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![Page 1: A typology for the measures using deprivation · PDF fileA typology for the measures using multiple deprivation ... Gordon (2000, 2006) Asselin and Anh ... A typology of poverty measures](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051722/5aa18d517f8b9a07758bc106/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Department of Social Policy and Intervention
A typology for the
measures using
multiple
deprivation
indicators
Selcuk Beduk, Dphil student
Dep. of Social Policy & Intervention
OPHI, 8 Feb 2016
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Context
• The movement towards a multidimensional approach
as a response to the critiques on money metric
measures
• The main concern is not multidimensionality per se
but enhancing the validity of measurements
• Various methods for constructing summary indices
using multiple deprivation indicators (e.g. Kakwani and Silber,
2008; Alkire and Foster, 2011; Betti and Lemmi, 2015)
• Various measures using multiple deprivation
indicators in many different contexts (e.g. Gordon, 2000;
Dewilde, 2004; Moisio, 2004; Tomlinson et al. 2008; Noble et al. 2009; Guio,
2009; McLennan et al. 2011; Alkire and Santos, 2013)
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
The aim
Review existing measures using multiple deprivation
indicators to reach a parsimonious typology based
on a coherent analytical framework
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Why?
The typology based on ideal-case measurement
models is useful for
• for facilitating a transparent process of
operationalization
• for fostering validity testing
• for choosing measures that are best fit to the
intended purposes
• as a guidance for the development of new
measures based on a priori designed ideal types
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
How? The method
Based on the framework of measurement models
• A huge literature in psychometrics on ‘measurement
theory’ with many applications in social science (e.g.
Bollen 1989; Bollen and Lennox, 1991; MacCallum and Browne, 1993;
Vandenberg and Lance, 2000; and Diamantopoulos and Winklhofer, 2001
among others)
• Also a literature specifically on the multidimensional
constructs in management/organizational behavior (Law et al. 1998; Chan, 1998; Edwards, 2001; Jarvis et al. 2003; Wong et al.
2008; Johnson et al. 2011; Johnson et al. 2012; Polites, 2012)
• Some applications in poverty literature but no
explicit focus on the fruitfulness of the framework (Dewilde, 2004; Moisio, 2004; Nolan and Whelan, 2007; Tomlinson et al.
2008; Wagle, 2009 ; Krishnakumar and Ballon, 2008)
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
What? The analytical framework: measurement model
• Any measure using multiple indicators implicitly or
explicitly assume a model of the relationships
between the indicators and the overall construct
• Explicitly modelling this relationship between the
construct and its multiple indicators
• Measurement model concept is constructed within
Structural Equation Modelling method/approach
• SEM is a technique which combines
Path analysis from Sociology
Simultaneous equations from Economics
Factor analysis from Psychometrics
I1
I2 I3
P
e1 e
2 e
3
I1 = α+β1P+e1
I2 = α+β2P+e2
I3 = α+β3P+e3
β1 β2
β3
A basic measurement model
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Utility? measurement model
• Provide a framework for constructing conceptually
and statistically robust measures
• Intelligible visual representation of the overall
construct, the dimensions and the indicators
Meaning of dimensionality; distinctions between the
construct, dimensions and indicators
• Forces us to elaborate our conceptual apparatus
• Forces us to be clear about our methodological
assumptions
E.g. trade-offs between dimensions and between indicators
• Provide a framework for validity testing
• Account for measurement error (but only in latent
variable modelling frameworks – e.g. SEM, LCA)
I1
I2 I3
P
e1 e
2 e
3
I1 = α+β1P+e1
I2 = α+β2P+e2
I3 = α+β3P+e3
β1 β2
β3
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Models Description Dimensionality
Trade-offs
among
dimensions
Trade-offs
among
indicators
Measurement
purpose
Existing example
measures
Model 1 Latent model Unidimensional X Substitute Identification
Guio (2009), Guio et al.
(2012), Nolan and
Whelan (1996;2011),
Model 2 Composite model Unidimensional
X
Complementary
Identification
Responding
Gordon (2000, 2006)
Asselin and Anh (2008)
Model 3
2nd order Latent model with
manifest indicators
Multidimensional
Substitute
Substitute
Identification
Understanding
Dewilde (2004),
Moisio(2004), Tomlinson
et al. (2008)
Model 4
2nd order Composite model
with component indicators
Multidimensional
Complementary
Complementary
Identification
Understanding
Responding
Alkire and Santos (2010)
McLennan et al. (2011)
Model 5
2nd order Composite model
with manifest indicators
Multidimensional
Complementary
Substitute
Identification
Understanding
Noble et al. (2009)
Model 6
2nd order Latent model with
composite indicators
Multidimensional
Substitute
Complementary
Identification
Understanding
Responding
--
A typology of poverty measures using multiple deprivation indicators
based on the framework of measurement model
![Page 9: A typology for the measures using deprivation · PDF fileA typology for the measures using multiple deprivation ... Gordon (2000, 2006) Asselin and Anh ... A typology of poverty measures](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051722/5aa18d517f8b9a07758bc106/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Models Description Dimensionality
Trade-offs
among
dimensions
Trade-offs
among
indicators
Measurement
purpose
Existing example
measures
Model 1 Latent model Unidimensional X Substitute Identification
Guio (2009), Guio et al.
(2012), Nolan and
Whelan (1996;2011),
Model 2 Composite model Unidimensional
X
Complementary
Identification
Responding
Gordon (2000, 2006)
Asselin and Anh (2008)
Model 3
2nd order Latent model with
manifest indicators
Multidimensional
Substitute
Substitute
Identification
Understanding
Dewilde (2004),
Moisio(2004), Tomlinson
et al. (2008)
Model 4
2nd order Composite model
with component indicators
Multidimensional
Complementary
Complementary
Identification
Understanding
Responding
Alkire and Santos (2010)
McLennan et al. (2011)
Model 5
2nd order Composite model
with manifest indicators
Multidimensional
Complementary
Substitute
Identification
Understanding
Noble et al. (2009)
Model 6
2nd order Latent model with
composite indicators
Multidimensional
Substitute
Complementary
Identification
Understanding
Responding
--
A typology of poverty measures using multiple deprivation indicators
based on the framework of measurement model
![Page 10: A typology for the measures using deprivation · PDF fileA typology for the measures using multiple deprivation ... Gordon (2000, 2006) Asselin and Anh ... A typology of poverty measures](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051722/5aa18d517f8b9a07758bc106/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Department of Social Policy and Intervention
P2
I3 I2 I1
Model 2: Composite model
Observed component indicators I1 – I3
• Indicators are facets or manifestations of poverty - they are
the outcomes of poverty
• An increase in poverty reflects in an increase in indicators
• Indicators are expected to be highly correlated to each other
as they are caused by a common underlying factor - poverty
• Indicators are ideally expected to be perfectly substitutable
• Poverty = common variance of all indicators
• Method: counting approach; EFA/CFA; SEM; LCA;
Unidimensional multiple indicators
• Indicators are constituent components of poverty - they
define what poverty is
• An increase in indicators causes an increase in poverty
• Indicators represent distinct aspects of poverty, and thus
independent from each other
• Indicators are ideally expected to be perfectly complementary
• Poverty = total variance of all indicators
• Method: counting approach; PCA; regression
I4
I5 I6
P1
Model 1: Latent model
Observed manifest indicators I4 – I6
Nolan and Whelan, 2011;
Guio, 2009;
Guio et al. 2011
Gordon, 2000; 2006
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
P3
D1
D3
D2
I1
I2 I3
Model 3: 2nd order Latent model
Manifest dimensions
Observed manifest indicators
P4
I1
D1
D3
D2
I2 I3
Model 4: 2nd order Composite model
Observed component indicators
Component dimensions
Multidimensional multiple indicators
Dewilde, 2004;
Moisio, 2004;
Tomlinson et al. 2008
Wagle, 2008
Alkire & Santos, 2010
McLennan et al. 2011
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
• Dimensions are the manifestations of poverty, and
indicators are the manifestations of dimensions
• An increase in poverty reflects in an increase in dimension
deprivation, and also increase in the indicators
• Indicators and dimensions are expected to be highly
correlated to each other as they are all cause by a common
underlying factor (poverty or dimensional deprivation)
• Dimensions and indicators are ideally expected to be
perfectly substitutable
• Poverty = common variance of all dimensions
• Dimensions = common variance of all indicators
• Method: SEM; LCA; IRT
P3
D1
D2
Di
D3
.. .
… … … …
Model 3: 2nd order Latent model
Manifest dimensions D1– Di
Observed manifest indicators
Dewilde, 2004;
Moisio, 2004;
Tomlinson et al. 2008
Wagle, 2008
Substitutable
dimensions?
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
• Dimensions are the components of poverty, and indicators
are the components of dimensions
• An increase in indicators causes an increase in dimensional
deprivation, and increase in poverty
• Indicators and dimensions are expected to be highly
correlated to each other as they are all cause by a common
underlying factor (poverty or dimensional deprivation)
• Dimensions and indicators are ideally expected to be
perfectly substitutable
• Poverty = total variance of all dimensions
• Dimensions = total variance of all indicators
• Method: Alkire-Foster; SEM
P4
D1
D2
Di
D3
.. .
… … … …
Model 4: 2nd order Composite model
Component indicators
Component dimensions D1 – Di
Alkire & Santos, 2010
McLennan et al. 2011
Missing
dimensions?
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Which one to use?
It depends
i) on the definition of poverty
ii) on the purpose of measurement
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Blalock (1981:9) Conceptualization and Measurement in the Social Sciences
… unless very careful attention is paid to one’s
theoretical assumptions and conceptual apparatus, no
array of statistical techniques will suffice. Nor can a
series of ad hoc empirical studies produce truly
cumulative knowledge, except in the sense of
producing dated and situation-specific findings of
immediate practical significance.
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
It depends on the definition…
• Definitions precede and guide measures
• The conceptualization of the dimensions needs to
be derived from the definition
• The required type of indicators also needs to be
derived from the definition (and not solely
determined by available data – “data revolution”)
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Different conceptual models
Townsend (1979) – Poverty is about lack of
resources, and various social and material
deprivations are the manifestations of poverty
Mack and Lansley (1985) – Poverty is living
below a minimally accepted living standard, and
what defines poverty is the lack of socially
perceived necessities (due to a lack of resources)
Sen (1993) – Poverty is capability deprivation,
what defines poverty is the capability set
P
P
L
a
t
e
n
t
C
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
P
Latent model
Conceptual model Townsend
• Identify relevant deprivation indicators based on definition and some practical policy considerations
• Run EFA to identify dimensions • Choose the dimensions that is most relevant to
overall construct of poverty (and more closely correlated to income)
Operationalization e.g. Nolan and Whelan, 1996; 2011
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
P
Latent model
Conceptual model Townsend
Measurement model Nolan&Whelan
P3
D1
D2
…
D3
… …
Consumption deprivation
Housing deprivation
Neighborhood deprivation
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
P
Latent model
Conceptual model Townsend
Measurement model Nolan&Whelan
P3
D1
…
Consumption deprivation
• Measurement model: comes down
to unidimensional manifest model
• Assumption: A single scale based
on some key indicators is adequate
to capture the multidimensional
phenomenon of poverty
• Validity assessment: Can the index
of consumption deprivation identify
each set of component indicators
that entails a case of poverty?
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
P
Component
model
Conceptual model Sen
• Identify relevant dimensions • Identify relevant indicators (that represent the
dimensional constructs and that are independent from each other – redundancy)
• Calculate the index based on Alkire-Foster counting method
Operationalization e.g. Alkire and Santos, 2010;2013
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
P
Component
model
Conceptual model Sen
Measurement model MPI
P3
D1
Health
D2
Education
D3
…
Living standard
Di
…
?
?
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
P
Component
model
Conceptual model Sen
Measurement model MPI
P3
D1
Health
D2
Education
D3
…
Living standard
• Assumption: The index
captures all relevant aspects of
poverty – missing dimensions
and also missing indicators?
• Validity assessment: Can the
index MPI significantly explain
manifest indicators of the
overall construct of poverty for
different groups of the
population?
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Using measurement model as an
analytical framework forces us to
elaborate our conceptual apparatus
and provide a framework for reliability
and validity testing
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
It depends on the purpose…
• Different purposes of measurement – identification;
understanding; responding
• For identification, a unidimensional measure can be
adequate if it is strongly correlated with all
dimensions of poverty – it is an empirical matter
(Nolan and Whelan, 2007)
• Multidimensionality is essential for an better
understanding of the phenomenon
• Component indicators might directly be relevant for
policy responses
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Models Description Dimensionality
Trade-offs
among
dimensions
Trade-offs
among
indicators
Measurement
purpose
Existing example
measures
Model 1 Latent model Unidimensional X Substitute Identification
Guio (2009), Guio et al.
(2012), Nolan and
Whelan (1996;2011),
Model 2 Composite model Unidimensional
X
Complementary
Identification
Responding
Gordon (2000, 2006)
Asselin and Anh (2008)
Model 3
2nd order Latent model with
manifest indicators
Multidimensional
Substitute
Substitute
Identification
Understanding
Dewilde (2004),
Moisio(2004), Tomlinson
et al. (2008)
Model 4
2nd order Composite model
with component indicators
Multidimensional
Complementary
Complementary
Identification
Understanding
Responding
Alkire and Santos (2010)
McLennan et al. (2011)
Model 5
2nd order Composite model
with manifest indicators
Multidimensional
Complementary
Substitute
Identification
Understanding
Noble et al. (2009)
Model 6
2nd order Latent model with
composite indicators
Multidimensional
Substitute
Complementary
Identification
Understanding
Responding
--
A typology of poverty measures using multiple deprivation indicators
based on the framework of measurement model
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Having a typology is useful for
choosing measures that are
best fit to the intended
purposes
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Department of Social Policy and Intervention
Conclusion
• Useful for identifying the “ideal case” models fitting
for different conceptualizations and for different
measurement purposes
• Forces us to be more elaborate and transparent in
our conceptualizations and measures
• Facilitates validity testing
• Enables comparison among different models which
might lead to testing existing theories and
development of a new theory in poverty
measurement
• Same models can be applied as conceptual models
and helpful to conceptualize the meaning of
multidimensionality