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A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing: David Gil David Gil Valency Classes and Valency Preference Classes in Jakarta Indonesian

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Page 1: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing:

David Gil

David Gil

Valency Classes and Valency Preference Classesin Jakarta Indonesian

Page 2: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

the wolf

Part 1

the sheep’s clothingPart 2

are there more wolves?

Part 3

how wolves become sheepPart 4

Page 3: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

the wolf

Part 1

the sheep’s clothingPart 2

are there more wolves?

Part 3

how wolves become sheepPart 4

Page 4: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Valency Classes in Jakarta Indonesian

satpamsecurity.guard

gedebig

tidursleep

belibuy

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

THING

PROPERTY

ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY

(monovalent semantic frame)

(multivalent semantic frame)

Page 5: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

satpamsecurity.guard

gedebig

tidursleep

belibuy

'He's a security guard'

'He's big'

'He's sleeping'

'He's buying it'

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

samegrammaticalbehaviour

standing alone ascomplete non-elliptical

sentence

Valency Classes in Jakarta Indonesian

Page 6: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

satpamsecurity.guard

gedebig

tidursleep

belibuy

SECURITY GUARD | A ( HOUSE )

BIG | A ( HOUSE )

SLEEP | A ( HOUSE )

BUY | A ( HOUSE )

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

rumahhouse

rumahhouse

rumahhouse

rumahhouse

with anadditionalexpression

Valency Classes in Jakarta Indonesian

Page 7: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

satpamsecurity.guard

gedebig

tidursleep

belibuy

'He's the security guard of a house'

'He's as big as a house'

'He's sleeping at a house'

'He's buying a house'

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

rumahhouse

rumahhouse

rumahhouse

rumahhouse

Valency Classes in Jakarta Indonesian

Page 8: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Jakarta Indonesian has no …

• thematic role assignment

• core/periphery distinction

• subject/object asymmetries

• valency classes

All of the above is true, but …

it's only most of the truth, not all of it

Valency Classes in Jakarta Indonesian

Page 9: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

the wolf

Part 1

the sheep’s clothingPart 2

are there more wolves?

Part 3

how wolves become sheepPart 4

Page 10: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

• linear order

• flagging

• generalized voice

optionalpreferences

make Jakarta Indonesian look like afairly typical SVO language

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 11: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

• linear order

• flagging

• generalized voice

optionalpreferences

make Jakarta Indonesian look like afairly typical SVO language

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 12: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Linear Order Preference rules:

• head-modifier

• iconicity

• information flow

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 13: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Linear Order Preferences

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

VAP VPA AVP PVA APV PAV

beli 1% 7% 88% 0% 0% 4%

buy

makan 0% 2% 94% 1% >0% 3%

eat

Page 14: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

• linear order

• flagging

• generalized voice

optionalpreferences

make Jakarta Indonesian look like afairly typical SVO language

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 15: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

sama ~ ama 'NON-ABSOLUTIVE'

(sama)together

(9) AliAli

belibuy

rumahhouse

'Ali bought a house'

(sama)together

(10) AliAli

kasigive

bukubook

'Ali gave a book to Amat'

(sama)together

AmatAmat

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 16: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

ke 'to'

AliAli

(11) balikreturn

(ke)to

rumahhouse

'Ali returned to the house'

dari 'from'

AliAli

(12) balikreturn

(dari)from

rumahhouse

'Ali returned from the house'

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 17: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

di 'in'

AliAli

(13) belibuy

(di)in

rumahhouse

'Ali bought it in the house'

AliAli

(15) belibuy

(dari)from

rumahhouse

'Ali bought it from the house'

AliAli

(14) belibuy

(ke)to

rumahhouse

'Ali bought it by going to the house'

no governmentof arguments

by a verb

"semantic case"not

"structural case"

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 18: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Pat Ag Ben Source Loc

bare 100% 100% 22% 0% 44%

flagged * 0% 78% 100% 56%

Flagging Preferences for beli buy

Page 19: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

• linear order

• flagging

• generalized voice

optionalpreferences

make Jakarta Indonesian look like afairly typical SVO language

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 20: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

N-

di=

GENERALIZED ACTIVE

GENERALIZED PASSIVE

-in GENERALIZED APPLICATIVE

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 21: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

di= GENERALIZED PASSIVE di 'in'=?

belibuy dibeli di beli#

rumahhouse dirumah di rumah#

gedebig digede di gede##

tidursleep ditidur di tidur##

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 22: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

(Ali)Ali

(17) diliatGEN.PASS-look

(Amat)Amat

(Ali)Ali

(16) liatlook

(Amat)Amat

'Ali is looking at Amat'

'Amat is looking at Ali'

'Ali is looking at Amat'

'Amat is looking at Ali'

[PREFERRED]

[STRONGLY PREFERRED]

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

di= GENERALIZED PASSIVE di 'in'=?

Page 23: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

N- GENERALIZED ACTIVE

liatlook ngeliatkopicoffee ngopi

pergigo mergitidursleep nidur

**

tehtea nehRARE

susulfollow nyusulRARE

tontonwatch nontontangiscry nangis

**

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 24: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

(Ali)Ali

(19) ngeliatGEN.ACT-look

(rumah)house

'Ali is looking at the house'

(Ali)Ali

(18) liatlook

(rumah)house

'Ali is looking at the house'

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

N- GENERALIZED ACTIVE

Page 25: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

N- GENERALIZED ACTIVE

(Ali)Ali

(21) ngopiGEN.ACT-coffee

'Ali is drinking coffee'

(Ali)Ali

(20) kopicoffee

'Ali is drinking coffee'

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Page 26: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

A before V P before V

N-V 98.2% 1.8%

di=V 1.5% 98.6%

Generalized Voice Marking and Order Preferences

Page 27: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Incremental Frequency

Valency Valency Preference

ClassesClasses

Wolf Sheep’s Clothing

Perspective Perspective

Two Perspectives

the text chapter the database

Page 28: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

VN-V di=V

A N-V P

P N-V A

A V P

P V A

A di=V P

P di=V A

(s)ama A N-V P

P N-V (s)ama A

(s)ama A V P

P V (s)ama A

(s)ama A di=V P

P di=V (s)ama A

Incremental Perspective

Page 29: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Valency Classes in Jakarta IndonesianPreferenceΥ

Frequency Perspective

VN-V di=V

P V A

(s)ama A N-V P (s)ama A V P

P V (s)ama A

A N-V P A V P P di=V A

P di=V (s)ama A

P N-V A

P N-V (s)ama A (s)ama A di=V P

A di=V P

“passive”

Page 30: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

the wolf

Part 1

the sheep’s clothingPart 2

are there more wolves?

Part 3

how wolves become sheepPart 4

Page 31: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

DOG DRAWCLOWN DRINK BOOKCan sentences

like this

The clown is drinking the book The dog is drawing

Badut minum buku Anjing gambar

GƢhúín nƢomKitenga tchì Ƣxanù

Chó vẽAnh hề uống sách

狗仔畫畫小丑飲書

イヌ描いとるピエロほんのんどる

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � �

The Association Experiment

Page 32: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

DOG DRAW

CLOWN DRINK BOOK

be understood

like this?

Per➙Core Pat➙Ag

Can sentences

like this

The Association Experiment

Page 33: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Testing for Per➙Core

test picture alternative picture

The clown is drinking the book

4 possible responses

Page 34: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Badut minum buku

test picture alternative picture

?

Testing for Per➙Core

Page 35: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

The dog is drawing

text picture alternative picture

?

Testing for Pat ➙Ag

Page 36: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Anjing gambar

text picture alternative picture

?

Testing for Pat ➙Ag

Page 37: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Per➙Core

Pat➙Ag0%

asso

ciat

iona

l

artic

ulat

ed

DOG DRAW

The Association Experiment

100% 0%

CLOWN DRINK BOOK

Page 38: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Sinitic

MSEA

Malayic

AN Indonesia

AN other

Asian other

Mursi Ju|’hoan

Papuan

Per➙Core

Pat➙Ag

Page 39: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Sinitic

MSEA

Malayic

AN Indonesia

AN other

Asian other

Mursi Ju|’hoan

Papuan

Per➙Core

Pat➙Ag

Page 40: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

obligatory TAM

optional TAM

Per➙Core

Pat➙Ag

SVO

Page 41: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Local Language

Historically Part of

Larger Polity

Per➙Core

Pat➙Ag

Local Language

Only Recently Part of

Larger Polity

National Language

Page 42: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

the wolf

Part 1

the sheep’s clothingPart 2

are there more wolves?

Part 3

how wolves become sheepPart 4

Page 43: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Valency Preference Classes Become Valency Classes

in Typologythrough grammaticalization

Page 44: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Valency Preference Classes Become Valency Classes

in Ontogenythrough first-language acquisition

in Typologythrough grammaticalization

Page 45: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

Valency Preference Classes Become Valency Classes

in Ontogenythrough first-language acquisition

in Phylogenythrough evolution

in Typologythrough grammaticalization

Page 46: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

the wolf

Part 1

the sheep’s clothingPart 2

are there more wolves?

Part 3

how wolves become sheepPart 4

Page 47: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

An Incremental Approachto Grammatical Description

not decremental

complex

simple

Indonesian

English

Page 48: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing - Max Planck Society · the wolf Part 1 the sheep’s clothing Part 2 are there more wolves? Part 3 how wolves become sheep Part 4Published in: BMJ ·

A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing:

David Gil

David Gil

Valency Classes and Valency Preference Classesin Jakarta Indonesian