a third century hoard of tetradrachms from gordion / dorothy hannah cox

8/22/2019 A third century hoard of tetradrachms from Gordion / Dorothy Hannah Cox

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MGORDION

VANIA

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icDomain,Google-digitized

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athitrust.org/access_use#pd-google


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Numismatics

maticSocietyCollection

talogue

ellCollection

cdonald,CatalogueofGreekCoinsintheHunterianCollection,University

9-

ald'archeologienumismatique.

er,Numismatiqued'AlexandreleGrand.Copenhagen,1855.

ller,Die MunzendesthracischenKonigsLysimachus.Copenhagen,1858.

e.

T.Newell,AlexanderHoardsIII:Andritsaena.(NNM,No.21).1923.

ardT.Newell,AlexanderHoardsII:Demanhur,1905(NNM,No.19).1923-

Newell,TheCoinageofDemetriusPoliorcetes,1927.

,CoinageoftheEasternSeleucidMints,fromSeleucusIto AntiochusIII.

.T.Newell,ReattributionofCertainTetradrachmsofAlexandertheGreat.

mericanJournalofNumismatics,XLV,(1911),pp.1-10,37-45,113-125,

22-24,37-49,109-116.

l,CoinageoftheWesternSeleucidMints.NewYork,1941.

andMonographsofthe AmericanNumismaticSociety.

mgraecorum,DanishNationalMuseum:TheRoyalCollectionofCoinsand

enhagen,1943-

umgraecorum,Vol.IV.FitzwilliamMuseum:LeakeandGeneralCollections.

47.

mgraecorum,Vol.III.TheLockettCollection.PartIII:Macedonia Aegina.

smatik.


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DOFTETRADRACHMSFROMGORDION

GordionsponsoredbytheUniversityMuseumofthe Universityof

of1951,a hoardof114silvertetradrachms1wasuncovered.Thesewere

pot buriedinthefoundationsofa house.Thejugwascracked,andasit

edina solidcorrodedmass,onlyoneortwo fallingawaybeforetheyhad

ocessof cleaning.Allthecoinsarein ahighlycrystallizedstate,and

adlyeroded.Asis usualwithcrystallizedsilver,theweightsofthe coins

additionto sufferingfromerosionthemajorityofthe coinsarefurtherdis-

dgashes.ThosefromSyria andtheEastare,in general,morebrutally

Anatolia.

C.

lion's skin;borderofdots.

horosseated1.onhigh-backedthrone;legsparallel,

eeton foot-stool;(3in1.field;monogramunder

EQ2;nameatr.andmonogramsillegible.

samereversedie asoneinANS-ETNwithM. (Muller,

muncertainmint.

onoftheTurkishgovernment,thecoinsweresent toAmericaonayear's

UniversityMuseum.Theretheyunderwentsomefurthercleaningandthe

mpanyingplatesweremadebytheMuseum'sphotographer,Mr.ReubenGoldberg.

ndledjugofunrefinedbrownishclay0.116m.high,0.117m.in diameter,

p. Itispaintedwith acarelesslyappliedmicaceousslip.

sincerethankstoMr.SydneyP.Noe,whomade itpossibleformeto com-

dwiththoseinthe AmericanNumismaticSociety'sCollection.Manyofthe

blished,orifpublished,arewithoutattributionto amint,orarelisted according

obsoleteclassification.Byhavingaccesstothetraysofcoinsand casts,I

arallels,butinsomecases,fromlabels writtenbyMr.Newell,todiscoverto

dthem,at leasttentatively.Thesuggestionsfoundthereareherefollowed.


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10/43

seamMonographs

wearinglion's skin.

tophorosseatedL;in1. fieldcaduceus.

ell,Demanhur,No.614-656).

c.300B.C.,andlater.

nlion's skin;borderofdots.

etophorosseated1.onbacklessthrone,his rightfootdrawn

cing-torch;underthrone,moverstar;borderof dots.

NGL,PLXXVH,No.1443).

rone.

terColl.,VoI. I,p.300,No.39).

sunderthrone.

F,PI.XXXVH, No.2108,2109;SNGD,PI.XVII,No. 697).

obeliskwithstaraboveandX below;underthrone,OoverP.

D,PL XVII,No.708).

Port,Mid-ThirdCenturyB.C.

atedonthronewithback;in 1.field,dolphin;belowthronepr;

arcoins areinvariouscollections;onefromsame obversedie.

sfromthesamereversedieinVienna andBerlin.

lion's skin.

NAPOYon 1.ZeusAetophorosseated1.on backless

overSI;abovehisr. arm,aplustre;underthroneOoveri.

ewell,"AlexandrineCoinageofSinope,"AJN(2nd ser.),1918,

nMint.Last QuarterofThirdCentury.

dots.

kedthrone,nodistinguishingmarks.

rrangementofthe inscriptionplacesthisin theBlackSeadis-

ckonanearliercoin,fromwhich theletters2IAEare still

rse.Theoriginaltetradrachmmayhavebeenof similartype,

wasusedasflan.

gh-backedthrone;A aboveracingtorchabove2; beneath

p. 11,belowforattributiontothis mint).


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rofdots.

,griffon1.

er,Alexander,No.928).

1. field.

er,Alexander,No.651).SinceBabelonandNewell(WSM,

AntiochusHieraztothismintonthe basisoftheowlas

osethisalater productofthesamemint.

hirdCentury.

dots.

s;double-axein1.field.

er,Alexander,No.1128;SNGD,PI.18, No.749).

field.

ersefromsamedie asSNGD,PI.18,No.749-

hirdCentury.

rofdots.

ots;in 1.field,Toverlyre.

er,Alexander,No.976,ANS-ETN).

fThirdCentury.

wand quiveraboveW;*>underthrone.

Muller,Alexander,Nos.999-1004).

er,afterc.240/1B.C.

dots.

inex.,maeanderpattern.

er,Alexander,No.1077).Thesimilarityin styleofthisob-

AntiochusIIfromMagnesia(Newell,WSM,PI.I.XIII,Nos.5-7

SM,p.290)"thatduringthe fratricidalwarswagedbetween

gnesiahadfinallysecuredpermissiontostrike autonomous

referstosmalldenominations,butIthink, shouldbeunder-

ers"aswell,autonomousbyreasonofthesymbolin theex-


s;in1. fieldCloverstarabovelion; underthrone,A.



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seumMonographs

ont'd.)

s inthelateryearsof DemetriusPoliorcetes(Newell,

and21 showlittlechangeinstyleandare probablyfromthe

1. field1*1oversealr.

er,Alexander,No.984).Samediesas PI.LXXXV,Ain

dCentury.

r.

inxseatedr. aboveP);underthrone,W.


certainMints.

nlion'sskin;borderof dots.

ated1.on diphoros;inI.field,X

dots.

.

tedonthronewith aback;in1.field Atoverc.

r.wearinglion'sskin; borderofdots.Countermarkedwithhead

1.ondiphoros;in 1.field,prowr.;underthrone,t.

ell,Demanhur,No.2703/7;Reattribution,PI.XXX,No.11).

Kallatis,whichFriedlander(Z/7V,IV(1877),p.340) men-

ntlyoncoinsofAlexander.Afineillustrationof thestamponthis

ntikenMunzenNordGriechenlands,I1,PI.I ,No.19).Therethe

clear.Onthecoinheredescribedthe Kwasstruckovertwotest

yvisible.

er.

nlion'sskin;borderof dots.

1.onhigh-backedthrone;in1.field, palm-tree;underthrone,

vier,"Numismaticdesvillesdela Phtnicie",/IAN,in(1900),

isiblethatit isimpossibletosaywhetherthedie wasdated

andthefollowingare probablytobedatedafter230 B.C.since

thispositionwereintroducedat theAradusmint.(G.F.Hill,

oinageofPhoenicia",Nomisma,IV(1909),p.3).


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er(Cont'd.)

idstyle.

esofdateinexergue.

bid.,PI. Z,3)-

orkmanship.

withfeetonfootstool;in 1.field,Aabovepalmtree;in ex.,

dateandthevariety,withbothmonogramandtree in1.field,

.

urthCentury

r.in lion'sskin;borderofdots.

ated1.,feeton footstool;in1.field,A;borderof dots.

ell,Demanhur,Nos.3624-3652).

,somewhatlaterthanpreceding).

POYZeusseated1.onhigh-backedthrone,r.leginfront of1.,

invertedanchorandET;underthrone,E;borderof dots.

one,A.

er,Alexander,No.1495).(Newell,WSM,p.194,PI. XLffl,I;

96).

dots.

athin1. field.

Muller,Alexander,No.71Off.,andNewell,Andritsaena,No.83).

r.in lion'sskin.

in1. field,A;noborder.

nicianorEasternmint,or imitation?

r.,borderof dots.

horosseated1.onhigh-backedthrone.Nosymbolsorletters

rotted away.

;in1. field,Q.

irmedbyDr.F. RosenrhaloftheUniversityofPennsylvania.


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seumMonographs

ated1.onhigh-backedthrone,in r.Niker.bearingwreath;

kindrapedonclub; underthrone,illegiblemono-

eusNikephorosarenotuncommon,especiallyinMesopotamia

ooccursatSardis,but Iknowofnoother tetradrachmsofthetype

e.

ingeagle;in 1.field.A;in ex.,f"?

r.

s,after250B.C.

r.wearinglion'sscalp.

etophorosseated1.ondiphoros;in 1.field,Ut.

ne-eighthbrokenaway.Coinsfromsamediesinthemuseums

a.

dots.

ondiphoros;in1. fieldfore-partoffreehorse1.aboveT.

coinismoretypicallyPamphylianinstyle thanNo.25above.

knowntohavehadanycoinagepriorto thefirstcentury

attributethistetradrachmtothatcity.The symbolandinitial

sleadingnorthfromPhaselisand Aspendusranthroughthe

eforebranchingofftothewestto Laodiceaandtotheeastto

thewesternroute,wasthemainline oftradeforwhichthe

destined(seep.18below).Termessosinthe thirdcenturywas

thatitfoundedacolonynear OenoandainLycia(DavidMagie,

Princeton,1950,p.265).

hingmarks.

arcoin inANS-ETN.

eotherAlexandersinthe hoardinthepositionof Zeus'r.

ack undertheseatofthe throne.TheonlyparallelswhichI

positionis atetradrachmofSardis(NC,1883,PI.I, No.4)and

DieMunzenvonPriene,Berlin,1927, PI.II,No.34).Neither

tytothespecimenfromGordion.

r.wearinglion'sskin; borderofdots.


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nt'd.)

n.Zeusseated1.onhigh-backedthrone;in1.fieldmeaning-

rderof dots.

liarlyflatfabric,possiblycopyofcoin ofBabylon,No.178

VHI,No.2136.

yofa coinfromanEasternmint.(Cf.SNGD,PI. XXII,No.849).

1.ondiphoros;in 1.field,w;borderofdots.

rliervarietythanNo.50.Onthe formeranattemptismadeto

sin perspective;onthelatter,acopyofa copy,theheadandlegs

ullfrontality.Asimilar coinfromtheNewellCollectionisillus-

ialandEconomicHistoryoftheHellenisticWorld,Vo1.I,PI. LXVII,

CeltictribesoftheDanubianregion.Fromthe presenceofthe

d142in thishoarditseemsmore probablethatthesebarbarous

eCeltsin AsiaMinor,theGalatians.Infactthe majorityofthe

areprobablyGalatianrather thanDanubiansincetheyseemtobe

rnmintswhichwouldbe foundmorecommonlyinPhrygiathanon

C.)

inlion's scalpr.;borderofdots.

kephorosseated1.onhigh-backedthrone;in1. field,M

ell,WSM,p.84, No.1-WeberCollection,No.2134).

S(306-283B.C..)

rlater.

usr.,diademedandhorned;borderof dots.

OT.Poseidonstg.1.,foot onrock;in1.field,O;to r.,rtl.

ell,Demetrius,p.138,No. 151).

oNewellthemonograminthe leftfieldwasillegible;heretoo it

ble bethesameasthat abovetheclubonhisNo. 147fromthis

vationofthis tetradrachraisduelargelytotheexceptionallyhigh

ityofthereverse.Thesevery characteristicstogetherwithother

dsizeofflan precludeanypossibilityofattributingthecointo a

DemetriusII.Yetforthatten yearsofgreatmilitaryactivityno

ess,asisprobable,somevarietyofoneof thefollowingtypesin-

ONOTistobe sodated.


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seumMonographs

7-239B.C.)

eld,headofPanonboss.

OYAthenaAlkidemos5stridingI.,inherraised r.,fulmen,on

dMacedonianhelmet;tor.,monogtair,w(?).

ebler:DieantikenMunzenNord-Griechenlands,IIIz,Makedonia

p.186,No.1.

-220B.C.)

crownedwithsedgetor.

ow;inscribedBA2IAEQ2ANTirONOY;inex.,A.

terColl.I, p.340,No.1).

hat, asImhoof-Blumer(Monnaiesgrecques,p.129)suggested,

cedonianshieldandAthenawereinauguratedbyGonatasafterthe

77,thetypewith AthenatorightantedatingthosewithAthenato

PoseidonandApolloseatedonaprowhe thoughtcommemorated

estruckimmediatelyafterthatvictory.Bothtypesshowawide

fanoutput extendingoverseveraldecades.Thefirstissuesafter

entassymbol(op.cit. No.64);ofdefinitelylaterstyleare those

esuggestedsequencewas:Macedonianshield,rev.Athenator.;

olloonprow,symbol,trident;Macedonianshield,rev.Athenato1.;

olloonprow,laterissues.All oftheseImhoof-Blumerdatedinthe

op.cit.p.187 followingTarn,AntigonusGonatas,1913,p.463)

ueddownintothetime ofAntigonusDoson.No.115,ongroundsof

theperiodImhoof-Blumersuggested,thelateryearsof Gonatas,

54and 55areinsplendid conditionandmust,asGaeblerandTarn

Doson.HeadearlierbelievedthetypeoriginatedwithDosonafter

tionagainstCariain228B.C.;it nowseemsmoreprobablethatthat

al.Thehoardoffersnoevidenceona finaldateforthestriking of

ms,noronwhetheranyweremintedafterthetime ofAntigonusGon-

C.)

err.,wearingram'shorns.

YAthenaNikephorosseated1.onthrone,shieldather side;

andMuller, Lysimachus,No.543).

a'sarm,ivyleaf.

GD,Thrace,PI.XXIII,No.1128; ANS-ETN).

entifiedby Mrs.AgnesBaldwinBrettinaninterestingdiscussionof thetype

a,"intheAmericanNumismaticSocietyMuseumNotes,IV,1950,pp.55tf.


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d, hf;inex.,crescent1.

-ETN).

d, At;inex.,crescent1.

-ETN).

dots.

rfield,herm;ininner1. field,.

ETN;Miiller,Lysimachus,No.91).

d Movercrescent1.

;Miiller, Lysimachus,No.395).

d, indistinctsymbo1.

larto 61).

rofdots.

d clubdownwards,inex.,TTandbowin case.

enparts ofedgemissing.(Miiller,Lysimachus,No.419).

dots.

d caduceus,Nonthrone;tunnyin ex.

iiller, Lysimachus,No.111).

.

r.

field;inex.,crescent1.

isattributedtoPergamononthemarkedsimilarityin styleof

eANSallottedthiscity andtothepresenceof thecrescentin

er,c.323-281.

dots.

d, filletedracingtorch;inex.,maeanderpattern.

-ETN;cf.Miiller, Lysimachus,No.444).

rofdots.

d, 1.


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DMuseumMonographs

d, !.

;Muller,Lysimachus,No.521).

ndonthe threeprecedingcoinsischaracteristicofposthumous

milarcoinsareintraysofthe AmericanNumismaticSocietyandat-

yzantium,HeracleiaandMaroneia.

hingmarks,andAthenaholdsnospear.

inex.,hr.

and Muller,Lysimachus,Nos.310,311).

d, E>;inex.,SI.

-ETN,cf.Muller,Lysimachus,No.454).

hingmarks.

ed)

r.,diademed.

YZeusstg.1.crowningthenameoftheking;in 1.field,

erANC.

oken;almostone-fourthmissing.(Waddington,Recueilginiral

tc.,I2,pp.219f.).

.

dPhiletaerusr.,laur.

enthronedto1.crowningthename,1.armrestingon shield;

ae;ininner1. field,tfl;inr.field, bow.

C,Mysia,p.117,No. 42).

d,i vyleaf;ininner1. field,A;inr.field,bow.

C,Mysia,p.116,No. 35).

beendealt withablyandextensively.6Theearlyyearsofthe

scussedbyNewellandthe sequenceofthecoinswiththename

MintunderPhiletaerus,(NNM,No.76),1936.Imhoof-Blumer,DieMunzenderDynas-

1884.vonFritze,"AutonomePragungenvonPergamon"inCorollaNumismatica

ad,1906.


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oposedbyImhoof-Blumerhasbeengenerallyaccepted.Ofthetwo

n thishoard,onefitsadmirablyintothe acceptedchronology;the

angement.Fromc.300-281B.C.coinsofLysimachuswerestruck

ywellbeone ofthese.Fromc.281-280,therearetetradrachmsof

e'shead;rev.:elephant;c.280-274,AlexandertypeswithnameofSeleu-

drachmswithheadofthedeifiedSeleucusandon thereversethenameof

n,may,asNewellimplies,havecontinuedthis typeormay

lytothetypewiththedeifiedPhiletaerus.In anycase,thesimilarity

umer,PI.I,No. 6,7)makesitcertainthat thiswasthenexttype

-Blumerarguesmostconvincinglyfromthecharacterofthereverse:

nd thepositionofthespear,behindher feet,thathisNos.8-12

ysubsequentissuescloselyfollowedbyNos.13and 14,whichheat-

6ofthishoard,withthe spearstillbehindAthena'sfoot,butwith

arm,anewvariety,fallslogicallybetweenImhoof'sNos.13and14.

onofthecoinagrees wellwiththedateassignedit, theearlyyears

edby No.75(Imhoof-Blumer,No.23,fromClassA,VI,BMC,

oEumenesII,197-139 B.C.Thewearonthiscoinequalsthat found

ochusI andIIfromthe hoard.Weshallhaveoccasiontoshow

ebeenburiedmuchlater than210B.C.,thelatestdatablecoinsbe-

AntiochusIIIandabrilliant specimenfromAradusdated218/217.

nesII inthesamehoardis, therefore,outofthequestion.Thiscan

sI,andwemaywellreturnto theearlierinterpretationofthemono-

heruler,EumenesI.It mightbeaddedthatmonogramssoclearlyin

videncedoesnot warrant7movingallofthecoinsnowattributed

ofEumenesI,only thosewiththemonogramtf.Fourteenspeci-

toImhoof-Blumer,anamplecoinageforthisreign.

upsettingImhoof-Blumer'slogicalarrangementofthereverse

whichthecompositionofthishoardhas forcedustoadopthastwo

ovalofthesepiecesfromEumenesIIto EumenesIdoessomething

erentinImhoof-Blumer'swork.Thelion'sshareofthe knownvari-

ethereattributedtothereign ofEumenesII,althoughhehimself

t reignthemintstruckcistophoriaswel1.*This seemsanover-

tforty-yearperiodwhencomparedwiththoseallottedtheprevious

galcoinswerestruck.To theequallylongreignofAttalusI ,Im-

butthosewereapparentlyfromlargeissuesof whichnumerousspec-

etwenty-yearruleofEumenesI,however,aremarkablymeager

.Anincreaseofcoinsforthatactivereignproducesamorecredible

stheobversetypes.Theheadofthe deifiedPhiletaeruson

nogram$1(Imhoof-Blumer,op.cit.,PI.I,13,PI.II, 14and15)and

owstheneckstretchedforwardandanover-heavyjawcharacteristic

sportrait(Ibid.,PI.I, 6,7).9Ontheotherhand,the coinsof

earidealizedportraits,the neckuprightandthegreatchinre-

portions.Thenewsequencefortheobversesis logicalandsupported

Toaccountforthereverses,onemust supposeadie-cutteractive

lytypeas anodelfor hisreverse.

geofPergamon,thepossibilityofassigninganotherof theGor-

ouldbementioned.No.11,acoinwith nameandtypesofAlexander,

0B.C.Theobverseiscompatibleinstylewith theheadofHerakles

terdescribedbyvonFritze (op.cit.,p.49iPI.II, 8;alsoLuynes

orysupportfromsimilartetradrachmsinotherboards.The onlycoinsattributed

rdshaveothermonograms,e.g.,Wace,"UnpublishedPergameneTetradrachm,"

escribingpartofa hoardfromRhodes.

xanderstotheoutput ofthemintat thattime;thisseemsdoubtful.

he prognathichead,butthisisnot theplacetodiscussthem.


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MuseumMonograph,

nddated inthisperiod.Thehigh-backed,narrowthroneofthe

he Athenahead(notbustason No.11)reappearinsimilarform

ame ofSeleucusI(cf.Imhoof-Blumer,op.cit.,PI. III,Nos.20,

VIII, Nos.11,12),producedatthis mintsometwentyyears

akwithLysimachus,whatwouldbemorenaturalthan touse

coins,anearliercoinfrom thehomemint?

.)

278-274B.C.

sI r.;borderofdots..

Apolloseated1. onomphalosholdsarrowandbow;in1.

dots.

ell,ESM,No.149).

utbordersofdots.

ld.

ell,WSM,No.1632.Samedies).

C.)

sI r.,diademed;borderofdots.

Apolloseated1.on omphalos;ininner1.field,goat's

ell,WSM,No.1513.Samedies).

ofAntiochusII r.,borderofdots.

ld,K; inr.field,Al ..

ell,WSM,976,obv.die -976).I

255-246B.C.'

ofAntiochusIr.

Apolloseated1.on omphalos;inLfield,* ;tor.,m .

ell,ESM,No.189).

mstfiand& .

ell,ESM,p.70, No.188).


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diademed.

Apolloseated1.on omphalos;in1.field,NE;inr. field,

ofSeleucusII r.

Apollostg.1.leans ontripod;irinner 1.field,AtoverN

Newell,WSM,No.1416).

ms(3overAt.

ll,WSM,No.1417).

tionsdoesthe upturnofadiademribbonshow.

erofdots.

field2.andin outerr.,Y.

well,WSM,No.1021).

Part ofedgebrokenaway).Fromsamepairofdies.

fieldrXandto r.,IoverO.

ell,WSM,No.1153|3).

field,* andtor.,...

ell,WSM,No.814).

ofbeardedSeleucusr.

$;nomonogramatr.

blished.

beardedheadsofSeleucusatthe Nisibismint.Cf.PI.VIII

ebeingtheclosest paralleI.

na(246-226B.C.)

ofSeleucusr.

dotsand inouter1.fieldA andinr.field,E .

blished.Obversediesameas Newell,ESM,No.744,PI.LIV,

dots.

nner 1.fieldA5 aboveA.

ell,WSM,No.1639).


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DMuseumMonographs

rvisible.

A;monogramtor.,illegible.

blished.Acoinof thisreignfromthe Ephesusmint(Newell,

memonogramin 1.field,butthereseemsno othersimilarity

228/7B.C.

28/7B.C.

Hieraxr.,wearingwingeddiadem.

Apolloseated1.onomphalos;in outer1.field,Mover

ewell,WSM,No.1580).

PI.LXXIV,7,butthereverseis new,theformoftheupper

head.

+over3; inex.,horse1.

ell,WSM,No.1588)Samedies.

fieldabover.armofApollo,M; in1.outerfield,N; inex.,

blished.Theobverseis verysimilartoNewell'sNo.1591,

thelastinhis series.Thiscoinmustbefromalmostthe

lexandriaTroasmint.Here themonogramsareplacedinthe

ubsequentissuewiththenameof Alexander(Ibid.,PI.LXXV,

-228B.C.)

ofAntiochusHierax,r.

TApolloseated1.onomphalos;inex.,twouncertainsym-

ewell,WSM,No.1462).The obverseisfromthesamedie

0);thereversei snew.Thesymbolto1. intheexergueon

tsimilarto thesymbolat1.on theGordioncoin.Thesymbols

stretchoftheimaginationtheymaybeinterpretedas Zeus

es,both typesfoundonearlybronzesofMagnesia.

d H;inr.field, 3.

ell,WSM,No.1430).

B.C.)

usIIIr., diademed;borderofdots.

0T,Apolloseated1.onomphalos;in1.field$;in r.,>

ell,WSM,No.1029).


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tionofrose belowmonogramin1.field.

ell,WSM,No.1030).

6/5-223/2B.C.)

usIIr., diademed;borderofdots.

Apolloseated1.onomphalos;in 1.field,M;tor., * .

ell,ESM,No.216).Samedies asPI.XVII,15,wheredie-

ndofApollo.

223B.C.

tor.in lion'sskin;borderofdots.

YZeusAetophorosseated1.onhigh-backedthrone,r.leg

hinover W;underthrone,At.

ell,WSM,No.1225and p.187).ThesurfaceofNo.103 has

ystallization,butNo.104isvery freshandmustbedatedclose

I.

esr.in lion'sskin;borderofdots.

ZeusAetophorosseated1.onhigh-backedthrone,r.leg

;underthrone,At.

ewell,ESM,No.377).The wornstateofthiscoindoes

signed it,butcarelessstrikingandtest gashescontributeto

.C.)

dofAntiochusIIIr.;fillet border.

YApolloseated1.onomphalos;monogramsin1.fieldil leg-

ewell,WSM,No.1045).

e.

,overTf.

ell,WSM,No.1046).Twogasheson obverse;threepunches

gnsofwear.

ervisible.

.

ell,WSM,No.1051).This comesattheendofNewell's

.Marredonlybysomecrystallizationonthe obverse,the

ant. Itcanhaveseenlittle circulationbeforetheburialof

215B.C.

usIIIr.,diademed;borderof dots.

YApolloseated1.onomphalos;in1. field,A;tor.W (the


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215B.C.(Cont'd.)

ell,WSM,No.1230).

205B.C.

A;monogramtor.erodedexceptforinitialdownstroke.

ewell,WSM,No.1236).As secondinNewell'sseriesfor

ouldfallbetween215 and210B.C.

23-221B.C.

kmanship;monogramscrudelywritten;in1.field,f;tor.,X.

ewell,ESM,No.220, 221).Asomewhatbarbarousissue,dur-

.The reversediewascutbya localartistwhosubstitutedthe

thefamiliararc.

fdots;in I.field4>;to r.,w;in ex.,ift.

ewell,ESM,No.240).

sr.,quiverat hershoulder;borderofdots.

Stor.and1.ofArtemisstg.1. holdingwreathandscepter,stag

.Nodistinguishingmarks.

MC,Lycia,etc.,p.119,No.1).

erfield,herm.

berCollectionNo.7335).Differentdies.

ard,whichwehavecalled"third century,"thesetwocoins

urprise.Perga,unlikethe neighboringcitiesofAspendusandSide,

heexacttime andoccasionwhichledtotheopeningofthe mintcan-

heyear218B.C.seemsa suitabletime.Inthatyear Perga,situated

dsleadingtootherPamphiliantowns,openeditsgates toAchaeusand

quarterswhilehesent outenvoystoothercities;it alsosupported

nreturn,heno doubtconferredsomelastingbenefitonthecity(sub-

?),forPergabecameafaithfulSeleucidally.Someyearslateritscom-

heRomansuntilauthorizedby Antiochustosurrender.

shoardit willbenotedthatthere arebuttwotetradrachmsdatedc.

ven coinsforAntiochusHI,fivearefromthe years223-213B.C.andtwo,

oNewell'sdating).Theonlycoinwithalegibly inscribeddateisNo.30from

/7B.C.Thesplendidconditionofthis piece,withalmostnosignofwear,

n incirculationonlyafewyears.Onthe evidenceofthecoinsofAntiochus

achm,theburialdateofthehoardmustbe closeto210B.C.Littleis known


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ofGordion.Therewas perhapsatthistimea minorraidontheplace ofwhich

eof thisunclaimeddepositsuggeststhattheownerwasa merchant.Pos-

edawaywhilehewentoff onotherbusiness,perhapstojoin orsupplythemer-

viedtoaidPhilipin hiswaragainstAttalusat aboutthistime.10Evenifthe

eddownto189B.C.,whenweknowGordionwasabandonedandthe Romans

withtreasure,allthemajorproblemsin datingremain.

uryasa burialdateforthehoard,the spread-flanposthumousAlex-

befromthethirdcenturyand not,assolongassumed,secondcenturycoins

agnesia.Theyear229/8 B.C.seemsthemostprobabledatefora largescale

andertypetoAsiaMinor.In thatyearAttalusIgaineda decisivevictory

withitcontrolovernorthwestAsiaMinor. "Emboldenedbyhissuccesses,

equal ofhisformersuzerains,theSeleucids,assumedthetitle ofkingand

rmerMysiandynasteiaintoa Pan-Anatolianbasileia(228)."nThiskingdom

anyrealexpansionofterritoryasby contractingalliances.Manycitiesfor-

omainwerenowrecognizedby Pergamonasfreeandalliedtoher, though,as

o reasontobelievetheypaidtributeto her.Attaluswaseagertostimulate

gthesecities,andforwesternAsiaMinor withSyriaandMesopotamiaonthe

andMacedononthe other.Forthispurposeauniformand widelyaccepted

Hefosteredtheideaofthecities'adoptinga singlerecognizedtypestruckon

e Attictetradrachm,acoinacceptabletoallthediverspeopleswithwhom

yalsohavebeeninterestedinfindingnearbymarketsfor hissilver.13

iaMinortoAchaeusin 220B.C.,thecitiesformerlyalliedtoPergamon

kecoins.AlexandertetradrachmsofAlexandriaTroas,SigeiumandPhoceaare

neyearsaremorethanampleto accountforthefewknownspecimens;infact,

ggestsan evenshorterperiodfortheiroutput.But ifthelifeon theAlexan-

Troas andMysia,theideaofproducinga pan-Anatoliancurrencywasnota

akingpart intheoriginalexperimentunderAttalusI continuedmintingthe

e,probablyafter 200B.C.(after189B.C.?)similarAlexanderswerestruckin

yseparatedandoutsidethesphereofinfluenceof Pergamon,e.g.Rhodesand

ndwereused intradewiththe East.Certainlythecompositionofhoards

periodprovesthat "Alexanders"ofAsiaMinorwerethestandardcommercial

inMesopotamiaandSyria.

ertypeswasno innovation.InsomeAsiaMinorcitiesthetype had

ttently,sincethetimeofAlexander.ThemintofMiletushad beenproducing

mssincethetimeofDemetriusI15 orbefore.Magnesia-on-the-Maeanderalso

fore228B.C.and,likeMiletus,itscoinsmayhavebeenone ofthereasons

nofthetype,not theresultofa newpolicy.TheposthumousAlexandertetra-

hishoard,No.18,16judgingby itsstyle,certainlyantedatesthelastquarter

insfrom thesecitiescannotbecalled"lateAlexanders";asthewordsare

icallytothetetradrachmsofwhichthe thin,spreadflanischaracteristic.

er,laytothesouthwestawayfromtheline oftradeforwhichthelate great

seemsto havebeenintended.

wereintroducedatsometimesubsequentto thestrikingoftheMag-

he hoardandapparentlyontwooccasions.Withthelaborgroup (Muller's

rereferredtointhis ten.Thispapermakesnopretenseofbeing historically

to interprettheevidenceofthecoinsthemselves.Astudyofprimarysources,evena

hesecondarymaterial,mightwellrevealsomeincidentin thehistoryofGordionwhich

alofthis hoardandfixits date.Suchastudywillalso nodoubtproduceotherevidence

n.

onomicHistoryoftheHellenisticWorld,Oxford,p.555.

nAsiaMinor,p.101.

7,whosensedsomeconnectionbetweentheseAlexandersandPergamon,imputes

whendiscussingtheseposthumousissues,whichhedatedinthesecondcentury.He

dsearlylost theircontroloftheminesaroundMountI da,whichbecamethepropertyof

amon,PontusandCappadocia("RemarksonSeleucidsandAttalids,"inAnatolian

mHepburnBuckler,Manchester,1939,p.289).

nsdesSeleucids,Paris,1928,p.212.


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concerned.Totheearliergroup(Miiller'sClassVI)17 theyear228B.C.

y,beassignedasthedate whenthesecoinsfirstappearedinterritoryunder

andlargelytothe northwest,whilethecoastofCariawasstill inEgyptian

artonhistoricalgrounds,butthe coinsthemselvesarebetterevidencethat

edbetweenthelast issuesofHieraxandthe firstofthenewAlexanders.

14and15, thoughnotfollowinganySeleucidissueandwithrather

orityofl ateAlexanders,belongtothisgroupasthe almostuncirculatedstate

eburialdateof thehoard.No.23,theChiostetradrachm,fromanothermint

eucids,ismoretypicalofl atethirdcenturyAlexanders.

aracteroftheflan,thesymbol,the owl,andtheabsenceofmonograms,

eraxatSigeium.TheworkmanshipontheAlexanderissuperior,but the

llycharacteristicoftheSeleucidcoins.

tiveunderHieraxand again,beforetheburialofthis hoard,thereis

thesamesymbolanda markedsimilarityofstyletothe lastofthecoinsof

fromthehoard,however,arethetetradrachmsofHieraxfrom Alexan-

I.LXXV,A)reproducesanAlexanderfromthatmint.18Therethemonograms

r leftfield,theotherabovethe rightarmoftheseated deity.OnNo.97from

placed.Ofthetwomonogramsonthe Alexander,theonetotheleftappears

erax(inslightlyalteredformon Nos.95and96above);andthe secondmono-

rhapsan elaborationofAtonNo.97.A comparisonofthesecoinsshowsthat

neverreallydisrupted,butcontinuedfunctioningwiththesamepersonnel,

edie-cutterfortheobversesofNo. 97andtheAlexander,PI.VII,A.

he productionofcitytetradrachmsofpurelylocaltypesfollowed

Alexanders.AnoutstandingillustrationofthisistheHerakles'head onan

s(E.H.Bunbury,"AdditionalTetradrachmsofAlexandertheGreat,"NC,1883,

radrachm(Imhoof-Blumer,Monnaiesgrecques,PI.G,No.23). Thesimilarity

o appreciablelapseoftimebetweentheexecutionofthetwo.Suchcity

nlydatedafter189B.C.andthoughcitiesnodoubtstruckAlexandersforvarious

blethatthisyearmarkedthechangefromthe pan-AnatolianAlexanderstothe

minmanycities.Taking229/8B.C.as thebeginningand189B.C.asthe endof

ebroad-flannedAlexanders,itfollowsthatinmuchof AsiaMinorthesewere

ut fortyyears.

sentsaspecialproblem.Thisprovincehadgreatcommercialimportance,

Attalids,norPtolemieseverexercisedrealsovereigntyoverit. Itsportsof

dehadlongbeenfree citieswithindependentmints.Whilethecoastof

hands,thoseportsbecameavitalcommerciallink,connectingtheseatrade

yarelativelyshort landroutetoLydia,Pergamon,andtheAegeanportsin

oroadslednorthwardfromPamphyliapassingthroughPergaandalong theval-

retheyseparated.ThemorewesterlyledtoLaodiceawhereit joinedthe

enorthtoLydia,Pergamon,andtheAegeanports.Theeasternbranchleading

apassed throughSagalassosandApamea.Asanoutletfortradeto the

roubled timesintheAegean,thePamphylianportswerealmostindispensable

.Althoughthesecitieshad long-establishedautonomousmints,itisprobable

rtainPamphyliancitiestojoinhis loosemonetaryfederationandtostrike

tleastthreecitiesin thatdistrictdidproducesuchcoins.Thoseof Aspendus

196-1217)andPhaselis(Ibid.,Nos.1178-1195)arewellknown,andtothem

n unidentifiedtown(Ibid.,1697-1700).Theircommoncharacteristicisthatall

gfrom1 to33.Thebeginningofthe seriesmustbeverycloseto theinaugu-

nTroasand Mysia.ThePamphylianAlexandersinthishoard,Nos.24,25and

arsago,producedhiscomprehensiveworkontheAlexandercoinages,hedividedthe

gicalclassesandattributeddifferentvariationstovariousmints.ClassesVIand VII

oupedtogetheranddatedafter200B.C.ClassVII isdistinguishedfromClassVIby its

ship.ThishoardincludesnoexampleofClassVII;onlyNo.10 mightconceivablybeso

ondvariety,ispublishedbySydneyP.Noe intheAmericanNumismaticSociety

p.21ff,wherehesuggestsc.230B.C.asthedatewhen"theyseemto havebeenminted."

sincludedamongtheportsbecauseitlay notfarfromthesea onthenavigable


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7,and14,allin finecondition.ThenewAlexandersprobablyenjoyeda

dcirculationthantheautonomouscoins,butonewonderswhatinducements,

eheldouttothese citiestomaketheoccasionsonoteworthythattheera

s.If,as seemsprobable,thelateAlexanderswereintroducedatthesame

fAsiaMinor,in229/8B.C.,thenwhateventin 197/6broughttheseriesto

BythenCariawasnolonger inthehandsof Egypt;thetwoMace-

alongtheAegeancoastof AsiaMinorwerepast.Friendlyrelationswith

ed;seatradewassafeand,in consequence,theoverlandroutefromPergamon

Pamphyliahadlost itsimportance.Thispaperhastriedto showthatthe

exandertypefromthePropontisto thePamphyliangulfwasinstigatedby

ofhisfiscalpolicyforPergamonandher alliesandthepromotionoftrade

cessionofEuroenesIIandchangedpoliticalconditionsthecooperationof

PergamonwasnolongeressentiaI.Thesefactsall contributedtotheease

sableto conquerthecoastaltownsofPamphyliain197/6.Thiseventwas

ncetothatprovince.WiththesuccessfuldominationofPamphyliabythe

onweredisrupted.Inthewakeofthe newconquestandchangeofallegiance,

dalmostsurelyfollow,certainlyinonebased onPergamenepolicy.

oard ofthelateAlexanders,thecoinofEumenesII, andthetwocity

e'simmediatereactionisthatthegroupwasburied inthesecondcenturyB.C.

ncefromthesiteitselfprecludesourdatingthehoard laterthan189B.C.,at

ondonedfora longtime,andsupportstheearlierdate ofc.210,arrivedat

ucidcoins.

wasmade,FloorIIwas abandonedin189B.C.andwasinuse foran

yearspriortothat;on itlaythedestructioncausedbyVulso's sackofthe

kenupto thefoundationwallinwhichthecoinswere hidden.Thecoins

ofthat floor.Thefoundation,however,hadbeeninuseovera longperiod

cm.below,anddatedc.250B.C.,madeuse ofthissamewell.Therefore,

ometimebetweenthesedates,250and189B.C.,andseemedmorecloselyre-

ndthelaterdate.The lateyearsofthethird centuryB.C.filltheseconditions.


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a third century hoard of tetradrachms from gordion / dorothy hannah cox

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