a true american tragedy “the indian extermination” 1860 – 1890 civil war and post civil war
TRANSCRIPT
Indian Removal Act (1830)What: The forcible removal of 100,000 members from five different tribes in the southern part of the U.S.
When: 1832 – 1838
For their 100,000,000 acres of rich farm land, these Native Americans received 32,000,000 acres of dry prairie land in what is now present day Oklahoma.
Worchester v. Georgia (1832)
U.S Supreme Court Ruling: Georgia has no night to remove the Cherokee Indians.
President Jackson’s Response: Dared the U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall to enforce his ruling.
Why did the U.S. government want this land so bad? Why did the U.S. government want this land so bad?
Treaty of Ft. Laramie – 1851
Terms:
1. These tribes will not attack settlers moving west on the Oregon Trail.2. Railroads and roads may be built in and through these tribe’s land. 3. Military forts may be built in these tribe’s land. 4. In exchange for these privileges, each tribe will be paid $50,000 a year for the next 50 years.
Groups involved in this Treaty:
• U.S. Government • 9 Native American Tribes in the Wyoming Territory – Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Shoshone, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara
Congress later cut the amount of yearly payments from 50 years to 10 years, and none of the tribes received their payments on a consistent regular basis.
Western Migration Reasons:
1. Mining (Gold & Silver) 2. Farming
3. New Life (Foreigners & Domestic)
4. Railroad Construction
5. Military Outposts
6. Absence of Law (Outlaws)
7. Entrepreneurs / Businessmen
8. FREE LAND!
Migration Trails: Oregon (West), Bozeman (North West), and Santa Fe Trails (South West)
Western U.S. Soldier’s Duties
• build forts • drive settlers from Indian reservations• escort mail • prevent smuggling • protect miners, railroad crews, and politicians• fight Indians
Pay: $13 a month
Up to 1/3 third of western U.S. soldiers deserted.
Why did U.S. soldiers not want to be stationed in the west?
Hard and dangerous work for low pay.
The Obstacle“The Red Savage”
Western Indian Population = 225,000
What was the impact of horses on Native American cultures?
The Indian Wars / Plains Wars
“The 2nd Civil War”(1862 - 1890)Sioux War (1862)
Chivington Massacre (1864)
Fetterman Massacre (1866)
Little Big Horn (1876)
Apache Wars (1861 – 1886)
Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Resistant Tribes
Why did they resist? – This was an assault on the entire Native American way of life.
• They were defending their sacred homelands.• They were defending their food source. • They have always been a “hunter-gatherer” culture, now they are being told to be “agrarian”. • They have always been a “nomadic” culture, now they are being told to be a “stationary” culture.• Tribal clashes on the reservations between different tribes being forced to live on the reservation together as they never had before.
The Buffalo Slaughter
Great Plains Buffalo Population:
1865 = 15,000,000
1890 = 1,000
Reasons:
1. Food 2. Hunting Game 3. Fur
William Cody “Buffalo Bill”
Slaughtered buffaloes and sold the meat to railroad constructionworkers and the U.S Army.
Responsible for killing over 4,200 buffalo.
Nickname: Engaged in a buffalo killing contest with William Comstock.
Impact on Indians Buffalo = vital component of Native American lifestyle
Native American uses of the buffalo:
Bones = Arrow HeadsMeat = Food
Fur = Clothing and Shelter Buffalo Chips = Fuel Tails = Fly Swatter Gal Stones = Paint
Buffalo Fetus = Delicacy Smoked Fur = Moccasins
“Kill a buffalo and you kill an Indian” Buffalo Population Decline = contributed to the “Indian Extinction”
Buffalo were seen as biblical in the eyes of Native Americans.
The White Man’s Victory
Winchester Rifle
Colt Revolver
With these weapons, Indians and buffalo were easily killed.
What: Economic Depression
Time Period: 1873 –1877
Result: 10,000 businesses fail
Causes:
1. Bankrupt Gov. and businesses from the Civil War 2. To much money spent on railroad construction. 3. Europe was also experiencing a Depression, and American
businesses are heavily dependent on the European market to buy and sell American made goods.
4. The Gold Standard.
The Apache Wars Date: 1861 – 1886
Where: Arizona, New Mexico, & Mexico Date: 1861 – 1886
Where: Arizona, New Mexico, & Mexico
Cochise (1815 – 1874)1st Apache War (1861 – 1874)
Cochise (1815 – 1874)1st Apache War (1861 – 1874)
Geronimo (1834 – 1909)2nd Apache War (1874 – 1886)
Geronimo (1834 – 1909)2nd Apache War (1874 – 1886)
Brigadier Gen. George Crook
Apache Name: Nantan LupanEnglish Translation: Grey Wolf Chief
Apache Name: Nantan LupanEnglish Translation: Grey Wolf Chief
Lt. Charles Gatewood
Lt. Gatewood with U.S. Army Apache scouts. Lt. Gatewood with U.S. Army Apache scouts.
Lt. Charles Gatewood Lt. Charles Gatewood
Geronimo “The Apache Warrior”
He had deep hatred towards any people who were not Apache, because his wife and children were killed by Mexicans.
Geronimo and an Apache war party raidedand killed Mexicans and white settlers in Mexico, New Mexico, and Arizona.
In the 1880’s the U.S. Army launched the “Geronimo Campaign” in an effort to capture Geronimo and his band of outlaw Chiricahua Apaches.(1834 - 1909)
Geronimo’s Tribe: Chiricahua Apache Geronimo’s Tribe: Chiricahua Apache
Geronimo’s ImprisonmentGeronimo’s ImprisonmentWhen: 1886 – 1909
Where: Ft. Marion, FL and Ft. Sill, OK When: 1886 – 1909
Where: Ft. Marion, FL and Ft. Sill, OK
On way to Ft. Marion, FLOn way to Ft. Marion, FL P.O.W. GeronimoP.O.W. Geronimo
“The systematic destruction of a specific group or race.”“The systematic destruction of a specific group or race.”
Making a Comparison
The Holocaust
• Jewish Concentration Camps
• The German Aryan Race
• Genocide and Pogroms of Jews
• Gassing and Burning of Jews
• Using Jews to police themselves in the Jewish ghettos
Making a Comparison
• Indian Reservations
• Americanized Indians
• Massacre of Indians
• Mass Hangings of Indians
• Having Indians police themselves on the reservations
• Using Indians to catch Indians
• Indian Reservations
• Americanized Indians
• Massacre of Indians
• Mass Hangings of Indians
• Having Indians police themselves on the reservations
• Using Indians to catch Indians