a training manual for women in political leadership

A Training Manual for Women inPolitical Leadership

@2021Edited by George Collins Owuor

ii A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership

AA AffirmativeActionCCGD CollaborativeCentreforGenderandDevelopmentCDFs ConstituencyDevelopmentFundsCRAWN CommunityAdvocacyandAwarenessTrustCREAW CenterforRightsEducationandAwarenessEACC EthicsandAnti-CorruptionCommissionELOG ElectionsObservationGroupFIDA FederationofWomenLawyersinKenyaIEBC IndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommissionKANU KenyaAfricanNationalUnionKAS KonradAdenauerStiftungKEWOPA KenyaWomenParliamentaryAssociationKWPC KenyaWomen’sPoliticalCaucusLWVK LeagueofKenyaWomenVotersMCAs MembersofCountyAssembliesMNA MemberofNationalAssemblyMP MemberofParliamentMYWO MaendeleoyaWanawakeNASA NationalSuperAllianceNCSW NationalCommissionontheStatusofWomenNCWK NationalCouncilofWomenofKenyaNDI NationalDemocraticInstituteNGEC NationalGenderandEqualityCommissionNGO Non-GovernmentalOrganizationORPP OfficeofRegistrarofPoliticalPartiesPCA PowerandChangeAnalysisPEA PoliticalEconomyAnalysisPPLC PoliticalPartiesLiaisonCommitteeSWOT StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesandThreatsWMNA WomenMemberoftheNationalAssemblyWPAK Women’sPoliticalAllianceofKenya

Acronyms

iiiA Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership

Acronyms............................................................................................................................................TableofContents..................................................................................................................................ListofTables........................................................................................................................................ListofFigures......................................................................................................................................Foreword...............................................................................................................................................Acknowledgement...............................................................................................................................1.0 Facilitator’s Information...............................................................................................................1.1SuccessfulUseOfTheManual.....................................................................................................1.1.1Planningandpreparingforthetraining....................................................................................1.1.2Compositionofthetraininggroup/participants.........................................................................1.1.3Climatesettingforeffectivelearning........................................................................................1.1.4ParticipantsIntroductions.........................................................................................................1.1.5SharingExpectationsandObjectives.....................................................................................1.1.6ParticipatoryTrainingTechniques............................................................................................1.1.7Qualitiesofagoodfacilitator....................................................................................................

Module 1: Contextual Overview Women and Politics in Kenya.....................................................ActivityOne:WomenParticipationinElections...................................................................................Handout1.1HistoricalBackground......................................................................................................Handout1.2ImpactonWomen’sAccesstoElectedandAppointedPositionsinKenya......................Handout1.3PatternsofPowerandDecisionMaking..........................................................................Module 2: Politics And Gender..........................................................................................................ActivityOne:DefiningGenderConcept................................................................................................Handout2.1GenderConcept...............................................................................................................ActivityTwo:GenderManifestationsinElectionandPolitics..............................................................Handout2.2CulturesandTraditionalGenderRoles............................................................................Handout2.3GenderAnalysisof2017Elections..................................................................................Handout2.4ViolenceagainstWomeninElections..............................................................................Module 3: Campaign Strategies........................................................................................................ActivityOne:WhyCampaign................................................................................................................ActivityTwo:HowtoCampaign..........................................................................................................ActivityThree:Lobbying......................................................................................................................ActivityFour:CampaignTips................................................................................................................Handout3.1IntroductiontoCampaignStrategies...............................................................................Module 4: Communication and Presentation Skills......................................................................ActivityOne:PresentationSkills..................................................................................................ActivityTwo:HandlingNegativeSituations..................................................................................

Table of Contents

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111415161719192022252627283034373840

iv A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership

Module 5: Engaging Media................................................................................................................ActivityOne:WhatisthemeaningofMedia?....................................................................................ActivityTwo:HowtousetheMedia....................................................................................................ActivityThree:WritingEffectivePressRelease.................................................................................Handout5.1HowtoWriteanEffectivePressRelease.........................................................................Module 6: Election Rules and Regulations........................................................................................Handout6.1ElectoralLawsofKenya..................................................................................................Handout6.2QualificationsandRequirementsforElectivePositions.................................................Module 7: Political Economy Analysis (PEA)..................................................................................ActivityOne:HowtoconductPEA....................................................................................................ActivityTwo:ActorsandAgents.........................................................................................................REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................APPENDICES......................................................................................................................................AppendixOne:TrainingCourseContent..............................................................................................AppendixTwo:TrainingTimeTable......................................................................................................AppendixThree:TrainingEvaluationChecklist....................................................................................

Table of Contents

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vA Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership

List of Tables

Table1:TestYourPotentialasaCampaigner.........................................................................Table2:PersonalPresentationandImage..............................................................................Table3:YouandyourAudience.Tickthestatementsthatyouagreewith.............................Table4:CandidateforPresidentialElection...........................................................................Table5:CandidateforGovernorElection..............................................................................Table6:CandidateforSenateElection..................................................................................Table7:CandidateforNationalAssemblyElection................................................................Table8:CandidateforWardCountyAssemblyElection........................................................Table9:GeneralRequirementsforIndependentCandidates................................................Table10:AppendixOneTrainingCourseContent..................................................................Table11:AppendixTwoTrainingTimeTable..........................................................................Table12:AppendixThreeTrainingEvaluationChecklist........................................................

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vi A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership

List of Figures

Figure1TypesofMedia..........................................................................................................Figure2Threedimensionsofthepowerandchangeanalysis...............................................Figure3Power/Influencematrix.............................................................................................

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viii A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership

Foreword

KonradAdenauerStiftung(KAS)isaGermanPoliticalFoundationworkinginKenyasince1974topromoteandconsolidatethetenetsofdemocracy.TheprocessdemandsthatthecitizensofKenya,thecivilsociety,politicalpartiesandotherstakeholdersareallinvolvedintheprocessofbuildingdemocracy.Thefoundationhaspreviouslybeenengagedwithpartnerstopushforparticipationofwomeninleadershipanddecisionmakingprocesses.TheunderrepresentationofKenyanwomenonmattersofpoliticsandgovernancenecessitatedtheformulationofthetwothirdsgenderprincipletoensurethatwomenhaveasay.TheKenyanConstitutiondemandsthatwomenoccupyatleastonethirdofallseats inparliamentandonethirdofallappointedpositions.Currently,outof the349seatsinparliament,only86arefemalemakingup21%thatisbothelectedandnominated.Despitetheintroduction of the two thirds gender rule, women parliamentarians continue to be subjected tostereotypes,sexism,accusationsofincompetence,dominantvisionsbasedonpatriarchy/inequality.Womenparliamentarians–whetherelected,nominatedorselectedunderaffirmativeactionprovidejustasmuchvalueasthemaleparliamentarians.However,theircontributionsaregreatlyinfluencedbytheirlevelofeducation,professionalbackground,workandlifeexperience.

Forbetterperformanceinfutureelectionswiththelatestbeing2022,womenaspirantsneedtobeequippedwiththerightskillsettoeffectivelycampaign.Othercapacityneedssuchashowtorunasuccessfulelectioncampaign,strategic thinking,advocacyand lobbying,how topracticedatadrivenpoliticswhilebringingforthissuesthataffecttheconstituentsandprovethatwomenarenotthatincompetentafterall,effectivecommunicationandpublicspeakingskills,amongmanyothertopicsareessential forwomenaspirants.Women legislatorsneedtogobeyond justpushingforgender sensitive issues that affect children, youth andwomenbut also delve into other equallyimportanttopicssuchashealth,agriculture,energy,land,wateretc.

Thegoalthereforeofthistrainingmanualistoprovideaframeworkthatcanbeusedtoenhancetheknowledgeandskillsofwomenaspirantstobecomemorestrategicintheircampaignsandincreasetheirchancestowinelectionsin2022/future.

Dr.AnnetteSchwandnerCountryDirectorKenyaKonrad-Adenauer-Stiftunge.V.

ixA Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership

Acknowledgements

TheconsultantMr.GeorgeCollinsOwuorwish toappreciate theguidanceandsupport receivedfromKonradAdenauerStiftungthatmadethepublicationofthistrainingmanualpossible.SpecificmentionsgotoCountryDirector;Dr.AnnetteSchwandnerandMs.SheilaNgatia-KASProgramCoordinatorfortheirtechnicalguidancethroughouttheprocess.Thankyou!

George Collins Owuor Consultant

1Facilitator’s Information

2A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership

1.0 Facilitator’s Information

ThemanualhasbeendesignedforuseforthetrainingofaspiringwomencandidatesforelectivepoliticalpositionsinKenyanelections.ItisintendedtoassistthewomencandidatestoovercomethenumerouschallengesandimpedimentsthattheyfaceintheirquestforelectiveseatsinKenyanelections.Themanualprovidesguidelinesandresourcematerialsfordesigningeffectivecampaignstrategiesthroughtraining,knowledgeandexperiencesharing.Itwillbeusedtostrengthenselectedwomenpoliticians’capacitiestocompetitivelyvieforvariouspoliticalseatsduringKenya’selectionsandstandhigherchancesofclinchingtheelectiveseats.

1.1 Successful use of the Manual

The successful use of themanual depends on the extent towhich the facilitator/trainer is abletoactively involve theparticipants toengage in the trainingdiscourse.The trainingcontentanddeliveryapproachhasbeendesignedtoencourageparticipationbyeachindividualthroughtheuseofrole-play,casestudiesandextensivediscussionanddebate.

Thismanualisspecificallydesignedforwomentoincreasetheirparticipationinpoliticalleadershipthroughdemocraticelections.TheTrainingManualcomprisesoftrainingmodulesthatentailtopic-basedtoolsincludingtrainer’sguides,presentationsandhandouts;andadditionalresources.Whileeveryattempthasbeenmadetoadaptthesematerialstoauniversalaudience,thosewhousethemshouldcarefully reviewallcontentandmodify it,asappropriate, to theircontextandexperiencelevelsofparticipants.Theexercises,conceptsandstrategiesinthismanualandtheaccompanyingmodulesseektoempowerwomentobecomeactiveincivilsociety,politicalparties,electionsandgovernment.

Eachtrainingmoduleincludesatrainer’sguidetonavigatepotentialtrainersthrougheachsession,participantexercises,presentationsandhandouts.Theguidelinesbelowexplainhowthefacilitator/trainercanhelpparticipantstoparticipatefully.Thefacilitator/trainerisfree,however,touseotherparticipatory training methods when using this manual. It is therefore, critical that appropriatetechniques for their trainingareused.The followingassumptionsweremade indetermining thetrainingcontentanddeliverytechnique;

• MajorityofthecandidateswillhaveachievedsomelevelofeducationuptosecondaryschoollevelandabletocomprehendandengageinEnglishastheinstructionallanguage.

• Thecandidatesareadultsabove18yearsofagehencethejustificationofusingadultlearningtechniquestoensurethattheyfullyunderstandtheissues,adopttheskillsandcanreplicatethesameintheirownenvironment.

Themanualispurposelydesignedtouserole-plays,casestudies,smallgroupdiscussionsandplenarydiscussionsasthemainmethodsandtoolsfordeliveringthelearningoutcomesandskills.Additionalinformationfromliteraturereviewisprovidedineachmodule.Thefollowingprincipleswillguidethedeliveryofthetrainingcontentusingthismanual;

3 A Training Manual for Women in Political Leadership

1.1.1 Planning and preparing for the training

The following factorsshouldbe taken intoconsiderationwhenplanning thesessions inorder toinfluencetheamountandqualityofthecandidates’participation:

• Adequatepreparationonthepartofthefacilitator(contentwise,materials,preparationofadditionalmaterialsthatdelivercontent);

• Thesizeofthetraininggroup/numberofparticipants;• Age,educationlevel,language,politicalaffiliationofthecandidates• Effectiveuseoffacilitationskillstoencourageparticipation;• Timeavailableandhowefficientlyitisused;• Trainingaidandequipmentavailable;and,• Appropriatenessofthevenue.

1.1.2 Composition of the training group/participants

Theparticipants/candidateswill be drawn fromvarious educational, political and socioeconomicbackgrounds.Itisimportantthatthefacilitator/trainerisinclusiveinhis/herapproach.Aninclusiveapproachwilltakecareofvariouspeculiarcharacteristicsoftheparticipants/candidatesandthusensuring that effective learning takes place in a large and diverse group, the facilitatorwill usetechniquesthatarerelevantandsensitivetothedifferentviewsandexperiencesoftheparticipants/candidates.

1.1.3 ClimateSettingforEffectiveLearning

In order to enable participants/candidates to express their views freely, it is important that theFacilitator/trainercreatesaclimateconduciveforadultlearningandparticipation.Thefollowingaresomeoftheprinciplesthatwillbeusedtoenhanceparticipation;

• Provideanopportunityforparticipantstogettoknoweachotherinaparticipatorymanner.Suggestionsforachievingthisaredescribedbelow:heartheirexpectationsandconcerns;

• Checktheirexpectationsagainsttheobjectivesoftheprogramand,• Facilitate thegenerationof rulesornormsfor thegroup to followthroughout the training

session.• Help the group to create a climate of trust and respect for all participants through a

participatoryprocess.

1.1.4 Participants Introductions

Theintroductionsessionswillhelpmembersofthegrouptoknoweachotherbydoingthefollowingactivitiesoranyotherrelevantexercise:

1. Namecards-Giveeachparticipantapieceofpaper.Asktheparticipantstowritetheirnameclearlyonthepaper.Letthemfoldthepaperintwoandletitstandinfrontofthemsothateveryoneisabletoseeit.


2. WhatIwanttoknowaboutyou-Asktheparticipantswhattheywouldliketoknowabouttheotherpeopleinthegroup.Asktheparticipantstogivetheirideasaboutwhattheywouldliketoknow.Listtheseonaflipchart.Choosefiveorsixitemsfromthelist.Asktheparticipantstointerviewthepersonsittingnexttothemtoobtaintheinformation.

1.1.5 SharingExpectationsandObjectives

Asktheparticipantstowritedownwhattheywouldliketolearnduringtheworkshop.Askthemtopresenttheirexpectationsinplenary.Astheparticipantsspeak,listtheirpointsonaflipchart.Tellthegrouptolistentothesewithoutcommentingonthem(allowquestionsforclarificationonly).Oncealltheparticipantshavespoken,lookatthelistofexpectations.Ifaparticipantexpectstodiscusssomethingthatisnotonyouragenda,makeitclearthatthisparticularexpectationisunlikelytobemet.(Ifpossible,suggestanalternative).Keepthelistofexpectationsonaflipchart.Attheendoftheprogram,reviewthelistwiththegrouptoseetheextenttowhichtheexpectationsweremet.

1.1.6 Participatory Training Techniques

Thefollowingtechniquesareusedthroughoutthemanualtoencouragelearners’activeparticipationinthelearningprocess:

1. Individual work (3-5 Minutes);Askparticipantstoworkalone.Letthemmakenotesaboutwhattheythinkandfeel.

2. Group work (10 Minutes);Askparticipantstogetintosmallgroups(5-6people).Askthemtofocusonaparticulartopicorconcept.Letthemsharetheirthoughtsandfeelingswithothersinthegroup.

3. Plenary; aftersmallgroupdiscussions,gettheparticipantsbackintothelargergroup.Askeachgrouptoreporttothemaingroupaboutwhattheydiscussedandagreed.Tosavetime,askthepersonreportingnottorepeatthepointsthathavealreadybeenmadebyanothergroup.

4. Role-play;Ask volunteers to read “parts” of a topic from the Training Manual (Do notpressurizeanyonetoparticipateinthisprocess).Letthemplaytheroletheyhavechosen.Asktheparticipantstodiscusstheissuesunderlyingtheroleplay.Asktheroleplayerstocommentontheroletheywereplaying.

5. Case Studies;Theuseofcasestudieshelpsparticipantstoconsiderhypotheticalsituationsandhowtheywouldreactorrespondtothem.Offerthemanopportunitytoshareproblem-solvingtechniques.

6. Summaries and evaluations;attheendofeachmodulesummarizeissuesthathavebeendealtwith.Linkthemtotheoverallobjectivesofthesession.Checkwithparticipantsifthesehavebeenmet.


1.1.7 Qualities of a good facilitator

Toensuremaximumparticipationofallinthetrainingsession,thefacilitatormust:

• begendersensitive;• benonpartisanpolitically;and,• Refrainfromactsorstatementsthatportraynegativelytheleadershiporanyaspectparticular

ofanyparticularparty.• beinnovativeinthefacilitation(methodology,instrumentsandmaterials)• Alwaysknowaboutthelearningprogressoftheparticipants.

Note:Mostoftheparticipantsforthetrainingwillbewomenasthisisatrainingmanualfor female candidateswhoareaspirants for leadership in politics.Nevertheless,thefacilitatorshouldstressthroughoutthetraining,thatitwillbeimportantforthewomentodealwiththeresistancetheymightfaceifrunningascandidateespeciallybymen,tryingtoexplainandbuildconsensusbasedonthecontenttheywilllearn.Eventhe integrationofmaleparticipants inthetrainingmightbehelpfulatsomepointsinordertoestablisharealdialogueondifferentrolesandviewsonthetopic.Preparethefemaleparticipantsforaprocessthatmightnotbeeasybutencouragethem not to give up just because of outside pressure. If possible, refer to (e.g.regional) female rolemodels in the fight for leadership for their encouragementthroughout.

MODULE 1Contextual Overview Women and Politics in Kenya


ModuleObjectives By the end of the module, participants/candidates should be able to:• Describe the role of women in politics in Kenya• State what women need in order to participate in political

leadershipTrainingAid&Resources PowerPoint presentation slides, Flip chart stand, Flip charts, Flip

chartmarkers,Maskingtapeandparticipants’previousknowledgeand experiences

MethodofDelivery PowerPoint presentation, facilitator led discussion, experience sharing and group work

Duration 120 Minutes (2 hours)

Activity One; Women Participation in Elections

Dividetheparticipantsintosmalldiscussiongroups.Askthemtodiscusstheextenttowhichwomenparticipatedinthepreviouspresidential,gubernatorial,parliamentaryandcountywardlevelelections.Youmayaskthemthefollowingquestionstoguidethem:

1. How many women (that you knew) participated in the last presidential, gubernatorial,parliamentaryandcountywardlevelelections?

2. HowmanyofthesemadeitintotheMemberofCountyAssemblypositions?3. Howmanyofthesemadeitintothegubernatorialpositions?4. Howmanyofthesemadeitintothepresidentialposition?5. Letthempresenttheirfindingsinplenary.

Conduct a facilitator led presentation and discussion to consolidate the activity’s outcomes using the information shown below;

Handout 1.1 Historical Background

Kenyawomen’spresenceandpoliticalparticipationinleadershipandgovernancehasalonghistorydating from pre-colonial through colonial to post-colonial period. For example, the first womanChief-WanguwaMakeri-(1901-1909),whodefiedpatriarchalstructuresofcultureandtradition,androsetobecomeaformidableleaderwhoissaidtohavebroughtdevelopmentandpeacetohercommunity.Many“unsungheroines”accomplishedsimilarfeats;includingthosewhoactivelyparticipated in thecountry’s liberationstruggleof the1940sand1950s, thusdemonstrating thatwomencananddomakeasignificantdifferenceeveninhostileenvironments.SinceKenyaattainedformalindependencein1963,womenhavebeenseekingtoeffectivelyparticipatealongsidemen,ingovernanceanddecision-makinginallaspectsofpubliclife1.

1 Women in Political Leadership in Kenya: Access, Agenda Setting & Accountability. By: Amb. Prof. Maria Nzomo. Institute of Diplomacy & International Studies, University of Nairobi 2013


Butinthefirstfourdecadesofpostcolonialrule,progresstowardswomen’saccesstoformalpoliticalleadership positions, has been slow due to a combination of structural obstacleswhich includedeeplyembeddedpatriarchalsocio-culturalvalues,undemocraticinstitutionsandpolicyframeworksandlowlevelsofcivicandgenderawareness.Duetotheconstrictedformalpoliticalspace,mostwomen’spoliticalengagementoperatedoutsidethestate,withminimalconnectionorsupportfromthelargelypatriarchalstate.

Globally, strong women’s movements play a critical role in creating political space for femaleparticipationinpoliticsandinsupportingengenderedsocialchange.TheKenyawomen’smovementhasplayedakey roleasachangeagent in respect toadvancementofwomen’s rights,genderequality,socialjusticeandengenderinggovernanceingeneral.

Theperiodpriorto1992,ledtosilencingofwomen’spoliticalvoicesbytheKenyanstatethatwasintoleranttocivilsocietyorganizing,unlesssuchagroupcondonedandpromotedtheoppressivepoliticalstatusquo.Capacitytoorganizeandengagepoliticallywasthuslacking.Theonlythreenationalwomen’sorganizationsallowedtofunctionatthetimewerenamely;MaendeleoyaWanawake(MYWO),NationalCouncilofWomenofKenya(NCWK)andtheNairobiBusinessandProfessionalWomen’sorganization-operatedstrictlyongovernment’s terms: theyhadtobenon-politicalandnon-partisaninalltheiractionsanddeedsandhadtolimittheir‘women’sagenda,strictlytosocialwelfareprovisioning,promotingtheroleofwomenashomemakers,mobilizing&organizingwomenatgrassroots’levelintowomen’sgroupstosupportagendasofmalepoliticalelites.Between1963-1992,therewaslittlechangeinwomen’sstatusandtheStatesupportforwomen’sempowermentinitiativeswasminimalatbest.Thegovernmentco-optedorcontrolledwomen’sorganizations,e.g.1987mergerofMYWOwiththerulingandonlypoliticalparty-KANU.Theperiodsince1992hasbeendubbedthe“SecondLiberation”politicalphaseforKenya,asitmarkedthereturntopoliticalpluralism in Kenya and the beginning of opening up of political space for exercising basic anduniversallyaccepteddemocraticfreedoms2.

Theopeningupofpolitical space facilitatedwomen’spoliticalengagement/activismandcreateda pathway for revitalization of the women’s movement, as manifested in the emergence andmushroomingofnewwomen’sNGOs,withradicalfeministagendasfortransformativechangeingenderpowerrelations.Newandoldwomenleadershipsandperspectivesconvergedtostrategicallyutilizethispoliticalmoment&todevelopawomenspecificdemocraticagendawithspecificActionPlansand targets.Thiswasdone in1992ataNationalWomen’sConventionunder the theme:Women’sAgendaforaDemocraticKenya.TheConventionthatbroughtover2,000Kenyanwomenrepresentativesfromacrossthewholecountrydemandedthatthedemocratizationbeengendered;anoverhauloflegalpolicyframework,toremoveallformsofdiscriminationagainstwomeninaccesstodecision-makingpositions;inemployment,etc.Consequently,women’srepresentativesputasidetheirdifferencesandunitedaroundthemotto:“UnityinDiversityforWomen’sEmpowerment”,asastrategyforeffectivecollectiveactiontowardstheStateandtofacilitatetheengenderingprocess3.

Activities undertaken by the Women’s Movement in Setting the Gender Agenda

• Women’saccesstopoliticalpowerthroughvotereducation(e.g.TheLeagueofKenyaWomenVoters(LWVK)formedin1992.Capacity building training of women candidates and Election Monitoring(NationalCommissionontheStatusofWomen(NCSW),formedin1992.

2 Study:“WomeninPoliticsandPublicDecision-making”-Prof.MariaNzomo.19913 Women’sAgendaforaDemocraticKenya:PoliticalParticipation”.PaperpresentedattheNationalWomen’sConvention,KICC,Nairobi22February.;1992


• Civic Education, Lobbying & Advocacy. Legal Rights EducationforwomenandengaginginPublicInterestLitigationtochallengediscriminationandlegalbiasagainstwomen(TheFederationofWomenLawyers,(FIDA-Kenya)establishedin1985,incoalitionwithotherwomenNGOs).Forexample,inJuly2011,FIDA-KenyatogetherwithseveralotherwomenNGOs,wenttocourttochallengeandupholdasunconstitutionaltheappointmentofjudgestotheSupremeCourt,duetothefailurebytheappointingauthoritytocomplywiththe“nomorethantwothirdsofeithergenderprinciple”ofAA,asprovidedintheKenyanConstitution.

• Strengthening Mechanism for Collaboration, mobilization and Collective Action among Women’s Organizations(e.g.TheKenyaWomen’sPoliticalCaucus(KWPC)formedinApril1997;Women’sPoliticalAllianceofKenya(WPAK).AsignificantAgendasettingcontributionbytheCaucuswasthelaunchingoftheWomen’sPoliticalManifestoforthe2002GeneralElections,whichdefinedwomen’sownplatformforpoliticalparticipation,andservedasawomen’sAgendaAccountabilitytoolforpoliticalaspirantsandpoliticalparties;&theG10.

• Engendering the National Budgets and Parliamentary Governance, and Legislative work (KENYAWomenParliamentaryAssociation(KEWOPA)formedin2002;TheWomen’sShadowParliament–Kenya(WSP-K)&TheCollaborativeCentreForGenderAndDevelopment(CCGD)e.g. engendering parliamentary standing orders and other HouseRules; sponsoringwomenfriendly and gender related Bills; establishing a parliamentary gender desk and developinggendermaterialsforengenderingparliamentarydebatesmotionstabledinparliament.

• Affirmative Action (AA) as a Strategy for Access & Representation in Key Decision-making Posts.The issueofaccess topoliticalofficebecamepertinent inKenyaas inotherAfrican countries, due to the deeply entrenched structural societal barriers cited above, thatblockwomen’sentryintopolitical leadershipandseemtoaccompanythem,whenandiftheyaccedetopoliticaloffice.AmongmanywomeninKenya,the implicit assumption behind the many decades of concerted efforts to gain access to political leadership has remained that women can and do make a significant and positive difference when in leadership.Thisviewhasremainedanchoredontheconvictionthatdespitetheirpoliticalmarginality,throughoutKenya’spoliticalhistory,womenhavedemonstratedpositiveperformanceinpublicleadershipandintheirdailylivesandcoulddomoreiftheyattainedacriticalmass.Thefailuretoattaina“criticalmass”ofwomeninformalpoliticalrepresentationstructuresdespiteallefforts,hasledovertheyearstotheconvictionthattheonlysolutiontothisstagnationlayintheprovisionofconstitutionalandnon-constitutionalAffirmativeAction(AA)measures.The(AffirmativeAction)AAmeasuresthencametobeviewedasacoremechanismforunblockingwomen’saccessandattainmentoftheoptimal(“criticalmass”)presenceofwomeninformalgovernancestructures.

The engagement with the State and attempts to hold it accountable for the provision andimplementationofAAmeasureshastakenplacethroughthecollaborationofprimarilyWomenMPs;womeninNGOsandactivistgenderscholars.Individuallyandcollectively,theyhavebeenactiveinseekingtoengageandlobbytheStatetoenactanAAlegislation,withoutsuccess,fornearlytwodecades.Themany failedattemptsatenactinganAA lawwasfinally rewarded inAugust2010,followingthepromulgationofanewConstitution,thatyieldedaveryprogressivelegalandpoliticalinstrument,thatnotonlyprovidesforAAbutguaranteesbothwomenandmen,equalityofrightsanddutiesinequalmeasure;andremovesallformsofdiscriminationinbothlegalandsocialpractice.


AkeyWomen’sgaininThe2010Constitution,istheentrenchmentofAAprovisionsintheBillofRights;thusfirmlysecuringandguaranteeingcompliancebytheStateinrespecttoimplementationofthe“nomorethantwothirdsofeithergender”principle(quotasandreservedseats),inallappointiveandelectoraloffices.AlsoentrenchedintheBillofRightsaretheprovisionsforequalityofrightsbetweenwomenandmenandoutlawingofdiscriminationonanygrounds.TheConstitutionalsoprovides foradevolvedgovernancestructure thatopensnewopportunities forgenderequitableparticipationandgovernance.

The2010Constitutionhasopeneddoorstotheimplementationofalongstalledgenderagenda,andprovidedthenecessaryconstitutionalmechanisms,forwomentoholdthestateaccountableandinparticularattainandsurpassthelongawaited30%criticalmassfemalepresenceinparliamentHowever trends todate indicate thatmale resistance toAAremains;andhencemore thaneverbeforewomencollectivepressureisrequiredtoholdthestateaccountable4.

Handout 1.2 Impact on Women’s Access to Elected and Appointed Positions in Kenya

Inthe2013generalelections,thefirstsincetheconstitutionalreform,morewomengainedseatsintheNationalAssemblythaneverbefore.AsstipulatedintheConstitution,47seatswereallocatedintheNationalAssemblyfor‘Women’sRepresentatives’,whowereelectedatthecountylevelinadditiontoMPselectedfromsingle-memberconstituencies.Theirpresenceinadditionto16femaleMPselectedatconstituencylevel,and5nominatedfemaleMPsincreasedtheoverallproportionofwomen in theNationalAssembly from7.5% in2011 to19.1% in2013.In theSenate,politicalpartieswererequiredtonominate16womeninadditiontothewomensenatorselectedatcountylevelthroughanopencontest:womennowcomprise27%ofsenators.ElectionswerealsoheldforthefirsttimefortheCountyAssemblies.Outof1,450wards,82womenweredirectlyelected(5%).Asthetwo-thirdsgenderrulewasimplementedatthecountylevel,politicalpartylistswereusedtonominateadditionalwomentobringtheproportionofwomenineachassemblyupto33%5.

Forwomentoinfluencethelegislativearmofgovernment,theyneedtobefullyinvolvedandparticipateeffectivelyincommittees,aswellasinotherinfluentialhousepositions,includingasspeaker,leaderof themajority/minorityandchairsofvariousparliamentarycommittees.Thesepositionsarekeytoguiding,swayingandevenmanipulatingtheagendaofthelegislature(FIDA,2013)6.Ofthe10leadershippositionsintheNationalAssembly,womenholdonlytwo.Womenchairsevenoutofthe27NationalAssemblycommitteesandserveasvice-chairsinanothereight.Thisdoesrepresentasignificant increaseonthelastparliament,wherewomenchairedonly5%ofcommittees(Lott,forthcoming)7.Butthispositivesigniseclipsedbythefactthatfemalerepresentationinamajorityofthecommitteesfailstosatisfythetwo-thirdsgenderrepresentationrule.

The proportion of female technocrats increased from 12% to 27%.Although the two-thirds rulehasnotyetbeenlegislatedforappointedpositions,thereisanunderstandingbycitizensthat,ataminimum,one-thirdofallnewappointmentsshouldbewomen(Trippetal.2014)8.

4 WomeninPoliticalLeadershipinKenya:Access,AgendaSetting&Accountability.By:Amb.Prof.MariaNzomo.InstituteofDiplomacy&InternationalStud-ies,UniversityofNairobi20135 Ghai,Y.P.andCottrell,J.(2011)Kenya’sConstitution:AnInstrumentforChange.Nairobi:KatibaInstitute.6 FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2010)‘FIDAAnnualReport’.Nairobi:FIDA.7 Lott,C.(Forthcoming).Partofthe‘Women’sLeadershipasaRoutetoGreaterEmpowerment’researchprogramme,WashingtonDC:20148 Tripp,A.(2014)‘Women’sMovementandConstitutionMakingafterCivilUnrestandConflictinAfrica:TheCasesofKenyaandSomalia.Paper.


Furthermore,womenhavetendedtofinditeasiertoassert theirauthority inappointedpositionswhere their hard technical skills are required.Awareness thatwomenshouldbe represented inappointedpositionshashadaclearimpactinthejudiciary,wherewomenarewellrepresentedatthemiddleandlowerlevels;theproportionofwomenintheAppealsandHighCourtis31%and44%,respectively(Lott,forthcoming)9.Atthehigherlevels,menstilltendtodominate;ofthesevenjudgesintheSupremeCourt,fivearemen.Theoverallscoreforwomen’sleadershipinsecuritysectorhasnotimprovedsignificantly,althoughtherehasbeena6.5%increaseinthenumberofcommandersinthepolice.

Whiletheoverallpictureisencouraging,theintroductionofaquotasystemhascreatedanewsetofchallengesforwomen.Crucially,theintroductionofaquotaof47Women’sRepresentativesintheNationalAssemblyand16seatsforfemalesenatorsdoesnotguaranteeatleast30%representationofwomen inParliament.Moreover, political partiesareusing theallocationof seats forwomentodiscouragewomenfromvyingforsingleconstituencyseatsandCountyAssemblyseatsor todiscouragevotersfromvotingforwomen.Inthe2013elections,politicalpartiesreportedlyaskedfemalecandidatestostepdownfromtheelectionraceattheconstituencylevel,withthepromisethattheywouldbenominatedforaWomen’sRepresentativeposition.Insituationswhereamalecandidate was running against a female candidate, the former used the allocation of seats forwomentoconvincevotersthatthelatterhadalreadygotherplace.

Forexample,inthesingleconstituencycontest,malecandidatesarguedfemalecandidatesalreadyhadseatsallocatedatthecountylevel(i.e.asWomen’sRepresentatives)andthatvotingforthemattheconstituencylevelwasawastedvote(Trippetal.2014).Mirroringthenarrativeatthenationallevel,malecandidatesatthecountylevelarguedfemalecandidateswouldgettheirseatsthroughthetop-upmechanism.10Thereissomeevidencethatthesestrategiesreducedtheoverallnumberofwomenelected throughopen contest in 2013.The number ofwomenelected directly at theconstituency leveldidnot increase in2013comparedwith2007, representingstagnationon theupwardtrendoftheprecedingthreeelections.

Ifthequotasystemcontinuestobeusedeithertoconvincefemalecandidatestostepasidefromtheopencontestortodissuadevotersfromvotingforfemalecandidates,theallocationof47seatsforWomen’sRepresentativesand16seatsfortheSenatecouldpotentiallycapfemalerepresentationat 14% and 24%, respectively. The proportional representation system introduced through theConstitutionworksattheleveloftheallocationofnominatedseats,whichisbasedonthenumberofelectiveseatswonbyapartyandnotthenumberofvotesacandidategains.Thissystemfavorslargerparties;smallerparties,whichtendtobefriendliertowomen,donotgetasmuchopportunitytonominateasmanymembers(FIDA,2013)11.

ManyofthepatriarchalwaysofconductingpoliticsinKenyathatlimitedfemaleinvolvementbeforethereformremaincriticalfactorslimitingtheimpactofthereform.Femalepoliticiansstillciteviolenceandintimidationaskeytodissuadingthemfromenteringthe2013elections.12Muchoftheviolencedirectedtowardswomencontinuestobesexualinnatureandusedtohumiliatefemalecandidatessociallyapprovedfemaleroles–thatis,asmothersandwives.Somefemalepoliticiansproduceaggressiveresponses,whicharethenusedtofurtherunderminetheirpositionas‘decentwomen’13.

9 Lott,C.(Forthcoming).Partofthe‘Women’sLeadershipasaRoutetoGreaterEmpowerment’researchprogramme,WashingtonDC:201410 Tripp,A.,Lott,C.andKhabure,L.(2014)‘Women’sLeadershipasaRoutetoGreaterEmpowerment:KenyaCaseStudy’.Nairobi:USAID.11 FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2013)‘KeyGainsandChallenges:AGenderAuditofKenya’s2013ElectionProcess’Nairobi:FIDA,USAIDandNDI.12 Tripp,A.(2014)‘Women’sMovementandConstitutionMakingafterCivilUnrestandConflictinAfrica:TheCasesofKenyaandSomalia.Paper.13 Chweya,E.(2015)‘MPMillieOdhiamboRevealsWhySheUndressedInParliament’.Ghafla,11May.


However,initsauditofthegendergaininthe2013elections,FIDA(2013)foundfewincidentsofreporteddirectviolenceinthecampaign.FIDAhadsetupahotlineforreportingincidents;perhapstheincreasedlevelsofaccountabilitythenewpoliticaldispensationaffordeddissuadedattackersfromfollowingthroughwiththeirthreats.

In addition to verbal and physical abuse, subtler gendered norms continue to limit women’sparticipation inpolitical life.Many formsofpolitical canvassing remainsociallyunacceptable forfemales.Forexample,mencansitinvillagesanddrinklocalbrewwithopinionleadersandvotemobilisers;womenwouldbecastigatedforthistypeofbehavior.FemalecandidatesalsocontinuetofacecriticismovertheConstituencytheychoosetorunin.Amalecandidatealwayscampaignsinhishomeconstituencybut,ifafemalecandidateismarried,herhomeconstituencymayrejecther,assheshouldnowbelivinginherhusband’sConstituency.Ifafemalecandidate’shusbandisofadifferentethnicity,campaigninginherhusband’sconstituencycouldbeproblematic.

Accesstoresourcesremainsaproblemforfemaleshopingtoenterpolitics.Manywomenwhoareelectedhail fromwealthybackgroundsorhavemademoneythroughsuccessfulcareers.Familywealth and connections to party leaders andmachinery are also important forms of access toresources tosupportwomen’saccess topolitics.But limitedcontrolofandownershipofassetsandresources limitsaccess toa largeproportionofKenyanwomentopositionsof influence,oropportunities forpolitical careers.Although theConstitutionsupports thebequeathingof land todaughters,informalnormsmakethisdifficulttoimplementovertheshortterm.EvenwiththenewrightstheConstitutionaffordswomen,somewomeninterviewedadmittedthattheydidnotchallengetheallocationoffamilylandtotheirbrothers.Landandpropertycontinuestobeakeysourceoffinancingformalecandidates.

DatacollectedbyFIDAonthe2013elections,showfemalecandidateswerealmostassuccessfulasmenatgettingelectedoncetheyhadbeennominated.Thisindicatesthatacriticalconstraintisthelimitednumberofwomenwhoarenominated.FIDA(2013),concludesthatpoliticalpartiesremaindominatedbymen,withlowrepresentationofwomeninkeydecision-makingroles.Itwashopedtheincreaseinwomen’spoliticalrepresentationwouldbringaboutadifferenttypeofpolitics.Theformalrulesofthegamehavechanged,allowingwomenalevelofrepresentationthatwouldhavebeendifficulttoachievebefore.Inlinewiththeliteratureonthelimitsofquotas,itisclearthatpresenceandnumbersofwomenMPsinandof itself tellus littleabout thequalityof legislativeaction,normativeorideologicalpreferencesorthepoliticalallegiancestheyrespondto.Thenewquotasystemhasproducedanewsetofformalrulesthatisnavigatedandcontestedbyfemaleandmalepoliticiansalike.Newstructuralandnormativeconstraintshaveemergedwithinthenewquotasystemthatlimittheinfluenceandpowerofwomeninelectedandappointedpositions,particularlythosecomingthroughthequotasystem,canaccess.

Thefirstconstraintthequotasystemhascreatedforwomenisthesystemofnominationbypoliticalpartiesofwomenforallocatedseats.IntheNationalAssembly,ConstituencyMPsarenominatedbypoliticalpartymembersthroughprimariesheldintheConstituency.Women’srepresentatives,ontheotherhand,arenominatedbypoliticalpartiesthroughahighlyopaqueprocesssusceptibletonepotismandcorruption.14

14 https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/GenderAnalysis2017GeneralElections.pdf


In theSenate,politicalpartiesnominatewomentofill theirallocated16seats.FemaleMembersofCountyAssemblies(MCAs)whoaccessseatsthroughthetop-upprocessarealsonominatedbypoliticalpartiesthroughasimilarprocess,whichthoseinsideandoutsidepoliticsdescribeascorrupt.15Thismeansfemalepoliticianswhoareinpositionthroughtheallocationsystemarereliantontheirpartyfor legitimacyandthusareundermorepressuretotoetheparty line.Thissystemalsoincentivizespoliticalpartiestoselectsuchwomen.ThesystemofallocatingfundingtoMPsrepresentsanotherstructuralconstraintforwomenwhoaccessseatsthroughthequotasystem.InKenya,politiciansbuildtheirsupportbasethroughdemonstratingtheirabilitytoaccessanddistributefundingintheirConstituency.ConstituencyMPshaveaccesstoConstituencyDevelopmentFunds(CDFs)todistributeastheydecide.16

Handout 1.3 Patterns of Power and Decision Making

HegemonicmasculinitypervadesinKenyansocial,political,andeconomicspheres.Womenhavesubordinaterolesandaremarginalizedfromautonomousdecision-makingandcontrolofresourcesinmostspaces.Atthehouseholdlevel,mengenerallyareconsideredtobetheprimarybreadwinnersandtheywieldindecision-makingauthority,setpriorities,anddeterminethedistributionofresources.Ingeneral,womenarenotabletomakeindependentspendingdecisionsandevensometimeshavetoget permission from their husbands to take their childrenor themselves toahealth clinic fortreatment.Despitewomenworkingtoearnhouseholdincome,theyareperceivedtobefinanciallydependentonmenwhocontrolthehouseholdspendingdecisions,preventingwomenfromtakingaction independently.Adolescentgirlshave the leastpowerandrightswithin thehouseholdandsocietybecauseoftheiryoungageandgenderbiasandaresubjecttounfairtreatmentasaresult.

Althoughwomen’srateofpoliticalleadershiphasimprovedoverthepastdecade,barrierstoentryinthepoliticalrealmaresignificant.Womenwhodoaccedetoelectedandappointedofficefacelimitsontheirabilitytoinfluencedecisionsandoftenaresubjecttoharassmentandgender-basedpoliticalviolence.Menstilldominatepublicleadershiprolesandelectedoffices,despiteeffortstolegislatequotasandpromotewomen’spoliticalleadership.Backlashandviolenceagainstwomenwhoseekpublicleadershiprolesdemonstratethechallengesinbreakingnormsaroundwomen’sroles.Atthenationallevel,womenoccupy23%oftheNationalAssemblyandSenate,and33%oftheCabinet.Atthecountylevel,womenrepresent5%ofallgovernors,15%ofdeputygovernors,10.6%ofcountyassemblyspeakers,32%ofcountyexecutivecommitteemembers,24%ofcountychiefofficers,and34%ofMCAs.TherearenowomenKadhis,andonly5.3%arechiefswhile8.6%areassistantchiefs17.

Intheprivatesector,thereareevenhighergendergapsindecisionmaking.Forexample,onlyfouroutof62CEOs(6%)ofcompanieslistedintheNairobiStockExchangearewomen,andonlythreeofthesecompanies(5%)havewomenservingasthechairontheirboardofdirectors18.

15 FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2013)‘KeyGainsandChallenges:AGenderAuditofKenya’s2013ElectionProcess’Nairobi:FIDA,USAIDandNDI.16 OverseasDevelopmentInstituteWomenandpower,ShapingthedevelopmentofKenya’s2010Constitution,PillarDomingo,AoifeMcCullough,FlorenceSimbiriandBernadetteWanjalaMarch201617 GovernmentofKenya,MinistryofDevolutionandPlanning.ImplementationoftheAgenda2030forSustainabledevelopmentinKenya,June2017)18 TheStarNewspaper.SafaricomMoldsFemaleStaffforLeadership,February2019

MODULE 2Politics and Gender


ModuleObjectives By the end of the module, participants/candidates should be able to: • Definegenderandinternalizegenderconcepts• DefineGender,sexandcommonstereotypes• Manifestations of gender stereotypes in elections and politics• Understand politics from a gender lens

TrainingAid&Resources PowerPoint presentation slides, Flip chart stand, Flip charts, Flip chartmarkers,Maskingtapeandparticipants’previousknowledgeand experiences

MethodofDelivery PowerPoint presentation, facilitator led discussion, experience sharing and group work

Duration 60 Minutes ( 1 hour)

Activity One; Defining Gender Concept

Startbydiscussingthefollowingwithparticipants:

1. How we internalize gender roles – A Riddle:

Aparentandyoungsonwereinanautomobileaccident.Theparentwaskilledandthesonwhowascriticallyinjuredwasrushedtoahospital.Astheattendantswheeledtheunconsciousboyintotheemergencyroom,thesurgeonondutylookeddownathimandsaid“Ohmygod,it’smyson!”whoisthesurgeon?

2. What do you think of the following statements?

Socially, femaleness means femininity, which means attractiveness, which means sexualattractiveness,whichmeanssexualavailabilityonmaleterms.

Write down the first gender that comes to your mind when you read the following:

• Stopbeingawimpandshowsomerealballs• ThearchitectthatdesignedthisbuildinggraduatedfromUniversityofNairobibuttheinterior

designwasdonebyaTechnicalVocationalEducationalInstitutegraduate.• WhatagentlenurseIhadduringmyhospitalstay.• MycarmechanicadvisedthatIgetatuneup.


Ask the questions: who does or uses what? how and why?

• Howdogendernorms,values,roles,andactivitiesaffectmenandwomen?• Howdobiologicaldifferencesbetweenthesexesaffectmenandwomen?

Startbysaying:Todayeverybodytalksaboutgender.Butwhenwereallyaskourselveswhatgendermeansmostpeopledon´thaveanyidea.Nowaskparticipantstobreakintogroupsanddiscussthefollowing:

1. WhatisGender?2. Howwouldyoudefinegenderandsex?3. WhatisGenderAnalysis?4. WhatisGenderEquality?5. WhatisGenderEquity?6. WhatisGenderMainstreaming?7. WhatisaGenderSensitiveApproach?


Handout 2.1 Gender Concept

What is Gender?

Gender isamultidimensionalconcept that isgenerallyassociatedwith the term“sex”.Politicallyit is important tounderstand thedifference inorder to recognizegender stereotypesandnot toconfuse “gender”with “sex”.Thebiological sex ispartof themaleor female identityand isnotthesoleelementthatdeterminesfemaleormaleidentity.Thereareotherfactorslikesocialclass,ethnicbackground,ageetc.Inaddition,whatwelearnaboutbeingawomanormanisdeterminedthroughpowerrelationsthatonlyallowustoactinapre-determinedway.Withthisactivitytheideathatourbiologicalsexisnottheonlyconclusivefactorinourlivesiscommunicated.Genderreferstosociallyconstructedratherthanbiologicallydeterminedrolesofwomenandmen,aswellastherelationshipsbetweentheminagivensocietyataspecifictimeandplace,whilesexreferstothebiologicallydetermineddifferenceandroles.Thequalities,identitiesandbehaviorsexpectedfrommenandwomenaredeterminedthroughtheprocessofsocialization.

Genderisananalyticalcategorycomparabletorace,class,ethnicity,religiousbackgroundetc.anditshouldbeusedinasimilarwayasananalyticaltool.Justasrace,class,ethnicity,religionandculture,genderconstitutedandstill constitutesabasis foroppressionanddiscriminationamongindividuals;thetermgendercapturesafrequentlyinvokedreasonforinequalitiesbetweenwomenandmen,boysandgirls.


How would you define gender and sex?

• Genderisthesocialconstructionofmasculinityandfemininity.• Sexreferstothosecharacteristicsofwomenandmenthatarebiologicallydetermined

Becausesocietyinfluenceshumansindevelopingmasculineandfemininegenderidentities,womenandmenmaybevalueddifferentlyandtherebyhaveunequalopportunitiesandlifechances.What is Gender Analysis?GenderAnalysisentailstheexaminationandidentificationofprocessesofhow,inagivencontext,relationsbetweenmenandwomenareshapedandthevariousneedsandexperiencesofeachgender.Theanalysisistobeinformedbyhowgenderisalsointertwinedwithandaffectedbyotheridentitiesandrealitiessuchasethnicity,class,race,religion,disability,culture.Thismakesgenderacross-cuttingissuetobeaddressedthroughamainstreamingstrategy.GenderAnalysisisalso:

• Awaytodescribeandanalyzedifferentneeds,challenges,gaps,andopportunitiestoreachmenandwomen.

• Atooltoidentifythestatus,rolesandresponsibilitiesofwomenandmeninsociety,aswellastheiraccesstoandcontrolofresources,benefitsandopportunities.

• Aframeworktocomparetherelativeadvantagesanddisadvantagesfacedbywomenandmen in various spheres of life, including the family, workplace, school, community andpoliticalsystem.

• A set of standards to judge the potential impacts of gender on policies, programs andprojects.

• Asystematicwayof lookingat thegenderdivisionof labor, and theaccessandcontrolwomenandmenhaveoverinputsorresourcesrequiredfortheirlabor,andtheirbenefitsoroutputsfromit.

What is Gender equality?Genderequalityentailsthatwomenandmenenjoythesamestatus,haveequalconditions for realizing their fullhuman rightsandpotential tocontribute tonational,political,social,culturalandeconomicdevelopmentandtobenefitfromtheresults.Itisthereforetheequalvaluingbysocietyofboththesimilaritiesanddifferencesmenandwomenandthevaryingrolestheyperform.

What is Gender equity? Gender equity is the process throughwhich equity leads to equality,seekingtoovercomehistoricalandsocialdisadvantagesthatpreventwomenandmenfromenjoyingalevelplayingfieldindifferentspheresoflife.

What is Gender mainstreaming?Gendermainstreamingisastrategyforensuringthatbothwomenandmenbenefitandreflectstheunderstandingthatequalityisbothameansandanend.Gendermainstreamingrequiresafocusonactualresultsintermsofgenderequalityintheareasofworkatdifferentlevels.

What is a gender sensitive approach? Agendersensitiveapproachrecognizesthatwomenandmendifferintermsofbothsexandgender.Suchanapproachhasthepotentialtodefineappropriateinterventionsformenandwomenaccordingly.


Activity Two; Gender Manifestations in Election and Politics

Dividetheparticipantsintosmalldiscussiongroups.Askthemtodiscusstheexperiences,challengesand lessons learnedbywomenengaged inelections inKenya.Youmayask themthe followingquestionstoguidethem:

1. Whatarethecommonculturalandtraditionalgenderrolesforwomeninpolitics?2. Whataretheexpectedchallengesinparticipatinginelections?3. Whatcanbedonetoimprovewomen’sparticipationinelections?4. Letthempresenttheirfindingsinplenary.


Handout 2.2 Cultures and Traditional Gender Roles

IntraditionalKenyanculture,menareviewedasleaderswhilewomenareexpectedtoworkinthehomeandsupporttheirfamily.Constitutionalandlegalgainstosupportgenderequalityhavenotovercometheseentrenchedcultural,religiousandstereotypicalgenderrolesthatpreventwomenfromrisingintopolitical leadershiproles.Asinmanyothercountries,womenrunningforpoliticalpositions are forced to choose between their families and the opportunity for leadership, sincewomenarestillexpectedtocontinuewithchildcareandotherhouseholdactivities.Balancingtheircampaignsagainsttheirdomesticresponsibilitiesprovedchallengingformanyfemalecandidates.19

Politicalnetworking inKenyaoften takesplace inenvironmentsandhours thatarenot typicallyinconvenient forwomen,whoare lessable tostayout lateatbarsand leavechildrenathome.Thosewomencandidateswhohavethebackingfromfamilymembers(spouseorpartner,in-laws,parents,andsiblings)torunforpoliticalofficearemoresuccessful,sincetheycanrelyonfamilyforchildcare,donations,campaignactivities,andtostand-inforthecandidateateventsandmeetings.Manywomenareoftentoldbyelders,clanmembers,malerivals,andfamilymembersthattheyshouldpulloutoftheracebecauseitwasunbecomingforawomantorun,thatwomencannotleadmen,or that itwasagainst religiousprinciples forwomen to run.Somespouses think that theirwivescannotrunthefamilyandleadatthesametime,whilesinglewomenarecommonlyattackedfornotbeingmarried.Womenarealsocriticizedfortheirage,appearance,andexperienceinwaysthatarenottypicallyusedagainstmen.

Themasculinenatureofpoliticsisalsoafactorthatforceswomentoadoptmaleleadershipstyles.Insomeinstances,womenaremorestrictlyvettedandmoreharshlycondemned.Furthermore,thefailureisgeneralizedforallwomenseekingoffice.Inaddition,theperformanceofcurrentfemaleleaderscan, insome instances,determine theelectabilityofotherwomen.All thesechallengesindicate theneed for enhancedgender responsive voter and civic education to supportwomenaspirantsacrossallpositions.Insomecases,therehavebeendeliberateinformationormisinformationtowomenonthepropertimelinesandprocedurestovieforofficepurposelypreventingthemfromrunning.

19 TheNationalDemocraticInstitute(NDI)andtheFederationofWomenLawyers(FIDAKenya).AGenderAnalysisofthe2017KenyaElections.2017


Womenhadtoapplytheirownlegal,political,andprofessionalknowledgetomanagethenominationprocedures.Despiteunderstandingtheimportanceofprimaries,mostpoliticalpartiesdonottakethenecessarystepstoensurethattheirprocessesareundertakeninafree,fair,andtransparentmanner.

Consequently, both male and female candidates are faced with voter bribery and intimidation,rigging,interferencefromincumbentsandpartyofficialsseekingpoliticaloffice,multiplevoting,andimportationofvoters.

Outbreaksofviolenceandunrestarealsocommonduringtheprimaries,with littlereactionfromrelevantgovernmentagencies.Somepartieshavenominatednon-membersintheprimariesoverfemalemembers.Insomecases,womenwhowonduringtheprimaries,somehadtheirnominationcertificates issued to other aspirants, leading to expensive court battles. Some parties use theappointed(nominated)seatsastoolstokeepwomenfromcompetingincourtorforopenseats.Partiesareknowntoactivelydiscouragewomenfromchallengingelectionoffencesinexchangeforapromiseofanominatedseat.Politicalpartymergersandcoalitionsintheelectionperiodhavealsobeenusedtolockoutmanywomenaspirantswhowereinitiallydeemedstrongwithintheirindividualpartiesbutonlytolaterlosetheirplacestomaleaspirantswhowerebetterplacedwithinthenewcoalitionormerger.Ontheotherhand,competitionbetweenpoliticalpartiesoftenleadsmaleandfemalecandidatesfromthesamepartyinvariousconstituenciestoworktogether.Insomecases,womenteaminguporreceivingsupportfromtheirmalecounterpartswhoarecontestingforhigherlevelpositions,campaigningonthewomen’sbehalfwhilecarryingouttheirowncampaigns.

Handout 2.3 Gender Analysis of 2017 Elections

The 2013 election outcome led several state and non-state actors, including CSOs, politicalparties,theIEBC,andtheORPP,totakemeasurestoincreasethenumberandcapacityofwomencompeting for office in 2017 and to reduce the barriers they faced. These measures includedidentifyingandtrainingfemalecandidates,buildingcommunityawarenesstoincreasesupportforwomen’sleadership,enhancingthevisibilityoffemalecandidates,workingwithpoliticalpartiestosupportandmotivatewomenrunningforoffice,andhelpingstateagenciestoensurecompliancewithgenderlaws.Nonetheless,politicalwilltoreducebarrierstowomen’sparticipation,bothwithinpolitical partiesand in the legislature, remained low.Male leaders largely ignoredmultiple courtrulingsrequiringimplementationofthetwo-thirdsgenderruleanddisregardedpoliticalregulationsthatmandatedwomen’sinclusioninpreferenceforthestatusquo.


Aheadof the2017elections,politicalpartiesformedintotwomajorgroupingstocompeteat thepresidentiallevel.ThepartiesofincumbentPresidentUhuruKenyattaandDeputyPresidentWilliamRuto’sJubileeCoalitiondecidedtomergeintoasingleentity,theJubileeParty,whilefourpartiesformedtheoppositionNationalSuperAlliance(NASA)andselectedRailaOdingaastheirpresidentialcandidate.Thesepoliticalpartiesalsoselectedcandidatesduringprimariesforthefiveotherelectedpositions–Senator,MemberofNationalAssembly(MNAorMP),WomenMemberoftheNationalAssembly (WMNA),Governor,andMemberof theCountyAssembly (MCA).Politicalpartiesarerequiredbylawtoadhereto“democraticprinciplesofgoodgovernance[and]promoteandpracticedemocracythroughregular,fair,andfreeelectionswithintheparty.”Inreality,partyprimariesandinternal selection to leadership in 2013and in 2017wereoftenopaqueand chaotic affairs thatfrequentlyexcludedwomenandothergroups.Womenintheprimarieshavebeenintimidatedtodropoutinfavorofmalecandidatesandencouragedtojointhepartylistfornominatedseatsratherthancompeteagainstmenintheparty.KenyaheldgeneralelectionsonAugust8,2017.Candidatesfrom41politicalpartiesandarecordnumberofindependentcandidatescompetedforoffice.Thetotal number of registered voterswas 19,611, 4234 (about 9.1million females and 10.6millionmale),andvoter turnoutapproximately79%with roughly15.2millionvalid votescast.Womenwonelectionsforgovernorandsenatorforthefirsttime,morewomenwereelectedtothenationalandcountyassembliesthanin2013.Nonetheless,womenwereunabletogaintheconstitutionallymandated33%representationinelectiveoffice20.

The2017electionsdidrepresentastepforwardforwomen’srepresentation,albeitanincrementalone. Compared to the elections in 2013, more women won seats at all levels, except for thepresidentialrace,whichremainedexclusivelymale.Forthefirsttime,womenbecamegovernorsandsenators(threeofeachin2017,comparedtononein2013),whilemorewomenwereelectedtothenationalandcountyassemblies(23membersofthenationalassemblyin2017vs.16in2013and96membersofcountyassembliesin2017vs.82in2013).Womenrunningasindependentcandidateswerealsoelectedforthefirsttime.Whilethesearepositivechanges,womencomprisedjust9.2percentofthe1,835electedindividualsin2017,amarginalincreasefrom7.7percentin2013.Asaresult,allelectedbodies,andindeed,allpoliticalinstitutionsinKenya,requirefurtherreformtoachievegenderparity.Onesteptothisachievementwillbethefullenactmentofthetwo-thirdsthreshold, includingthespecialappointmentor“nomination”offemalememberstoensurethatelectedbodiesreachatleast33%women.Onlyatthecountylevelhavesuchmechanismsbeenimplementedtoincreasethenumberofwomenintheassemblies,resultinginratesoffemalerepresentation ranging from 32 to 41 %. In contrast, the National Assembly has only a smallpercentageofseatsdesignatedforwomenandtherestelectedthroughopenconstituencyseats,only8%ofwhichareoccupiedbywomen.Similarly,theSenate’sopenlycontestedseatsareheldby just6%ofwomen.Despite the lowrepresentationofwomen,neitherbodyhasadopted thenecessarylegislationtomeetthetwo-thirdsgenderrulerequirement,andsohaveyettomeettheConstitution’sthreshold21.

20 TheCarterCenter,CommunityAdvocacyandAwarenessTrust(CRAWN),theCenterforRightsEducationandAwareness(CREAW),andtheFederationofWomenLawyersKenya(FIDA)YouthAgenda,SiasaPlace,andtheNationalYouthBungeAssociation.YouthandWomen’sConsultationsForumonPoliticalParticipa-tion.201721 KenyaElectionsStakeholderreport2017theIndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommission(IEBC);NationalGenderandEqualityCommission(NGEC);EthicsandAnti-CorruptionCommission(EACC);theKenyaWomenParliamentaryAssociation;OfficeofRegistrarofPoliticalParties(ORPP);andPoliticalPartiesLiaisonCommittee(PPLC).2017


Whilewomen’srepresentationdidshowamarginalincreasein2017,thefactthatitcontinuedtofallshortcanbeattributedtofactorsbeyondtheincompletenatureofthecountry’slegalframeworksand its noncompliant political institutions.A comprehensive review of the experience of femalecandidatesshowsthatwomenfacedthesamechallengesin2017thattheydidin2013,namely:inadequate political support from their parties, particularly in the primaries; a lack of financialresources;gender-basedviolence;genderstereotyping;andpatriarchalstructuresacrosssociety.However,the2017electionsalsodemonstratedthatpriorexperienceinpublicofficeorinpreviouscampaignscontributedtothesuccessofthosefemalecandidateswhodidwin,creatingavirtuouscycleofpositiveoutcomes.Womenwhohadservedinspeciallynominatedpositions,forexample,weremore likely towinanelectionthanthosewhohadneverheldofficeatall.But,withsofewwomeninvolvedinpoliticstobeginwith,alargecadreofexperiencedwomenmaynevermaterialize,particularlywhilepersistentbarrierslimittheentryofnewwomenintopolitics.FortruegenderequityandequalitytobecomearealityinKenya,aselsewhere,decadeswillberequiredtoalterentrenchedattitudesandcustoms.Nonetheless,muchcanbedoneintheshort-termtomeettheprovisionsoftheConstitutionandensurethatwomenarefairlyrepresentedinthepoliticalinstitutionsthatcancontributetowardlong-termchange22.

Handout 2.4 Violence against Women in Elections

Thelevelofgender-basedelectoralviolenceexperiencedbywomenremainsoneof theprimarybarrierstotheirparticipationinpolitics.Partyelectionboardsandrelevantsecurityagenciesfailedtoimplementlawsregardingelectoralviolence,leavingwomenparticularlyvulnerabletoharassment,intimidation, threats, hate speech, stereotyping and physical attacks from opponents and theirsupporters.

Womencandidatesin2017reportedthattheyweresubjectedtovariousformsofviolenceincludingphysical,psychological,andeconomicviolenceaswellasthreatsandcoercion.ReportsfromtheElectionsObservationGroup(ELOG)indicatedthatviolenceagainstwomenvotersandcandidateswasaserious issue,with31%of long termobservers reporting tohavewitnessedorheardofviolenceagainstwomencandidatesduringthecampaign.

TheElectoralCodeofConductclearlyprohibitsviolenceorthreatsagainstcandidates,buttherewaslittleenforcement.TheIEBCimprovedtheirresponsetocomplaintsrelativeto2013,butitoftenwasunableorunwillingtosanctioncandidatesinthecaseofinfractions.Insomecases,womenwhosoughtassistancefromthepolicewereoftentoldthatofficerscouldnothelpbecausetheydidnotwantto“interfereinpolitics.”Infocusgroupdiscussions,womennotedthattheychosenottoreportincidencesofviolencesincetheydidnotbelievethatanyactionwouldbetaken.

1. Physical;Actsofphysicalviolenceoftentargetwomencandidatesandtheirfamiliesaswellasthewomen’ssupporters.Opponentsusesupporterstointimidatethewomenanddisrupttheircampaigns.Onefemalecandidatereported.

22 NDI,FIDA.AGenderAGenderAnalysisofthe2017KenyaElections,2018


“Itgotsochaoticthatgunshadtobefiredtodispersetheattackers.Anothertimeacarinourcampaignwasburntdown.”Duringthepartyprimaries,MillieOdhiambo,notonlyhadherhouseburntdown,butherbodyguardwasrunoverandkilledbyamandrivinganoppositioncampaignvehicle.InFebruary,EuniceWambui,anaspiringMPforEmbakasiSouth,wasattackedwhileonavoterregistrationdriveinMukuruKwaReuben,inNairobi.InMay2017,EstherPassaris,aNairobientrepreneurandpoliticianrunningtobeNairobiCountyrepresentative,washeldhostageattheUniversityofNairobibyagroupofmalestudents.Thestudentsdemandedthatshegivethem150,000Kenyanshillings(US$1,500)beforeshemanagedtoescape.Shewasattheuniversitytoaddressawomen’swelfareassociation.Theseattacksweremeanttodiscourage,intimidate,andultimatelypreventwomenfromparticipatingintheelections.One-womancandidate fromNairobi, reportedbeingbeatenandsexuallydefiled,andultimatelyendedupnot leavinghome tovoteduring thepartyprimaries. InKisumuandNairobifocusgroups,womennotedthatrunningagainstclosefamilymembers did not spare them from being subjected to violence. In one case, awomanwhocompetedagainstherhusbandexperiencedanassaultbyhiredmenfromherhusband’scampaign.

2. Psychological;Verbalabuseisfrequentlyusedtointimidatethewomenaspirants.

“Ihadtoputupwithalotofgender-basedinsults,”remarkedonefemalecandidate.“Myfamilyandmychildrenespeciallysufferedveryintrusivepublicattention.”Thesewerecoupledwithnegativepropagandatocauseemotionaldistress,whichnotonlyaffectedthewomenaspirants/candidatesbuttheirfamilies,too.InonecaseinNyeri,theaspirant’smotherwasharassedandhercustomersscaredawayfromherbusinesspremises.Theobjectivewastopersuadetheaspiranttostepdownfromtherace inorder toprotecther family fromtheconsequencesofhercandidacy. Inanothercase,arespondentwasaccusedofmurderingherhusbandandusinghismoneytoseekelection.

3. Sexual; Propaganda and negative campaigning about women’s sexual morality are morecommon. Most women candidates’ rival campaigns attempt to undermine them throughallegationsofsexualmisconduct.Thereareincidenceswherewomenvotersneedaseparatevotingqueuesduringthepartyprimariestoavoidcasesofindecenttouching.

4. Economic;formostwomencandidates,financialresourcesareoneofthemostdifficultaspectsoftheircampaign.Asaresult,economicpressureisoftenusedasameanstopersuadewomentodropoutofrunning.Somepoliticalpartieshelpedalleviatesomeofthisbyreducingnominationfeesforspecificgroupsofcandidates–includingwomen–butwouldoftenstillwithholdfinancialassistancetocandidateswhentheypreferredthemalecandidate.

MODULE 3Campaign Strategies


ModuleObjectives By the end of the module, participants/candidates should be able to know about:

• Why are campaigns necessary and How to Campaign • Lobbying&Lobbyingtactics• GettingSupport• Howtowriteeffectivemessages• Drawing up slogans

TrainingAid&Resources Flipchart, makers and papers

MethodofDelivery Roleplays,Groupwork,discussionsandexperiencesharing

Duration 120 Minutes (2 hours.)

Thismoduleprovidesguidelinesonhowtopresent:StrategiesforLobbyingandCampaigning.Itgivesguidelinesonhowtoplanyourcampaignandexplainshowtocommunicateyourcampaignmessages.Tipsforcampaigningeffectivelyandhowtotargetrelevantaudiencesarealsogiven.

Activity One; Why Campaign

Start by brainstorming: Why are campaigns necessary? After taking a few responses, ask participants to pick out the statements that are true.

Campaignsarenecessaryto:

1. Educatethepublic2. Changepeople’sviews3. Neutralizeopposingviews4. Gainpositionandpower5. Stiruppublicoutcry6. Checkcorruptpractices7. Winoveranundecidedpublic8. Helpchangelawsandpractices9. Gainaffection10.Instillconfidence11.Influencetheopposition

Facilitator’s Input: Campaigning events make people know about your organization or party, attract new members and give your supporters confidence.


Activity Two; How to Campaign

Brainstormhowtoprepareyourcampaignstepbystep.Writesuggestionsonflipchart,thenprioritizeanddiscuss,givingexamplesforeachstep.

Facilitator’s Input

Targetagrouporaudience:e.g.fellowstudents,men,women,housewives,anddecision-makers.Statenewbehaviororattitudeyouaretryingtoencourage:e.g.gettingmorewomentovote,gettingmorewomentocontestelections,togetgovernmenttochangeitspolicyonwomen’srightsWhatresourcesdoyouhave?-People,TimeandMoney

Guidelines for Facilitators

Nowtobreakwhatisbeginningtosoundlikechalkandtalk,askeachparticipanttoturntothepersonsittingbyherorhimandagreeononewayinwhichtheywouldmakefulluseoftheresourcesattheirdisposal-thetime,moneyandpeopletheyhave.Nowtakeafewresponsesandgoontoaddthefollowing,whichcouldbeputontheflipchart:

• People:Couldbelongtoyourcampaignteam,yourlegalorpublicrelationsteam• Time: Spend it talking to people, visiting homes, handing out leaflets, holding press

conferences, fundraising, lobbying,conductingresearch,doing interviewswith thepress,speakinginpublic,makingnewcontacts

• Money:Spenditonconductingresearch,travelling

Printing leaflets, handouts and other publications, organizingmeetings, press conferences, etc.butcertainlynotongivingbribes- thoughtipsareacceptablefortaskscarriedout. Decidewhothepeopleare,whocanchangelawsorhelpyoutoachieveyourgoals.Thefollowingpeoplecanchangelawsorinfluencechangeinotherways.Writetheseonflipchartorvanguard.Facilitatorandparticipantsshouldpickouttheappropriateonesandaddtothefollowinglist:

• Policymakers• MembersofParliament• MarketWomen• MembersofCountyAssembly• Retiredcivilservants• EmployersandEmployees• HawkersandBusConductors


Activity Three; Lobbying

Brainstorm what is lobbying. Take a few responses and go on to: Facilitator’s Input

Alobbyisawaitingroomwherepeoplewaittomeetothers.Whenyoulobby,youtrytogetapolicyordecision-makertochangeapolicyordecision.Small Group Task -Getting Support

Askeachgrouptodecideononeissuetheywouldwanttolobbyon.Theyshouldthenmakealistofthoseindividualsorgroupswhocouldbeaffectedbytheissue.Attheendoftheexercise,eachgroupleadershouldpresentthecompletedtask.Discussbrieflyandgoonto:


• Talkorwritetoindividualsorgroupsthatyouwantsupportfrom.• Organizeameetingwiththemtoseeifyoucanformonegroupthatagreesonatleasttwo

orthreemainpoints.• Approachinfluentialpeopleinthecommunitywhowouldagreetorepresentyou.Briefthem

well.

Lobbying Tactics

Where are decisions about your issue made? • Nationally?• Locally?• Atcommunitylevel?

Who needs to be lobbied? • Politiciansorthoseinclosecontactwiththem?• Organizationsthathaveinfluence?• Localcommunityleaders?• Universityauthorities?

Writing Letters

Askeachparticipanttowritealetterthatwouldbesenttothepeopletobelobbied.Intheletter,saywhatiswrongandwhatyouwantdone.Bebriefandtothepoint.Aftertwominutes,asktwoorthreeparticipantstoreadouttheirlettersandgoonto:


Points to Remember • Writedirectlytothepolicymakers• Askeveryoneinthesupportgrouptowriteasimilarletter.• Eachsupportgroupmembershouldalsogeta friend to

write.• Theletteryouwriteshouldbeasampleoftheletteryou

wantwritten.• Forgreaterimpact,fixadatewhenthelettersshouldbe

sentsotheywillallarriveatthesametime.

Personal Lobbying • Getanappointmentwiththedecision-makers.• Decidewhetheryourvisitshouldincludeyoursupportgrouporjustyouandoneortwoothers,

i.e.formalorinformalmeeting.• Prepareyourcasewell.• Planforashortmeetingatwhichyouwillmakeyourpointsatagiventime.

Whoinfluencesthepeopleyouaregoingtolobby?

Chiefs,Youthgroups,Opinionleaders,mediaandVoters

Askparticipantstoaddtothislist.

Howareyougoingtoreachthesepeople? Brainstorm ways of reaching the public; take a few responses and go on to:

Facilitator’s Input Meet them at their places of work, business, homes, at their groups, clubs, associations ororganizationmeetings.Also,youcanreachthemthroughthemedia,especiallyelectronicmedia-i.e.radioandTV.

Brainstorm: Why should these people support you? Take a few responses and go on to:


Facilitator’s Input Youneedtoconvinceandpersuadethemthatyouhavetheirbestinterestsatheartandthattogether,you can work to change things and improve their situation. Give the example of the followingcampaign:

BetterLifeforallstudentsStudentswillbegivenloansSchooladministratorswilllistentostudents’needsnewrecreationalfacilitiesforfemaleandmalestudents

Brainstormwhatdoyouwantthemtodo?Takeafewresponsesandgoonto:

Facilitator’s Input • Supportyou• Tellothersaboutyou• Bringmoresupporterstoyourcamp• Voteforyou

Brainstorm‘Whendoyouwantthemtodoit?’Takeafewresponsesandgoonto:

Facilitator’s Input Theycandoitduringthecampaignperiod,untilelectionsandafter?

Activity Four; Campaign Tips

Askeachparticipanttowrite5tipsforcampaigningoncardsandpasteonthewall.Askeverybodytomovearoundtheroomandreadeachother’spoints.Allow5minutesforthisexercise.Thensimplyaskthewholegroupforareport-back:‘whatcameoutofthat?’or‘whatwerethemainpointsofthatexercise?’

How to write effective messages

Nowaskparticipantstobreakintogroupsand:• createasimplemessagefortheircampaign• createaslogan

Askleaderstoreportbackandgoonto:


Sinceitisnoteasytochangeattitudesorfeelings,youneedtomakeyourmessagessimpleandeasilyunderstood.


Anexampleoftwosimplemessages:Vote for a woman today! Forward for women! Anexampleoftwoslogans:Breaking Barriers, Building Bridges

Somereasonswhymessagesmaynotbeunderstoodoracteduponare:Themessagemaynotreachthetargetaudience-becauseyouhaveusedthewrongmethodofcommunication.

Whatwouldbeawrongandrightmethodofcommunicationforanilliterateaudience?• Peoplemayreceivethemessagebutnotunderstandit-perhapsyouusedthewrongkindof

language.Giveanexampleofthewronglanguageinagivensituation• Peoplemayreceivethemessagebutitmayconflictwithwhattheyhavebeentaughtorwhat

theyknow.Giveoneexampleofthis.• Themessagemaybetoonegative.Giveanexampleofanegativemessage.Makeitpositive.• Peoplemayreceivethe informationbutdonotknowwhat todoabout it -yougavethemno

practicaladvice.Writedownonepieceofinformationthatneedspracticaladvicetocarryout.• Peoplemayreceivetheinformationbutnotchangetheirbehaviorforverylong-youhaveto

repeatthemessage.Writeamessagethatismeanttochangeaparticularkindofbehavior.

Some rules for making simple messages.

Small Group Task

Herearesomerulesformakingsimplemessages.

• Clearlydefinewhatbehavioryouaretryingtopromote.Giveoneexample.• Decidewhoyouaretryingtoinfluence.Giveanexample.• Determinewhethernewwaysofbehavingneednewskills.Doesthebehavioraboveneednew

skills?• Learnaboutyouraudience’scurrentbeliefs.Givetwoexamplesofaudiencebeliefsfromyour

ownexperiences.• Thinkaboutwheretheygettheirpresentideasandinformation.Giveexamples.• Findtherightmethodsofcommunicatinge.g.leaflets,posters,andmeetings.• Designamessage,whichisunderstandable,practical,briefandaboveallpositive.• Testyourideaswithotherpeoplefirst,andevaluatetheresults.Dothisinyourgroups.

Small Group Task

Goontoreadanddiscussthefollowingtogether:• DonotmakefabulouspromisesyouknowyoucannotkeepE.g.Ipromisetoprovidescholarships

foreveryin-comingstudentatthecollege• Showtheadvantagesofyourmessage.Forexample:supportwomenandexperienceanew

wayoflife,fightcorruptiontodeveloptheeconomy,promotethelivingstandardsofALLandnotaprivilegedfew


• TackleissuesofpublicconcernE.g.health,education• Maintainagoodrapportwiththepresse.g. invitethemoncampaigntrips,holdregularpress

conferences• Getyourfactsright!Beforeyousayanything,makesureithasbeenverified• Bewellinformedofwhattheoppositionisdoing.Donotbecomplacentorunderestimateyour

opponent.Becertainthats/hehasspiesinyourcamp• Establishacampaignteamthatwillbereadilyavailableandledbyagoodcampaignmanager• Handlenegativesituationswithoutanger.Evenifyouareinsultedinpublic,trytoriseabovethe

situation• Remember:repeatthemessageandslogansoitsticks!!

Nowdiscussasawholegroup.YourOpponent

Brainstorm: who is my opponent?

Facilitator’s input: Youropponentisnotyourenemy.He/sheisjustsomeonewhoseesthingsfromadifferentperspectiveandispresentingitfromanotherplatform.Whatshouldbeyourattitudetoyouropponent?Tickthestatementsthatdon’tapply:

• ContemptAnimosityAggressiveness• ToleranceFriendlinessHate• DistrustDislikeAcceptance• Respect

Role-Play

Askparticipantstodivideintotwogroups.Eachgroupchoosesitsownleaderandasksthemtoactoutthefollowing:

Two candidates have planned to hold rallies at the playing field of a local community.Unfortunately,theauthoritieshavegiventhempermissiontousethefieldatthesametime.Onerallyisunderwaywhentheothercandidatearriveswithhersupporters.Thesceneshouldshowhowthesupportersreactandteachthemhoweachcandidatehandlesthesituation.

Attheend,thewholegroupshoulddiscussthefollowing:

• Howdidyoufeelwhenyousawthepeoplefromtheotherparty?• Whatwasyourfirstimpulse?• Howdoyoufeelaboutthewayitwashandled?• Whatroledidyouplay?• Wouldyouhavereacteddifferentlyifthishadhappenedinreallife?• Askeachparticipanttowriteashortmessagebeginningwith:treatyouropponent--------


• Theirresponsesshouldbepinnedonthewalls.

The Voters

• Whoarevoters?Howdoyouseethem?• Eachparticipantisaskedtogiveher/hisownpersonaldefinitionofwhichthevotersare.

Remember:thewayyouseethevotersdetermineshowyouaregoingtoapproachthemandtreatthem.Attheendofthisexercise,asktwoparticipantstodoarole-playinwhichacandidateandoneofherstaffarediscussinghowtogetyoungpeopleinacommunitytovoteforher.Thecandidateisonewho,unlikeherstaffmember,believesthattherearebetterwaysofgettingyoungpeoples’votesthanofferingthemmoney,anddrugs.At theendof thescene,participantsshoulddiscussgood,cleanwaysofgettingnot justyoungpeoplebutanyoneofvotingage,tovote.

Small Group Task: Drawing up slogans

Participantsdivideintothreeorfourgroupstodrawupsloganstoencourageothercandidatestoavoidgettingvotersthewrongway.Forexample;AVoterisnotathug.Voters,say“NO”todrugsandviolence.Giveoutthefollowingforeachparticipanttocomplete:

TEST YOUR POTENTIAL AS A CAMPAIGNER Usually Sometimes Rarely Table 1: Test Your Potential as a Campaigner

Yes NoIamgoodatinfluencingpeopleIdonothesitatetoapproachpeopleIknowhowtomakeuseofmyresourcesIlikethechallengeofinfluencingchangeIamwillingtotakerisksandlearnfrommymistakesIpromoteteamspiritandeffortIstandforwhatIbelieveinIuseeveryresourceatmydisposaltoachievemyaimIamnotafraidofcriticismIevaluateeverythingothershavetosayIreflectthevaluesIbelieveIworkatshorttermplanswhilstmakinglong-termplansIamcommittedtowhateverIsetouttodo


Ifyou’veanswered ‘usually’ tomostof thequestions,youareonyourwaytobeingaverygoodcampaigner.Youmuststrivetoimproveinareasinwhichyouanswered‘sometimes’or‘rarely’.

Handout 3.1 Introduction to Campaign Strategies

Campaigns for county-wide seats (governor, senator and county woman representative) arenormallygruelingandprotracted,particularlyforfirsttimecandidates.Womenwhohadcontestedforpoliticalofficepreviouslyaremorelikelytowinofficethannewcomerstocampaigns.Previouscandidateshavehigherlevelsofpublicrecognitionandwerecitedasrolemodelsandmentorsfornewentrants.Forthesewomen,theirearlierexperienceascandidateshelpedthemimprovetheircampaignplanningandoutreach.

In addition,womenwhohadpreviously served in government officearealsomore likely towinelectedoffice.Womenwhohadheldanominatedseatfrom2013-2017anddecidedtocampaignforanopenposition,orworkwithinthepartytomaintaintheirnominatedseat,weremoresuccessfulthannewcomerstopolitics.Inthe2017elections,20ofthe23womenelectedasaMNAheldofficepreviouslyorhadcampaignedforofficebefore.Onlyonehadnoexperienceatallinpubliclife.IntheSenate,therewere18womennominatedtotheSenatein2013.Ofthe18women,14wentontorunforelectedpositionsin2017andhada35%successrateingainingoffice.Forwomenthatdidnotwin,severalpartieschosethemtofillnominatedpositions.Itisobservablethatthesewomentendtobemorequalifiedandcommittedtotheirpositionsduetotheircampaignexperience.

Strategies should be developed and implemented to ensure greater participation by women incampaignsforelectivepoliticaloffice.Thesestrategiesshouldconsider;

1. Political Party Support; Political parties remain the key gateway for women’s successfulparticipationinpolitics.Partybackingisthemostimportantfactorforfemalecandidates,whilethelackofsupport–orworse,aparty’sactiveexclusion,discrimination,orhostility–canruinawoman’scampaign.Manyofthewomenwhowereelectedreceivedsupportfromtheirpartiesintheformofdiscountednominationfees,fundingforcampaigns,equaltreatmentwithmen,andtheapplicationofconstitutionalprovisionsthatpromotedwomen’sinclusion,especiallyduringthenominationprocess.Somepoliticalpartiesprovidematerialsupport,includingT-shirtsandposters.Afewpartyleadersalsocampaignforfemalecandidates,usingtheirclouttogivethewomenaboost.Ontheotherhand,manywomenwhofailedtogetelectedfeltabandonedbytheirparties’lackofadherencetotheconstitutionalprovisionsoninclusion,statingthatthepartylawsandregulationswerenotsupportiveofwomen.Inothercases,parties.


2. Candidate Training;Themajorityofwomenrunningforofficeforthefirsttimeareunfamiliarwith the process of organizing a campaign and working with political parties. Most partieslackdedicatedtrainingoperations,andtypicallycommittedwithfewresources.SeveralCSOsoffer training to women aspirants /candidates to enhance their knowledge and capacity toeffectivelycompete,bothintheirpartyprimariesandingeneralelections.Candidatesaretakenthroughtrainingtopics,suchascampaignplanningandpreparation,transformativeleadership,communication,publicspeakingandmedia relations thatwillhelp themnavigate thepoliticallandscape.Thetrainingskillshelpinimprovingcampaignsforthewomencandidates.

3. Negotiated Democracy;Negotiateddemocracy, a customwhereby influential personsdrawupand support a list of preferred candidates, has traditionally lockedwomenout of politics.However, insomeareasmeantthatnegotiateddemocracyworkedinwomen’sfavor.Womenmaybeendorsedbylocalchiefsandcommunityelderstoenablethemtowinboththeprimariesand the eventual elections. These changes are made largely through dialogue forums withculturalandreligiousleadersandthecommunityatlargeaimedatincreasingsupportforwomenaspirants.Overthelongtermthough,eventhislimitedsuccesswithnegotiateddemocracycanhavenegativeimpactsonwomen’sabilitytoparticipateindependentlyinpolitics,sincetheyarebeholden to the localchiefs rather than theelectorate. Inmostcases,negotiateddemocracycontinuestobedisadvantageoustowomencandidates.Eldersplayasignificantroleinselectingcandidatesforelectiveseatsintheircommunities,andmostoftentheprocessisanentrenchmentof patriarchal culture.This significantly reduces the number of seats available forwomen tocontest,dissuadingmanyofthemfromparticipatingandforcingotherstoseeknominationforthespecialwomen’srepresentativeposition.

4. Media Coverage; themedia has tremendous influence over political attitudes and electoraloutcomes. Women candidates have often received less media coverage than their malecounterparts,andalackofresourcespreventswomenfrombreakingthroughintothemedia.Whenwomen do attract the attention of themedia,women are generally taggedwithmorenegative news as compared to men. Gender stereotypes and stigma are prevalent in thecoverageoffemalepoliticalleaders.Theapplicationofdoublestandardsformenandwomenresultsintremendouscautionamongmanyofthefemalecandidateswhengiventheopportunitytoparticipateontelevisionorradio,andasaresultmostwomenavoidedmedia-basedpublicdiscourseandultimatelylackvisibility.Despitetheproblemsanddisparities,womencandidatesoftenfeelthatthequalityofcoverageoffemalepoliticiansandcandidates(andtheissuesthattheyfeelpassionateabout)hasimprovedsignificantlysince2013,perhapsbecausejournalistsbetterunderstandtheneedforgivingwomenmorespaceinapoliticallandscapedominatedbymen.Despiteusingverylittlemainstreammedia,thewomencapitalizedonsocialmedia,suchasFacebookandWhatsApptocommunicatetovoters,mostofwhomfoundthisveryeffective.Postingofcampaigneventsandphotosoftheirdevelopmentworkhelpedtocommunicatetheirmessageandimprovetheirvisibilityamongvoters.

5. Financial Resources;The IEBCattempted to implementnewcampaignfinance regulationspriorto2017,butresistanceinparliamentmeantthatregulationsdidnottakeeffectpriortotheelections.Thelackofcampaignfinanceregulationthatlimitsspendingisamajorconstraintonwomencandidates,whogenerallyhavefewerresourcesandarelesslikelytobeincumbents.Mostwomencandidatesinterviewedsaidthattheywouldperformbetterifsupportednotonlyfinanciallybutwithcampaignmaterialsforvisibilityandoverallpopularity.Thelackofresourcesalso affected their capacity to conduct their campaigns, leaving them to rely on family andfriendsandrestrictingtheirtravel.Somewomenfeltthattheywouldhavebeenmoreeffectiveiftheycouldhavehaddifferentcampaignmaterialsfordifferentsegmentsofvoters.Thelimitedfinancialresourcesalsomeantthatthemajorityoftheircampaignfundingwasusedtopayforpartymembershipandnominationfees,agents’emoluments,andlogisticalcosts,ratherthanpromotionalmaterialsandcommunityengagementactivities.Somealsofacedfinancialhurdlesrelatedtochallengingelectionresultsincourt.

MODULE 4Communication and Presentation Skills


ModuleObjectives By the end of this session, participants/candidates will be able to know about:

• Public speaking• Personal presentation and image • Public speaking• Handlingnegativesituations




Thissessionprovidesguidelineson;PresentationandCommunicationSkills. Itgivesguidelinesforpublicspeakingincludingstagesofpreparationforspeechmaking.Useful insightsonhowtopresentyourselfinpublicandcommunicatewithyouraudiencearealsoprovided.

Activity One; Presentation Skills

Guidelines for Facilitators Say:Thewayyoupresentyourselftoanaudienceandthemannerinwhichyoudeliverwhateveryouwantthemtoheariswhatisgoingtodeterminehowsuccessfulyourcampaignis.

Small Group Work

Askparticipantstobreakintogroupsandwriteashortspeechofoneminute’sdurationintroducingthemselvestopeoplewhowant to jointheirparty.Eachgroupshouldchoosea leadertodothepresentation.Discussperformancesbriefly.Andgoontobrainstormhowparticipantswouldpreparefor speechmaking.Thenask them tobreak intogroupsanddo the followingexerciseusing theexamplebelowasaguide.Writeonflipchartpapersandgoonto:

Preparation

Writedownyourmessage• Stateyouraimsandobjectives• Identifyandprepareonesimpleandbriefmessagerelatedtoyourobjectives• Stateoneissuethatisofinteresttotheaudience.

Example:

Knowyourmessage-VotemorewomenintoParliamentClarifyyouraim-ToconvincetheaudiencetovoteforwomenIdentifyandprepareamessage-Womenwillsolvewomenandmen’sproblems


Makementionofissuesthatareofinterest-womenwillensurefreeeducationforyourchildrenAfterfiveminutes,asktheleaderofeachgrouptopresenttheirfindingsanddiscusseachbriefly.

Personal Presentation and Image

Readthefollowingstatementsandticktheonesthatareimportantforthepublicspeaker:

Lenahas justfinishedmakingaspeechandyouhavebeenasked to ratehercompetenceandeffectivenessbypickingoutwhatisapplicabletoherfromthefollowing:

Table 2: Personal Presentation and Image

Shehadheremotionsundercontrolandrefusedtorespondrudelyorangrilywhenprovoked.Shegotveryangrywhenaskedaboutherpersonallife.Herbodylanguagesuggestedthatshehadlittleconfidence.Shespokealotaboutallthepositionsshehadheldinthepast.Sheshylyrefusedtotalkaboutherpastleadershiproles.Shecouldonlyanswerquestionsthathadtodowithherroleasawifeandasamother.Shethoroughlyenjoyedherself:shesmokedanddrankalotofwinethroughouttherally.Sheisnotworriedaboutputtinganyonedowninpublic.Attheendoftherallyalltheotherwomencouldtalkaboutwereherflamboyant,expensiveclothes.Thewomenalsospokeabouthowskillfullyhereyeshadowandlipstickhadbeenapplied.Noonecouldtellwhatshewasthinkingevenwhenpeoplesaidthingstomakeherangry.Sheneverlookedanyoneintheeyewhenspeaking.Duringherspeech,Lena:Spokeclearlyforeveryonetohear.Spokesofastitwasdifficulttounderstandwhatshewassaying.Offeredfewsolutionstotheproblemsthatconcernus.Didnotdefineherproblemwell.Madeherpositionquiteclear.Spokeatlengthabouthervision.Madetheaudiencefeelasiftheyhadknownheralongtime.Spokeforsolongthatsomepeoplebegantoleave.Showedthatshehadhadtheaudienceinmindwhenpreparingherspeech.Didnotentertainanyquestions.Showedthatsheknewverylittleabouttheaudience.Toldtheaudienceexactlywhoshewasandwhatshewantedthemtodo.Spokepositivelyandconfidentlyaboutherplansforthefuture.Oftenstrayedfromthepointshewasmaking.



Using the information,you’ve justput together,spendfiveminuteswritingashortspeechofnotmorethan150words,introducingyourselfandyourparty.Includethreemainpointsaboutwhatyouplantodoforyourcommunityifyouareelected.

Activity Two; Handling Negative Situations

Participantsactthefollowingskitstoillustratehownottoandhowtohandlenegativesituations:

Role Play 1

Imagine you are presenting a speech and the audience turns hostile. One person confronts you. How do you handle it?

Aspirant:So,asIwassaying,ifyouvoteformorewomenAudience:Justgetout.Youareallthieves.Youjustwanttowearfineclothesanddrivebigcarswiththemoneyyou’ve…Aspirant:Whoareyoucallingathief?Audience:You!(Therestofthecrowdcheers)Aspirant:(Advancesthreateningly):IfyoucallmeathiefoncemoreI’llshowyouwhoIam.Theyadvanceoneachother.Peoplefromtheaudiencestruggletokeepthemapart.

Role Play 2

Anyango:So,asIwassaying,ifyouvoteformorewomen…Audience:Justgetout.Youareallthieves.Youjustwanttowearfineclothesanddrivebigcarswiththemoneyyouhavestolen.Afterwe’vevotedforyou,youwillforgetallaboutusandwewillalwaysbepoorandoutofwork.Anyango:Myfriend,Iknowhowyoufeel.Thisishowthingshavebeeninthepastbutwewanttochangeallthat.That’swhyI’mhere.Audience:It’salllies.Anyango:(Persuasively)Whydon’tyoutrymefirst?Everybodyisnotthesame,youknow.Audience:Iagree.Let’sgiveawomanthechancethistime.Womenareourmothersandsisters.Manypeoplefromtheaudiencenodinagreement.

Guidelines for facilitators Afterabriefdiscussion,goontodiscussthefollowing.Someofthestatementsmaybeinappropriate.


Do your homework before making a speech

Ticktheappropriateanswerstothesequestions:1. ShouldIfindoutwhattheneeds,interestsandopinionsofthepeopleare?Yes/No2. ShouldIgointothecommunitytofindtheseout?Yes/No3. ShouldItalktobothmenandwomen?Yes/No4. ShouldIgotogroups,clubs,andvillageelders?Yes/No5. ShouldImakepromisesIcan’tkeep?Yes/No6. ShouldIdomyhomeworkwellahead?Yes/No

Miscellaneous • Considerwhatanappropriatebodylanguageis• Practicehowtousethemicrophoneandthepodiumbeforehand• Timetheprogramwell-thinkoftheseason• Bepreparedforquestionsfromtheaudience• Don’tbeafraidtostopandcollectyourthoughtsbeforecontinuingtospeak

You and your Audience. Tick the statements that you agree with:

Table 3: You and your Audience. Tick the statements that you agree with

Facilitator’s input:Theroleoftheaudienceistolisten,askquestionsandmakeuptheirmindsaboutme.

When I face my audience, I must try to: convincethemofthesincerityofmymissionpersuadethemtoworkwithmegettheirvotes.gettheaudiencetosupportmegettheaudiencetojeeratmegettheaudiencetoopposemyopponentsmakealongspeechsotheywillvoteforme.makeashort,concisespeechthatdealswithissuesofinteresttothemtalktotheaudienceattheirleveltellthemhowarrogantIammakemanypromiseselicittheviewsofaudience,especiallytheeldersdisrespecttheviewsoftheaudienceimpresstheaudience


Structuring the Message

• Introduction-askthemtoplayagettingtoknoweachothergame• Introducewhatyouwanttosayandwhyyouwanttosayit• Presentinformationaboutyouropponents• Grouprelevantfactsandkeeptologicalsequence• Checktheunderstandingoftheaudience• Encouragequestionsandgiveanswers• Usevisualaids• Holddiscussions• Usepositivetermsandexpressions

Visual Aids: Reasons for using them

• ensuresbreakoftalk,enhancesunderstanding• focusattentiononthemainpoint• makeabstractideasmoreconcrete Note of caution for preparing Visual Aids • Makesuretheyconveythemessage• Donotusetoomanyvisualaidsatatime• Presenterneedstofamiliarizeher/himselfwiththevisualaids• Donotputtoomuchinformationononevisualaid• Donotusepicturesthatarenegative

Your notes should: • coverthecontents• usekeywordsonly• makecorrectionswherenecessary

MODULE 5Engaging Media


ModuleObjectives Thissessionprovidesguidelinesonhowtopresent:Engagingthemedia.Itdefinesthedifferenttypesofmediaandgoesontohighlightitsrolesandshortcomings.Itendswithvarioustipsforeffectiveuseof the media. At the end of the session participants will be able to: -

• Explain the meaning of media • Identify types of media • Describe the role of the media • Discuss how to engage the media




Activity One; What is the meaning of Media

Guidelines for facilitators:Askparticipantstoexplainthemeaningofmedia.Writeresponsesonflipchart.Thengoonto:

Facilitator’s Input: • Themediaisachannelorameansofcommunicationforpassingonmessages.• Mediathatareusedtopassoninformationtothepublicarereferredtoasthemassmedia.

Types of Media Therearemanytypesofmediabutthemainonesare:-

Figure 1 Types of Media

Print media

Electronic media

Social media


Guidelines for facilitators: Ask participants to define print and electronic media and to giveexamplesofthem.Recordresponsesonflipchartandadd:• Theprintmediaincludesnewspapers,magazinesandpamphlets.• TheElectronicmediaincludesradioandtelevision• Othermediaformsorcommunicationchannelsmaterialsincludeposters,stickers,pinups,fliers,

leafletsandletterstonewspapersandmagazines.

Activity: Group work GuidelinesforFacilitators:Askparticipantstobreakintogroupstodiscuss• Theroleofthemedia• Theshortcomingsofthemedia

Ask groups to report ensuring that the following are highlighted:

Theroleofthemediaisto:• Inform,educate,entertainanddevelopcountry,societyandcommunity.• Effectchangesinpeople’sperceptionsandbehavior(manipulative)• Reportincidentsandevents(Reportage)• Enlighten/sensitizepeopleaboutcurrentdevelopmentse.g.Generalelections,HIV/AIDS

Shortcomings of the mediainKenyainclude: • Inabilitytoconductproperinterviews• Lackofmediaethics• Failuretocrosscheckfactsordoproperresearch• Negativeportrayalofwomeninsomecases

Activity Two; How to use the Media

Guidelines for facilitators: – Guideparticipants throughadiscussionofhowtouse themedia.Pleaseensurethatthefollowingpointsarebroughtoutinthediscussion.

• Knowwhatyouwanttousethemediafor.• Keepjournalistsinformedaboutyourwork.• Establishpersonalcontactswithsomejournalistssothattheycanpromoteyourwork.• Findoutjournalists’preferencesforpublication• Identifysuitabletimeslotsthatwouldgiveyoumaximummediacoverage.• Bookappointmentswithmediahousesingoodtime.• Trytobevisibleonthemediae.g.photographs• Putoutpressreleasesandstatementswhennecessary.

TipsforEffectiveuseoftheMedia

Guidelines for facilitators:Brainstormwithparticipantswhattheyfeelabout:-• AppearingonTelevision• Articlesinthenewspapers• Interviews• PressReleases/Pressconferences


Makesurethatthediscussioncoversthefollowingpoints:• AppearanceonTelevision• Bepresentable–well-groomedbutnotflamboyant• Beinformed• Bearticulate–pitchyourvoiceappropriately

Interviews on Television • Useattractivesignaturetune/music• Useappropriatelanguageandarticulatewell.• Besincereandhonest• Bewellinformedaboutthetopic–doresearchandforecastpossiblequestions• Donotbeargumentativeorjudgmental.

Other Interviews • Givethefullstoryfromeveryangle• Providedifferentperspectivesofthesamesubject• Encourage journalists to interview your family, friends, associates or anyone who knows

somethingaboutyouaswell.

Newspaper Articles • Marchyourstylewiththatofthenewspaper.• Considerthetargetaudienceaddressedbythenewspaper.• Focusonthehumanelementinyourstoryinordertomotivatereaders.• Drawreferencesfromyourcommunity.• Writestoriesthatwouldtestthepulseofreadersandelicittheirresponse.

Printed Materials • Haveclearobjectivesbeforeprintingyourmaterials.Thisattractsvotersandgetsmessages

across;italsogalvanizespeopleintoaction.

Activity Three; Writing Effective Press Release

Guidelines for facilitators: – Guideparticipants throughadiscussionofhow towriteeffectivepressrelease.Pleaseensurethatthefollowingpointsarebroughtoutinthediscussion.

• What events have you organized in the past that would have benefited from better presscoverage?

• Whichlocal,national,orinternationalmediaoutletswouldyouwanttocoveryourevents,issues,andalerts?

• Are there specific radio stations, television stations, magazines, and newspapers that youbelievemightbeinterestedinyourorganizationorcampaign?Ifso,whichonesandwhy?

• Aretheremediaoutletsthatyoubelievewouldnotbeinterestedinyourstories?Whyorwhynot?


Handout 5.1 How to Write an Effective Press Release

Pressreleasesarewrittensummariesofevents,announcements,achievements,orpositionsthataresenttothepress(includingnewspapers,magazines,televisionandradionewsprograms,andinternet-basednewssources) for thepurposeofgeneratingpublicity.Press releasesareoneofthebesttoolsavailableforkeepingthemediainformedaboutyourcampaign’sactivitiesandyourothernewsworthyevents.Theformatofapressreleasehelpsjournalists,radiohosts,televisionproducers,andothermediaprofessionalsknowquicklyandsuccinctlywhetheryoursisastorytheywanttocover.

Knowinghowtowriteeffectivepressreleasesandwhereandhowtodistributethemwillhelpyougetpresscoveragethatcanreachhundreds,thousands,andsometimesmillionsofconstituents.Thebestpress releases read likewell-writtennews items.Theyarenot too longandare fullofinformationthatenticesthereadertowanttofindoutmore.Althoughtheculture,schedules,andobjectivesofmediaoutletsvary,youcangreatlyincreasethelikelihoodthatyourpressreleaseswillgeneratenewsstoriesbyfollowingsomeverybasicguidelines.

• Pay attention to themedia outlet’s preferred timing andmethod for receiving news items.Aphonecalloremailtotheeditororstationmanagerwillusuallygetyouthisinformation.Althoughthemanagerat largernewsorganizations,televisionstations,orpopularradioprogramsmaybehardtoreach,mostoftheseorganizationshavewebsitesthatpostinformationabouthowtosubmitpressreleases.

• Writeyourpressreleaseinastyleandmannerthatincludesallnewsworthydetailssothatitcanbeprintedwithoutediting.Thelessworkajournalisthastodo,themorelikelyitisthatyourstorywillbepublished.Mostpublicationswillalterthelanguageinthepressreleasetosomedegreebeforepublication,butoftenitisonlyafewwordchanges,ortheadditionofadirectquote.

• Keepthepressreleaseshort—oneortwopages’maximum.Ifanewsoutletchoosestowritealongerarticle,chancesarethatthejournalistwillwanttodoherownresearchorfollow-up.Ifanewsoutletreceivesapressreleasethatistoolong,abusyeditormaynottakethetimetoreadit.

• Writethereleasesothatallofthemostimportantandnewsworthyinformationappearsinthefirstparagraphs.Ifaneditorneedstocutthelengthofanarticle,shewillusuallybeginattheend.Also,tocapturetheattentionofaneditor,themostinterestingdetailsshouldbeplacedatthebeginningoftherelease.Iftheeditorlikeswhatsheisreading,shewillreadon.Ifnot,shemightdiscardthereleasebeforeshereachesthecriticalinformation.

• Useaconventionalformattingstyle(seethe“BasicPressReleaseFormattingGuidelines”boxatbelow).Notallpressreleasesneedtolookexactlythesame.However,usingastandardformulawillmakeyourpressreleaseeasierforaneditortofollow.


BASIC PRESS RELEASE FORMATTING GUIDELINES1. Writethenameandaddressoftheorganizationsendingthereleaseintheupperleft-hand

corner2. SkipalineandwriteFORIMMEDIATERELEASEorFORRELEASEON[DATE].3. Writethenameofthecontactpersonandhercontactinformationontheright-handsideof

thepagebeginningonthesameline(orhigher)asthewordsFORIMMEDIATERELEASE.4. Center,underline,andwriteinallcapitallettersthetitleofpressrelease.5. Asubtitle,ifused,shouldbeseparatedfromthetitlebyaspace,writteninupperandlower

caseletters,anditalicized.6. Thefirstparagraphofthereleaseshouldbeginwiththecityoforigin,andthedateofthe

releaseoftheinformation(notthedatethereleaseismailed).7. Thepressreleaselayoutshouldhaveplentyofempty(white)spacesothatitiseasyto

read.Abreakbetweeneachparagraphishelpful.8. Atthebottomandcenterofthefirstandsecondpagesshouldbetypedthewordmorewith

dashesoneachsidetolooklikethis:—more—9. At the end of the release, signatures, centered, indicates that the communication is

complete:###.Thistechniqueisespeciallyhelpfulwhensendingpressreleasesbye-mail.Itletstherecipientknowwhenshehasreceivedthefinalpage.

• Followupbyphoneoremailwith theeditororstationmanager (orotherpersonorofficeassignedtoreviewpressreleases)adayorsoafterthereleaseissenttomakesurethatitwasreceivedandtoinquirewhetheradditionalinformationisneeded.

MODULE 6Election Rules and Regulations


ModuleObjectives This session guides the participants/candidates on the election rules and regulations. It highlights the IEBC requirements for participation in elections as candidates. At the end of the session participants will know: • KenyaElectoralLawsandRegulations• Qualificationsandrequirementsforelectivepositions

TrainingAid&Resources Flipchart, makers and papers, Power point presentations

MethodofDelivery Presentation ,discussions and experience sharing

Duration 90 Minutes (1 hour 30 mins)

Guidelines for Facilitators: – Guide participants through a discussion on election rules andregulations.Pleaseensurethatthefollowingpointsarebroughtoutinthediscussion.

Handout 6.1; Electoral Laws of Kenya

ThelawsgoverningtheelectoralsystemofKenyainclude:TheConstitutionofKenya,2010,theElectionsAct,2011;ElectionsOffensesAct,2016.ThePoliticalPartiesAct,2011;theIndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommissionAct,2011;theElectionsCampaignFinancingAct,2013andtheLeadershipandIntegrityAct,2012

The Constitution of Kenya, 2010

TheConstitutionestablishes the IndependentElectoralandBoundariesCommission, IEBC.TheIEBCistheelectoralbodyinKenya.TheCommissionhasthemajorresponsibilityofconductingelectionsandreferendum.Intheperformanceofitsfunctions,theCommissionissubjectonlytotheConstitutionandthelawandhencenotsubjecttothedirectionorcontrolbyanypersonorauthority.TheConstitutiongrantsfour(4)typesofrightstoparticipateinanelectionwhichare:

• Righttoberegisteredasavoter;• Righttovotebysecretballotinanyelectionorreferendum;• Righttobeacandidateandifelected,righttoholdapublicoffice;• Righttojoinandparticipateinapoliticalparty.

Article10oftheConstitutionprovidesfornationalvaluesandprinciplesthatisrequiredtobeobservedduringelections.Thesevaluesinclude:goodgovernance,integrity,transparencyandaccountability.Theconstitutionrequiresthattheelectoralsystembesubjecttothefollowingprinciples:

• Thecitizensmustbegiventhefreedomtoexercisetheirpoliticalrights.• Notmorethantwo-thirdsofmembersofelectivepublicbodiesshallbeofthesamegender.• Personswithdisabilitiesmustbefairlyrepresented.


Theelectoralsystemmustcomplywiththeprincipleoffreeandfairelectionsthatbearthefollowingcharacteristics:

• Bysecretballot;• Freefromviolence,intimidation,improperinfluenceorcorruption;• Conductedbyanindependentbody;• Transparent;• Administeredinanimpartial,neutral,efficient,accurateandaccountablemanner.

The Elections Act, 2011

ThisActprovidesforthefollowing:• theconductofbothelectionsandreferenda• theregistrationofvoters,andthedeterminationofquestionsconcerningregistration• electionoffencesandresolutionofelectiondisputes

AlladultKenyancitizenshavetherighttovoteprovidedtheyareregisteredintheRegisterofVoters.TheRegisterofVoterscomprises• Apollregisterinrespectofeverypollingstation;• Awardregisterinrespectofeveryward;• Aconstituencyregisterinrespectofeveryconstituency;• Acountyregisterinrespectofeverycounty;and• AregisterofvotersresidingoutsideKenya

TheregisteredvotersinacountyorconstituencymayremovetheirMemberofParliamentbeforetheendofthetermoftherelevantHouseofParliamentifhe/sheis:• found, after due process of the law, to have violated the provisions of Chapter Six of the

Constitution;found,afterdueprocessofthelaw,tohavemismanagedpublicresources;• ConvictedofanoffenceunderthisAct.

Arecallcanonlybestartedtwenty-fourmonthsaftertheelectionoftheMemberofParliamentandnotlaterthantwelvemonthsimmediatelyprecedingthenextgeneralelection.ArecallpetitioncannotbefiledagainstaMemberofParliamentmorethanonceduringthetermofthatmemberinParliament.ApersonwhounsuccessfullycontestedanelectioncannotinitiateapetitionfortheremovaloftheMemberofParliament.TheIEBCisresponsibleforthesettlementofelectoraldisputes,includingdisputes relating toorarising fromnominationsbut thisexcludeselectionpetitionsanddisputessubsequenttothedeclarationofelectionresults.

Elections Offenses Act, 2016.

ThisActcameintheyear2016.Electionoffenceswillcausewarning,disqualification,prosecutionorimprisonment.Thesearesomeoftheoffencesthatyou,asaKenyancitizenneedtobefamiliarwith:• Multipleregistration:yournameappearingmorethanonceonthevoters’register• Havingmorethanonevoter’scard.Impersonation:usingsomebodyelse’svoter’scard• Sellingorbuyingvoter’scard.Donotexchangeyourcardformoney,food,beeroranyothergift,

youwillbesellingyourethicsandyourdemocraticright• Deliberatelydestroyingavoter’scard• Offencesrelatingtovoting


• Votingmorethanonce• Carryingoutcampaignsonthepollingday• Solicitingorreceivingbribestoencouragevotingforacandidate.• Hatespeechtargetingtheopposingside• Destructionofcampaignmaterialsoftheopposingcandidate.• Useofanotherperson’selector’scardandIDtovote• Prevention,obstructionorbarringofapersonfromvoting• Useofthreats,force,orviolenceduringtheelectiontocompelsomeonetovoteinaparticular

wayorrefrainfromvoting.

Itisyourdutyasacitizento–• Report election offences as soon as possible to Designated IEBC Security Officer’s desk,

DesignatedPeaceCommitteesorthenearestPoliceStation• Conductcampaignsinapeacefulmannerandtoalwaysadheretothelaws,rulesandregulations

guidingelectionsinKenya• Participateinpeacefulelections

The Political Parties Act, 2011;

ThisActregulatestheformationandoperationofpoliticalparties. Itprovidesfor theregistrationofpoliticalpartiesandhowtheyareregulated.Italsoprovidesforthefundingandaccountingofpoliticalparties,andtheresolutionofdisputeswithinpoliticalparties.

TheActhascreatedtheofficeoftheRegistrarofPoliticalPartiesthatisindependentthatcannotbedirectedorcontrolledbyanypersonorauthority. It ismandatory foranypoliticalparty toberegisteredbeforeitcanbeallowedtooperate.Itestablishesa fundcalled thePoliticalPartiesFund,which isadministeredby theRegistrarofPolitical Parties. The fund promotes accountability, transparency and fair competition betweenparties.TheActprovidesfordistributionofthefund,restrictionofsources,disclosureandauditoftheFund.

The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission Act, 2011;

TheIEBCisresponsibleforconductingorsupervisingelectionstoanyelectiveoffice.UnderthisAct,theCommissionismadeupofthecommissionersheadedbyachairpersonandasecretariatheadedbyaChiefExecutiveOfficerwhoisalsothesecretarytothecommission.TheCommissionconsistsofnine(9)MemberswiththeChairandViceChair.ThecommissionersareappointedbythePresidentofKenyaandconfirmedbytheKenyanParliament.

Thetermofofficeofthemembersofthecommissionisasingletermofsix(6)years.Thecommissionisindependentfromthecontrolorinfluenceofanypersonorauthority.Incarryingoutitsfunctions,thecommissionisrequiredtoobservetheprincipleofpublicparticipationandtherequirementforconsultationwithstakeholders.ThefunctionsoftheIEBCare:• Conductingorsupervisingreferenda• Conductingorsupervisingelectionstoanyelectivebodyestablishedbytheconstitution• ConductingandsupervisinganyotherelectionasmaybeasmaybeprescribedbyanActof

Parliament


• Registrationofcitizensasvoters• Regularrevisionofvoters’register• Delimitationofconstituenciesandwards• Settlementofelectoraldisputessuchasdisputesarisingfromnominations.

ThereisacodeofconductformembersandstaffoftheCommission.TheCodeisfairlycomprehensive.TheCoderequirestheCommission’semployeestoconductthemselveswithintegrityandneutrality.Allthemembersareexpectedtoperformtheirdutiesinamannerthatmaintainspublicconfidenceand to discharge their duties in a professional and efficientmanner and respect the rights andfreedomsofallpersons.

The Elections Campaign Financing Act, 2013

Thislawwaspassedbyparliamentin2013toprovidefortheregulation,management,expenditureand accountability of election campaign funds during election and referendum campaigns. TheIEBCisresponsiblefortheregulationandadministrationofcampaignfinancingandisrequiredto:• KeeparegisterofauthorizedpersonsunderthisAct;• Supervise candidates, political parties, referendum committees and authorized persons in

relationtocampaignexpenses;• Setspendinglimitsandenforcecompliancewithsuchlimits

A political party intending to contest in an election is required to constitute a party expenditurecommitteewhichshallconsistofninememberswhosemandateistoadvisethepoliticalpartyonallfinancialmattersrelatedtothepartynominationortothepartycampaignexpenditure;

Leadership and Integrity Act, 2012

ThisActcameintoplacein2012togiveeffecttotheprovisionsoftheConstitutiononleadershipandintegrityunderChaptersix,(6).Thislawrequiresleaderstohavethefollowingleadershipqualities:• StateofficersarerequiredtoabidebytheConstitutionandthelaw.• StateofficersarerequiredtousethepowergiventothemintheinterestofKenyans• Stateofficersarerequiredtocarryouttheirdutiesefficientlyandwithhonesty• Stateofficersare required tocarryoutdutiesof theoffice inamanner thatmaintainspublic

confidenceintheintegrityoftheoffice• AStateofficershallnotusetheofficetounlawfullyenrichhimselforherselforanyotherperson• AStateofficershallnotuse theoffice towrongfullyorunlawfully influence theacquisitionof

property

Handout 6.2; Qualifications and Requirements for Elective Positions

Guidelines for Facilitators: – Guide participants through a discussion qualifications andrequirementsforelectivepositions.Pleaseensurethatthefollowingpointsarebroughtoutinthediscussion.The IEBC is responsible for ensuring that the following qualifications are met for eligibility toparticipateinelectionsinKenya:


CandidateforPresidentialElection(andRunningMate)

Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.200,000forcandidatesKes.100,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability.

• MustbeaKenyancitizenbybirth

• IsqualifiedtostandforelectionasamemberofParliament

• Mustnotholddualcitizenship

• Must not owe allegiancetoaforeignstate

• Mustbearegisteredvoter

• IsaholderofadegreefromaUniversityrecognizedinKenya

• IsnominatedbyaPoliticalPartyorisanindependentcandidate

• TheCandidatemustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:

• Certifiedcopiesofeducationalqualificationcertificates,includingaDegreeCertificateinaccordancewithSection22oftheElectionsAct,2011andRegulation47ofElections(General)Regulations,2012.

• WherethebodythatissuedthecertificateisnotbasedinKenya,acertifiedcopyofthecertificatemustbesubmittedwhichmustbeauthenticatedandorequatedbytheKenyaNationalExaminationCouncilincaseofForm4certificates,ortheCommissionofHigherEducation,incaseofUniversityDegrees.

• AcopyofaNationalIdentityCard/validPassport(thedocumentusedbythecandidatetoregisterasavoter)

• APassportsizephotographwithwhitebackgroundsubmittedinhardandsoftcopy.

• IfaPartyCandidate,aNominationCertificatefromafullyregisteredPoliticalPartynominatingthecandidate,dulydatedandsignedbyanauthorizedofficialoftheparty

• AdulysignedanddatedCodeofConduct(SecondScheduleoftheElectionsAct,2011)

• AdulyfilledCommissionNominationForm,including:

• AnoriginalStatutoryDeclarationFormforpurposesofnomination(Regulation18(3)Elections(General)Regulations,2012andanoriginalSelf-DeclarationForm(Regulation46ofElections(General)Regulations,2012)

• ForbothPoliticalPartyCandidatesandIndependentCandidates,anelectronicandprintedcopyofnotfewerthan2000votersfromeachofthemajorityofthecountriesintheprescribedform.

Table 4: Candidate for Presidential Election


For an Independent Candidate:• AClearanceCertificatefromtheRegistrar

ofPoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asat7thMay,2017(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012

• Asoftandahardcopyofalistofatleast2000supportersintheprescribedform,submittedtotheCommission.

• AdulyfilledFormofIntentiontoContestintheprescribedform(Regulation15(b)(General)Regulations,2012

• Asymbolthecandidateintendstouseduringtheelection,whichhasbeenapprovedbytheCommission21daysbeforeCommissionDay

• Establishandmaintainafunctioningofficeintherespectiveelectoralareawherethecandidateiscontesting,whichmustbeavailableforinspectionbytheCommissionatleast45daysbeforetheelections.Theaddress,includingthephysicaladdressoftheofficemustbecommunicatedtotheCommission


CandidateforGovernorElection(andRunningMate)

Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.50,000forcandidatesKes.25,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability.

• MustbeaKenyancitizenforatleast10yearsbeforetheelection


• Must be eligible forelectionasamemberofthecountyassembly


• IsaholderofadegreefromaUniversityrecognizedinKenya


• AllrequirementforCountyGovernorapplytotheDeputyGovernor.

• TheCandidatemustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:

• Certifiedcopiesofeducationalqualificationcertificates,includingaDegreeCertificateinaccordancewithSection22oftheElectionsAct,2011andRegulation47ofElections(General)Regulations,2012.


• AcopyofaNationalIdentityCard/validPassport(thedocumentusedbythecandidatetoregisterasavoter)


• IfaPartyCandidate,aNominationCertificatefromafullyregisteredpoliticalpartynominatingthecandidate,dulysignedanddatedbyanauthorizedofficialoftheparty


• AdulyfilledCommissionNominationForm,includinganoriginalStatutoryDeclarationFormforpurposesofnomination(Regulation18(3)Elections(General)Regulations,2012)andanoriginalSelf-DeclarationForm(Regulation46ofElections(General)Regulations,2012)

Table 5: Candidate for Governor Election


For an Independent Candidate:• AClearanceCertificatefromtheRegistrar

ofPoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asat7thMay,2017(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012



• Asymbolthecandidateintendstouseduringtheelection,whichhasbeenapprovedbytheCommission

• Establishandmaintainafunctioningofficeintherespectiveelectoralareawherethecandidateiscontesting,whichmustbeavailableforinspectionbytheCommissionatleast45daysbeforetheelections.Theaddress,includingthephysicaladdressoftheofficemustbecommunicatedtotheCommission.


CandidateforSenateElection(andRunningMate)

Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.50,000forcandidatesKes.25,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability





TheCandidatemustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:• AcopyofaNationalIdentityCard/validPassport

(thedocumentusedbythecandidatetoregisterasavoter)


• IfaPartyCandidate,aNominationCertificatefromafullyregisteredpoliticalpartynominatingthecandidate,dulysignedbyanauthorizedofficialoftheparty



For an Independent Candidate:• AClearanceCertificatefromtheRegistrarof

PoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asat7thMay,2017,(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012





Table 6: Candidate for Senate Election


CandidateforNationalAssemblyElection(includingWomanCountyRepresentativetotheNationalAssembly)Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.20,000forcandidatesKes.10,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability


• Mustnotholdallegiancetoaforeignstate










PoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asatDecember4,2012(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012





Table 7: Candidate for National Assembly Election


CandidateforWardCountyAssemblyElection

Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.5,000forcandidates.Kes.2,500foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability.












PoliticalPartiescertifyingthatthepersonwasnotamemberofanypoliticalpartyforthelast3monthsbeforetheelections;i.e.asat7thMay,2017(Regulation15(a)(General)Regulations,2012




• Establishandmaintainafunctioningofficeintherespectiveelectoralareawherethecandidateiscontesting,whichmustbeavailableforinspectionbytheCommissionatleast45daysbeforetheelections.Theaddress,includingthephysicaladdressoftheofficemustbecommunicatedtotheCommission

Table 8: Candidate for Ward County Assembly Election


GeneralRequirementsforIndependentCandidates(Regulation39oftheElection(General)Regulations,2012)Fees Qualifications: Requirements:NominationfeesinaBanker’sChequepayabletoIEBC:Kes.20,000forcandidatesKes.10,000foracandidatewhoisayouth,awomanorapersonwithadisability

AnominationpapersubmittedbyanIndependentCandidatestotheCommissionshall;• Containthecandidate’snameasit

appearsintheRegisterofVoters• Besignedbythecandidate,proposer

andsecondedwhoshallbevotersregisteredintherespectiveelectoralarea

• TheProposerandSecondershallnotbemembersofanypoliticalparty

• ShowtherespectiveelectoralareafortheproposerandSeconder

• Bedeliveredtothereturningofficerpersonallytothecandidateshimselforherselforbyapersonauthorizedbythecandidatesonthedatesetfornominationsforthatelection

QualificationsforNomineesofPartyListsunderArticles97(1)(c)and98(1)(b),(c)and(d),andforthemembersofcountyassembliesunderArticle177(1)(b)and(c)NomineetotheNationalAssembly,NomineetotheSenate,YouthNomineetotheSenate,PersonswithDisabilityNomineetotheSenate,MarginalizedGroupNomineetotheCountyAssembly,GenderSpecialSeatsNomineetotheCountyAssembly(ForGenderTopUp)

Qualifications:• MustbeaKenyancitizenforatleast

10yearsbeforetheelection• Mustbearegisteredvoter• Mustnotoweallegiancetoaforeign

state• CertificationofDisabilityfromthe

relevantinstitutionasprescribedbytheCommission

APoliticalPartymustsubmitthefollowingdocumentstotheCommissionduringtheCommissionNomination:• PartyListscontaining

nomineesappointedinaccordancewithArticles97(1)(c),98(1)(b),(c)and177(1)(c)and(c)oftheConstitutioninthemannerprescribedbytheCommissionandauthorizedbysignatoriesofthenominatingPoliticalParty

• DulysignedcopiesofLettersofAcceptanceoftheNominees

• CertifiedcopiesofeducationalqualificationcertificatesoftheNominees(WHEREAPPLICABLE),includingaDiplomacertificateorotherpost-secondaryqualificationacquiredafteraperiodofthreemonthsrecognizedbytherelevantMinistryinaccordancewithSection22(1)(b)oftheElectionsAct,2011andRegulation47ofElections(General)Regulations,2012.


Table 9: General Requirements for Independent Candidates

MODULE 7Political Economy Analysis (PEA)


ModuleObjectives This session guides the participants/candidates on how to go about undertaking a political economy analysis. At the end of the session participants will know: - • DefinitionofPoliticalEconomyAnalysis• Fill out a Political Economy Analysis Matrix

TrainingAid&Resources Flipchart, makers and papers, Power point presentations

MethodofDelivery Presentation ,discussions and experience sharing

Duration 60 Minutes (1 hour)

What is Political Economy Analysis?

PEAistheattempttofindoutwhatisreally`goingon’inasituation,whatliesbehindthesurfaceoftheimmediateproblem,forexamplewhethercompetinginterestsexist.Usuallythisisformulatedwith(andcloudedby)jargonaroundpower,rulesofthegame,formalandinformalsystemsetc.,allofwhichboilsdowntotryingtounderstandthe‘layoftheland.’PEAisthereforepartoftheprocessofbeing‘politicallysmart’inourwork,whichisnotthesameasbeingpartisan(committedtoonesetofpoliticalactorsoveranother).

Politicaleconomylooksattheinteractionofpoliticalandeconomicprocessesinasociety,thedistributionofpowerandwealthbetweendifferentgroupsandindividuals,andtheprocessesthatcreate,sustainandtransformtheserelationshipsovertime.Theroleofbothstructuralfactorsandinstitutionsiscritical:theyshapeincentivesandconstraintsandsetlimitstowhatispossible

Political Economy Analysis Tools

PowerandChangeAnalysis(PCA).EntailsastakeholderandSWOTanalysistodiscussoperationalimplicationsandtoconsiderwhetherthereisaneedtorealignpoliticalstrategy.ThePowerandChangeanalysisisstructuredaroundthreedimensions.

Figure 2 Three dimensions of the Power and Change analysis

Structural Factors

Rulesof

the Game

Actors and

Agents

HistoryGeography

Ethnography

FormalInformal

IndividualsOrganizations


1. Structural Factors.Thesearestructuralfactorsthatdrivechangeandincludethesocialandeconomicfactorsthatsignificantlyshapethepoliticalsystem.Thesecanbeofverylongtermorigin,andtendtochangeslowly.Issuesaddressedtypicallyincludeterritorialintegrity,thehistoryofopponentandtheirformation,sourcesofrevenue,theirsocialandeconomicstructures,geostrategicpositionandgeographyoftheirlocations

2. Rules of the game,includingformalandinformalinstitutionsofthestate,civilsocietyandtheprivatesector.Theseshapehowthepoliticswillbeconductedandrelationshipsmanaged.Thereisparticularfocusontheextentandnatureofpoliticalcompetition,thedegreetowhichkeyinstitutionsofstateandsocietyoperateaccordingtoknownrules,andwhattheirinterrelationshipsare.Thisalsolooksatkeysocio-economictrendsthatcouldchangetherulesofthegame.Issuesitaddressesinclude:theformalframework,politicalcompetition,institutionalization,andthedistributionofpower,thepublicbureaucracy,state-societyrelations,andidentifyingkeytrends.

3. Actors and Agents,includingkeyactors‟capacitiesandinterests,andtheeventsandpressures(context)towhichtheyareresponding.Thisfocusesonneartermpoliticaldynamics,andoverlapswiththetrackrecordandreportingactivities.

Why is Political Economy Analysis Important?

• TounderstandthepoliticaleconomycontextofaConstituencyinordertoimprovestrategy• Tounderstandthegeneralfactorsdrivingorblockingyouragenda• Tounderstandtheinterestsofparticularstakeholders,groupsandindividuals• Toassessthecommitmentofpoliticalleadershiptoyouragenda• Toassessthepoliticalfeasibilityofspecificchange• Todevelopapoliticallysavvyapproachtopromotingagenda

PEA will help you in;

• Decidingwhotoworkwith,andhowtomanagerelationships• Tounderstandwhyyouragendamayhavestalledandhowtounblockprogress• Toinformyourapproachtopoliticalengagementanddialogue• Totestthethresholdofyourcampaignandyourassumptions• Tounderstandandmanagepotentialrisks

Activity One; How to conduct PEA

Dividetheparticipantsintosmalldiscussiongroups.Youmayaskthemthefollowingquestionstoguidethem:

Structural factors

1. Whatarethelongtermcontextualfactors,notreadilyinfluenced:historicallegacies?2. WhatisthegeographyofyourConstituency(demographiccharacteristics)?3. Whatarethekeyresourcesreadilyavailableforyourcampaign?


4. WhatistheEthno-linguisticfragmentation?5. Letthempresenttheirfindingsinplenary.

Conduct a facilitator led presentation and discussion to consolidate the activity’s outcomes using the information shown presented;

Activity Two; Actors and Agents

1. Whatareinterestsandincentivesofactors?2. Whatistheirpowertogetwhattheywant?3. Letthempresenttheirfindingsinplenary

Conductafacilitatorledpresentationanddiscussiontoconsolidatetheactivity’soutcomesusingthematrixbelow;

Figure 3 Power/Influence matrix

High power,low interest

Low power,low interest

High degree of power &

high interest

Low power but

high interest

•Potentialto block/opponents

•Needforadvocacy

•Championsforchangeorsupporters

•Maysimplebeunawareofthe

potentialbenefits•Raisingawareness

•Potentialalliesforchampions/supporters•Needtoempower them•Fostercoalitions

POWER/INFLUENCE

INTEREST


References

Chweya,E.(2015)‘MPMillieOdhiamboRevealsWhySheUndressedinParliament’.Ghafla,11May.

Domingo,P.,McCullough,A.,Simbiri,F,.Wanjala,B.(2016).OverseasDevelopmentInstituteWomenandpowerShapingthedevelopmentofKenya’s2010Constitution

FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2010)‘FIDAAnnualReport’.Nairobi:FIDA.

FIDA(FederationofWomenLawyersinKenya)(2013)‘KeyGainsandChallenges:AGenderAuditofKenya’s2013ElectionProcess’Nairobi:FIDA,USAIDandNDI.

GovernmentofKenya,MinistryofDevolutionandPlanning(June2017).ImplementationoftheAgenda2030forSustainabledevelopmentinKenya

Ghai,Y.P.andCottrell,J.(2011).Kenya’sConstitution:AnInstrumentforChange.Nairobi:KatibaInstitute.

Nzomo,M.(2013).WomeninPoliticalLeadershipinKenya:Access,AgendaSetting&Accountability.InstituteofDiplomacy&InternationalStudies,UniversityofNairobi

Tripp,A.,Lott,C.andKhabure,L.(2014).Women’sLeadershipasaRoutetoGreaterEmpowerment:KenyaCaseStudy.Nairobi:USAID

Tripp,A.(2014).Women’sMovementandConstitutionMakingafterCivilUnrestandConflictinAfrica:TheCasesofKenyaandSomalia.Paper.

TheStarNewspaper(February,2019).SafaricomMoldsFemaleStaffforLeadership

TheNationalDemocraticInstitute(NDI)andtheFederationofWomenLawyers(FIDAKenya)(2017).AGenderAnalysisofthe2017KenyaElections.

Women’sAgendaforaDemocraticKenya:PoliticalParticipation”.PaperpresentedattheNationalWomen’sConvention,KICC,Nairobi22February.;1992


Appendices

Appendix One

MODULE MODULE OBJECTIVES METHOD OF DELIVERY

TRAINING AID AND TRAINING RESOURCES

Module One: ContextualOverviewofWomenandPolitics

Bytheendofthemodule,participants/candidatesshouldbeableto:• DescribetheroleofwomeninpoliticalinKenya• Statewhatwomenneedinordertoparticipatein

politicalleadership.

PowerPointpresentation,facilitatorleddiscussion,experiencesharingandgroupwork

PowerPointpresentationslides,Flipchartstand,Flipcharts,Flipchartmarkers,Maskingtapeandparticipants’previousknowledgeandexperiences

Module Two: PoliticsandGender

Bytheendofthemodule,participants/candidatesshouldbeableto:• DefineGenderandinternalizegenderconcepts• DefineGender,sexandcommonstereotypes• Manifestationsofgenderstereotypesinelections

andpolitics• Understandpoliticsfromagenderlens

PowerPointpresentation,facilitatorleddiscussion,experiencesharingandgroupwork

PowerPointpresentationslides,Flipchartstand,Flipcharts,Flipchartmarkers,Maskingtapeandparticipants'previousknowledgeandexperiences.

Module Three: CampaignStrategies

Bytheendofthissession,participants/candidateswillbeabletoknowabout:• WhyarecampaignsnecessaryandHowto

Campaign• Lobbying&LobbyingTactics• GettingSupport• Howtowriteeffectivemessages• Drawingupslogans• Whyarecampaignsnecessaryandhowto

campaign

Roleplays,Groupworkdiscussionsandexperiencesharing

Flipchart,makersandpapers

Module Four: CommunicationandPresentationSkills

Bytheendofthissession,participants/candidateswillbeabletoknowabout:• Publicspeaking• Personalpresentationandimage• Handlingnegativesituations


Flipchart,makersandpaper

Module Five: EngagingMedia

Thissessionprovidesguidelinesonhowtopresent:Engagingthemedia.Itdefinesthedifferenttypesofmediaandgoesontohighlightitsrolesandshortcomings.Itendswithvarioustipsforeffectiveuseofthemedia.Attheendofthesessionparticipantswillbeableto:-• Explainthemeaningofmedia• Identifytypesofmedia• Describetheroleofthemedia• Discusshowtoengagethemedia



Module Six: ElectionRulesandRegulation

Thissessionguidestheparticipants/candidatesontheelectionrulesandregulations.IthighlightstheIEBCrequirementsforparticipationinelectionsascandidates.Attheendofthesessionparticipantswillknow:• KenyaElectoralLawsandRegulations• Qualificationsandrequirementsforelective

positions



Modules Seven: PoliticalEconomyAnalysis

Thissessionguidestheparticipants/candidatesonhowtogoaboutundertakingapoliticaleconomyanalysis.Attheendofthesessionparticipantswillknow:-• DefinitionofPoliticalEconomyAnalysis• FilloutaPoliticalEconomyAnalysisMatrix

Powerpointpres-entation,discussionsandexperiencesharing

Flipchart,makersandpapers,Powerpointpresentations

Table 10: Training Course Content


Appendix Two

TIMELINE MODULE /SESSIONS

1stworkshopDayonetodaythree

Introduction to Leadership CourseBackgroundandContextClimateSettingforEffectiveLearningParticipantsIntroductionsSharingExpectationsandObjectives

Module One: ContextualOverviewofWomenandPoliticsSessionOne:ContextualOverviewWomenandPoliticsinKenyaSession Two: Women Participation in Elections Historical BackgroundSession Three: Impact on Women’s Access to Elected and Appointed Positions in KenyaSession Four: Patterns of Power and Decision Making

Module Two:PoliticsandGenderSessionOne:DefiningGenderConceptSessionTwo:GenderConceptSessionThree:GenderManifestationsinElectionandPoliticsSessionFour:CulturesandTraditionalGenderRolesSessionFive:GenderAnalysisof2017ElectionsandViolenceagainstWomeninElections

Module Three: Campaign StrategiesSession One: Why CampaignSession Two: How to CampaignSessionThree:LobbyingSession Four: Campaign TipsSessionFive:Introductiontocampaignstrategies

2ndworkshopDayonetodaythree Module Four: Communication and Presentation Skills

Session One: Presentation SkillsSessionTwo:HandlingNegativeSituation

Module Five: Engaging MediaSession One: What is the meaning of MediaSession Two: How to use the MediaSessionThree:WritingEffectivePressReleaseModule Six: Election Rules and RegulationSessionOne:ElectoralLawsofKenyaSessionTwo:QualificationsandRequirementsforElectivePositions

Modules Seven: Political Economy AnalysisSession One: How to conduct PEASession Two: Actors and Agents

Table 11: Training Time Table


Appendix Three

Pleaseevaluatepoliticalleadershiptrainingexperienceandthefacilitatorofyourworkshopbycheckingtheboxthatbestindicatesyourresponseinthechartnexttoeachstatement.There-sponsesonthisformwillbeusedtoadjustandimprovefutureworkshopprograms.5=Excellent, 4=Good, 3=Satisfactory, 2=Needs Improvement, 1=Very PoorYour evaluation form is anonymous unless you choose to write your name on it.

Evaluation of the Module/Sessions

1. Participatingintheworkshopenabledmetoreflectuponissuesthatariseinmydailylife. 5 4 3 2 12. Participatingintheworkshopgraduallyreducedmyreluctancetovoicemyopinionstoothers 5 4 3 2 13. Participatingintheworkshopimprovedmylisteningskills 5 4 3 2 14. Participatingintheworkshopenhancedmyabilitytocommunicateeffectivelywithothers. 5 4 3 2 15. Participatingintheworkshopincreasedmyself-confidence 5 4 3 2 16. Participatingintheworkshopmotivatedmetothinkaboutmyvisionforabetterleadershipinmy

community.5 4 3 2 1

7. Participatingintheworkshopinspiredmyspiritofelectivepolitics 5 4 3 2 18. Participatingintheworkshopmademeappreciatetheneedforengenderingpoliticalleadershipinmy

community.5 4 3 2 1

9. ParticipatingintheworkshopenabledmetocultivateanetworkoffriendsandcolleagueswithwhomIfeelcomfortablediscussingmypersonalandprofessionalconcernsasIaspiretoeffectchangeinmylifeand/orcommunity.

5 4 3 2 1

10. ParticipatingintheworkshopstimulatedmydesiretolearnmoreaboutpoliticalparticipationandwhatIcandotoempowerwomen.

5 4 3 2 1

11. Interactingwithotherworkshopparticipantsenabledmetounderstandtheimportanceofwomen’sparticipationinmycommunity’sdecision-making.

5 4 3 2 1

12. Learningfromotherswasausefulwaytoconsiderthechallengesandopportunitiesinvolvedinpoliticalparticipation.

5 4 3 2 1

13. Participatinginthelearningexerciseswasausefulwaytoconsiderthechallengesandopportunitiesformyinvolvementinpoliticalleadership

5 4 3 2 1

14. Ibelievethatbothwomenandmencanbenefitfromparticipatinginthisworkshop. 5 4 3 2 115. Iwouldrecommendtomyfamilymembers,friends,and/orcolleaguesthattheyparticipateinthe

workshops.5 4 3 2 1

Evaluation of the Facilitator16. Thefacilitatorconductedtheworkshopatareasonablepace—quicklyenoughtoavertmyboredomand

fatiguebutslowlyenoughtoallowmetobenefitfromthesessionsandlearningexercises.5 4 3 2 1

17. ThefacilitatorcreatedanenvironmentinwhichIcouldspeakwitheaseaboutsensitivepersonalandprofessionalconcerns.

5 4 3 2 1

18. Thefacilitatorwaswillingtoshareherlifeexperienceswiththeparticipantsinordertostimulatediscussion.

5 4 3 2 1

19. Thefacilitatorenabledtheparticipantstounderstandthechallengesandopportunitiesinvolvedinpoliticalparticipation.

5 4 3 2 1

20. Thefacilitatorwelcomedtheparticipants’recommendationsaboutissuesthatwererelevantforconsidera-tionandadaptedtheworkshoptotheirneeds.

5 4 3 2 1

Table 12: Training Evaluation Checklist

Inthespacebelowandonthebackofthispage,pleasecommentonanyaspectofyourexperiencewiththeworkshopfacilitatorthatyoulikedand/ordisliked.Whatrecommendationswouldyouoffertothisfacilitatortohelphermakefutureworkshopsmorerelevantandusefultoparticipants?Pleasefeelfreetoshareyoursuggestions.

Thigiri Hilltop, off Thigiri Ridge Road,P.O Box 66471 - 00800,

Nairobi, KenyaTel: + 254(0)20 2610021/2/3Email: [email protected]

Website: www.kas.de/kenia/en

a training manual for women in political leadership

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