaHJi cax

Bop". OH caaxaex, qxo"pa3BHxae" xyxHKa xojibKo "deAH yxHOxax"

a "AapoxcxpacxB pacnajiax". PyccKafi KB. BoexoxcKafi coBepmea

ao e BBX copjiacea. Oa aaxoaax, axo aapoay, xasymexy B "Beno-

deABXHX yCJIOBbflx" nOJI63HH "HeBSXeCIBO" B "decqyBCXB6HHOCTb

BOjioBba". A HpocTO "aejreno npocBemaxb BapoA". BeAb Myxaxy -

KpoBBBHfi Tpya, KpoBasafl dopbda; 3a xpofflRy xJieda xanJiA noxa -Box B AByx CJIOBBX ero cyabdaj

EPO caxa npapoaa ocyaajia Ha rpydafi x p y a . . . H ox oxqaAHba pasyxHO oppaaajia HeBexecTBa cnacaTeJibHofi dpoaefi. Ero yaeji - dearpaxoTCXBO, decnyxciBO, ydoxecxBo a qyBCTBOx, a yxoM, EPO yaAa - aajiora, xpyA, pexpyioiBO, EPO yxexa - BOAXB c AypxaHOx. 6

3axo cyAbda dapHHa acHa. BeAb "Poccaa - ae Hexexaaaa". Pyc-

CKB© oape qBaHHO xBajiaxca:

Hax BeAb qyBCTBa AejiBxaxaHe, Hax POpAocxb BBymeaal CocjiOBba djraropoaHHe y Hac xpyay, He yqaxca, y aac qaHOBHBK nJioxoHbaafi H xox noJioB ae BHMoex, He ciaaeT neqb TonaTb. ^7

npocjixmas o BOJie, dxamafi noxentHK coKpymaexca o cyabde, ero

46 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "MeaBexbA oxoxa", T . I I , cxp .225

47 Ibid., "Koxy aa Pyca xaxe xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 89


oxBABiomefi. OB oco3Ha©x,

KonTBJi a aedo Eoxae, HOCBJI JiHBpero qapCKyn, Copaji KaaHy aapoAayio H ayxaJi BeK sax xjTb H B a p y r . . . 4 8

noxemaK B y x a c e , oa ae npeacxaBJiaex cade , xax OB dyaex x a i b

CBOBX xpyaox, npaBXKByB K napa3BTaqecKofi xadaa . MaJio TOPO,

qTO noxemBR xoqex xaxb Tpyaox KpecTbaaaaa - OB npaBHK, oa ae

xoxex odofixacb des padoJiencxBa. ZUfl Hero xyxax, ae CHaxajo-

mafi manRH sa noji BepcTH - ae xyxax, a dyaxapb. B TOB xe rjia-

B© "nocjieaani" ("Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo") BOjibBHe KpecTbaH©

no npocbd© aeiefi dojibaoro Kaa3A yTAxaaa npoaojixaiox pa3xrpH-

Baxb aa ceda RpenocxsHx, qTodH "He oropqHTb" CTapHKa. Aoxain-

HHe KHCT3A yqax ax , qTO caeJiaTb axo qpeaBHqafiHO Jierxo.

TH cxofi npea HHM des manoaxa, noxajiqaBafi, Aa KJiaaaficA, yfiAsmb - H aeJio KOHaeHo. 49

yBaaamb dapaaa, Kaxajomeroca B KOJIACKO: "BcxaBafi, Kapxy3 aojiofi".

ymacao xo , qxo aeorpaBaqeaaaA BJiacxb oaaoro qejioBeaa Haa x a o -

PBXB, BoaxoxHoexb pacnopAxaxbCA ae xojibxo cyabdofi a x , ao aaaac-

xy» a xB3BbK>, npaBHaxa xaTb nJioaaxa TpyaoB apyrax cymecTB,

npaBejia R noaBJieaaio y xaorax noxemaROB caxoro paaay3aaaaoro

caxoaypcTBa. Bca cqeaa pa3roBopa R B , yxaxaaa c Kpecxbaaaxa

xaxexcA coBpexeaHoxy qaTBTejiio mapxex. noqaxaB xe acxopaqec-

48 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp.89

49 Ibid. , T . I I I , cxp .122


RBB onacaaaa BJIB Aaxe pyccxax KJIBCCHKOB ( a a n p . jlecxoBa, TOJI-

cxopo) , yAeJiABmax Baaxaaae codxTaax a s xpenocTaofi XBSHH, MH

ydexaaeMca, qTO axo ae xojibxo He yxpapoBaao, a o , xoxex dxxb,

aeaooxaToqao p©3KO. To, qxo cqaxajiocb dx aacHJiaex, Bonaromefi

H©cnpaB©AJiHBOcxbK), cjiyqacb axo c ABOpaaaaox, aaxe xynqox,

dHJio HopxajibBKX no oxBomeaaio K KpecTbAHaay. OdmeaaBecTHH

cbaxxH, Koraa caxoayp-noxemax ocxaaaBJiaBaji CBaAbdy, Koraa "non

yxe xojibqa KBHAJI", OTaaBaJi Becqacxaoro xeaaxa B coJiaaxH, CCH-

JIBJI aeeecxy B aeBaqbio BJIB aa CROXHXS ABop.

H He nepeqaji BBKXOI Kxo xe axewmafi Aymy Mop axo BHBBCXB? Kxo? 5 0

c aaApxBox eBpaoxBaex HexpacoB.

HaoPAa, Haodopox, no npaxoxa dapaaa Beaaajia Hejuodaxxx,

aaoraa coBepmeaao aenoaxoaamax Jnoaefi. Cyabda KpecibABRa-da-

pxmBH HO BOcnHTaaBK), BHaaHHofi no npHKa3y dapaaa 3a TexHoro,

ppydopo xyxHRa ("B aopore") . "nooHJieaxni" y3HaB, qTo "y c e x a -

AeeaxBJiexBefi BAOBH" TepeHTbeBBx "H3d©BKa pa3BajiaJiacb" a qTO

oaa "nodapaeTCfl XPBCTOBHX noaaAHaeM" Myapo pacnopaaajiCA ( K

cqacTbv, TOPAB yxe Kpenocxaopo npaBa He dHJio) BHAaxb ee 3a

raspajiy EoxoBa,

Hady nonpaBBTb, 3a-HOBO, Hxod XHJIB B aefi, njioaajtaca H npasaJiB iflpjio. 5 I

Cxapax ae odpaxaji BBaxaaaA aa x o , qxo "xeHaxy - mecib j iex".

50 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "aeaymxa", T . I I , c x p . 2 5 1

51 Ibid., "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 1 2 3


Onaxb xaxa odmeaaBecxax cpaxTx, xax, oxoxacb, rocnoaa

xpaBBJix xpecxbABCRBB BOJtfl, aaqyxb od 3TOM ae aadoxacb. y He

KpacoBa aaajtopaaaxfi cpaxx - oxoxaaqba ncx "xaayjiacb B cxaao"

a "paexepsajta B xaayxy dapamxa" ("ncoBaa O X O T B " ) . nepenyraa-

BBM aaexyx "peBxa pesex" , a "dapaa 03JIBJICA" a asdaji ©PO apan-

BBKOX. He peaxa cayqaa oxaaqa caxHX deccMHCJieHBHX pacnopaxe-

axa, Bpoae TOPO, qxod nacxyx yaaxaji KOpoB, qxodx OHH He xxaa-

JIB, X . R . CBOBX xxqaBBex OHB paadyAHJia dapaaa. ("OocjieaHm").

Bcnoxaaaex HexpacoB a o xox, xax B flxyxcxe peaepaji "Ha ROJI XOX

xopoBysex caxaJi"; nopxa a aydoxxaaaH Aaxe He caaxajiacb caxo-

AypeTBox, oaa BOKJIB B noBceAaesaxfi odaxoa. C ynoeaaex noxe-

BBR- OdoJix-OdojiAyeB BcnoMaaaex o BpexeHB, Koraa noxemaa, qxo

xoxejc, xo a aejiajt co CBOHXB padaxa.

Axmajia ppyAb noxeataqba CBodoaao a j ierxo .

Ha B ROX npoxBBopeqaa, KOPO. xoqy - noxaJiyK), Koro xoqy - Ka3BK>. 3aROB - xoe xejiaaaei KyjiaK - xoa nojiaqaai

Taap acRpoexnaxeJibBxfi, yAap aydoApodaxeJibBHfi. yAap cxyjiOBopppox J S 2

H Apajia no nycxAKBM - "ae noRJioaacb - Aepex", paccKa3HBaji

AAAA BJiac aa "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo".

Taxae cjiyqaa, KOPAB noxesaK aaexaBJiaji nepecymaBaxb "cyxoxoab-

Roe ceaqo" dHJia CJIBHTKOM odxaeaaxxa no cpaBBeaaio c xaKaxa aa-

daBaxa dapcKBxa, KBK "Kynaaae" KpecTbaH B npopyda - "B oaHy

52 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca x a i b T . I I I , CTp.87


onycxBX B aeBoae, B apyryio XBPOX Bxxaaex".

Hapoa, no cJioBax noaxa, "appymaofi CJiyxaji noaopaxx

expacxax rocnoaaaa". Eapaa, 3aqacxynnnoxoMox xaxap? "KBK RO-

aa BXBOABJI aa pxaox pada-cjiaBAHaaa", a B©3ae, Besae "cBHpen-

cxBOBaJi daq des dOA3aa".

. HexpacoB ACHO oxaaex cede oxaex B XOX, qxo "icpenb"

nopydaJia KBOPBX Jnoaefi, ocodeaao x e x , K*O yxeji qyBcxBOBaxb a,

KXO, ae Aaa Eoxe, odjxaaaj! qyBCXBOx codcxBeaaopo aocToaacTBa.

Cxoxpamb, noBecajica noBap, xoxopxfi "aBaxbio aenpBJiBqaoe"npacTpa-

cxbe Bxeji - JOBdaji "qaxaxb a paccyxaaxb". "Oxeqecxaxa" nopxaMa

dapaa aoseji aecqacxaopo ao caxoydaficxBa; Tax noBecajica B3B03-

qax, noxepaBmafi Haaexay Baxynaxbca na BOJIKJ a xeaaTbca aa jnoda-

xotf aeBymxe ("H3B03qax"); Tax aa pjiasax dapaaa BemaeTca AKOB "xo-

Jion npaxepaxfi", ae Bxaeca dapcxopo npoadBOJia. Haopaa jnoaa H©

BKAepxaBBJiB a . . . ydaBajia c a x x . Tax B "Koxy Ha Pyca xaTb x o

pomo" xpecTbABB xBBbex aarconajia B sexjiio ynpaBtfaromero-aexqa,

ROTopxfi B xeaeana xaopax Jiex asaeBBJica aaa HHXH.

Kpenb xe cosaajia pjiydORO oxpaqaTejibaxe THHH RpecTbaa.

Oaa BCTpeqajoxca, XOTA a peaxo , B npoasBeaeaaax HeRpaeoBa. Hx

noax xapanxepaayex cjieayroamxH CJIOBBMH:

jlnaa xojionCKOPo sBaHaa -Cymae ncx anoraa: Hex xaxeJiefi Haxa3aHHA. Tex ax XHJiefi r o c n o a a . * 3

53 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp.135


"Bepaxfi xojion" AROB Baaeji BCK> paaocxb XH3HH B XOM, qxod "xo-

jiaxb, depeab, ydjiaxaxb" dapaaa, aecMOTpa aa TO, qTO nocjiea-

aafi ae TOJibxo npBBBMaji STO aaa aojixaoe, HO OTHOCBJICA K flKOBy,

dyxaajibBO, KaK K codaK©, "B aydbf'Tioxoaa ayJi KadJiyxox".

ABopoBHfi qeJiOBex KH. nepexeTbeBa yBepaeT, qxo oa "cqacxjiBB,

BaaaT Eor". Beab oa dxji "jnodaMHfi pad", xena ero - "pada JIIO-

daxaa", a aoqb BKCJiyxaJiacb ao Taxofi aedHBajiofi XHJIOCXB - "ca-

aaxbca noaBOjiajiocb efi B npacyxcxBaa KBAXBH" . Hnax, "XajiyB

qyBcxBBxejibBHfi" xoxe caaxaex , qxo dapaHy "HB poay HanacaHo"

BJiaaexb RpecTbAHaxB a pacnopaxaTbCfl axa, a xyxaxaM "padoxaxb.

cjiymaxbca, xojiBTbca aa rocnoa". HecxoTpa Ha TO, axo B XOJIO-

AOCTH "RBA3K)mRa" TO aanparaji ero B Tejiexxy paan maJiocTH, TO B

npopyda KynaJi, TO B KATejib caxaji aa Jiomaab, 3acTaBJifla B TO xe

Bpexa appaTb aa cxp an KG - "ae xoxeT dapcxax MHJiocxefi 3adHTb

HnaT". Oa KaxeropaqecKa 3aaBJiflex nocjie odT>ABJi©HHA BOJIH:

"Eajiyfixecb BH] A n KHASOB yxAXBHBix xojion - a Becb xyx CKas!"

B rJiaBe "KpecibABCKafi rpex" ( "KoMy aa Pyca xnxb xopo

mo") paccKa3HBaexca o apenocxHOX TJiede, Koxopxfi, nojibcxaBmacb

aa aeabra, cxer 3aBemaaae, rae aaBajiacb Bojibaaa Q-xa XHCAqax

xpecxbAB.

Ha aecATKH JieT, ao HeaasHax aaefi Bocexb xxcaq aym 3axpenaji 3Jioaefi, C poaox, c njiexeaeM, qxo aapoay-xol Hxo aapoay-xoi C xaxHex B Boay-xo1. ^

54 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pyca xaTb xopomo", T.II I , cxp.143


noax caaxaex, axo Bee npomaex Bor, ao "HyaaH rpex ae npomaexca?

Hecxoxpa aa xo, axo HeapacoB cyaax TJieda decnomaaao, X.K. ero

ppex - "cxpameaBHfi rpex", OH cqaxaex, qxo OTaacTB B ero noc-

xynRe, KaK a B noBeaeaaa apyrax "cymax HCOB" BaaoBaxo, npexae

Bcepo, xpenocxaoe npaBO.

3xea poaaT sxeeHHmefi, A xpenb - ppexa noxemaxa, rpex flROBa aecqacTBoro, Tpex rjieda poaajiai Hex apena - aex noxemaKa, Ho neuiH AOBOAamepo ycepAHOPo pad a, Hex Rpena - aex ABOPOBOPO, CaxoydaficxBOx xcxamepo 3Jtoaei) cBoexy. Hei Rpena - TJieda BOBoro He dyaex aa Pyca . 5 §

HeKpaCOB dHJi dH OAROCXOpOBHHM XyaOXHBKOX, 6CJIB dH

asodpaxaa xaxecxb xaaaa a xpyaa xpecxbAaaaa, Bosxymaacb x e -

cxoxocxbK) dapaaa K aexy , Bosxymaacb pasBHBmaMCA noa BJIBAHH-

ex xpena xojioncTBOx a KopxciojiBdaex, npomeji dH MBMO apyrax

OTpaqaxeJibBHx qepx xyxaxa .

Oaaa aa OCBOBBHX oxpaqaxeJibaxx cxopoa pyccKOro aapoAa

- nbaaexBO - odpacoBaao BO BC©M epo oxxajiKBBaioiuex deaodpasaa

c noxpacawaefi peaJibHoexbB B rjiaBe "nbAHaa Hoqb" ("KoMy aa Pyca

xaxb xopomo"). Ho, asodpaxaa c o^oxorpadpaqecKofi acaocxbio "nba-

ayio Boab", HeRpacoB Aejiaex axo Bce-xaKa c dJiapoAyiuaex. Oa

JIKKSBJI nbABHx "HCXHHBO-aapoaaofi JirodoBbro, atfKoraa ae odaxaji ax

55 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp.146


B cxHxax, jnodoBBJica axa, dpaxcaa coqyBCTBOBaJi ax". 5 6

B B30dpaX6BHB nbAHOfi BOaB nOCJIO ApxapRB CTOJIbRO npOKa3*BBOfi

BeoeJiocxa:

He Bexpx B©»T dyfiaHe, He MBTb-3eMJIA KOJIHfflBXCA, IHyxBi, noex , pyraexca , Kaaaexca, BaJiaexcfl, flepexefl a qejiyexca y npaaaaaaa aapoa. Kpecxbaaax nOKaaajioca, KaK BHUIJIB Ha npHPopoqex, Hxo Bee ceJio maxaexca, H¥o aaxe qepKOBb cxapyM C BHCOKOfi KOJIOKOJIbBeK) IHaxayJio pas-apyrofi ! Tyx xp©3B0xy, axo rojioxy

HeJiOBKol 57

Koaeqao, odaaao 3a pyccKOro xpecxbABaaa, qxo npa3AHHK a oxaxx

AJia aero - axo nbAHcxBO, qxo "nbwx AO oAypeaaa, BO PBH, B Ka-

aaBx BajiHTca - odaABO nopjiaAexb".

Ho noaexy nbeT xyxax? Tope 3acxaBJiaex ero 3adHXbca.

Aa. a xo "aa cexbjo nb»myK) aenbjomaA cexba" npaxoaaxca, xoxopaa

"HB nbex , a xaK xe xaexcA". "yx Jiyqme d HBJIH, pjiynxe" -

diBJiocodpcKa saxeqaex oaaa B3 MyxHKOB ( "Koxy Ha Pyca xnxb x o

pomo"). ECJIB "aex xepn xxejiio pyccaoxy", xo Hex xepH H ropro.

A "padoxe xepa ec ib"? - cnpamHBa»x apecxbAH©. ECJIH nocjie

xaxejiofi padoxx "noBHxaxaJia xocxoaKa", ©CJIH xaroxn noaaeBOJib-

Bofi XBSBB "noBKXOxajia Aymeabxy", TO, BHnaB qapoqxy, "pa3cxe-

ajiacb RpecTbABCRaa Ayma". PyccKafi xyxaa noTOxy a nbeT "AO

56 HyxOBCRafi, op. cit., CTp.60

57 HexpacoB, op. cit., "KoMy Ha Pyca xaTb xopomo", T.III, cxp.71


nojiycxepTa", qxo"ao cxepxa padoxaex" nepea SXBM.

He npoxoaax HeapacoB a XBMO qacxo Bcxpeqajomefica y

KpecTbAH paBBoaymaofi X6CTOKOCTB. 3na3oa c KJiaqefi, oqeab

pefluaea a ocxaBJiaex Taxejioe BneqaTJieHB©. MyxaK dyKBajibao a c -

Tfl3a©T Jiomaab, KOTOpaa a© B COCTOABHB TamHTb aenocajibHyK) HO-

a y . B CTHxoTBopeaaa "Tax, CJiyxda" roBopaTca o X©CTOKOCTB

x a c c x , ydaBmefi qejryx> cppaaqyoBKyB cexbio BO Bpexa oxcxynJie-

BBB 1812 POAB, ydaBmefi cnoRofiao a aaxe xajieBmefi njiaqymax

"meHKOBn-aeTefi.

4 . OTJiaaaxejibBHe qepxn xapaaxepa pyccRoro xpecxbAHKHa.

H Bce-xaRH, aecxoxpa Ha Bee BxmenepeqacjieaHH© ymex-

JI©HHA, yHaxeHBA, H3aeBaxejibCTBa, aecxoxpa Ba nojiaefimee d e c -

npaBae, dapcKafi npoaaBOji, pyccKafi KpecTbABaa nopaxaexcBoefi

(pB3Bq©CKOfi B BpaBCTB©HHOfi xombB. MyxaK, B30dpaxeHHHfi BC6-

CTopoHae HexpacoBHX, STO HacToamafi pyccxafi doraTHpb, BHTep-

neBmafi Bee BHnaBmae aa ero aojiro xyqeaaa . ycTaMa CaBejiaa -

Boraixpa CBATopyccxoro CKasaao STO:

A noTOxy xepneJia XH, Hxo Kx - doraxxpa.

MyxaK - He doraxHpb? H xa3Bb «txy ae paxaaa, H cxepxb exy ae nacaaa B doio - a doraTHpb! 58

58 HexpacoB, op. cit., "Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo", T.III, CTp. 102


P B S B B a© nopasaxdJibBa x p y a o c n o c o d a o c x b KpecxbflHHHa B p a d o x e ,

roaHofi aJia doraxxpcKax nJieaefi?

. . . n o r j i a a a n o a a , KaK a a dojioxa BOJIOKOX Kpecxbaae c e a o xoicpoe CROCBBma BOJioKyx: Tae ae n p o d p a i b c a Jiomaaa, Tae a d e 3 aoma nemexy Onacao nepe f ixa , Tax p a T b - o p a a RpecTbaacKafl no KOaax, no 3axopHHBM nOJI3KOX nOJI36T C nJieTBXBMH,-Tpemax RpecxbaacKafi n y n i noa cojiBHmKOM d e s manoqeR, B n o x y , B rpa3H no MaxymRy, OCOKOB B3pe3aBH, EOJIOXBHX raaox-MomKOB H3"b©aeaBM© B KpOBb,-Hedocb , XH xyx RpacaBee? Kajiexb - xaJiefi yMewq^, Ha wepoqay rocnoacKyio Kpecxbaaaaa a© x e p b i He deJiopyqKB BexHHe, A jnoan XH BeJiHxae B p a d o x e a r y j i b d e . 5 ^

Padoxaex Kpecxbaaaa "ox cojiBHmKa ao cojiHHmKa", a c i e c x "c

ropomaay". He y c n e e x o r j i a a y x b c a , a o r a a p a d o x a Koaqeaa -

y x e "cxoax xpa aojibmaxa - E o r , qapb a r o c n o a a H " .

nopa3axeJibaa BHaocjiaBOcib xyxaqxaA B Henpaxoxj iHBocib .

EXJIO dH xojibKO BBOJiB "xjiedymKa", a x a x

noBBJiH x x B Jiexo x a p x o e Mae naxaxb necRa o x n y q a e , noBejia XH B 3HXy JIBXyB Bxpydaxb j i eca a p e x y a a e -TojibRo xpecK CXOAJI dH ao Heda"60

59 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy na Pyca x n x b xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 7 4

60 I b i d . , "flyxa", T . I , CTp.I32


xeaxaex POJIOABXH RpecxbflHHH, y Roxoporo aaaacxyB

C Jianxfl ao Bopoxa mxypa BCfl acnopoxa, nyxaex c MHKHHH XBBOX. Bepqeaxfi, xpyqeaafi, Ceqeaxft, xyqeHxfi, Ejie cepaeqHHfi dpeaeT. °*

CTpaaafl cax , pyccxafi xyxax ox3HBqaB x cxpaaaaaax

Apypax. Ero ayme AocxynaH dJiaropoABHe nopHBH. KorAa EpMBJia

rapaa ("Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo") nonaji B deay, OB odpaxaji-

ca R "xapy" 3a noxombB a "meApoxa aapoAaaa" xapox BxpyaaJia

e r o , codpaB "mjiany nojiHyB qejiROBBROB, JiodaaqaKOB.. .RpecibAH-

CRofi accHraaqaa" a "rpaBBH Meaaofi". HJIB B rjiaBe "Kpecxbaa-

cxafi rpex" aapoa, pacxporaBaxfi neaaJibHofi cyabdofi ccaaaiBKa-

"cJiyxBBOPo" oodpaji eMy "no Koneeqxe, no ppomy" aeabra, 3apa-

doxaaaHe B HOJIHOX CMHCJie cJioBa "noxoM H KpoBbio". Kaaraafl

Tpydeqaaa ("PyccKae xeamaax") pacxporaaHO BcnoMaaaex o JIB-

aax a s Hapoaa, xoxopHe "CBOB Tpya HH BO qTO He caHTajia", KO-

Topxe BBKoraa ae noaJiaJia "ropean B qamy" ee CTpaaaHafi:

. . .Xoqy a CKa3aTb Cnacado BBX, pyccxae Jnoaa! B aopore , B H3rHaabe, rae a HH dHJia, Bcexpyaaoe xaxoppB Bpexa, Hapoa, a doapee c TOdo» HecJia Moe HenocaJibHoe dpexa. nycTb MHoro CKOpdefi Tede najio Ha qacTb, Tx aeJiamb qyxae neqaJia, H, rae Moa CJie3H TOTOBH ynacTb, TBOB yx aaBBO TaM ynaJiai TH JiBdamb aecqacTHoro, pyccKxfi Hapoa! ^

61 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy Ha Pyca x a i b xopomo". T . I I I , CTp. 133

62 HeRpacoB, op. o i t . , "PyccKae xeHiaHHH", T . I I , CTp. 310


Haopaa ayme rpydoro Heodpa30BaaHoro Myxana CBOBCXB©H-

BX ceaxaxeaxaJibBHe nopHBH. AKHX Harofi ( "KoMy Ha Pyca xaxb x o

pomo") cnacaex a3 ropamefi aadH ae "sa qejinfi B©K aaKonJieHHH©

qeJiKOBHX TpaaqaTb-naTb", a pa3BemaaaHe no CTeaaM "KapTHHoqKH?

KOTopae OH RynaJi aJia CHHHIHKH. Ero ayma yxe ae cnaT decnpo-

dyaanx CHOX, efi nocTeneaHO CTaHOBHTca aocTynHHM noHflTa© npe-

RpacHoro H HeKpacoB HaaeeTca, qTo HacTaH©T TaKoe speMA, Koraa

MyxaK "EeJiaacKoro a ToroJia c da3apa noHec©Tn.

Haoraa Myxaa dHsaeT ceaxaMeHxaJieH - xo OH cnacaex ox

HaBoaaeaafl safiqeB ("Aeaymaa Ma3afi a 3afiqa"), xo , Baaa raday-

max npa pa3JiaBe pena naeji, H« Mopymax nepejiexexb peny, cxasHX

ax 3adoxJiaBO seJieaxe sexBH-Bexa.

noxajiyfi, xojibxo pyccRafi xyxaK cnocoden KaxopxHO pado-

xaTb, ae xepaa doapocxa, "de3 aacjiaxaeHba" x a i b a "d©3 coxa-

Ji©HbAn yxapaxb. Oa aaxe yxaxpaexca aaoraa noBecoJinxbca.

Xoxfl HexpacoB cnpamaBaex "ao cxexy JIB" exy - B©ab "a© cxojibKO B

EeJiORaxeaaofi no xocxoBofi npoexaHO, KBK no ayme KpecTbflHHHa

npoajio odaa". B nepBxx cipaaaqax "KopodefiaaKOB", B "CejibCKoB

apxoBRe" paaoeTb a BeceJibe dpxaxyx KJiBqoM. B pjiaBe "nbaaaa

aoab" aeodHXHOBeaBO peaJibao onacaa eaaacxBeBBHfi acxoqaaK 3a-

dBeaaa - BBHO B nbaaaa. Ho Rpecxbaae npocaT ae pasaocaTb

"majibaxx Becxefi, d©scoB©cTBHx" npo nbaacTBO (aoraa "BecejiHTca

deaaaa xpecTbAacRaa ayma"). BeAb nb©T xyxax dojibmeB qacTbB c

ropa, qTodx 3adHTbCA. Ayma ero

HTO xyqa qepHaa -


raoBaa, pposHa - a aaAO da Tpoxax rpeMexb oxxyaoBa, A BCB BHBOX Koaaaexca. npoimia no XWJIBM qapoqKa H paocxeajiacb Aodpag KpecTbABCKaa ayma. 6 3

Beab"pyccRafi aapoa nJiaxaxb ne JiBdHTn( nB3ayxaji dH nJiaaaxb -

aanJiaKaji dH xope", - roBopaT noaT), oa "dojibme noex". Ho

necaa peaRO 3ByqaT paaocTbB, RBK B "KopodefiHHKax" HJIB B "Cejib-

CROB apxoBRe" . ECJIB "neceaaa rae-To noeTca" - TO B H©B rpycTb,

TocRa, Taxecxb nepexaxoro, d©3Haa©xHocTb dyaymero.

. . .mHpoKaa CTopoHxa Pycb xpemeBaa, Hapoay B aefi xbxa TOM, a aa B oaaofi-TO aymenbK© C noKOH B9KOB ao Hamepo He saropejiacb neceaxa BeceJiaa a acaaa , KaR BBApeaxfi Aeaea. 64

Eojibme© qacxbB 3TO xo necaa "xojioaofi", ra© onJiaRBBaexca cyab-

da aeBymRB B qyxofi cexbe; TO "Becejiaa", rae paccKa3HBaexcA o

popbRofi aojie xpenocTaxx; TO "rojioaBaa" o xyxaxe , Bcnyxmex c

rojioaa; TO "CojiaaTCxaa", rae r os opa ic a o d©3paaocxaofi aojie

cojiaaxa; xo "Cojieaaa", rae paccxasHBaexca, KaK 3a aeaxeaaeM

co JIB, xaxb cxaaaBaeT cjiea&MB xycox XJieda pojioaanx pedATHmxax.

Aa 3TO, codcTBeaao, a ae nocHB. TojibKO B Poccaa "necaefi 30-

BeTca" CTOB ayma qejioBeqecxofi. TojibKO necqacTHxfi pycCRafi x y

xax xor cosaaTb necaB,"noaodayB cxoay!! H sce-xaRH, HeRpacoB

63 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "5oxy Ha Pyca xnxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp .74

64 Ibid., T . I I I , c x p . 1 3 3


s a a e x , axo He ydaxo "cepAqe CBOdoAaoe" a xyxaa "Bnaecei Bee".

A xex dojiee, pa3 exy aaaa cBodoay, xo oa Bepax, "qxo dyaex a

B necae oxpaaa BXBCXO yaxaba a xya"'.

Koaeqao, ecjia cyanib xojibRO no npoB3BeaeaaAM HeKpa

coBa, TO C03ABCTCA JioxBoe BneaaTJieaae, qTo aeficTBHTejibHO y

pyccRoro xyxaaa ae dHJio apyrofi necHB, xpoxe CToaa. 3TO B©B©P-

a o . Bo-nepBHx, cpeaa noMemaKOB dHJio oaeab Maoro xopomax a ao -

dpHX, npexpacaoe OTaomeaae ROTOPHX K RpecTbaaax 3acjioHflJio c o -

dOB noBeaeaae nJioxax a X©CTOKBX. KBK roBopaTca "oaaa nJioxaa

OBBB nopTBT cxaao". Toaao XBK X© B aeRpacoBCROM B30dpaxeHHH

pocyaapciB©HHOPO ycxpoficxBa qyBcxByexca xeaaeaqaosBoexb B

noaqepRBBBHHB TojibKO OTpaqaTejibBHx cxopoH. y HeKpacoBa, 3a

RCRjnoqeaaex "KopodeaaaKOB" coBepmeHHO ne ynoxaaaexca o B©ce-

JIHX, 3aaopHHX "pa3yxadacxHx" KpecTbAHCKax necaax . OqeBb x o

xex dinb, qxo xaxoe oaaocTopoHH©© ocBemeaay dbaKTOB ayxao npa-

nacaTb yrpnxoxy a xeJiaaoxy xapaxTepy HeKpacoBa. HBKTO, Roseq-

BO, ae cxe©T OTpaqaTb yxacos RpenocTBOPO Bpexeaa a caxopo

BoaxyTHTejibaoro cpaaxa cymecTBOBaaafl padcTBa. Ho noai Baaeji

a ocBemaji TOJibKO njioxae CTopoax, npoxoaa xaxo xopomax. Hy-

KOBCKBB, aanpaxep, cqaxaex, axo xsopqecTBO HeapacoBa - aTO

nepeaaRBoe ax JIBAHX codcTBeaaoe yHxaae, "aaynoRofiaaa xy3HRa"

BByqamaa B epo Ayme. Oa BBXOABT, qTo HeRpacoBy "B MaayTH

xaBApH aeodxoaaMO dHJio paccTasjiflxb CBOB dojib BHaeaaaxa BCA-

qecRax HCiaaaHafi a xyx". 65

65 lyxpmcxBfi, op. c i t . , CTp. 26


5 . nojioxeaae KpecTbflBCTBa ao a nocjie MaHacpecxa.

B npeapediopMeHHHe TOAH (1858 - 60) MexAy CTopoHHBKaMa

a npoTBBBBKaxB pedbopxx BeJiacb oxecxoaeHHaa noJiexaKa a dopbda.

HeRpacoB aa CTpaaaqax "CoBp©M©BHHKa" BHCKa3HBaji CBOB MHQHHA

no apecTbAHCROxy Bonpocy a B TO xe Bpexa xaaao npacJiymaBajica

a npacxaTpBBajicfl K xoay codHTafi.

EcTecxBeHHO, qxo acxoaa cnopaoro Bonpoca npeayraaaxb

dHJio H6Jib3a. Aaxe, ©CJIH aejio nosepHyJiocb dH B cxopoay Rpecxb

aa , aeasBBCxao, e RBRHKB npaBaxa a c KBKBX axymecTBOx oaa BH-

mJiB dH aa BOJIB. B CTaxoTBopeaaa "SaaxapKa" 3aTpoHyTO aadojieB-

mee - CTapHR-RpecTbflBBB npocaT raaaJiay npeacKaaaxb "noraa ox

pocnoa OTofiaex XH aa BOJIB" .

yxacao dxjio xo , qxo noaa B cxojiaqe poBopaJia, aaceaajia,

odcyxABJiB Ha BCBBOSXOXHHX KOKaTeTax, daaKexax, codpaHHAX, no-

Ka HeROTopxe 3JiodcTBOBaJia, a Apyrae caxoyaaqaxaJiacb - "aapoa

BepasBBTxfi ©JI xopy a xojiqaji, KBK ydaxafi". npaBaa, B nocjieaaae

roaH nepea ped>opxofi xaaab aJia Rpenociaxx caejiajiacb j ierae , T . K .

CTBX, npaxaajica B xeaa EapHH, npocjinmaB CBOdoay...66

HeROXopne B pacxepaHHOcxn CXBJIB 3aacKHBaTb nepea codcTBeHHBTMH

RpecTbAHaxa, apyrae CTajia odpamaTbca Jiyqme, doACb MmeHHA co

CTOPOHX Hapoaa B cjiyqae ocBodoxaeHaa.

66 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "AeaymKa", T.IT, CTp. 251


HexpacoB B axo Bpexa c aexepneHaeM oxHaaJi pemeHHfl xpecxbAHCKO-

PO Bonpoca. HecMoxpa Ha Bee, xyqaBniae e r o H a p y r a x , coxHexaa,

OH He nepecxaBaji HaaeaibCA, qxo pedbopxa CBepmaxca a qxo npaBa

Rpecxbaa ymexjieax ae d y a y x . Koraa BHmeJi B cBex aojiroxaaHBHfi

xaaacbecx, HeKpacoB dHJi oqeHb B3BOJIHOBBH. OH naca j i :

fl Baaeji RpacHHfi a©Hb: B Poccaa B©T pad a.' H CJIQSH cjiaaaa© a npojiaji B yMHJieaba. 67

Ho My sa noaTa xojiqeuia. noxajiyfi, KpoM© o a a o r o cTaxoTBopeHHfl

"CBodoaa" a aecKOJibKax CTpoq©K, BKpanJieHHEDc B apyra© npoa3B©-

aeaafl , MH H© aafiaeM a a q e r o doj iee . 3 T O , xa3aJiocb dH, CTpaHHoe

MOJiqaHHe MOXHO odbflCBBTb npocTo - HexpacoB ae 3B£ui, MTO n p a -

Fecex aojiroxaaHBaa CBodoaa Hapoay? Bo HTO OEB BHJT*©TCA?

OH doflJicfl, qTo xoTb H "nopBaJiacb qenb B©JiHKaA", xoTb OHB a

"paccKoqHJiaca", yaapaB oaaaM KOHqoM no dapaHy, "apyrHM no My-

xHKy". B "CBOdoae" HeKpacoB roBopnT o CBoeB 3aBeTHofi "jiMdaMofi

a y x e " . Oa c paaoc ibB CMOxpax B dyaymee, npopoaecTByeT KpecTb-

aacxoxy xjiaaeaqy CBodoaaoe aeTCTBO, csodoay xejiaHHfi - "xoqenib-

OCTaHSmbCA B©K XyXHKOX, CMOxemb - noa H©dO B30Bb©mbCA OpJIOM" .

Ho B KOHq© KOHqoB HeKpacoB HaqaHaeT coMHeBaTbca, BeaoBepqaBocTb

a aeyBepeaaocTb CHOBa OBJiaaesaBT HM. OH yBepeH, qxo

Ha MecTO ceTefi KpenocTHHx jlBaa npnayxajia MHoro BHHX<68

67 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , " 3 j i e r a a " , T . I I I , cTp. IO

68 Ibid . , "CBodoaa", T .T , c i p . 1 4 9


H Bce-Taxa , aecMOTpa aa a a qTo, "pacnyTaTb HX Jierq© Hapoay" .

Odpamaacb K CBOQB My3©, nosT npocaT e© "c HaaexaoB"

npaB©TCTBOBaTb cBOdoay, HO Bce-TaKw, dyayqa HeyBepeHHHM B aojie

RpecTbAHHHa, npoaojixaeT ocTaBaTbca "neqeuibHHKOM ropfl H a p o i a o -

P O " . Bonpoc o cyabd© KpecTbflHHHa H© nepecTaeT BOJiHOBaTb HeKpa

coBa B T©q©HHH dJiaxafimHx J I©T. BO MHornx cTHxoTBopeHHflx OH n p o -

aojixaeT acKBTb OTB©Ta "na TafiHHe Bonpocn" - BnaHT JIH OH nrpaio-

max a©T©B, padOTaromafi B rrojie Hapoa, OH cnpamHBaeT caM c e d a :

CHOCHefi JIB CTaJia TH, KpecTbaHCKaa cTpaaa? H padcTBy aojiroMy npHmeamaa Ha cxeHy CBodoaa, HaKOHeq, BHecJia JIH nepeMeHy B HapoaHHe cyabdH? 69

HeoTBASHafl MHCJib MyqHT HeKpacoBa:

Hapoa ocBOdoxaeH, HO cqacxjiHB JIB Hapoa? 70

H noax , ocMaxpHBaa KpaxaqecKHM OKOM CBOO JirodHMO© KpecTbHHCXBO,

saMeqaex npexHroro deaHOcxb, HHmexy, yHHJiHe Jinqa - p©3yjibxax

oxcyxcxBHA aocxaxoqnoro KOJiHqecTBa naxoTHofi 3eMJiH, T . e . n o c -

jieacTBHfl ocHOBHoro cnopHoro nyHKTa B aKT© I 9 - r o dbeBpaJia.

XoTb MyxBK, padOTaa HB codcTBeHHOM KycoqK©, ycepaHO, "KaK HH-

Koraa Ha dapHHa H© padOTaJi", "paHbm© j iBaef i . . . noaHHMaeTCfl" H

"no3xe JiBaefi c nojiocx BOSBpamaeTca", a Bce-xaKH "3©MJIHITH ©My

Heaoexaxoqao" ( "npaTqa o EpMOjiae xpyaaiqeMCfl").

KpyroM no cejiaM CJIHUIBBT Te see necHH "Tocay HaBoaamH©",

69 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Sjierafl", T . I I T , CTp.IO



B XB3BB xpecxbABaaa x© x© " d e a a o c x b , B©B©X©CXBO, M P B K " .

Ha noMemaKOB HeKpacoB Boodme cxoxpax KaK a a KJiacc ox-

xBBmafi, nepecxaBmafi a rpaxb pojib B noJiaxaqecKofi a aKOHOMaqec-

KOM XB3BB c x p a a x . Hejiafl raJiJiepea nopxpexoB - K H . y x a x a n ,

Odojix-OdojiayeB, ffiaJiamBHKOB, K B . HBBB a paA Apyrax - ydexAaax

B aenpBA3BB noaxa K BBM. nopxpeiH B3odpaxeHH B yxpapoBaHao-

xappaKaxypaHx xoHax. KaA3b HBaH -

...KOJioce no dpBxy, PyRB - poa nyxoBHKa, nbeaecTajiOM cJiyxaT yxy OxapeBmaa mexa. 71

OdojiT-OdojcayeB - "yeaTeabKafi, nyaaxeabKafi", KBflsb yxaxHB-"xy-

aofi, KBK safiqa 3BMaae", "HOC KJIBBOM, KBK y acTpeda" a "pasBxe

p j ia3a" . CBxnaTaa XBJIO 1 HexoTopxe npeACTaBBTejia STOPO oxxBBme-

po , no XHeHHB HeRpaeoBa, COCJIOBHA aaxe nocjie Maaadbecxa Haxax

He XOTAX noBepaTb B cjiyqHBmeeca. npaqex H© B3-3a KopHCia, a

aa " c n e c a " . Tax, KBfl3b yxAxaa ? cqaxaex , qxo npaaaaxb "BOJIB" -

s aaaax "npaBa CBOB aBopaacKae, B©KaMH ocBameHHH©" n p o a a x b .

HeaoxopHe, ycxynaa HensdexHocxa, npasaaBX BOJIB, BO Ae-

Aaiox axo c ropeqbB a nJioxo CRPHIOB 3Jiodofi H npeapeHHeM R n a p o a y .

Odojix-OdojiayeB, roBopa c xyxHKaMH, xBacxaexca CBOHM apeBHHM

npoHcxoxaeHHeM. Ero n p a - n p a a e a "xjemHJi rocyaapHHB". BBXBO, qxo

o aex ynoxaaaexca B "cxapaHHHx pyccKHx rpaMOxax". To , qxo OH

dHJi myxoM, noxoxaa ae decnoKoax. C xaxepHHCKofi exopoan e r o

71 HexpacoB, op. cit.,"CoBpexeHHHKH", T . I I I , c x p . 1 4


poA ae xeaee apeB©H:"npanpaa©A xofi no x a x e p a . . . nxxaji noAxeab

MoexBy, KB3ay norpadHTb" . . . Baxao, no MBSBBB OdojiAy©Ba, x c s b -

RO apoBaocTb BX©BB, T.R. "qex AepeBO aBopAHCKoe apeBHefi, xex

Hxeaaxee, noq©TH©fi asopaBaa". C BacJiaxaeaaeM BcnoMBHaeT no-

xemax Bpexeaa, Koraa epo xanpas dHJi SBKOBOM, a Kyjiax - cyab©B.

MBOPB© HOM©mHKH HHKaK H© MOryT npHMBpHTbCA C djaRTOX,

qTO nocjie pecbopxa, CTBJB Bojibaxxa jnoabxa, RpecxbAHe nepecxajia

yBBxaxbca. "flepeBaefi ©xaTb coBecTHo" -xajiyexca oaHH HS no-

KOIKBBKOB -

MyxaK caaax - ae aBBHeTca, He ropaocTb djiaropoaayB -JKeJiab qyBCTByemb B rpyaa . ^^

HeKOTopxe, BBAA» axo xyxBKax xenepb CTajio aocTynao odpasoBa-

aae , B03xymaBTCA - Beab ppaxoTa ae ayxaa Myxaxy, "aejieno npo-

CBomaTb Hapoa". £pyrae nonpexnexy Be odpamaBT BBaxaHaa aa

Hapoa, He xejiaa aaxe paapoBapHBaxb c "odopBaHHOfi qepHbB".

HexoxopHe cxajia 3aarpHBaib c aapoaox, KBK, aanpaMep, dapaa,

HaHHMaroumfi cjiypoB BOjibHoro KpecxbABnaa ("Hoqjiera"), 3adHBmacb,

yaapaJi ero no Jiaqy - "3asaajica, xaxoB cxa" . OcRopdJiBBBHfi B

Jiyqmax qyBcxBax cjiyra, aoxopopo peqa dapaBa sacxaBHJia noBepaxb,

qxo axo"ae dapaa, a dpax", cxpaAaex. OnoxaHBmacb, dapaa xoqex

paaopaaxb HenpBAxaoe BneqaTJieHH© a npaxasHBaeT cjiyre:

yaapb Meaa cxopee.' Mae Jierqe dyaeT J

yAapb, fl n03BOJIflBi "J'3

72 HeKpaeos, op. c i t . , "KoMy na Pyca xaTb xopomo", T . I I I , CTp. 88

73 ib id . , "Hoqjiera", T . I I , cxp.329


H xopoxox, JiBKOHHaeB oiBex Myxaxa, HO MHoro B Hex nepexHxoro

H do JIH:

fl cjiyxaxb TOXOB . . . a daxb He dyay . . . c no3BOjieaba. 74

6 . Oxaomeaae HeKpacoBa K ped)opxe a Bepa B dyaymaocxb Hapoaa .

Bce-xaKH, "osapaa npofiaeasHfi n y x b " , HexpacoB Baaax ,

qxo BOJIB - deaycJiOBHO mar Bnepea . ECJIH nojioxeaae Kpecxbaaa-

aa a© yjiyqmaexca cpa3y, T O , no Kpafiaefi x e p e , yxe caMa no c e

d e , BOJM - cTBMyJi Jiyqmero dyaymero . Kpec ibaaaay erne d e 3 y c -

JIOBBO xaxeJio cxoAXb Ha codcxBeHHHX Horax B HeoapenmeM xo3Afi-

cxBe. Ho s a x o , ecjia a ae coBceM CHXHO, xo noRofiHO - ycnejia

"3axBBaxb noflCHaqn" a TOJibxo no-BpeMBHax Myqa»T Komxapx -

xapTBBH HeaaBHero npomJiopo, BcnoxaBaeTca " q e r o dx a a Hoqb

BcnoMHHBTb coBceM He cJiea", T . e . dapHH, nodoH, HeaoHMKH ("Ho

qj ie ra" ) . Ho nocjie BOJIB TOJibKO aeTefi a Hanyraemb dapaHOM a a

paccKa3axa "KBK TOMHJIH, KaK nopoj ia" . Ho xoTb noaT B noaMe

"Koxy a a Pyca xaTb xopomo" a npameji K BHBoay, aTO HOT cpeaa

RD«cTbfla cqacTJiaBHx JiBaefi, xoTb e r o repoB-xyxaKH H ydeaaJiHCb

qTO " c q a c i b e xyxnqKoe" - "aHpaBoe, c 3anji8TaMa, ropdaToe , c

XO30JIAXH", a Bee-Tana oa CXOTPHT B dyaymee, nojioH paayxHxx

a a a e x a . Exy BaaHTca JiBdHMaA Bojira c "ocBOdoxaeHHHM OT OKOB"

HeyTOMBMHM aapoaox , dJiapocociOAHHe, "doapxfi Tpya" . OH "Bepy-

e i B Hapoa" a e r o dyaymee.

74 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "HoqjierH", T . I I , CTp.329


KBK npaMep, HexpacoB paccRa3HBaeT o cocJiaHHHx B Cadapb Myww-

Kax ( "ZleAymKa"), KOTopne CBepmBJia " q y a o " , KBK TOJibKO HM aajia

"BOJIB aa 3eMJno". Oaa CTBJIB "xJied codapaTb c npexae decnJioa-

aofi 3 6 X J U I " , cTaJiH "doapx B c e r a a " , 3aBeJiaBb KoneBaa B HX X O -

saficTBax, CTBJIH xaTb nTpe3BO a qecTao" a Bee noToxy, qTO

BOJIA a Tpya qeJioBeKa ^BBBXe ABBK TBOpAT. 7 5

ZUa HexpacoBa xyxaK-ojiaqeTBopeaae "H ydorofi , a odaJibHOfi, a

xoryqef i , a deccaJtbaofi" - MaTymKB-Pycn. CaMoe rJiaBHOe, axo

y Hero ocxaJiocb " B padcxBe cnaceHHoe" "3OJIOXO HapoaHoe" -

CBodoABoe cepaqe a cnoKofiaaa coBecxb. HexpacoB npeaayBCXBy-

eT, qxo ocBOdoxaeHHxfi Hapoa - "paxb HeacqacJiaxaa" c "HecoKpy-

maxofi CBJIOB" . OB Bepax, qxo MHorae eme nofiayT no CTonax a a p -

xaHreJU>CKoro xyxaKa" . nosx q a c i o npeacKa3HBaeT Hapoay n p e -

xpacBoe dyaymee, decnoKoaTca o HeM a Bcaqec^a c r ^ q e T c s od-

paTHTb Ha Hero BHHMaHHe CHJIbHHX MHpa C6PO. B 3TB MOM6HTH H6

cjixmao yHHHafl B CJIOBBX noaTa, OH Becb - 3HTysHa3M, nopxB,

Bepa . HacTO, q a c i o HeKpacoB noBTOpaei saBeTHoe, CTaBmee e r o

aeBH30M: "fl BepyB B H a p o a " . 7 6

"Jlnmb da Eor noMor", a Pycb aoaaxeT, HTO "ecTb B Hefi

JIBAH, qTO ecTb rpflAymee y aef i " . JKaJib TOJibKO, qTO HOT em©

"ceaTeJia" , KOToporo oxaaaeT "noqBa aodpaa - ayma Bapoaa p y c -

75 HeRpacoB, 0 p . c i t . , "fleayuiKa", T . I I , c i p . 2 5 0

76 ib id . , " rope c i a p o r o Hayxa", T . I I I , CTp.5

KPECTbflHE B TBOP^ECTBE HEKPACOBA 76

C K o r o " . H, o d p a m a a c b R "c©flT©JiflM" d y a y m e r o , n o a T B3HBaeT:

CefiTe pa3yMBoe, a o d p o e , BeqHoe , CefiTeJ Cnacndo BaM c a a x e T c e p a e q H o e PyccKHfi H a p o a . • ' f

n . q . , xoTb Hapoa eme 3adaT H TeMeH, HO y x e B e r o " r p y a a

EexHT noTOK X H B O B H qncTHfi Eme HeMHX HapoaHHX CHJI : TaK n o a Kopofi CHdapa J ibaacToB 30JIOTOHOCBHX MHOrO XHJI. " ^

H HeKpacoB BepnT, qTO "KaK HH TeuHa BaxJiaqHHa, KaK HH sadHTa

dapmaHofi a padcTBOM", a Bce-TaKH o a a a a e T a a p o a y TBKHX KaK

TpamaiDdpocicjiOBOB, npoTOTan d y a y m e r o a a p o a a o p o a e a T e j i a , "Ha

p o a H o r o 3acTynHHKa"; KaK a a a a BJiac , odJiaaaBiaaB aymoB, cnocodHoB

Ha noABHr BO HM« B o r a ; KBK Epxaj ia T H P H H , OTaaromafi Jiyqurae r o

a n CBoeB X H 3 H B a a decaopHCTaoe c j i y x e a a e H a p o a y ; KaK CaBejinfi -

do raTHpb CBflTopyccKHfi, K O T O P H B xepTByeT CBOdoaoB BO HMfl H a p o a a o r c

cqacTbfl a cajiofi CBoero a y x a yBJieaaeT a p y r a x .

B C © M , aeJiaBmHM no Mepe CHJI H BOSMOXHOCTH a o d p o H a p o a y .

HeKpacoB xeJ iaeT "H© npa3aHO x a T b " , a ec j ia yMepeTb, TO B s a c J i y -

r y - caMoe apapoqeHHoe

B TanyB MOPHJiy C O B T H ,

HTodn mapoKae JianTa HapoaHHe K Hefi npoTopHJia nyTH.79

Odpamaacb K Bc©BHmH©My, noaT MOJIHT:

77 HeRpacoB, op . c i t . , "CoflTejiaM", T . I I I , C T p . I 6 3

7 8 I b i d . , "HecaacTHH©", T . I , CTp .97

79 I b i d . , "flpy3bHMn , T . I I I , c T p . I 6 4

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

Tocnoab! TBopa aodpo aapoay. EjiapocJioBH aapoaanfi Tpya, ynpoqb HapoaHyB cBodoayi ynpoqb Hapoay npaBHfi cya! ®°

H, KBK dH nOaBOafl BTOr COdCTB©HHHM COMHSHHAM, HeKpaCOB

peHBO nameT:

Ha a© podefi 3a OTqa3ay J iBdesHyB. . . BHHQC aocTBToaHO pyccKafi Hapoa,

BHH©C©T BC© - H mapoKyB, ACHyB TpyabB aopory npojioxax c e d e . °*

80 HexpacoB, Op. o i t . , H r a M a " , T . I I , CTp.2I4

81 Ib id . , "aCeji©3HaA a o p o r a " , T . I I , CTp.I79

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3 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "KpecTbAHCKH© aeTH1 ', T . I , CTp.I34

AETH H JKEHffiHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 82

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flETH H SCEHIUHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 84

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4 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "Mopo3-KpacaHfi HOC", T . I I , CTp.I63

AETH H JKEHmHHH B n093HF HEKPACOBA 8*

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AETH H aCEHmHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 8 6

B qyxofi cexbe - Be aoJior COH] yjioxaT cnaTb noaaHexoHbKo, npaayx dyaaxb ao cojiBHfflKa, JlyRomRO npwnacyx, Ha AOHqe dpocax KopoqRy... 5

3axyx no «B6BH xeamaHa BHXoanjia peaxo, dojibmeB qacxb» e© cyab-

da pemajiacb dapaaox, ynpaBJiABmax, cxapocxofi, 3aqacxyB no nyc-

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aajia - cnacado. yMep CBXBHKOB - cxnaa HeacKynaMoro, nocJieaHe-

ro cxnaa".

5 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy HB Pycn xnxb xopomo", T . I I I , cxp.94

6 Ibid., "BqepamHHfi aeHb", T . I , cxp.32

flETH H tfCEHIUHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 87

Cpeaa KpecibflHOK, onacaHHHX HeKpacoBHM, BCTpeqaroxca

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raBBHe KpecTbaHCKae xeHmaHH, "cJiyqafiHH© xepTBH cyabdn" , CTpa-

Aajomae "r j iyxo, Hespnxo" .

TH Bca - BonJiom©HHHfi n c n y r , TH BCA - BOKOBafl HCTOMa. ^

EHTb MOXQT, HX cyabda BaBofiHe TflxeJia OTTOrO, qTO OHH nepeHocHT

e© THXO H noKopHO, "H© BBepflfl xajiod" BHKOMy, njiaqa BTHXOMOJiKy.

Koraa TaKaa aesymKa BHfiaeT 3aMyx 3a "Hepflxy-MyxHKa? »H3Hb ©e

dya©x H© cjiaaKa:

Eyaex daxb xeda Myx-npaBepeaHHK H CBeKpOBb B TpH nOPHd©JIH THyTb . OT padoTH a qepHofi H Tpyaaofi OiUBeTemb, He ycneBma pacqBecTb. norpy3HmbCfl TH B COB HenpodyaHHfi, Byaemb HAHaaTb, padoTaTb H ©CTb. 8

nocTeneHHO Ha Jinqe, r a e "cKB03b pyMAHeq m e K a . . . npmdHBaeTca

jierKHfi nymoK", r a e nH3-noa dpoBH nojiyKpyrjiofi CMOTPHT dofiKO

JiyKaBHfi rjia30Kw, noaBHTCfl "BHpaxeHbe Tynoro TepneHba H d e c -

CMHCJI6HHHB, BeqHHfi n c n y r " .

KaK-TO HeKpacoB 3ameji B qepKOBb H yBaaeji B©HqaBiuyBca

n a p y . SCeHax, rjiAaflmafi "CD©PTOM" H H©BecTa - "TaKaa KpyqHHa B

djieaHOM Jiaqe, qTO rjiaaeTb Tf lxe j io" . . . HeKpacoB npeacKa3HBaeT

ceMefiayB xa3Hb xeHHJHHH:

3Ka©T Teda MHOPO nonpeKOB XSCTOKHX, ZtHefi TpyaoBHx, BeqepoB oaaHOKax:

7 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Mopo3-KpacHHfi Hoc" , T . I I , CTp . I63

8 Ib id . , "Tpofixa", T . I , CTp.I4

flETH H KEHmHHH B n093HH HEKPACOBA 88

Eyaemb pedeHKa doJibHoro K a a a T b , E y B a o r o x y x a aoMoft n o a x n a a T b , ITJiaKaTb, p a d O T B T b . . . ®

HacTO 3aMyxH©fi x©HmaH© aocTa®Tca OT Myxa. HHoraa BHHOBeH B

STOM KpyToB HoaB, HHOPaa TflxeJiaa XH3Hb, 03JiodJiaromaH nfvx.e x o

pomax a aodpHX. KaTepHHa B n e c H a x x a j i y e T c a , qTO nocTeneHHO

n p o n a a a e T Bca ©e KpacoTa , " O T J inxoro Myxa B aoM© H©T -KWTbff".

Aaxe MaTpeHa THMOd)eeBHa, KOTopyB HQXHO JiBdHT Myx. BcnoMHHaeT,

KaK BHBeaeHHNfi H3 c e d a npnaapKaMH aoMamHHx, OH yaapHJi e e .

Hyxaa ceMba qacTO aeJiaJia xH3Hb MOJIOAOB XOHBT H © C H O C H O B . HacTO

BMecTO iKejiaHHoro cHa, aymaJia oaHHOKyB xeHiujiHy CJI©3BI H HecJincb

THxne npHqHTaHHa:

Hoqb - cJiesaMH odJiHBaioca, Aenb - KaK TpaBKa npHCTHJiaroca. . . H noTynJieHHyro rojiOBy, Cepaqe pneBHoe Homy. ^ °

Ho ocodeHHO npHBJieKaeT H e x p a c o B a aoyro f i Tan KoecTbHH-

CKOfi xeHUtHHH, THn "KpSCHBOfi H MOTOHOfi CJiaBflHKw", TBKOtf. KBK Ma-

TDeHa TaMO+eeBHa ("KoMy HB P y c a xaTb x o p o m o " ) , KaK # a p b a ( "Mo-

po3-KpacHHfi H o c " ) . 3 T O HaeaJT * © H C K O B K P B C O T H AJIA H e K p a c o B a .

ToBopa o H H X , OH BDoaym©BJia©TCfl H CTHXH e r o JibWTCfl caofioaHO,

TOpjceCTB©HHO, MOUTHO. "MopOS-KpaCHBrfi H o c " nOCBWIUBH TBKOfi Ht©H-

maH© a ABJifleTca odr>a3qoM BeJiHKojienH^fiuiero HapoaHoro ^ n o ^ a .

EcTb xearaaHH B p y c c x a x CeJieHbflX C CnOKOfiHOB BBWHOOTblO JIHTT,

9 HeKpacoB, o p . c i t . , " C B a a b d a " , T . I , C T P . 7 8

10 I b i d . , "KoMy Ha P y c a xnTb xot jomo", T . T T T , C T p . T I 0

flETH H EEHlimHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 89

C RpacaBOB cajiofi B aeaxeBbax, C noxoaxofi, co B3rJiflaoM qapnq, -Hx paaBe cjienofi H© 3BM©THT, A 3paqHfi o HBX T O B O P B T : "npofiaeT, CJIOBBO cojiHqe O C B B T H T . nocxoipHT - pydJiex noaapHT. '

. . . . . . . . . . . qBOTOT KpacaBHqa MHpy Ha aaBO PyxAHa, CTpottHa, BHCOKB, Bo BCAKOB o a e x a e xpacnBa, Ko scAxofi padOTe JIOBKB.

KpacHBHe pOBBH© 3ydn , HTO KpynHH© nepjiH y aef i , Ho c x p o r o pyxaaHe rydH Xpaaax ax a p a c y ox JiBaefi -Oaa yjiHdaexca p e a a o . . . I I

B apeJiox B03pacT© TaKae xeHmaHH npaBJiexaBT HOJIHOB aocTOHHCTBa

H c T p o r o c x a Rpacoxofi . Box MaxpeHa TaMotpeeBHa:

OcaaacxaA xeHmaaa, lapoKaa a nJioTHaa, JIei Tpaaqa ia ocbMH. KpacHBa, BOJIOC c n p o c e a b B , r j i a s a dojibinH^, c i p o r H e , PecHaqH doraTefimHe, CypoBa H c x y r j i a . 12

OCHOBHOB TAxecxbB, naBmefi Ha njiean KpecTbAHCKax x e a

maa, dbuia THxejiafl, B3BypaTejibBafl p a d o i a . Xojioa JIB, 3aofi JIB -

xeHiaaHa padoTaeT HapaBHe c xyxaaaof i a a a x e dojibme - a o x a e e

oxaaaBT aeTB a X O 3 A B C T B O . 3aqacTyB H aeTB poxaaBTca B no j i e -

aeRoraa xo3flfiKe B CTpaaByB nopy ocTaBaTbca B a s d © . TaK n o a -

BHJiacb HB CBOT "AeBoqKa c JiyRomKOM" ("KpecxbflHCKH© a e x a " ) ,

11 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Mopos-KpacHxfi Hoc", T . I I , c x p . 163

12 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pycn xHTb xopomo", T . I I I , CTp.92

AETH H )KEHmHHH B nD0BBH HEKPACOBA 9 0

poxaeaaaa "noa cojineqaxx saoex" H " B JiyxomKe aoxofi npHHeceH-

H B A " . HexpacoB cqaTaex , qxo aex Haaero xaxeji©© xeHcxofi cyabdH:

.ZIOJIA XH.' pyccRaA aojiBmna x©HCKafli Bpaa JIH xpyaHee CHCKaxb. I 3

Pa3B© axo H© KaxopxHHfi xpya?

B nojiHOM pa3rap© cTpaaa aepeBeHCKaa

3HOB aecxepnaMHfi: paBHHHa de3JiecHafl, HBBH, noKocH a a mapb noaaedecHaa -CojiHqe Hemaaao naJiBT. ^4

H, "BHdaBaacb B3 CBJI" padoxaex xBBqa. "CTOJid HaceKOMHx Haa

Hefi KOjiHxaeTCfl, xaj iax, menoqex, x y x x a i ! " Opyaya CJIBHIKOM I A -

xejiofi KOcofi,*"dada nop©3ajia BOxeabRy Pojiya", ao* " a e a o r a a

KpoBb yaaMaxb". K xoxy xe rpyaaofi pedeHOK, Koxoporo H© c K©X

ocxaBBXb aoxa , njiaaex'V coceaaefi noJiocHHbKH". TepnejiBBaa Maxb

Meaexca xexay nJiaqymaM pedeaxox a padoxofi . nox Ha ee Jinqe CM©-

majicA c cojieHHMH cji©3aMH oxaaAHHA H Kanaox B xdaB c KBBCOM^

KOTOPHB oaa xaaHO noaHOCHT K "onaJieHHHM rydaM".

aCB3Bb apy rax KpecTbaaoK Toqao TaK xe Taxejia. Oaaa

"a30 scefi-To CBJiH-MoqeabKa" MOJIOTBT no yTpaM, a saT©M cxejiax

Jiea "ao nosaHefi BoqeabKH no POCHCXHM no JiyraM" ("KopodefiHHKH").

MaxpeHa TaMOdbeeBaa JiaKoaaqao xapaKX©pa3yex xeBCKyB cyabdy :

noxypa Jiomaaaaxe HSCJIH XH; noryjiajifl A Kaa xepan B dopoBe! "

13 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "B nojiHOM pa3rap© cxpaaa a e p e BeHCKaa", T . I , c x p . 157

14 HeKpacoB, loc . c i t .

15 Ibid., "KoMy Ha Pycn xnxb xopomo". T.III, cxp.116

5HETH H ACEH1HHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 91

H a i o , Koraa KpecTbAHKa p a d o i a e T B noji© BMQCT© C Myx©M. Tpya-

BO BOOdpaSHTb aO q©TO TflXKO npBXOaHTCfl "BaOBHU© H MBTepH Ma-

JIHX CHpOT" BJIB COJiaaTKO, nOJIOXQBH© KOTOpofi npH 85-JI6TH6X OT-

cyxcxBBB Myxa dxjio cpaKxaqecKH paBHOCHJibHHM BaoBcxBy. Aaxe

x y x e - BaoBa XOPJIB BXHXH BTopoB pa3 3aMyx, qxodn He HaapHBaTb-

cfl oaHofi B padoxe B B aexamea , a cojiaaxKa ocxaBajiacb "Myxaero

xeaof i" , dyayqa B p a s j i y x s c MyxaM aojiryB qexBepxb BeKa. T o r a a

yx© y x a x e p a aJia aexameK"Bp©MeHH Hexy Ha JIBCKH" - Hyxao p a d o -

x a x b . JJapba xa j iyexca a a CBOB cyabdy nocjie CMepxa Myxa:

Paao a , p o p b x a a , BcxaJia, Aoua ae e j ia , c codofi ae dpaJia, Ao aoqa namaB naxaj ia , HoabB a Kocy KJienajia, yipoM KOCHTb A nomjia... 16

yx Hexoraa BHTb ycraJiHM pyxaM, HeKoraa noaxaniHBaTbCfl ycTsuiHX

HoraM - "aaao oaaofi nocneBaib" 3a asoax. B CTpaaHy» nopy oan-

HOKaa dada padOTaeT, KBK KaTOpxHaa:

OBoa xyxxHT a x y c a e T , CxepTBaa x a x a a TOXHT, COJIHHUIKO cepn Harp©Ba©T, CojiHHfflKO oqa CJienHT. HxeT OBO roJiOBy, nJiean, HoxeHbKH, pyqeabKa X X © T , H30-pxH, CJIOBBO a s n e i n , Toxe TenJioM o d a a e T . CnaaymKa BO©T c HaTyra, Pyaa a a o r a dojiAT, KpacHHe, xejiTHe xpyrn n e p e a oqaMH CTOAT . . . ^

16 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Mopo3-KpacHBTH Hoc", T . I I , c T p . I 6 9

17 HeKpacoB, l o c . c i t .

£ETH H JKEHIUHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 92

OcTaHOBBTbca a nepeaoxByTb Hejibsa - "BHaanib - 3epHO n o i e q e T " .

OaHHOKHM CTapHM XeHmHHBM C0BC6M CKBepHO . H6T CHJI H6 TOJibKO

aJia padoTH, HO aax© "no MHpy CHJI H©T xoaHTb". Tan H aoxHBaioT B©K

cTapymaa MBJIOCTAMH coceaoK, B pa3pymeHHHx HeTonJieHHBix Hsdax,

odHBrnaBiuae a aecqacTHHe.

A Bce-TaKH pyccKaa xeHiioiHa BKJiaaHBaeT B padoxy aymy.

Eojibmero xpyaojiBdaa H© CBTCKaxb. noaT BnaHBaJi, "KBK OHB KOCHT

- qTO B3Max, TO roTOBa KonHa". OHa H© JiBdHT "no dyaHAM de3aejibfl",

oHa "KO BCflKofi padOTe JioBKa",co3HaBaA, qxo Bee "cnaceHbe B

Tpyae" , H qTo Tpya BosHarpaaHT 3a BC© npeTepnJieHHHe MyqeHHA -

ceMeficTBo H© dyaeT HyxaaTbca. nosxoMy OHa He JiBdHT oaaJDKHBaib

sema BOB B3 H3dH, aamafi He npodyaaT B Hefi qyBCTBa xaJiocTH-nBojib-

HO x de3 padOTH ryJiflTb". yx c TaKofi XO3ABKOB c©Mb« He npona -

aeT, y TBKHX "ceMeficTBo H© db©TCA B Hyxae":

B c e r a a y HHX TenJiaa xaTa , XJied BBmeqeH, BKyceH KBacoK, 3aOpOBH H CHTBT pedflTa,

Ha npa3aHHK ecTb jrHmHHfi KycoK. 18

H qTO 3a qyao STH xeHmaHBi! HH "rpfl3b odcTaHOBKH ydorofi" K HHM

He JinnaeT, aecMoxpa Ha xo , qxo nayx OHH XOB see aoporof i , " a a -

ROB Becb Hapoa Ham Haex",*Bo BCAKOB oaexae OHH KpacnBH, "KO

BCAKOB padoxe JIOBKH"; TepnejiHBO BHHOCAT "H pojioa, H xoj ioa" ,

noadaapHBaa CBOBB "aejibHOCTbB CTporofi" H npHMepoM OKpyxaBiuajo;

HB Bcex odJiHKe STHX xemaHH JiexHT "BHyxpeHHefi CHJIH n e q a x b " .

18 HexpacoB, ope c i t . , T . I I , cxp .164

AETH H XEHUQfHH B n033HM HEKPACOBA 9 3

P y c c K a a xeHiuaHB OTJinqaeTCA de3rpaHHqHbix TepneHHeM H

xepTBeaHOCTbB. P a a n jnodaMoro qejiOBexa o a a c o r j i a c H a Ha jnodyB

padOTy, HB JiBdofi n o a B n r ("KopodefiHHKH"). OHB n o e c T " K o r a a

ocTaHeTca OT cTapmHX a a OT a e T o q e K " , y c H e T , " K o r a a doJiBHa".

B JiBdoB d e a e o a a "He c p o d e e T - c n a c e T " . ECJIH noHaaodHTCfl -

"KOHH a a caaicy O C T B H O B H T , B ropamyB H3dy BofiaeT1.'

A KaK pyccKBA xeHmaHa yMeeT Bece j iHTbca :

. . . B B M e e He y3HaTb , KaK croHHT yjiHdKa Becej iba C J iaqa TpyaoByB n e q a T b . T a a o r o c e p a e q H o r o CMexa H necHH, H nJiacKB Tanofi 3 a a e H b r n He Kynninb. 19

HapadoTaBTca xeHmaHH H a©BymKH B n o j i e , B O P O T A T C A , y c T a j m e H

ppA3HHe, aoMofi, a a " c n a c n d o xapKoB daeHKe, dep©30BOMy BSHHqKy,

CTyaeHOxy KJiBqy" - onATb "cBexexoHbKH", "deJiBi" n 3 B npHJinqeB c

noapyxxaMH" a o nojiHoqH n o B T .

HO a a x e TaKHX CHJIbHHX, KpaCHBBIX H BHHOCJIHBHX KpeCTbAHOK

HccymaeT r o p e . OcodeHHO MHoro c j i e s BBmaaaeT xeHiujiHaM-MaTepflM.

PBeTCfl MaTepHHCKoe c e p a q e Ha qacTH, K o r a a B H3de xoJioaHO H r o -

Jioaao H aeTHmaa nJiaqyT H npocflT x j i eda HJIH n p o c a T " n o c n n a T b

cojibqofi" e r o . Cojib, oanH H3 HeMHorax npoayKTOB, a e npoH3BO-

aHBrnnxcA B a e p e B H e , a e e ayxHO dHJio n o a y n a T b 3a a e H b r a . OTKy-

a a MOrJIB dHTb aeHbPH y flOMHH, " d a i p a q K H de30TB6THOfi"? B C B

xHSBb "o COJIB a y x a j i a , o COJIB neJia ZlOMHyuiKa". TJiflaa Ha dojibHO-

19 H e x p a c o B , o p . c i t , T . I I , C T p . I 6 3

AETH H aCEHUlHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 94

po CHBRa, ROTOPHB ae xoqex ecTb aenocojieHHHfi XJied, 3anJiaKaJia

deaaaa RpecTbAERB a npacoJiHJia npecaafi Rycox cJiesaMH -

XBBJIBJiaCb xaTb -CHHKa c n a c J i a . . . 3Haib , coJioaa

CJi©3a dHJia. 20

Koraa Maxepn oxnpaBJiHBx CHHOBQB B coJiaaxaaHy, pa3B©

MaTepHHCKoe cepaqe He CTpaaaeT, 3Haa,KaKafl XH3Hb oacnaaex CBraa

Tax? A B cjiyqae BOBHH? yaeji MaTepefi:

CBATHe, HCKpeHHBe CJI6 3H -To cJiesH deaHxx MaTepefi/ HM ae 3adnxb CBOBX aeTefi, noradmax aa KpoBaBofi BHB© . 2 1

nJiaqyT xeamaaH no peKpyTax (MyxaaBBM Jierq© - oaa "RpyqaHymxy

mTOdbox 3anbBT n ) . CecTpeHKB BHJibBT "no BeaepoqKy C J I © 3 " , " C noji-

Beapa MOJioayxe aocTaaeTca" , a Ha aojiB MaTepa - Ta "a de3 MepH

B03bMeT - B d©3 X©PH B03bM©T, qTO OCTBHeTCA."

E©s3amaTByB xeay-eojiaaTKy KaxaHfi HOPOBHT odHaeTb, a

a©TAM, KOTOpne B oicyTCTBHH o i q a cpa3y OKasHBaBTCA "B aoMy

myMJiHBHMH", "Ha yjinqe apaqjiHBHMn", "odxopaMH sa CTOJIOM" aocTa-

BTCA. nHBKH H KOJioxymKH. Maxepa-coJiaaxK© npaxoaaxca MOJiqaxb.

y aefi c yxoaoM Myxa ocxaexca "oaao do raqecxBo: xpn 03©pa Hanjia-

Kaao ropBaax CJI©3, 3BC©AHO xpa nojiocH deaofi" . ( "KoMy HB Pycn

xHXb xopomo") .

20 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pycn xnxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 1 5 3

21 Ib id . , "BHHMaa yxacaM B O B B H " , T . I , c x p . 5 8

ilETH H JKEHmHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 95

HeRpacoB dHJi npaB, r o B o p a , qTO BTopaa TAXKaa aoj ia ,

aocTaBmaflCA xeHiaaBe - STO "dHTb MBTepbB CHHa-pada". CKOJibKO

pa3 npaxoaaj iocb MBTepaacKOxy c e p a u y odJiBBBTbca KpoBbB, Bnaa

B3aeBaTejibCTBO a a a ped©HKox,( "Koxy Ha Pycn XHTb xopomo", TJI .

"Boj ianqa") , CKOJibKO p a 3 apoxajio oao 3a aeTefi , d o a c b , qTO d a

paa ax

KaK qanjiAT a s - n o a Haceaxa BHPBOT - naKHyTb He nocMefi. 22

H CKOJibRHx BHpBaJiH, npoaajiH, yBesJiH aajieKO OT ceMbH. HeaapOM

CJIOBBMH RpeCTbAHKH B "COJIOBbAx" BHpaxeHBI qaAHHA BCeX MaT©p©fi-

RpenOCTHHX. MaTb paCCKa3HBa©T CHHy O pome, B KOTOpofi BOaHJIHCb

coJiOBba, T . K . TBM 3anpem©HO dHJio CTaBHTb ceTH-HBeab Haao X©

deaHHM COJIOBbAM aaTb PaB-HHdyab H OTaHx" . . . MaJieHbKHfi CHHHUI-

xa cnpamaBaeT:

A ©CTb JIH, MBMa, aJIA JiBaefi TaKae pomaqn aa CBeTe?

TopbKO xaTb OTBeaaeT:

HeT, MecT T a K H x . . . d e 3 noaaTefi H de3 peKpyTqaHH HeT, aeTH. A ecjia d dHJia aJia JiroaeK TaKae poma a HOJIAHKH, Bee Ha pyaax CBOBX aeTefi Tyaa da OTHQCJIH KpecTbAHKH. 2 3

HeKpacoB onATb npHxoaaT K BHBoay, qTO ocHOBHaa npnqHHa BC©X

CTpaaaHafi - aajiaqa© KpenocTHoro npaBa . CaBejiafi-doraTHpb C B A -

22 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Hoqjiern", T . I I , CTp.332

2 3 I b i d . , "CojiOBbH", T . I I , CTp.259

AETH H SCEHmHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 96

TOpyOCKHB COB©Ty©T BayqR© "MHorocTpaaajibHofi" H "MHOrOKpyqHHHOB"

Tepnexb, X . R . Bce-paBHO "npaBan ne B B B T B " .

'Aa noqeMy x e , aeaymna? - T H - KpenocxHaa xeHwaHaJ

CaBejibBmKa cKasaji . 24

Koraa Hapoay odbABHJiH BOJIB, cyabda xeHianHH He Morjia

nepexeHBXbCA K Jiyqmexy c p a 3 y . Ho, rJiaBHoe, xoxb OHB ocxaBa-

Jiacb B "ceMeficxBe noKyaa p a d a " , OHa caejiajiacb "Maxb BOjibHoro

C X H B " .

OpjiaaHBaA cyabdy xeHmaHH, HexpacoB cnpaBeaJiaBO npaxoaax

R saKJnoqeBBB, qxo

KjiBqn ox cqacxba xeacKoro

3adpomeaH, noxepaHH y Bora caMoroJ 25

H x o i b MHoro Hapoay ameT ax "no cefi aeHb", " aa Bpaa JIH OHH H

CHmyTCfl"...

KBKOB pHdofi crJiOHyTH Kjnoqn TO sanoBeaave , B KaKHx Mopax Ta pHdnqa TyJiaeT - Eor 3adHJif 26

5 . PyccKHe xeHiimHH - XOHH aexadpHCTOB a HX OTpax©HHB B noa3HB HeKpacoBa.

nosMH HeRpaeoBa "PyccKae xeaiiaiHH" CTOAT T O P O , qTOdH Ha

HHX OCTBHOBHTbCA OTaeJIbHO . BO-nepBHX, 3TO ©aHHCTB©HHOe dOJIbmO©

24 HexpacoB,op. cit., "KoMy Ha Pycn XHTb xopomo", T.III, CTp.107

25 Ibid., T.III, CTp.117

26 HeKpacoB, loc. cit.

AETH H aCEHIDHHH B n033HM HEKPACOBA 97

npoB3BeaeHae, nocBHiaeHHOe despasaeJibHO xemaHHe; BO-BTOPHX,

rjiaBHHe repoaBB e r o ae TOJibKO He KpecTbAHKH H He xeHiUHHH r o p o a a ,

a np©acTaBBT©JibHHqH BHcmero CJIOA odmecTBa - pyccKofi apHCTO-

RpaTHn; B-TpeTbax, 3TO nepBoe H nocJieaHee HCTopnqecKoe npoH3-

BeaeHHe HeKpacoBa. HeBOJibHO B03HHKaeT Bonpoc - noqeMy HeKpacoB

BSAJICA s a Tanya padOTy, KOTOpaa, KasaJiocb dH, H© aoJixHa dHJia

e r o npBBJieKaTb, T . K . ocodofi CHMnaTHH K CBeTCKOMy odmecTBy OH

HHKoraa He qyBCTBOBaJi, a a H He dbuio 3aMeiHO THPH K HCTopaqec-

KBX CBxeTax. HaodopoT, aaxe npoa3BeaeaaA daorpadpaqecKoro x a -

paxxepa HOCBJIB a a cede cjiean noaxaqecKoro BHMHCJia xaM, r a e yx ,

Ka3ajiocb dH, naicaxb noaxa ae aoJixHa dBma eMy BSMeaaxb (noaMa

"MaTb"). npaqaaofi HanacaHaa "Pyccaax xeHmHH" nocjiyxnjio T O ,

qTO HexpacoB, BO-nepBHx, oqeHb coqyBCTBOBaJi H CHMnaxa3HpoBaJi

aexadpncTax; BO-BTOPHX,no3T dHJi BaoxHOBJieH KpacoTofi coBepmeHHO-

r o xeHmHHaMH noaBHra. Ero noaMa - aaHb yBaxeHHA H BOCXHWBHHA

repOHHAM-xeHiuHHaM; B-xpeTbax, no.3THqecKoe BoodpaxeHHe HeKpaco

Ba dHJio 3aTpoaxTO odpasoM R H . BOJIKOHCKOB, MOJioaofi, oqeHb Kpa-

CBBOB; npocTofi a BeceJiofi c 3aKJiioqeHHBiMH, ropaofi H B3HCKaT6Jib-

Hofi c HaqajibCTBOM. Odpas MOJioaofi xenmaHH "c ropaiujiMH rjia3aMH",

"ropaof i" , "H©npBMHpHMofi" yBJieK n o a T a , 2 7 a B-q©TBepTHx, MHoro

noBJiaajio Jiaqao© SBBKOMCTBO noaTa c CHHOM "pyccKofi X6HIUHHH",

KH. BOJIKOBCKHM H C dapOHOM P036HOM.

27 B . E . EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, HeKpacoB KaK qeJiOBeK^ xyj3-HaJiHCT H noaT. MocKBa-jleHHHrpaa, r o c . H 3 a . , 1928 , c i p . 3 2 3

AETH H SCEHIUHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 98

UBHHH "PyccKHe xeHiUHHH" H TOM, qTO ao CHX nop nosTH,

BOcneBaBmae aeKadpacTOB, orpaHnqaBajiHCb Jinuib MajieHbKHMH, dojib-

meB qacTbB JinpaqecKaMH CTaxoTBopeaaAMH (nymKHH, TBTqeB, Ora-

p e B ) . HeKpacoB HanncaJi noaxy , doJibmyB Bemb, rAe codHTHA H30-

dpaxeaH B nojiHox o d b e x e . OcodeHHO UOHHO T O , qTo npoH3BeaeHHe

odocHOBaHO He TOJibKO acTopaaecKa, ao H aoxyMeHTaJibHO. OaaH

H3 accJieaoBaTeJiefi HeapacoBa, UJerojieB, HaxoaHT, qTO " S T O x y -

aOX©CTB©HHO© npOH3B©a©HH6, BOnpeKH BCABHM TOJIKaM O npeyBBJIH-

qeHaax, oqeab ToqHO H npaBaHBO B CBOHX onacaHHAx a... ao H©-

PR KOTOpofi CTenena MOxeT saMeHHTb odxpaqaaJibHHe aoayMeHTH .

leroj ioB HaxoaHT, q io B ocHOBy nosMH JierJio npeanacaHa©

HHKOJiaa I , nocJiaHHO© HpKyTCROMy rydepHaTopy, r a e HaxoaaxcA

yRaaaHHA, aaa cTaBHTb nperpaaH xeHaM aeaadpacTOB, npodaparo-

maMCA K xyxbAX. Kpoxe TOPO, KaK HaxoaHT EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB,

HexpacoB desycjioBHO nojibsoBajica "3anH0.KaMH dapoHa Po36Ha",

HsaaHHHMB B 1870 r . B jlefinqHre. EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB j ierxo a o x a -

3HBaex CBoe npeanojioxeHHe, conocxeBJiAA TeKCT "3anHCOK" H noaM.

npa cpaBaeana ACHO BnaHO, qxo noax B CBoefi nepeaaqe He xojibKO

COXpaHHJI CMHCJI, HO dyKBSJIbHO HOBXOpHJI H6KOIOpHe BHpaxeHHA PO-

3eHa. KoHeqHO, HeKpacoB aodaBHJi oqeHb MHOro CBoero. TaK,

BanpHMep, oqeab BepoaxHO, qxo onncaHHa HxajiHH - codcxBeHHHe

28 iJiEfi 'ilepojiesvacfragba o "PyccKHx xeHmaHax",qnxap. EBreHbeBHM-MaKCHMOBHM, op. c i t . , CTp. 313

29 EBreHbeB-MaKctrMOB, op. c i t . , c T p . 3 I 5

3ETH H aERUHfflH B I1033HH HEKPACOBA 99

Bn©qaTJi©HHA no©3aKH n o s T a B HTajinw B 1 8 5 6 H 1869 r o a y . 9THX

KycKOB B nepBOHaqajibHofi peaaKqwa no^vBT He dBiJio, OHH dBvra n a -

nacaHH H onydJiHKOBaHBT OTaeJIbHO, a 3aTeM BCTaBJiewBT.

3aTeM o d p a 3 K H . TpydeqKofi HapncoBaH acTopHqecKH He-

B e p a o . Oaa B asodpaxeHHH HeKpacoBa doj iee noxoaHT Ha K H . B O J I -

KOFCKyB, q©M a a ncTHHHyw K H . TpydeqKyB, THxyM H KpoTKyB xeHWHHy.

K H . M.C. BOJIKOHCKHB, KOTopoMy HeKpacoB aaBaJi qaTaTb qepHOBHK

noaMH, BcnoMHHaeT:

B HSKOTOpHX MSCTaX, aJIfl KpaCOTH MBICJIH H CTHXB, OH H3Me-HHJI xapaKTep * T O B BHCOKoaodpoa©TejibHoB H KpOTKoB cepaqeM xeHmHHH, a a qTO A odpaTHJi e r o BHHMBHae. MHorae 3aMeqaHHfl OH npHHAJI, HO OT HeKOTOpHX OTKflaflJICA H. Mexay-npOqWM, OTKa3ajT-CA BHnycTHTb qeTHpexcTHniHe, B KOTOPOM KFflraHfl d p o c a e T K y c -KOM rpA3H B TOJibKO-qi-o nOKHHyTO© ero BBTcmee n e i e p d y p r c K o e o d -mecTBO, K KOTopovy npHHaaJiexajra e e poaHHe H dJiHSKHe a p y 3 b a , H K KOTOpOMy OHa, B aefiCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, CTP©MHJiaCb aymOB H3

aajieKofi CCHJIKH a o KOHqa CBOHX aHefi.' 31

HoaMa BBT3Bajia MHoro TOJIKOB H pacxoxaeHHfi BO M H 6 H H A X . Oa-

HH dHJia B BOCTopre , a p y r a e HaxoanjiH e e "cKyqaefimefi MexaHHqecKoB

dojiTOBHefi" . 3 2 H 3 B © C T H H B HccJi©aoB8Tejib HeKpacoBa HyKOBCKHfi y a a B -

jifl©TCfl, KaK Morjm noawH noHpaBHTbca nydjiaK©, K o r a a OHH - " c j i a -

defimee npoH3BeaeHa© HeKpacoBa, CBHaeTejibCTByBmee od ynaaK© ©ro

aapoBaHHfl". OH HaxoaHT, qTO noaMa "BojiKOHCKaa" - " r o j i a a , d e c n p o -

CBeTBaa n p o s a . . . noaJiaHHaa n p 0 3 a MeMyapoe OKasajiacb n o s T H a H e e " . .

30 EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB,op. c i t . , c T p . 3 I 9

31 M.C. BOJIKOHCKHB, IIpeaHCJioBHe K "3anHCKaM K H . BQJIKOH-£Kofi", H s a . 1 9 0 4 , qprTapoB. EBreHbeBBTM-MaKCHMOBHM, o p r " c i t . , C T p . 3 ' 2 2

32 K H . CBATonojiK-MapcKHfi, P y c c K a a j i a p a K a . A H T O J I O P H A , H3a."«l>paHKO-PyccKaA TTeqaTb", ITaPHx, 1 9 2 4 , CTp. 1 8 8

3 3 K . H . qyKOBCKHfi,HeKpacoB KaK xyaontH^f. CHF. H3/w " P n o -x a " , 1922, CTp.57-58 J

AETH H SGEHlHHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 100

HyKOBCRafi B noaTBepxaeHHe CBOBX CJIOB npHBoaHT, KBK Heocnopn-

MOB aoKa3aTeJibcTBo, onHT C.A. AHapeeBCKoro, nepenncaBiuero CTH

XH B Baa© npo3H, npaq©M, no e r o MHSBHB, OHH OT 3Toro TojibKO

BxarpaJiH " B ACHOCTH a noJiaOT©". H HyKOBCKHfi H AHapeeBCKHfi,

de3ycJioBHO, BenpaBH. nos san BJiaaeT BB SMOUHH qHTaTSJia. KaxaHfi,

qaTBBmaB "Pyccaax x©HmaH" noMHHX BneqauieHHe, ocxaBJieHHO© SXHM

qyaecHHM npoa3Bea©HH©M. ToqHO xaK x e , KBK B XHBonncH cymecT-

Byex MHOxecxBO mKOJi H x©q©HHfi, x KOXOPHM, cyaa no BKycaM, n p a -

XHKaex nydJiHKa, xoqao xaa xe B noa3an oaHBM BDaBHXCA "napeHbe

B odJiaKax" H "BHCOKBfi mxHJib", a apypax TporaroT ao cjie3 dbaKTH,

peaJibHOCTb, nepeaaHHaa B CTHXOTBOPBOB cbopMe, npocTHM noBecT-

B0BaT6JIbaHM A3HKOM, qTO HSOdXOaHMO aJIH npOH3B©aeHHfi HCTOpHqeC-

KOPO nopaaxa a HeodA3aT©jibHO aJia j i apaqecxax .

"PyccKHe x©HmHHHn npoH3Boaax rjiydOKoe, He3adHBaeMoe

BueqaxJieHHe, qexy oqeHb noMor BHema© cnoKofiHHfi XOH noaMH, a a -

CHmeHRHfi, oaHaxo, xpaPB3MOM H BOSMymeHHeM.

OcHOBHoe coaepxaHHe nosM oqeHb npocTo - HCTOPHA n o a -

Bara a CTpaaaaafi aByx xeamaH-xeH cocJiaHHBtx aexadpncTOB, aByx

irpeacTaBHTejibHHq BBrcmero CBeia, TBK HeJiBdHMoro HeKpacoBBTM.

Hyxao o iaaTb cnpaBeaJiBBocTb nosTy - dyayqa BOCXBIUBH aeficTBa-

T©Jibao decnpaMepBHX repoficTBOx cjiadnx X©HIIIBH, OH He noxajieji

RpacoK, qTOdn aocTofiHO Bocneib Hx.npeKpacHHfi nocTynoK.

Od© repoHHH-apHCTOKpaTKH no CBOHM aymeBHBiM H BOjieBBiM

KaqecTBaM HaqyTb ae ycTynaBT H3JiBdJieHHOMy HeKpacoBHM Tany B © -

JiaqaBofi a OTBBXBOB xpecTbAHKH, onoaTH3HpoBaHHoB HM.

flETH H aCEHmHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA IOI

noaxa dojiee Beero nopaxaex dJiaropoacxBO HX aymn H x a -

paRxepa, Bocxamaex cajia ayxa , coeaaHeHHaa c xepxBeHHoexbB.

Ode XQHH a©RadpacxoB aodpoBOJibao nomjiH aa noaBHr, HecMoxpa HB

BC© npenAxcxBBfl, qaaaxHe a x ; OBH aaBce raa 0XKa3aJiHCb ox CBexa,

ox odcxaHOBKH, npHBHaBofi HM c aexcxBa, ox noqecxefi , ox cocxo -

JJBBA a r o p a o ymjia Ba xpyaHoexn, Ha JiameHHA, Ha ocKopdJioHHfl.

yxemafl a p y r - a p y r a , OHH roBopax:

Hxo MH noxepflJiH? noayxafi, c e c x p a l HrpyniKB xmecJiaBba. . . HexHOPo; Tenepb nepea HBMH a o p o r a aodpa , flopora aadpaaaaKOB B o r a . 3 4

Kaaraaa Tpydeqaaa cMeHHJia "doraTCTBO, dj iecx", "daj ix", "Becb

xoaaxfi CBeT", " aaaexax a rpe3Hn a a yxacHHfi "xBpexHHfi aoM", BB

"odmyB Ka3apxy", Ha "xJied a a KBac", HB cxpaHy, r a e B03ayx "H©

napoM - nHJibB JieaAHofi BHxoaax H3 H03apefi!"

HyBcxBO aoJira no oxaomeHBB K xyxy CHJibaee B c e r o . n o a -

nacaxb oxpeqeHae ox npaB aBopaacKHx, ox HacjieacxBa, "Hnmefi

cxaxb H xeamaaofi npocxofi" - a© n y r a e x TpydeqxyB.

Hex, a a© xajiKaa p a d a , H xeamaaa , X©HBJ

nycxafi ropbKa MOB cyabda -fl dyay efi B e p a a . ^ 5

TO, qXO XQHmBBH HOfflJIB BB BpyaBOCXH H JIHm©HHfl COB©pmeHHO C03-

aaxej ibao, aejiaex coBepmeaaxfi nocxynoK pepoficRHM noaBaroM, qeM

oa a dHJi Ba CBMOK a e j i e . (HpayxcRHfi rydepBaxop B xeqeaan aecKOJib-

34 HeRpacoB, op. ci t . ,"PyccKHe xeHiUHHH", T . I I , cxp .308

35 Ib id . , c x p . 28 3

2IETH H aCEHIHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 102

KBX aaefi "xyqaji" K B . TpydeqKyB:

OCXpOXHHM XCCXKHM CyXBpSM H XB3BbB B3anepxa

no3opoM, yxacoM, xpyaoM SxanHoro nyxa

H Bac cxapajica a c n y r a x b .

H© acnyra j iacb B H ! 36

Tepoficxafi mar BH B ROOM cjiyqae H© aocxajica xeHuoiHaM

JiePKO. npomaacb c ceMbefi, K H . TpydeqKaa qyBCXBOBajia, qxo

"PBOX xx cepaq© nonojiaM", "Eor Becxb, yBHaaMca JIH BBOBb. yBH.

Haaexax a e x " . "He j i e r R O . . . p a c c x a x b c a " c cexbefi, HO "aojir

apyrofi , a BHme a CBaxefi" BJiacxao npa3HBaex K c e d e .

B Koane-RoaqoB, xejiaa odoapaxb ocxaBmaxca, MOJioaaa

RHAraaa SBABJIABX:

Cadapb XBK yxacHa, Cndapb aajisKa, Ho JiBaa XBByx a B CadapH. 37

HeRpacoB Bocxamaexca xeJie3Hofi pemaxocxbB, xoxopyB Bpaa-Jia

MOXBO dHJio oxaaaxb ox aadaJioBaHHHX xeHmHH CBexa. Ode, H Tpy-

deqKaA a BOJIKOBCKBA, qyBCXByBi, qxo ax xecxo noaJie Myxefi:

"H aojixaa djia3 xyxa yMepexb",-xBepao pemaex K H . TpydeqKaA.

Ee noaaepxHBaex KH. BojiKOHCKaa:

MBCTO MOO H© aa nnmaoM dajiy, A B aajibnefi nycTHHe yrpBMofi, Tae y3HHK ycTajiafi B TMP©MHOM yrjiy TepsaeTca JIBTOB a y x o f i . . . Oaaa... de3 onopH... CKopee K a©My! TaM TOJibKO Bsaoxay a CBOdoaso. flejiBJia c BHM paaocTb , aejiaTb a TBpbMy ^ojixaa at 38

36 HeapacoB, op. c i t . , T . I I , CTp.284

37 Ib id . , CTp.290

38 Ib id . , CTp.294

AETH H HCEHJflHHH B n033HH HEKPACOBA 103

Ode xeaiuHBH Baaax n e p e a codofi BeJiaxyB, cBaxyB qej ib:

Hafiaex MH yHBXSHHHX, CKopdHHX Myxefi, Ho d y a e x MH HM yxem©Hb©M, MH KpoxocxbB Hamefi cxairqaM najiaaefi , Cxpaaaabe OCHJIHM xepn©Hb©M, OnopoB padaymax, cJiadnx, dojibHHX MH dyaeM B XBpbMe HeHaBHCXHofi, H pya He nojioxHM, n o a a a© CBepmaM 0d©Xa JIBdBH d©3KOpHCIHOfif 39

BBJOTKO© aejio caeJiajiH TpydeqKafl H BojiKOHCKafl - OHH C B O

HX npnxepox odoapaJia apypax a a© MSJIO x e a oxnpaBHJiocb no n p o -

xonxaHHofi HMH a o p o x x e B ccHJixy, K MyxbAM.

,flaxe yrojiOBHw© npecxynHHKH Ha3HBaJia o d e a x xeauwra

"aarejiaMB", BHpaxaa BM STBM CBO© yBaxeHHe. MHoro CHJI <* d o a -

OOCTH npadaBBJia OHH He TOJibKO CBOBM MyxbAM, BO a Been o x p y x a -

BmaM. HeaapoM napoa B CCHJIK© CJIOXHJI a neji n e c n a

. . . o KpacaBaqax qyaHHX, C aHPejibCxofi JiacKofi B o q a x . ITeji OB od ax yBAaaaba B aaKofi, aajieKofi rjiymn, H O qyaeCHOM BJIHflHbH jlBdflmefi xeacxof i ayma. - 0 TpydeqaoB H BojiKoacKofi. . . 4 0

39 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "PyccKHe X©HIUHHH", T . I I , C T O . 3 0 8

4 0 I b i d . , CTp.252

TJIABA iy

HEKPACOB - nEBEH rOPOM

HexoacoB MHOPO nwcaji H O popoa©. OT KOHUB 40 -x ao

nojioBBHH 50-x roaoB TeMaTHKa e r o CTHXOTBOP©HHB dHJia nocBame-

HB r o p o a y . H, qTO Taxxe Hyxno OTM©THTb, HeKpacoB dHJi dhaKTwqec-

KB oaHBM F3 nepBHx noaTOB, BOcneBaBmnx ropoa c ©ro deaHAKa-

MB, HBHieTofi a dojiesHAMH, My3a KOTOporo, ae KOJiedJiAOb, comjia

c aoooPH scT6TH3Ma, HTOdH CTaTb "neqajibHofi cnyTHHqefi neqaj ib-

HHX deanAKOB". npaB BpBcoB, roBopA o HeKpacoBe. KaK o "xyaox-

HBKe-ropojKSHFHe", "xHBymHM oaHofi xa3HbB c coBpeMeHKBTf ropoaoM*.'

HexpacoB, nonaB BHOmeB B CTOjiaqy, ocTaJica d e s KaKoB-Jiado wa-

T©paaJibHofi noaaepxKB. JKHJiocb ©My oq©Hb nJioxo. OH B©JI odpa3

XB3HB HacTOAiuero neTepdyprcKoro deaHAKa. OH Baaeji TeHeByro H

HenpHBJieKaTejibFyB CTopoay CTOJiaqHoB X H 3 H F , prwea BOPMOIKHOCTB

HadjiwaaTb sa F © » B "ypjiax", r a e OH qacTO HoqesaJi, B aemeBeHb-

KBX xpaxxapax , r a e OH 3a HecKOJibKO KoneeK yTOjiAJi ro j ioa ; p a 3 -

roBapHBafl c xHjrbqaMH deaanx "MedjinpameK", c coxpyaHHKaMK M©JT-

KBX xypHaJTbaifKOB, ra© ©My caMOMy yaaBajiocb HHoraa noapadaxBi-

BaTb. HexpacoB BnaeJi xH3Hb, d e r a a no rpoinoBHM yponaM, ncnpaB-

JIAA KoppeKTypH B peaaKqHAX, coqaHAA npora©HH« despadoTHBw npvr-

cjrypaM. EMV aax© npHiirJiocb KaK-TO HoqeBBTb " H 3 MHJIOCTH" y HHHJWV .

EcTecTBeHHO, qTo nocjie onnra TSKOPO p o a a , e r o Myna C T O -

HOT, nJiaqeT, ropBeT H efi coBepmeHHO H©CBoficTB©HFeH yTOHqeHHHfi

3CT6TH3M nacBTeJieB 40-x roaoB, XHBHIFX w aocTaTK© H djiaronojivqHH.

HEKPACOB - nEBEU TOPOflA 105

CJioBa AHapeeBaaa o BBJIHHCKOM KBK Hejib3A Jiyqme noaxo -

aAT K HeKpacoBy: "CaM HecqacTHHfi, HacTpaaaBmaficfl, OH dHJi apy -

TOM H dpaTOM Bcero HecqaoTHoro, Bamero, HCCTpaaaBmerocA qejio-

BeqecTBa".4I BojibmHHCTBO TOM ropoacKHX cTaxoTBopeanfi He BH-

ayxaHH HeKpacoBHM, a ABJIABTCA p©3yjibTaTaMH BHaeHHOPO a CJIH-

maHHoro. To xe caMoe noaTBepxaaeT H EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB.42

CTaxoTBopeHB© "Ha yjiaqe" - HeKpacoB dHJi CBnaeTejieM noHMKH

Bopa B p o p o a e ; "CBaabda" - HeKpacoB, 3afiaa B qepKOBb, dHJi

CJiyqafiHHM CBaaeTejiex BeaqaHaa; "B dojibnaqe" - HeKpacoB 3ameJi

aasecTHTb dojibaoro apypa-coqaHHTejia H CTHXOTBOpeHHe OTpaxaeT

BHaeHHoe B dojibHHqe; "Pa3MHmJieHBfl y n a p a a a o r o n o a i e s a a " - od

3TOM yxe ynoMHHaJiocb BBnne - Tawse pesyjibTax JiaqHHX HadJiroa©-

BBB aBTOpa; "0 n o r o a e " - cepaa "yjiHqHHX BneqaTJieHHfi"; "Zleiue-

Bafl noRynxa" HanncaHa nocjie Toro , KaK HeKpacoB nortwBaJi Ha

pacnpoaaxe qbero-TO HMym©CTBa;"H©aaBHe© BpeMa" - onncaHHe

AHrjiaBcKoro KJiyda, e r o 3aBceraaTa©B H dHTa, onflTb-TaKH p e -

3yjibTaT HenocpeacTBeHHHx HadJiBa©Hafi HeapacoBa, dBremero e r o

qj ieHOM.

HMOHHO C 3Toro BpeMQHH, c " ropoacKoro" nepnoaa T B O P -

qecTBa HeKpacoBa, TpemaHa M©xay HHM H nncaTeJiflMH "ycaaedHofi

JiHTepaTypn" HaqaJia yBeJinqaBaTbca a nocTeneaHO npeBpaxHJiacb

B nponacxb , OTaejiABmyB HeKpacoBa OT nymKaaa, JlepMOHTOBa, Typ-

41 AHapeeBaq, UHTHPOBBHO EBreHbeBHM-MaKCHMOBHM, CTp52

42 EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, op. cit., CTp.300


reaeBa, ToJicToro, OT "noa3HH BHcmero aaopaHCKoro COCJIOBHA" H

OT n033HH yTOHq©HHOrO 3CTSTH3MB.

necHH, nocBAmeBHHe r o p o a y , oaHH H3 Jiyqurax H e K p a c o e -

CKBX n e c e H . B HHX HBUIJIH CBoe OTpawewwe rte^TTOocBeTHafl d e a H O c r b ,

HHmeTa, n o j i y r o j i o a a o e cymecTBOBaHae deaHAKOB, 3Jioda Ha H e c n p a -

BOaJIBBOCTb Xa3HeHHOrO yCTpOfiCTBa, de3Faa©XHHfi neCCHMHSM OT-

qaf lBmaxca. B qeJiofi cepHH CTHxoTBopeHHfi H nec©H HexpacoB n p e -

noaaocHT qaTaTQJiflM p a a dBTTOBHX cq©H r o p o a a . KaK B c e r a a , noaT

n p H d e r a e T K aHTHTe3©: TO OH C np©sp©HHeM roBopaT p o p o a y , qTO

"TOJHIH nycTHx, HaaxeHHHX, n p a 3 a a n x B Ted© KBIUBT" , TO e p o

"rpycTBBA a e q T a " dJiyxaa©T " B npHBTax HHmeTH neqaJ ibHHx", r a e

OH BHaBT deCnpOCBQTByB deaBOCTb, dOJI©3HH, BH3HBaeMHe nJIOXHM

nHTaHaeM, OTcyTCTBneM cojiHqa B " n o a B a J i a x " , xoJioaaMH H cnpocTbro .

BeaHOTy dojibmopo r o p o a a MyqaT

BC©B03M0XHHe THCpH, ropflqKH, BocnaJieHbA - a a y x qepeaoM, Mpyx, KaK Myxa, H3B03qHKH, npaqKH, Mep3Hyx a e x a Ha Jioxe c s o e M . HH B oaHofi n e x e p d y p r c K o f i do j i baaqe

Hex KpoBaxa 3 a C O I B B pydJief i . ^ 3

Mopo3 ocodeHHO MyqaxeJ iea . rHdHymae ox B©ro "xpacTaaHCKH© a y

mn" B3HBaBT K B©xy:

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HEKPACOB - nEBEH TOPO/IA 115

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HEKPACOB - HEBEU TOPOiM 116

r a a TO x e 3 a o p o B b e " BHoma "Mor dH noyMHee y d H T b " . / laxa x e ,

qTO odJiaaaBT "aapoBaHbeM, yqeHOCTbB a yMOM" q a c T o p a 3 a p o d J i a -

BTCfl " H S THCflqy a e j i " H , B p e s y j i b T a T e , yMHparoT " n o a HPOM n y c -

Toro T p y a a " . HeKpacoB y d e x a e H , qTO B p o p o a e

ToJinH nycTHx, HaaMeHHHx, npasaHBix, nOJIHH nOpOKOB de30dpa3HBrx, B Tede KnmaT. 58

Bo3xyma©TCH HexpacoB 3acHJib©M HHOcTpaHHoro, H©KOTOPHMH CJIBBA-

BOdaiJiaMH, roBopaniBMH r o p a q o H a o j i r o o "MaTymKe-PoccHH". B O T

HX CBexcKprfi Twn, HapHCOBaHHKfi noaTOM c HenepeaaBaeMofi npoHHefi:

B n e T e p d y p r e maMnaHCKoe c KBacoM nonnBaJiH A3 ap©BHHX KOBmefi, A B MOCKB© BOCXBaJIflJIB C 3KCTBSOX ZIo-n©TpoBCKaB n o p a a o K Bemefi, Ho , XBBfl 3 a r p a H a q e f i , BJiaaejia OqeHb HJIOXO poaHHM fl3HKOM H nOHATbA OHH H6 HMSJIH 0 CJiaBAHCKOM npH3BaHbH CBO©M. ^

HeRpacoB n p a B , odJinqaa 3acHJibe HHOcTpaHHoro. B e r o BpeMfl B

xypHaJiax n p e o d j i a a a j i a n e p e B o a n a a J iHTepaTypa, nydj inxa noqTH He

HBTepecoBajiacb oTeq©CTB©HHofi KHHrofi.

C pyCCKOB KHHrofi MH BeqHO yCH6M. MH H© JIBdHM CJIOB9CHOCTH pyCCKOfi H a o HHH©, n p e a B a a a a o c y r , 3anaca©MCA KHarofi cppaHqy3CKofi. 6 0

n o a e x y ? T4TO BjieqeT K $paBBy3CKHX poMaHax?

58 HeKpacoB, o p . c i t . , "HecqacTHBie", T . I , CTp .92

59 I b i d . , "HeaaBHee BpeMfl", T . I I , c T p . 2 5 9

60 I b i d . , " ra3©THaA", T . I I , C T p . I 8 9

HEKPACOB - nEBEU. TOPOM 117

H© H3dHTOR XOpOmOPO TOBB, H© KBpTHH COdJIB3HHT©JIbHHX p f l a , Hac OTcyTCTBH© "Mpana H C T O H B "

K HBM BJieqeT. 61

T.K. ©CJIB "H9JHH H©MOUlH 3Ha©M MBl", TO O HHX COBC6X H©npHflTHO

dHTb nOCTOAHHO HanOMHHa©MHMH,

HecMOTpfl Ha T O , qTO HanaaKH HeKpacoBa Ha odmecTBO

oqeHb qacTO cnpaBeaJiaBH, Bce-TaKH e r o OTHomeHH© TeHa©HqH03BO,

T . K . oa ae xoqeT OTaaTb aojixHoe nojioxHTejibHBiM xanaM a o r p a -

BaqaBaeTca Jiamb aopoTKofi 3aMeTKofi:

Zfeyx-xpex nopflaoqHHX Jiroaefi

Ha COTHB (bpaHTOB MH aaxoaBM. 6 2

Ho caTapx HeapacoBa, KaK xyaoxecTBeaaH© HpoH3Bea©BBfl, oqeab

p e s x a a caJibax H HexpacoB BHCTynaeT B HHX, KBK aesaypaaaHfi

noax-nopxpexacx.

61 HeRpacoB, op. cit., "ra3eiHafl", T.II, cxp.190

62 Ibid., "Measexbfl oxoxa", T.II, cxp.218

rJiABA y

HEKPACOB KAK XYAOKKHK CJIOBA

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OXRJIBKB. Oaaa qeHHJiH ©ro BHCOKO, cqHTaa HOBaTopoM B j w x e p a -

x y p e , apypae BOsxymaJiacb, qyxb JIH H© oxpaqaa HaJinqne no33HH

B cxHxax HeKpacoBa Boodme. Be3ycjioBHO e r o XBopqecxBO Hejib3a

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aaBafi . HeRpacoB a a x e cRopee He n o a x , a n e B e q . - O x c a a a o x c y x -

cxBae JiaxepaxypBHx djopM, KOXOPHMH nojib30Bajiacb a Koxopne dHJia

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Boaaj ibHo",-Haxoaax HyKOBCRafi.

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HEKPACOB KAK XyilOMCHHK CJIOBA 1 1 9

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HEKPACOB KAK Xy/IOJKHHK CJIOBA 120

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HeKpacoB dJiecxame xapaKTepH3yex codcxBeHHOe XBopqecxBO:

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rpydo-HapoaHH© CJIOBB a e p e a e H C K o r o o d n x o a a , HO HanacaB qejiHfi

p a a n a p o a a f i Ha npoH3BeaeHHA "BBTcoworo" CTHJTA. ooarHHajibHO c o -

3 A.C nymKHH, CoqHHeHHfl, p e a . UABJIOBCKOFO H n e T p o B a , 0 r H 3 , 1 9 4 9 . CTp .99

4 HeKpacoB, o p . c i t . , "Myan" , T . I , CTp .38

HEKPACOB KAK XytfOJKHHK CJIOBA 121

nOCTaBJIAA BHCOKOnapHH© CJIOBB C np03aH3MaMH. Majio T o r o , H©

yaOBJISTBOpAACb HOBaTOpCTBOM B OdHOBJIQHHH CTBPHX dpOpM, HeKpa-

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qHHa a x B ROMno3aqaA.

3aTeM HeKtiacoB BnepBwe BBSJI B JiBTepaTypy C T H X O X B O P -

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KpoMe x o r o , HeKpacoB BB©JI coBepmeHHO HOBH© CBXQXH, n o -

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6 AHapeeBCKHfi, UHXHpOBaHO EBreHbeBHM-MaKCHMOBBm, op . c i t . , c x p . 2 9 0

HEKPACOB KAK XyflQHCHHK CJIOBA 122

ECJIH xoro x© Typr©H©Ba H HeapacoBa nonpocaJia dH Hanacaxb BB

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oaaoxy npacymyB xsMaxany cxaxa , CXHX aaqaHaex SByqaxb, B H©M

qyBcxByexca caJia a oparaBBJibHOcxb.

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paxaaaA nymKBay. HeyanBaxeJibHO, qxo cdopHHK "MeaxH H 3ByKHM

dHJi p©3KO paCRpHXHROBBH.

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HEKPACOB KAK Xy OSCHHK CJIOBA 123

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HEKPACOB KAK XyflOSCHHK CJIOBA 124

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HEKPACOB KAK XyflOKHHK CJIOBA 125

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10 I b i d . , " T H B c e r a a xopoma HecpaBHQHHo", T . I , CTp .27

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12 I b i d . , "H noceTHJi TBO© KJiaadam©", T . I , CTp .32

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOMCHHK CJIOBA 1 2 6

BOJiqbB TOCRy, KOTOpafl BOB XH3Hb BHJia B H © M . ^ 3

npocMOTpeTb de r j i o CTHXOTBopeHHfl n o a T a - B r J i a 3 a x 3 a -

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"neTJiH yBHJio 3 a n e j i a " , "CJIOBHO KaK MaTb Haa CHHOBHefi MOPHJIOS ,

CTOH6T KyJIBR BaJI paBBHHOfi yHHJIofi", "yHHJIO nOBHCHyB BeTBflMH,

CTapHe COCHH CTOflJIH MeCTaMH". "yHHJIOOTb" CM6HfleT 'VrpBMOCTb?

"yrproxH© T y q n " , "yrpBMHfi H©B©xaa", "no pa3HHM ypjiaM MH c a a e -

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yrpBXHfi J i e c " . B©30TpaaHHe o d p a s n : " cepn f i , CTapHfi aoM", " n y c -

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aKC©ccyar>H n o x o p o H . V Hero q a c r o xopoHflT H onJiaKHBaBT noKofi-

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Haa H H M " , "0 n o r o a e " , "IT©CHH O cBodoaHOM C J I O B © " , "fl noceTHJi

TBoe KJiaadnme", "B a e p e B H e " H T . a . ) HeKpacoB dHJi B c e r a a

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1 3 MyKOBCKHfi, op . c i t . , C T p . 1 0

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOHHHK: CJIOBA 127

aaKTBJiaqecRoe OKOHqaHH© H co3aaBaa STHM 3ayHHBBHfi TOH. B "Ba-

Jiexe" HeapacoB Haqaaaex Becejio aHanecxoM:

MH BOIHJIH cpeaa KPHKOB H nJiecKa. CflaeM 3 a e c b . H dorocb nepBHx Mecx. ^4

"'r.-.'r.-.'f flofiafl ao KOHqa, saroBopaB o peKpyxqHH©, o KpecxbflHCKOM roo©,

OH HenpoasBOJibHO yaJiBHaex OKOHqaHHfl, aeJiaex HX aaKXHJinqecKH-

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H nponajia B cyrpodax OHa. ^

CoBepmeHHO a p y r a a KapxwHa:

BHme npHBeaea xoJibKO npxMep, HO aaKXHJiaqecKae OKOHiqaHHfl Bcxpe-

qajoxcfl y HoxpacoBB Ha KaxaoM mary . "KoMy Ha Pycn acnxb xopomo",

"Opaaa-xaxb cojiaaxcKaa", "KopodefiHHKH", "flemeBaa noKynKa",

"3ejieHHfi myx" a a p . HeRpacoBy OHH oppaHaqecRH npacyma, B XOB

x© M©p©, B KaKoB OHH H©OXI>©MJI9MH ox HapoaHofi p e q n . A ©B noax

noapa»aex oqeHb q a c x o . TomHO, CKOPO, dojibHO - CJIHUIKOM oxpH-

14 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Bajiex", T . I I , cxp .202

15 Ib id . , cxp .210

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOHHHK CJIOBA 128

BBCXO - xomaexoBbKO, CRopexoabKO, dojibHexoabKO - axo y x e B

aexpacoBcxoM a y x e . PyccKafi aapoa xoxe He JiBdax xopoxxax CJIOB

a ya-aaaaex ax aacaojibKo BO3MOXHO; "BCKoqHJi HB dpeBHHmKo",

"rocnoaHH-cjiyxBBeabKHfi", "KOMopoqKa", "CaBpacymKa", "aoMHmii

RH B e x x a e " , "xaBOxamKa xBopne" , "ayMymaa ropbKae", "xpaBynncay

"cxopoaymaa", "noKofiHaqeK".

HeKpacoB, ynoxpedJiflfl aaKXHJiaqecKH© OKOHqaHHfl, HSBOJibHO

npaaaBaJi CBOHM cxaxaM 3ayHBTBHHfi XOH. OaeBHaHo, SXH x© MOXH-

BH 3acxaBJiflJiB e r o qacxo noBXopflXb KaKyB-HHdyab rJiaCHyB, q x o -

dH ycHJiaxb BneqaxJieaae . (npaeM, B KOxopoM BnocJieacxana Bajib-

MOBX a o c x a r coBepineHCXBa). OcodeHHO qacxo XAHBX HeapacoB

3ayHHBaoe " y " .

yMep, KacbflHOBHa, yMep, cepaeqHaa , yMep H B 36MJIB 3apHX. I 6

HJIH:

K a x e x c a , menayx KOJiocba a p y r - a p y r y i CKyqHO HBM cjiymaxb oceHHBB BbBry. I 7

HexpaCOB He JIBdHX KOpOXKBX, OXPBTBHCXHX CJIOB. OB B CBOefi CXB-

x a a , ynoxpedJiAA aJiBHHHe, x a r y q a e CJIOBB, qxodn qnxaxb HX MOXHO

dHJio HapacneB, noaBHBBA. 3xo eaaHCXBeHHHfi n o a x , B CJiOBape KO-

x o p o r o XSKBA x a c c a MHOPOCJIOXHHX CJIOB: "aymerydHHe" - HeBOJibBo

npoa3aocHmb "aymery-y -ydHHe 2 , "qajiMOHOCHHfi MycyjibMaHHH", " o x -

qH-nycxHHHOxaxejiB", "npasaHO-seBBBmafi", "nnBOBapeHHaa jiaBKa",

16 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "B aepeBHe", T . I , c x p . 50

17 I b i d . , "Hecxaxaa noJioca", T . I , c x p . 5 5

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJRHHK CJIOBA *29

"qj ieHonoBpexaeBB©", "MHOPOCTpaaajibHaa", n3ydoapodHT©JibHBifi",

" ro j iydooKBfl" , "jiBdBeodHJibBHfi", "MocKBa-nepBonpocTOJibHaa",

"noj ia CTaposanamHH©" H x . a .

C dojibinBM MacxepcxBOM aaHH y H e a p a c o B a 3ByKOBBT© o d -

t>a3H. Box xejie3HBA a o p o r a :

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K P H T H K H , He xejiaBmne BHaeTb B HeKpacoBe TajiaHTJiaBoro,

HO CBoeodpa3Horo n o a T a , qacTO ynpeKaJia e r o B deaHOCTH pad)M

H daaaJibHocTH JieKCHKOHa. OcodeHHO B03Mymajia MHornx KaK d y a -

TO dn d e a H a a c BHay pncbwoBKa r j i a r o j i a c rjiarojioM ( B O s d y x a a e T -

n o a p a x a e T , ToponHJicfl - yqHJicfl, qHTaji - HHcaJi) HJIH npHqacTHHX

pacpM Ha amnfi; aiimfi (dojiTaBmnx - norndaBrnHX, npoxoaamriB - Ha-

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H jiypawH a a y - BeTep cBHmeT B J i y r a x : XojioaHO, CTpaHHHqeK, XOJIOaHO, TOJIOaHO, poaHMeHbKHfi, r o j i o a H o ; 20

18 HeKpacoB, op . c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pycw XHTb x o p o m o " , T . I I I , C T p . 1 4 9

19 I b i d . , "necHfl y d o r o r o CTpaHHHKa", T . I , C T p . I 4 7

20 HeKpacoB, l o c c i t .

HEKPACOB KAK XytfOKHHK CJIOBA 130

O T

H3yXHT6JIbHO OTBSTHJI HB BC© 3TH HanaaKH HvKOBCKHfi.

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O H©KDaCOBCKOM q©TB©pOCTHmHH:

Bee Ta x e x a T a . d e a H a a CTaHOBHTCA d©aH©fi, H MaTb c T a p y x a d j i eaaaa Em© dJieaHefi, dJieaHefi.

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r j iarojibHHe PHQ)MH. B d©3*BCKyccTB©HHofi npocTOT© - noapaxaHH©

HapoaHHM necHAM, HapoaHOMy TBopqecTBy.

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K a H a n e c T y , aaKTHjiM H , ocodeHHO, aaKTHJinqecKHM OKOHqaHHAM,

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TBOpeHHfl HanHcaHBi Ha neceHHBffi J iaa , HO a a o r a a nor»T noBecTByeT

n p o c T o H cnoKofiHO, HHoraa e r o p e q b - nHJiKoe o p a T o p c T e o , HHor-

a a 3T0 JiHxofi BoaeBBJibHBTfi KynJieT. (HeKpacoB HHKoraa H© Mor o c -

BodoaaTbCA OT n p a o d p e T e H F o r o B BBOCTH HaBHKa nacaHHA KynJieTOB.

OHB npocKaJib3B!BaJia a a x e B c©pb©3HW© CTHXOTBOP©HHA - " O c T o p o x -

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2 1 HyKOBCKHfi, o p . c i t . , C T p . 3 5

22 HeKpacoB, op . c i t . , C T p . 7 . "HbAFHua"

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJKHHK CJIOBft 1 3 1

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M H - C T 8 TedA B3dyTeT©HHM aydb©M BMecTe c ropjiacTHX TBOBM xoj iyeM.24

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ZtoporaA TenjiHTCA J i B d o B b . . . 25

OH nameT T o r a a , K o r a a " a o j i r o caepxaHHHe MyKH, a a K a n e B , n o a

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24 I b i d . , " n c o B a a o x o T a " , T . I , C T p . 2 3

25 I b i d . , "npa3aHHK XH3HH", T . I , CTp .75

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOOKHHK CJIOBA T32

c e p a q e noaof iayx" . H oa 3 a a e x , qxo "OHB a© x y x e nJiocaofi n p o -

ax" , qxo oaa XBK xe dyayx BOJiaoBaxb c e p a q a .

2 . fl3HK HeKpacoBa.

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cxBJieM a MeJioaaxofi c x a x a . He MeHee oparaBajieB a c B o e o d p a -

s e a A3xx e r o npoasBeaxaf i . BJiaroaapa BB©aeaHOxy HeKpacoBHX

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Ra3BJIOCb dH BeXXCJIHXHX, dHJIO JIBPRO H npOCXO HCnOJIb30BBHO He

KpacoBHM. COXHB CJIOB exeaHeBHoro o d a x o a a npoaHO BOIUJIH B e r o

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p©Kxypa, aaxH-qejioBeqHHfi, aaMHHBCTpaqaA, aKqaoBepaaA Koana-

HBA, papaBTBA a cydcaaaf l , aaBaaeBa, ROHqeccna, cneKyjiflqHfl,

dMRDHBBHfi a a a x e "ROMBTBT noompeBba seMJieaeJibqecKHx TpyaoB".

BHJIB BBeaeBH npoaaaaxH Bpoa©: "cynpoTHB", "3a3Boda", "Haayxb?

"pa3ryjibHoro c o p x a a e x a a a " , "xpecayxb" ( B CMHCJI© " y a a p a i b " ) ,

"BaeBmacb a o - n o x y " , "Bpex", "damKa","no npasaaaKaM a o r a X030-

JIBJI", padfexx : aymn - BIUB. 3anecxpej in Hacxoflmae KpeexbflBCRae

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peaxf i , daymaa ( B X S C T O "dadymRa"), y x a a j i c s , cyjiHJia, cxeRHyji,

Tomao, ae 3axafi , dojibmaa, pod©Tb, OTKyaoBa, JiBdo, Boaa , c e p -

aemBHfi H XHoro a p y P a x .

HeapacoB qacTO, noapaxaa HapoaHHM odopoTaM p e q n , y a -

JIBBfleT CJIOBB, BCTBBJIflfl B HBX yM©HmBT©JIbHHe HJIH JI BCKaTeJIbHBTe

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJKHHK CJIOBA 133

cydxbaRCH, odoramaa SXHM CBOB noasnw, aeJiaA ee dojiee Kapxaa-

aofi, KpacoqHoB a BCXHHHO HapoaHofi: paao-paaexoHbao, 3BMa-

aaxymRa, RpyqaHymaa, aexHKymKa, "HO©X cnHHyuiKa", nmflneaKa,

xomnexoBbKO, xooodymKa, ayma-sasHOdymKa, aeBymKB-JiedeaymKa,

nyxb-aopox©BbKa, cxBOjiHKH-rojiydqHKH. ^lacxo HeKpacoB ynoxped-

JiAex qacxo aapoaane odopoxx peqH: BHaHBaji, aeJiHBBJi, aoeaa»qH,

HaKonjiABqa,nRaR c xodOB A noxaxHBBJi", "xan dHJia pasyxemeBH",

"B x o j m e . . .noxaxBBajiB cxpaaHHKa", "OXXH MH©", "HyxKO-ce",

"a npo EpMBJiy CJtHXBBaJi", "noMajiqaBajia cxpaHHHKH", "HO pyraf i -

CA, CBM A cJiHXHBaji", "HH I H 3adHJi", "yxep xpoxbeBoaHB BJ IBC" ,

"BJIB B© Jiaaao XBB©XCA", "qafi, aoporo CXOHX", "a-a© CBXUH npo-

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XHoro, XHoro xaKHx npaMepoB. H B SXOM pjiydoxaa, aeodHqaaa

Koacoxa.

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nHcaa B dHJiHHBOM cxHJie, c noBXopeHHflMH B cepeaHHe d)pa3H

( "AMMapaji-BaoBeq no xopflM xoaaji , no MOPAM xoanji, aopadjia B O -

a a j i ) ; c dHJiHHHHMH odopoxaMH- "Tofi XH, cxapocxa" ; c BayxpeH-

HHMB padjMaxB - qenefi-Kpenefi, cxopoaaji-3adHJi; Hacxoamax dBtJiaa-

axx aaneBOM. Haoraa HeapacoB HaaHHaex aBe CXOOKH C oxpaqa-

HHB - xanaqHO neceHHHfi MJIH dHJiHFHHfi, HDKO nosTHiHHH npneM:

He Bexep ryanx no KOBHJIH. He CBaaedHH^ noe3a rpeMHT. PoaHBie no TTnoKJie 3B.BHJIH, no TTpoKJie ceMbA TOJIOCHX.

8 6

26 HexDacoB-. op. c i t . , "MoTyo -KDflriHMfiL Hoc", T . I I , cxp .165

HEKPACOB KAK XyflQJKHHK CJIOBA 134

HJIB

He BexpBi B©BX dyfiHBT©, H© MBXb-3©MJIH KOJIHmeXCfl. 27

HHoraa B©RpacoBCKH© xeamaBH, XOPOHH Myxa HJIH n j iaqa o codcxBeH-

BOH c y a b d © , n p a q a x a B X , odpamaacb K OKpyxaBmefi n p n p o a e , K c a -

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po p y c c K O r o s n o c a .

Kpenqe B H , HOxenbKH, cxof ixe j BejiHe pyqKH, a e ao f ixe ! 28

n p a q n x a e i Z lapbs . Oaa o d p a m a e x c a a a x e R "3aHHbKe" . JiBdax HeK

p a c o B a q a c x o dwraHHHfi noneM noBxop©HBA pj iaro j ia a c y m e c i B a -

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n p a KaxaoM yaodBOM CJiyqae - neceaHHfi npneM. HeKpacoB Jirodnx

aHadx>pH:

ycHyji , noxpyaaBiuHficfl B n o x e , ycHyji , n o p a d o x a B ^ <" seMJie. 29

COH MOfi dBTJI B pyKy, pOaHBfl.

COH n e p e a CnacoBHM aH6M. 30

JlBdnx noBXOpflXb aBBxaBi cJiOBa (HeKpacoBCKHe "KopodefiHHKH" c a e -

j i a j i a c b , Mexay-npoqnM, HapoaHoB n e c H e f t ) .

27 H e x p a c o B , o p . c i t , "Koxy Ha Pycn scaxb x o p o m o " , T . I I I , c x p .7

28 I b i d . , "Mop03-KpacHBtfi H o c " , T . I I , c x p . 1 6 9

29 I b i d . , c- rp . 165

30 I b i d . , CTp .170

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOSCHHK CJIOBA 135

"Ofi, noJiHa, noJiaa aopodymKa" , "nefi OT cTapocTH, nefi c r o J i o a y " ,

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" 4 a a nomeji , H nouieji, H nomej i " .

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M©Ta*opaMH, n o p a x a e T HX CBexecTb, HesaTacKaHHOCTb, nojiHoe O T -

cyTCTBne mTaMna.(B n e p n o a noapaxaHHA HymKHHy a JKyKOBCKOMy

snaTeTH HeKpacoBa He BHXoaHJiH H3 paMOK nymKHHCKoro JieKCHKOHa

H H© dHJia nponnTaHH "HexpacoBCKHM" a y x o M ) .

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KaHBO. HapbA njiaqeT no Myxe:

KaK a o x a b , 3apflaHBumfi Haao j r ro , HerpOMKO pxaa©T OHa. 31

Cjie3B 39 CJI©3OB y n a a a e T Ha dHCTOBTe T>yKH TBOH, TaK KOJIOC d©33ByqHO pOHfl©T Co3peBmHe 3epHa CBOH. 32

A coj iHqe, KpyrJio H d©3gymHO, KaK x©JiToe OKO C O B H . 3 3

CMeeTCA COJIHU© KpacHoe. KaK aeBKa H3 CHonoB. 34

OdJiaKa aoxa^BBBie, KBK aofiHBte KopoByniKn, Hayx no HedecaM. 35

MyxHK x B a x a e x d a d y 3a BOJIOCH, "qTO peabKy 3a K o c y " .

31 HeKpa^OB,op . c i t . , "Mop03-KpacFMf i H o c " . T . T T , c x p . 1 6 2

32 i b i d . , c r p . 1 6 4

3 3 I b i d . , c x p . 1 6 8

34 I b i d . , "KoMy Ha Pvrw wwTb xooomo" , T . T T T . CTp .64

35 I b i d . , c x p . 67

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOHHHK CJIOBA 136

SnaxexH a© ycxynajox cpaBH©HHAM: poxb-MaxymKa, nymacxH© COC©H

BspmaBH, xpynKHfi cH©r, 3afiqamKO-rop©MHKa, KOCMBXH© d©pe3H,

HaxMypeHHaa ©Jib, ynopaxfi a y d a a a , cnoKofiBO-d©3Haa©xHHfi B3op,

coBa-3aMOCKBOp©qKaa KBflraaa.

npocxo odpa3BH© BHpaxeHHfl: "©Jib HaaJioMJieHHafl cxoHex?

"jiec 3a3BeH©Ji, sacxoHaji, saxpemaji", "KaxaHfi aox 30JioxyxoB

c x p a a a e x " , cjie3a

C p e c a a q n copBexcw, H Ha CH©T c rcanvaxy n a a e x -Ho caMofi 3©MJiH aodepexcfl . TJiydoKyB AMKy npoxxex . 36

HexpacoB JiBdax conocxaBJieHHA H npoxHBOnocxaBJieHHfl.

PvdKa J ieca . Cpydwjiw (*.rar>yio cocHy

H, noBaJiBBma, njiflcaJiH Ha H©B, ^Ixodx K 3©MJI© npnjierjia nonJioxHefi, TBK, nodeaaB nocjie aoj i roro doa , Bpar vxe MepxBoro xonq«x repoA. 37

B03JODdJI9HHaA CpaBHHBaeXCA C JISXHHM H OC9HHHM COJIHq©M.

JlHCXbA scaJiodao "myxejia xpy rox" ,

TBK nocjie daxBH, BO MPBK© BoqHOM, PBHQBHB CXOH©X, 30B©X, npoKJiHHaex. 38

yRpameHH tpojibXJiopHH© npoH3B©aeHHA npacyxcxBaeM a a -

poaaHx 3araaoK, noroBopoK ("Koxy aa Pyca xnxb xopomo") .

36 HeKpacoB,op. c i t . , "Mopo3-KpacHHfi Hoc", T . I I , c x p . 168

37 Ib id . , "Cama", T . I , cxp .66

38 Ib id . , cxp .67

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOSCHHK CJlOBA 137

C a e r -

3xo -

3BJCOK -

J iexax MOJiqnx, j i exax MOJiqnx, K o r a a y n p e x , x o r a a p e B e x . 39

HBKXO e r o a e BaaHBaJi, A cjiHmaxb - Bcaaaf i CJIHXHBBJI . Be3 xej ia - a XBB©X o a o , B©3 A3HKa - K p a q a x . 4 0

3BMOK - c o d a q x a B © P H B A : He J i a e x , H© KycaexcA, H H© nycKaex B aoM. 4 1

T a n a a a o KpecxbaacKHe n o r o B o p K a :

CneJiOMy KOJiocy - c e p n yaajiofi l £©Baqe B3pocJiofi - XQBHX MOJioaofil42

HexpacoBCKH© onwcaHHA n p a p o a n q y a e c H H . B yrpBMOM JIH

OH pacnojioxeHHH a y x a , B B©C©JIOM JIH - BC© paBHO OHH n p e K p a c -

HH. OC©HHAA XOCKJIHBBA K a p x a a a :

3ayBHBBHfi BQXep TOBBX CXBJO xyq HB Kpafi Hedec, Ejib BaaJtoMJieaaaA cxoHex, TJiyxo menaex XQMHHS J iec . 4 3

A BOX y HeKpacoBa xopome© HacxpoeHae. Toxe oceHHafi nefisax:

39 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo", T . I I I , c x p . 6 2

40 I b i d . , c x p . 6 0

4 1 I b i d . , c x p . 67

42 I b i d . , "Cama" , CTp .65

4 3 I b i d . , " n e p e a a o x a e M " , T . I , c x p . 1 8


B axy XHxyB jiyHayB aoqb CoaepqaaBB aoj ixao n p e a a x b c a . Aemb rjiydOKO n p o a p a q n a , q a c x a , Mocaq nojiHHfi njiHBex Haa aydpoBofi , H POcnoacxsyBX B H©d© qBexa Tojiydofi, d©JIOBaXHfi, JIHJIOBHfi. B o a n a p a o dJiecxAx c p e a b nojiefi , A 3©MJIA npaxoxjiBBO o a e x a B BOJIBH d e j i o r o jiyHHoro cB©Ta H yaopqaTHX CTpaHHHX T©H©fi.

npoTAHyjiHCA nojiocH r p e q n , Kpacaofi J IOHTOB no caaTy npomJin; 3aMHKaBmafi COHHN© H H B H , JI©C CKB03HT, B©Cb yCBHiaB JIHCTBOfi. 44

Bee paayeT noaTa:

3©Ji©H©romefi OSBMB p j i a a b , n o a o JibBOM - BOJioTaa a o j i a a a , n o c p e a a ocBemeHHBix j iyroB B©JiHqaBO© BOBCKO CToroB. 45

KapTHBB aepeBeHCKoro o3©pa n e p e a a H a , KaK Ha flBy:

npoiiuiH ceJ to , yBHaeJia B 3eJieHofi paMe 3epKaJio: C KpaflMH nojiHHfi n p y a . Haa npyaoM peBT JiacToqKH; KaKHe-TO KOMapHKB, npoBopHHe H Tomae B npanpHxay, CJIOBHO no cyxy, TyJiflBT no Boae . 46

BoJira, jiBdHMafl peKa HeKpacoBa, qacTO BCTpeqaeTca B epo CTHXO-

TBOp©HHflX:

H p o c , KaK MHOrne, B rjiyma, y deperoB dojibmofi P©KH, Tae Jinmb Kpnqajia KyjiaKH, IllyM©JIH rjiyxo KaMHura,

44 HexpacoB.op. c i t . , "Pxnapb H« q a c " , T . I , CTp.I26

45 HeRpacoB,loc. c i t .

46 ib id . , "KoMy ae Pvca xaTb xooomo", T . I I I , CTp.57


PaaaMH CTBH dejiHX n T a q , KBK HSBBAHHA rpodHHq, Cna©JiH BawHO Ha necK©; BaaHejiHCb r o p n Baaj iexe H CHHBB decKOHeqHxB Jiec CKpBreaJi Ty CTopoay H e d e c , K y a a , aHSBaofi oKOHqaB n y T b , yxoaHT cojiHqe OTaoxHyTb. 47

HacTO onacaHHA npnpoaH CJiyxaT dx>HOM HacTpo©HHB He

K p a c o B a . TaK POpOaCKHe CBX©TH OTTSH9HH H©npHB©TJIHBHM nef i -

3BX©M, aojKaJiHBofi n o r o a o f i , a B npOH3B©a©HBflx, HanacaaHHx B

doapoM TOHe, n p n p o a a jiacKOBaa a H P H A T H B A , n o r o a a q y a e c H a a .

nOHCTBBe MOKHO CqHTaTb H©KpBCOBa B6JIHKHM 3HaTOKOM npnpoaH H

peaKHM xynoxHHKOM pyccKOro nefisaxa.

47 HexpacoB, op. cit., "Ha BOJIPQ", T.I, CTp.I23

3AKJIKHEHHE

DejibB npeamecTByBmax rjiaB dHJio aoKasaTb, qTO HeKpa-

COB - "neBeq r o p a HapoaHoro". 3TO aoKa3HBaeT e r o n o a a a a , n o -

CBAmeBBaa, npexa© B c e r o , aapoay - KpecTbaacTBy, BCRpHBaBmaa

A3BH RpecTbABCKofi XB3HH - CKBepHoe aKOHOMHqecKoe nojioxeBHe,

nocTOAHByB HameTy, yBB3BTeJibaoe a decnpaBHoe cymecTBOBBHHe

B ycJiOBHAx KpenocTHoro npaBa.

OTpaxeHa Bepa HexpacoBa B JiBdHMHfi HM Hapoa, BOCXB-

meaae BayTpeBHefi CHJIOS a aymeBHofi doapocTbB pyccKoro Myxaaa,

Bepa B e r o jiyqmee dyaymee.

To, qTo noaT aeficTBHTejibHO "neBeq cTpaaaHHfi" aona3H-

BaeT e r o XBooaecxBO, nocBAmeHHoe "MHorocTpaaajibHHM" pyccRHM

xeHHiBBaM BO BC©X CJIOAX pyccKoro od^ecTBa, n03B0jiArome© qBXa-

TeJIB 03BaK0MHTbCa C OqeHb TAXeJIOfi XH3HbB KpeCTbAHKH-xeHH,

MaTepn a ppdoxHHUH, B OCHOBHOM, KpenocTHofi, a noaTOMy Toxe

CTpaaaBmefi OT npoH3BOjia dapHHa.

To, qTO HeKDacoB "neqaJibHHK ropa HapoaHoro", BCKPH-

aaBX ©ro qya©CHxe CXHXOXBOP^HHA nocBAmeHHHe aexAM - r o p o a -

CKHM H KpecXbAHCKHM. O de3paaOCXHOfi Cyabde KOXOpHX CKOpdHX

n o a x .

To. qxo HeKpscoB - no^T, BOcneBaroiuafi HMeHHO c x p a a a -

HHA pvccKoro Hapoaa, aoKanBiBaeT e r o xsopqecTBO, oxHocameecA

K WHXeJIAM r o p o a a - deaHHM, rOJIOaHHM. dOJIbHWM H yoxajiHM.

3AKJDDHEHHE 141

npaMHpaxecb x© c My3ofi Moefi ,-

B3HBaji n o a x :

H B© 3 H B B a p y r o r o H a n e B a . Kxo xHBex d e s neqaJ in H THeBa, TOX H6 JIBdHX OXqH3HH CBoefi! 48

Ho 3HaqeHHe HeKpacoBa aajieKO He H c q e p n H B a e i c a I © M ,

qxo OH dHJi "neqajibHHKOM r o p a HapoaHoro" B C BQJIHKOB cnjiofi

Bocneji HapoaHHe cxpaaaHHA.

3BaqeHHe HeKpacoBa oq©Hb BeJiHKo xeM, qTO O B , r o B o p a

nocxoAHHO o XAroxax XH3HH npocxHx JiBaefi, 3acxaBJiAJi CBOIO My3y

SByqaxb decnpepxBHO, odpamaa H©BojibHO BHHMaHae MHornx, a o c o

deHHO CHJibHHX Mapa c e r o Ha x p a r n q e c K o e nojioxeHHe Kpenoc iHHx.

Kxm 3Ha©x, dHTb Moxex B ocBodoxaeHHH KpecibflH CBjrpajia CBOB

MaJieabKyB, HO BaxHyw pojib My3a "c neqajibHHM JIHKOM" . Bbixb

Moxex cxHxoxBopeHHA HexpacoBa dBiJia oanofi H3 Kanejib, aojidHB-

max KaxeHb KpenocxHHqecTBa.

HeMaJiaA 3 a c J i y r a HeKpacoBa B TOM, qTO OH BB©JI B p y c -

CKyB j iHTepaTypy HOBBie *OPMBT vi FOBwe TeMH, odoraTHJi n o s T a q e c -

KHH cjiOBaob HapoaHoB p e q b B , He aonycKfiBuiefica p a F e e B JiHTepa

Typy HenacaHHHMH aaKOHHMH n o s a w .

BSJIHK HeKpacoB T S M , qxo saneqaTJieB c HeodHKHOBQHHHM

MBCTenCTBOM KIDecTbAHCKyB XH3Hb BO BCex 66 HpOABJieHHAX, OdO-

raTHJi DvccKyB JiHTepaTypy MFOPMVH H63adHBaeMHMH odpa3awa H ,

OTqacTH, HapHCOBBJi aJia Hsmero noKOJiPFaa roqHyB KapxHHy o a a o r o

48 H e x p a c o B , o p . c i t . , " r a s e T w n f l " . T . I I , C T p . I 9 I

3AKJIKWEHHE 142

HS Kopnefi P©BOJIBBHH - KpecxbAHCKoro B o n p o c a .

HeMajiw s a c j i y r a H e x p a r o B a - H3aaxejiA H p e a a K T o p a . Ho

axox Bonpoc HacxojibKO HHxepeceH H odmnpea , VTO wor d n n o c j i y -

nrwTb TeMoB aJia MHorax cneqwaJibHHx p a d o T . ynoMAHVB o Hex K O -

P O T K O , HyxHO CKasaTb, qTO HeKpacoB C03aaji a e a nepeaoBBix x y p -

aa j ia CBoefi anoxvr H H3aaBaJi HX B TeqeHHH noqTH 3 0 - T B J ieT .

( "CoBpexeHHHK" c I8<*7 no 1866 H "OTeqecTBeHHHe 3anHCKHn c

1868 n o 1877 r o a ) . Ha HT cxpaHnqax OH npona raHappoBa j i n e p e -

aoBHe n a e n CBoero BpeMewH, Ha HX cxpaHanax OH aaji M©CTO a e -

H3BecTHHM HaqBH8BmHM nHcaTejiAM ZlocToeBCKOMy, ToHqapoBy, T O J I -

CTOMy a OcTpoBCKOMy, CTaBiimM noTOM CTOJinaMH pyccKofi JiHTepsTy-

pH. HeKpacoB-Hx "KoecTHBiB OT©IT" - HHTywxHBHO y r a a a j i B HHX

BeJiHKaB xaJiaHT.

CoBepmeHHO oqeBHaHO, qTo B Jiaqe HeKpacoBa p y c c K a a J I H -

x ^ p a x y p a HMeeT HaqnoHaJibHoro n o a x a , rjrydOKoro naTpHOTa, He-

s a y p A a F o r o , opHraHaj ibHoro , H B^JtHKoro "neqaJibHHKa r o p a HaDoaHoro"

BHBJIHOrPA*HH

,.~ ~ AHH©HKOB, n . B . . JlaxepaxypHHe BocnoMHHaHHH,jr©HHHPpaa, 1928, CTp. 6 6 1 . t _ t r : . v ,

BocnOMBHaHHA, COCTOAIHH© H3 Tp©X OBdOT . HHT©p©CHa BTooaA padOTa- "3aMeqaTejibHoe aecATBJi©TH©", nocBAmeHHaa Be-JiaacxoMy, a p y r y a yqwTSJiB HaKt>acoBa, "OT©q©cTB©HHHM 3annc-KBM H COBp©M©HHFK8M n03T8. KHHra U9HHa KaK HCTOHHHK 03HB-KOMJieHHA co cpeaofi, ra© Haxoaajica noaT.

EeJiBHCKHfi, B . T . , nojiHoe codpaHHe coqHHeHafi.noa p e a . HBaHOBa-PaayMHBKa, CnB, 1913 , 3 T . , C T P . I I 0 0 7 l T 3 9 , 1 0 1 7 .

CdopHHK KPHTHqeCKHX CXBXefi, B TOM qncJie o HeKpacoBe H ©ro COBp6M©HHHKBX.

EBreHbeB-MaKCHMOB, B . E . , HeKpacoB KaK q©JiOB©K. x y p -BBJIBCX a n o a x . MocKBa-JIeHHHrpaa, r o c . H 3 a . , 1 9 2 8 , c x p . 3 4 1 .

rJiBBHHfi HcxoqHHK Hamero HccJieaoBaHHA cexef iHO-poao-BHX BJIHABBfi BB XBOpq©CXBO H©KpacOBa.

3©HbKOBCKHfi, npOX. B .B . , HCXOpBA pyCCKOfi (bBJIOCOdbHH. yMCA-Press, P a r i s , 1 9 4 8 , T . I , c x p . 4 6 9

ZTexaJibHHfi p a 3 d o p pa3BHXHfl d)HJiocod)HH B POCCHH ox a n o -XB n e x p a I a o XX B e a a . 3aMexKH o n e p a o a e "cJiaBAHOipHJibcxBa" H O BeJIBHCKOV.

KapBrnaa, B . T , , PyccKaa H C X O P H A , H s a . noc©B, TepMaHBA, 1946. c x p . 2 6 3 .

Hame ocHOBHoe nocoda© npn HccjieaoBaBBH KpecxbflHCKoro Bonpoca.

KopHBJiOB, A . , Modern Russian History, New York, published by A. Knopf, 1916, p . 310.

HccJieaoBaHae ncxopaa POCCHH.

Masaryk,T.G., The s p i r i t of Russia, London, England, G. A. Un-win, Ltd. , 1919, p . ^480.

noapodHHfi od3op pyccKofi JiHxer>axypH B CBASH C ncxopa-qeCKHMB COdHXHAMH.

HeH3aaHHHe nacbMa JI.H. Tojicxoro, H.A. PoHqa-poBB, H.A. HeKpacoBa, 5>.M. /tocxoeBCKoro, A,<t>A_nacej«tcj!^.ro__g_,Jai)_., noa . p e a . npBiryHOBa, Moo.KBa-JIeHHHrpaa, H3a. "Aoademia" 1932, cxp . 7 4 1 .

nepenncKa HeKpacoBa c OCXPOBCKHM, HHxepecHaa aJia p a s -padoxKH X©MH "HeKpacoB KaK peaaKXop H xypHajincx".

HeKpacoB, H .A . , noJiHQ© codpaHne coqHHeHHfi. npajiox©HHe K "HJUiBcxpHpoBaHHOfi POCCHH" "Sa 1933, HapHsc, 3 xoMa, c x p . 5 1 2 .

EHEJIHOrPA<f>HH 144

nymRBB, A . C . , nojiaoe codpaHae cogBaeHajfj. n o a . p e a . UflBJiOBCKoro a nexpoBa, MOCKBB, 0 rH3, 1949," cxp . 9 5 2 .

PyccKaa JIBPHKB. MaJieHbKaa aHXOJiorHA ox JIOMO-BOCOBB ao nacxepHaaa , cocxaBHJi KH. CBcrTonojiK-MnpcKafi, Hsa . "*paHKo-PyccKaa n e a a x b " , napax , 1924, c x p . 9 5 .

HHiepecHH MHCJIH KH.CBAxonojiK-MHpcKoro o HeKpacoB©, noMem©BHH© B npHMeqaHHAx K "AHTOJiorna".

n«_ n HyROBCKBfi, K .H. , HeKpacoB KaK xyaoxHHK. CnB,Hsa. "3noxa" , 1922 , c x p . 7 7 .

£exajtbHHfi paadop cxHxooftoxeHBA HeKpacoBa.

AfixeHBaJiba, K)., Cajiyaxn pyccKHx nacaxeJiefi, KaaroH3a. "CJIOBO". BenJiHH, I 9 ° 3 , T . T I , c x p . ° 7 8

KpaxKH© oaeoKH o XBopqecxBe nncaxejiefi KOHqa XIX a Ha qajia XX cxojiexHA, B XOM qncJie H HeKpacoBa.

APPENDIX 1

AN ABSTRACT OF

H_.^.__He Kt> a COB - " ne B© U_Jf£pa_H ago a H o r o " T-

The i n s p i r a t i o n for Nekrasov's c r e a t i v e power, peasan t s , women,

c h i l d r e n , and urban dwe l l e r s , sung by him in h i s poe t i c works, and h i s

a r t i s t i c i n t u i t i o n and p o e t i c t a l e n t - t hese a re t h e main t op i c s of

t h i s t h e s i s .

Chapter I dea ls wi th the causes which influenced and formed

Nekrasov's c r e a t i v e power as a poe t : the inf luence of h i s a n c e s t o r s ,

d i s s o l u t e f e u d a l i s t s , i n h e r i t e d by him from h i s f a t h e r , t h e e f f ec t of

which was nega t ive and demoral izing to Nekrasov - t he chi ld j t he bene

f i c i a l in f luence of h i s mother, who induced her son to become i n t e r e s

ted i n r ead ing , l e a r n i n g , and everything good; t h e e f fec t on him of t h e

Northern Russian landscape and t h e "g rea t waterway" - the Volga, and

f i n a l l y , the in f luence of t h e epoch r i c h i n eventff such as the l i b e r a

t i o n of t h e peasan t ry from s l ave ry , and the appearance of a new c l a s s ,

t h e s o - c a l l e d "unpr iv i leged" c l a s s ( i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , i n t h e 6 0 ' s ) .

Chapter I I d i s cus se s the main body of Nekrasov's c r e a t i v e works -

h i s poems on t h e peasan t ry and on the grave economic and moral s i t u a t i o n

during t h e epoch of feudal i sm. This chapter gives a d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s

T H . EayMni, H^A_. .HeKpacoB - "TTeBen, ^pV^nj!von^nvo,\ OxxaBa, 1 9 5 0 , c x t ) . v i " H - I " - « .

AN ABSTRACT OF N. BAUMS' N.A. NEKRASOV - lk6 "MINSTREL OF THE PEOPLE'S SORROW"

of Nekrasov's poe t ry , which dep io t s t h e mode of l i v i n g of the peasan t s ,

the main t r a i t s of t h e i r c h a r a c t e r , t h e i r a t t i t u d e towards reform, which

l i b e r a t e d the peasan t ry from f e u d a l i s t i c dependency, and t h e p o e t ' s

views on t h e fu tu r e of t h e peop le .

Chapter I I I i s devoted to ch i ld ren and women; Nekrasov's r e a c t i o n

to t h e manner of l i f e of c i t y oh i ld ren-paupers , and to t h e i r more f o r t u

na te "cous ins" - peasan t c h i l d r e n . Deta i led ana lys i s i s made of Nekra

s o v ' s works dedica ted to h i s h i g h l y i dea l i z ed type of peasant •woman - h e r

i n d u s t r y , t h r i f t , admirable c h a r a c t e r , w i l l i ngnes s to s a o r i f i c e , and her

love of c h i l d r e n - t h e type of "handsome and s t rong S lav ic woman" c rea ted

by Nekrasov. This chapter dea^ls as wel l wi th the ind iv idua l poems of

Nekrasov on "Russian Women", and with the type of women - wif es of deoem-

b r i s t s who s a c r i f i c e d everything for t h e sake of t h e i r husbands .

Chapter IV po r t r ays t h e "big c i t y " wi th i t s s t r i k i n g c o n t r a s t s -

the misery of t h e poor and t h e luxur ious bu t of ten immoral l i f e of t h e r i c h .

Chapter V i s dedica ted to t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e a r t i s t i c mer i t s and

q u a l i t i e s of t h e poe t ; to t h e melodies and rhythmics of h i s v e r s e ; t o t h e

ind iv idua l s t y l e of Nekrasov, who was the f i r s t t o in t roduce in to l i t e r a

t u r e "popular s t y l e " and popular language.

The b a s i s of t h i s r e sea r ch i s t he a n a l y s i s of Nekrasov's works,

the w r i t e r be ing of t h e opinion t h a t the heroes i n h i s works, where t h e

poet i s n o t h imsel f a c h a r a c t e r , neve r the l e s s express Nekrasov's pe rsona l

v iews .

F I N I S

a thesis - university of ottawa

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