a1 3g mechanism technology analysis and comparison
TRANSCRIPT
3G Mechanism Technology Analysis and Comparison
ObjectivesObjectives
Have an overall understanding of
characteristics of three 3G mechanisms
Find out advantages of each mechanism
by comparison
Know key factors for mechanism
selection
After completing this course, you should be able to:
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Training.huawei.com
Chapter 1 3G Mechanism Analysis
Chapter 2 WCDMA and CDMA2000
Chapter 3 Key factors for mechanism selection
Different Demands for Different PeriodsDifferent Demands for Different Periods
Early demands Current demands New demands
Speech quality Large capacity Larger capacity
Basic conversation capabilities
Low-speed rate data Higher spectrum utilization
Privacy High-speed data access
High speech QoSHigher QoS
Safer service
Lower operation cost
Early service Current service New service
Higher-quality speech
User
Single service High-quality speech High-speed mobile access
Not high QoS Simple low-speed data service
Positioning service
Bad privacy Short message Multimedia and e-commerce
Personalized service Lower operation cost
Operator High operation cost
Low operation cost Higher spectrum utilization
Low spectrum utilization
High spectrum utilization
Multiple services
Single service A few value-added services
QoS improvement
Improvement of market competition
Different Services for Different DemandsDifferent Services for Different Demands
Different Technologies for Different Services
AMPS
TACS
NMT
其它
GSMGSM
CDMA CDMA IS95IS95
TDMATDMAIS-136IS-136
PDCPDC
1st generation in 1980sAnalog
2nd generation in 1990sDigital
3rd generation IMT-2000
UMTSUMTSWCDMAWCDMA
cdmacdma20002000
Driven by demands
Driven by demands
Analog technology
Dig
ital tech
no
log
y
Speech service
Broadband service
TD-SCDMA
TD-SCDMA
3G provides perfect solutions to integrated services for users and operators.
3Gmechanism
WCDMAWCDMACore network: MAP and GPRS-based
networkRadio transmission technology:
WCDMA － FDD/TDD
TD-SCDMACore network: MAP-based
networkRadio transmission technology:
TD-SCDMA
cdma2000
Core network: ANSI 41 and MIP network
Radio transmission technology: cdma2000
CDMA technology is the core of 3G.
Core of 3G- CDMA TechnologyCore of 3G- CDMA Technology
Cdma2000 Technology Mechanism-Network FeaturesCdma2000 Technology Mechanism-Network Features
2. PS domain: extended into the broadband packet network based on IWF
4. Air interface: be compatible with IS95
1. CS domain: inherit 2G CDMA network, introducing the service platform with WIN as the basic architecture
3. Radio access network: use ATM as its platform, providing a variety of adaptation layer interfaces.
Features of cdma2000 RTT TechnologyFeatures of cdma2000 RTT Technology
BTS synchronization mode:
require GPS/GLONASS
Channel bandwidth:N*1.25Mhz
Chip rate: N*1.2288
Mcps N=1,3,6,9,12 speech code:8K/13K
QCELP 8K EVRC
Transmit diversity mode:
OTD and STS
Modulation mode:
uplink QPSK
Downlink BPSK
Power control: uplink/downlink closed loop power control, and outer loop power control
Channel code:
Convolutional Code and
TURBO code
Demodulation mode:pilot-assistant coherence demodulation
CDMACDMA 2000 2000
cdma2000 1X Technology Featurescdma2000 1X Technology Features
IS-95A/B is the subset of cdma2000. Support the chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps Support spread spectrum demodulation: forward QPSK and re
verse HPSK Support reverse pilot and coherence demodulation Support fast forward and reverse power control Support forward transmit diversity, including OTD and STS Add Turbo code to channel code Support changeable frame length, such as 5ms, 10ms, 20ms, 4
0ms and 80ms Support F-QPCH to prolong standby time of the MS Support the maximum rate of 307.2kbps Support QoS negotiation Support multimedia service Support 8K/13K QCELP 8 kbps EVRC Feature channel capacity which are two times of that in IS-95A/
B
cdma2000 1X Candidate Enhancement Technologiescdma2000 1X Candidate Enhancement Technologies
HDR put forward by Qualcomm, supporting data service with the
maximum rate of 2.4Mbps
1XTREME put forward by Motorola and Nokia Incorporations jointly
LAS-CDMA put forward by China
HDR-based 1X-EV-DO version has completed for 3GPP2. 1X-EV-DV
version is now being discussed based on technologies put forward by
Motorola, Lucent and LAS-CDMA .
cdma2000 3X Technology Featurescdma2000 3X Technology Features
0 1 M Hz 2 M Hz 3 M Hz 4 M Hz 5 M Hz
0 1 M Hz 2 M Hz 3 M Hz 4 M Hz 5 M Hz
1 .2 5 M Hz
F orw ardL in k
R ev erseL in k
Chip rate: 3*1.2288 McpsMax. access rate: 2Mbps
Cdma2000 TransitionCdma2000 Transition
1 IS-95A/B carrier cdma2000 1X carrier
cdma2000 is compatible with IS-95A/B.Add SCH to support packet services.Add cdma2000 1X BSC and cdma2000 BTS to realize smooth transition, namely, upgrading service smoothly requires adding devices.
1 IS-95A/B carrier
+ 2 cdma2000 1X carrier
WCDMA Development HistoryWCDMA Development History
GSMGSM
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
GSM + GPRSGSM + GPRS
WCDMAWCDMA
Evolutio
n and developmentEvo
lution and deve
lopment
WCDMA Technology Mechanism-Network FeaturesWCDMA Technology Mechanism-Network Features
1. The core network is based on evolution of GSM/GPRS network and keeps compatibility with GSM/GPRS network.
4. Based on ATM technology, UTRAN processes speech and packet services in a unified way and evolves into IP.
3. The core network is logically divided into CS domain and PS domain, implementing CS services and PS services respectively.
2. The core network can be based on TDM, ATM and IP technologies and evolve into the network with full-IP architecture.
5. MAP and GPRS tunnel technologies are the core of mobility management mechanism in the WCDMA system.
Basic Contents of WCDMA
Modulation mode: uplink: QPSK; downlink: QPSK
speech code: AMR
Channel code: convolutional code and Turbo code
Demodulation mode: pilot-assistant coherence demodulation
Transmit diversity mode: TSTD, STTD and FBTD
Power control: uplink/downlink closed loop power control, and outer loop power control
BTS synchronization mode: support asynchronous and synchronous BTS running
Signal bandwidth: 5MHz; chip rate: 3.84Mcps
WCDMA Technology Advantages
Larger system capacity
Better speech quality
Higher spectrum efficiency
Quicker data rate
Stronger anti-fading capability
Stronger anti-multipath capability
Adapted to mobility speed of up
to 500km/h
TD-SCDMA Development HistoryTD-SCDMA Development History
Began to research TD-SCDMA
Formed TD-SCDMA resolution
As one of resolutions for 3GPP, TD-SCDMA was approved in the 3GPP conference.
1990
1998
1999
Integrated TD-SCDMA and WCDMA-TDD technologies
2000
TD-SCDMA Technology Mechanism-Network FeaturesTD-SCDMA Technology Mechanism-Network Features
1. The core network is based on evolution of GSM/GPRS network and keeps compatibility with GSM/GPRS network.
4. Based on ATM technology, UTRAN processes speech and packet services in a unified way and evolves into IP.
3. The core network is logically divided into CS domain and PS domain, implementing CS services and PS services respectively.
2. The core network can be based on TDM, ATM and IP technologies and evolve into the network with full-IP architecture.
5. MAP and GPRS tunnel technologies are the core of mobility management mechanism in the WCDMA system.
TD-SCDMA technology mechanism will adopt core network structure of WCDMA mechanism.
TD-SCDMA Technology FeaturesTD-SCDMA Technology Features
TD-SCDMA, put forward by CWTS, is the first Chinese communication
standard accepted by ITU.
Smart Antenna
Synchronous CDMA
Software Radio
Smart antenna+ joint detection Multi-slot CDMA+DS-CDMA
Synchronous CDMA
Channel coding/decoding and interleaving (the same as 3GPP)
Relay handoff
The main features of TD-SCDMA: 3S Key technologies of TD-SCDMA
Advantages of TD-SCDMA System
Be able to use spectrum efficiently because no binate band class is required. In
addition, band class assignment is also simple. Whereas, the FDD technology in
the WCDMA system requires binate band class.
Be more suitable for asymmetrical services because uplink and downlink
resources can be flexibly allocated, including Internet, multimedia application and
file transfer service. Whereas, the WCDMA system has to waste one uplink band
class up to now.
Be easy to use such new technologies as smart antenna to improve performance
and reduce cost due to symmetrical electric wave propagation. The reason is that
uplinks and downlinks are of pertinence and work on the same frequency.
Whereas, the WCDMA system do not feature pertinence because its uplinks and
downlinks do not use the same frequency.
Feature low cost of TDD equipment due to corresponding channels. Therefore,
receiver can be simplified. In addition, single-chip IC can be used to realize RF
transceiver due to no requirements for receiving and sending isolation.
Disadvantages of TD-SCDMA System
Inter-BTS synchronization: Inter-BTS synchronization is required to redu
ce interference between BTSs.
Interference in TDD: As a synchronization system, the TDD has high req
uirements for synchronization which plays a very important role in the co
mmunication system. In addition, that uplinks and downlinks are on the s
ame band class adds interference type.
Narrower coverage compared with the WCDMA system
Mobility speed: TDD required by ITU-R supports a maximum rate of 120
km/h, while the FDD supports a maximum rate of 500km/h.
Transmit power: TD-SCDMA results in pulse power interference due to f
actors of TDMA, thereby requiring great transient transmit power. But FD
D has not such a problem because it is transmitted on all slots.
Comparison among Three Mechanisms
WCDMA
WCDMA cdma2000 TD-SCDMAStructure of receiver RAKE RAKE RAKE
Closed power control Support Support Support
Cross-area handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Relay handoff
Demodulation mode Coherence demodulationCoherence demodulationCoherence demodulation
Chip rate (Mcps) 3.84 N*1.2288 1.28
Transmit diversity mode
TSTD
STTD
FBTD
OTD
STSNone
Synchronization mode Asynchronization Synchronization Synchronization
Core GSM MAP ANSI-41 GSM MAP
SummarySummary
This chapter introduces and compares technical features
of three 3G mechanisms. Engineers can have a better
understanding of various 3G mechanisms by studying
these features.
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Training.huawei.com
Chapter 1 3G Mechanism Analysis
Chapter 2 WCDMA and CDMA2000
Chapter 3 Key Factors for Mechanism Selection
Analysis of Key Factors
WCDMA cdma2 000
Channel bandwidth
Chip rate
5MHz/3.84Mcps
Feature as three times of resolution precision as cdma2000
Improve the capability against radio channel fading
Improve capacity by 10% in the case ofhigh-speed moving, compared with the 1.2288Mcps of chip rate
1.25MHz/1.2288Mcps
Fewer separated multipath than WCDMA but flexible planning and application
Require as three times of RF components as WCDMA to realize the same speech and data bearer.
speech coding/decoding AMR speech with 8 types of rate
Provide 12.2Kbps speech when the system has low load.
Dynamically change AMR rate until 4.75Kbps to hold more users when the network has heavy load.
Support dynamic adjustment of network capacity and QoS by operators.
Changeable rate code: 8Kbps (EVRC) and 13Kbps (QCELP)
Non-network dynamic selection
Usually select EVRC
Analysis of Key Factors
WCDMA c dma2 000
Power control1500Hz fast power control for inner loop
Feature better anti-fading performance and provide better conversation quality
Increase capacity and coverage range
800Hz fast power control for inner loop
SynchronizationAsynchronization or synchronization (optional)
Convenient BTS networking,
independent of GPS MS consumes more 13% of
electricity in the asynchronization mode
Synchronization (GPS)
Simplify handoff and search processes
Analysis of Key FactorsAnalysis of Key Factors
WCDMA cdma2 000
Handoff Support soft/softer/inter-frequency hard/inter-GSMs handoff
Introduce compressed mode and no disconnection occurs during inter-frequency or
inter-system measurement.
Reduce call drop rate of the system
Support soft/softer/inter-frequency hard/inter-IS-95 handoff
Must disconnect communication with the original carrier and then synchronize and measure on the new carrier again.
Feature unstable speech quality to result in frequent call drop. So, require adding extra Pilot Beacon to BTS.
Transmit diversity Support open loop transmit diversity
(TSTD and STTD) and closed loop transmit diversity
Feature stronger capability of adapting channel environment
Supported by terminals
Closed loop transmit diversity provideshigher diversity gain and increasesdownlink capacity and coverage capability of the system in the case of low-speed moving.
Support open loop transmit diversity (OTD and STS) only
Not supported by terminals now
WCDMA has equal speech capability as cdma20001x.
Capacity of speech service (unit: Erlang/MHz/cell)
• WCDMA simulation and test data are obtained from Huawei’s outside plant testing in Oct. 2004,
while cdma2000 test data are obtained from Huawei’s outside plant testing in Alug. 2001.• WCDMA features different speech code rate from cdma2000.
Analysis of Speech CapabilityAnalysis of Speech Capability
WCDMA (12.2Kbps)
Preset conditions
Simulation Test
cdma2000 (8Kbps)
Indoors19.6 18.5 17.4
Outdoor walking 3 kilo/h 16.4 15.7 16.2
Vehicle mounted 120 kilo/h 15 14.1 13.2
Capacity of data service (unit: Kbps/MHz/cell)
WCDMA features greater data service capacity than cdma2000
预置条件
WCDMA simulation and test data are obtained from Huawei’s outside plant testing in Oct. 2001, while cdma2000 test data are obtained from Huawei’s outside plant testing in Aug. 2001.
Analysis of Data CapabilityAnalysis of Data Capability
WCDMA cdma2000
Preset conditions
384Kbps 144 Kbps 64 Kbps 153.6 Kbps
Indoors 451 394 351 270
Outdoor walking 3 kilo/h 451 386 343 210
Vehicle mounted 120 kilo/h 350 300 279 210
Results of test on core band class sensitivity of Huawei’s WCDMA and cdma2000 are as
follows:
Site: ordinary city zone in outside plant in Shanghai; time : 2001/12 ; vehicle speed: 60km/s: test conditions: dual polarization antenna, 17.15dbi of gain, 25 meters of mounted height
Results of the test on Huawei’s WCDMA coverage performance are as follows:
WCDMA has equal radio coverage capability as cdma2000 on the
core band class.
Radio Coverage AnalysisRadio Coverage Analysis
WCDMA cdma2000
Protocol Test Protocol TestBTS receiver sensitivity (dBm)
-121 -125 -119 -127.5
Service Coverage radius
Uplink/downlink 144Kbps data service 5 kilo
Uplink/downlink 384 Kbps data service 3 kilo
12.2Kbps speech service 10.5 kilo
Smart antenna is one of most important enhancement
technologies in 3G.
Compared with dual antenna receiving diversity, four antenna multi-beam handoff
doubles the system capacity and increases coverage area by 50%.
Each user can reduce cost by 27% by adopting smart antenna technology to
establish mobile networks.
WCDMA standard can better support smart antenna
technology.
Analysis of Supporting Smart AntennaAnalysis of Supporting Smart Antenna
Key technologies to support smart antenna WCDMA cdma2000
Multi-beam handoff technology Realized in the whole coverage area
Realized within local hot spot area
Self-sensing antenna array technology Define dedicated pilots in
standard and can be easily realized.
Not define downlink dedicated pilots and cannot be easily realized.
3GPP Rel99
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel5
Time point when
functions are frozen
2000/03 2001/03 2002/03
• GSM/GPRS core network
• WCDMA FDD
• CS IP speech bearer• CS Call Server/ MGW
• IP real-time multimedia
• HSPDA
WCDMA standard is clearly classified and precisely made.• Support HSDPA technology and cater to requirements for future high-speed radio data service
• Cater to the development trend of IP technology, and introduce IP by stages to realize it in the whole network and to perfect standards
• Realize forward compatibility with 2001/06 and the following protocols
Development of WCDMA StandardDevelopment of WCDMA Standard
IS-95A Time point when
specifications are
completed
1995 1998 2000
• QCELP speech code• 9.6kbps
• 115.2kbps• 8 code channel binding
• 307.2kbps• Speech capacity doubled
cdma20001xEV-DO/DV
2002
• DO: high-speed data service• DV: high-speed data service + speech service
IS-95B
cdma20001x
cdma2000-3x
??
Uncertain factors occur to development of cdma2000 standard.
• Support 1x EV technology and cater to requirements for future high-speed radio data service
• Be disputable on the development of cdma2000 1x EV-DO/DV in the industry.
• Lag behind in terms of core network standard and technology
Development of cdma2000 StandardDevelopment of cdma2000 Standard
Analysis of Future High-Speed Data Service Development
Analysis of Future High-Speed Data Service Development
WCDMA and cdma2000 high-speed data services are compared as
follows:
WCDMA cdma2000
HSDPA 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV
Standardized time 2002/03 2001 ?Requirements for network construction Smooth upgrade
Support data through separate carrier Smooth upgrade
Highest data rate 10M 2.4M 2.4M
Terminal complexity Complex Require two sets of RF and cost much
Complex
WCDMA specifications is precisely made and strictly organized.
All WCDMA interfaces are open based on 3GPP specifications.
The pilot network of DoCoMo in Japan proved feasible to open Iub interface.
The preciseness of cdma2000 standard are to be strengthened.
It is difficult for operators to complete type selection of equipment if IS95
devices from different manufacturers cannot realize interworking.
BTSs and BSCs from different manufacturers cannot realize interworking with
each other if Abis interface is not opened.
Interface Openness AnalysisInterface Openness Analysis
MCC MSIN/MINMNCIMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
National Mobile Subscriber Identity
WCDMA and cdma2000 signaling networking and roaming are compared as
follows:
Signaling Networking and Roaming AnalysisSignaling Networking and Roaming Analysis
WCDMA cdma2000
Signaling network ITU 7 signaling network
Support global roaming
ANSI 7 signaling network in North America
Require establishing Gateway to resolve interworking
Mobile subscriber identity
IMSI
The only to identify a mobile subscriber globally
Support global roaming
MIN
Refer to the last 10 digits of IMSI, excluding country number and mobile network number
Most part of MINs are allocated to North America and only a few numbers (IRM) are allocated internationally.
Cannot support international roaming efficiently
Consider the following when processing CDMA signaling networking and roaming during actual applications in China:
• Require network equipment to complete the conversion from MIN to IMSI and architecture since CDMA signaling networks in China adopt ITU 7 signaling.
• Pay more attention to number analysis and route configuration of network equipment since MIN number segments are allocated to China discontinuously.
• Adopt IMSI to resolve problems during CDMA roaming by
• Upgrading existing CDMA network equipment
• Considering downward compatibility
• Supporting MIN and IMSI simultaneously by the network and putting forward special requirements for equipment
• Cannot support international roaming efficiently.
Signaling Networking and Roaming Analysis (Continued)
Signaling Networking and Roaming Analysis (Continued)
SummarySummary
This chapter compares and analyzes WCDMA and
CDMA2000 from such aspects as key technologies,
service capability and protocol development. Engineers will
under their advantages and disadvantages by comparison.
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Training.huawei.com
Chapter 1 3G Mechanism Analysis
Chapter 2 WCDMA and CDMA2000
Chapter 3 Key Factors for Mechanism Selection
• GSM subscribers are about 660 million globally, accounting for 68% of mobile subscribers all over the world.
• CDMA subscribers are 100 million globally, accounting for 10% of mobile subscribers all over the world. They are centered in North America and East Asia.
• Key factors for GSM to obtain a great success in 2G mobile market are as follows:
» Precise and open standard, as well as global roaming
» Supported by many manufacturers
Note: Data is from 3GSM conference, released in Feb. 2002.
Communication Market and Service Development Trend
Communication Market and Service Development Trend
66000
10000
20000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
GSM CDMA Others
GSM CDMA Others
200 million
880 million
100 million
GSM CDMA Others
GSM
cdma
Others
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
ITU
1880 MHz
1980 MHz
1885 MHz
2025 MHz
2010 MHz
IMT 2000 IMT 20002110 MHz 2170 MHz
MSS MSS
PCSTDDWLL
FDDWLL
1980
2025MHz
GSM1800
PCSFDDWLL
1960
1920
1945
中国
cellular (1) cellular (2) cellular (2)
1805 MHz
1865
• Frequency classification in IMT2000 and Europe is the same as that in China.
• Frequency classification in North America conflicts with the core band class in China.
Frequency Resources in ChinaFrequency Resources in China
Frequency resources Available mechanism 3G core band class
1920－1980/2110－2170MHz
60M in uplink/downlink respectively WCDMA (supported widely) Cdma2000 (lack support and require changing frequency)
1880-1920 MHz 2000-2015 MHz 2300-2400 MHz
TDD frequency Total 155 MHz
TD-SCDMA
1800MHz band class 55MHz left GSM 1800
WCDMA: The technology has been mature and its products are stepping into commercial use stage.
• Japanese NTT DoCoMo has been for commercial use.
• Commercial system equipment and terminal products began to be available on the market gradually since the next half year of 2002.
• WCDMA terminals are as complex as cdma2000 terminals. The cost mainly depends on market support.
cdma2000 system with 800M band class
• Korean SKT has been for commercial use.
• cdma2000 with 800MHz band class wins wide support from equipment and terminal manufactures.
cdma2000 system with 3G core band class
• There are few operators to select the mechanism with such a band class globally.
• Band class translation results in changes to system designs, including equipment and terminals.
• Compatible instruments and terminals manufacturers make a slow progress, thereby affecting R&D process of equipment manufacturers.
Maturity of 3G TechnologyMaturity of 3G Technology
Adopting the unified band class globally, WCDMA features stronger roaming and global
service expansion capability.
Globally, only two operators announce to select cdma2000 with core band class but not
for commercial use up to now.
China Mobile (China) Own GSM networks
NTT DoCoMo (Japan) WCDMA
Verizon (USA) cdma2000
Italia Mobile (Italy) WCDMA
Cingular (USA) WCDMA
D2 Vodafone (Germany) WCDMA
T-Mobil ( Germany) WCDMA
China Unicom (China) Own CDMA and GSM networks
AT&T (USA) WCDMA
Omnitel Vodafone (Italy) WCDMA
KDDI (Japan) cdma2000
France Telecom Mobiles (France) WCDMA
Telefónica Moviles (Spain) WCDMA
Vodafone (Britain) WCDMA
SK Telecom (Korea) WCDMA/cdma2000
América Móvil (Mexico) Uncertain
BT Cellnet (Britain) WCDMA
SFR (France) WCDMA
Sprint (USA) cdma2000
Orange (Britain) WCDMA
3G Mechanism Selection for Various Operators (Top20) 3G Mechanism Selection for Various Operators (Top20)
Industry Support StatisticsIndustry Support Statistics
WCDMA cdma2000
System equipmentSupported by many manufacturers
Unavailable in large scale at in 2002
800M: supported by many manufacturers
3G core band class: lack support
Terminal productSupported by many manufacturers
Unavailable in large scale in 2002
800M: supported by many manufacturers
3G core band class: lack support
Chip Supported by many manufacturers Single
RF parts Have mature and stable suppliers800M: have been mature
3G core band class: difficult to obtain support from MS, RF parts and module suppliers
Test instruments Supported by various instruments 800M: have been mature
3G core band class: noneG
Service chain WCDMA and iMode realized organic combination
Still be at initial stage and have no successful example
• Since GSM1800, cdma2000 and WCDMA is equippeSince GSM1800, cdma2000 and WCDMA is equippe
d with equal coverage capability, d with equal coverage capability, network construction network construction
cost mainly depends on equipment costcost mainly depends on equipment cost..
• Equipment cost mainly depends on industry chainEquipment cost mainly depends on industry chain
• TechnologyTechnology
• StandardizationStandardization
• OutputOutput
• Wide support or notWide support or not
• Market competitionMarket competition
Network Construction Cost ForecastNetwork Construction Cost Forecast
• Japan has developed WCDMA commercial terminals based on
3GPP 2001/06 protocol version in the next half of 2002.
• Price of a MS is determined by the size of batch rather than the
absolute time.
Development of WCDMA Terminals Development of WCDMA Terminals
Price forecast of low-end MSs applicable to markets in China
(Price upon delivery)
Standby time and talk timeTime Standby Talk Time
2001 55H 90M
2002 150H 100M
2003 300H 110M
Main performance specifications of a low-end MS are as follows:
• Speech• Packet Communication• E-mail• Large screen LCD
(Monochrome type)• 16 harmonies Ringer• Straight type
WCDMA Terminal Price and Performance Forecast
WCDMA Terminal Price and Performance Forecast
113
267
200
150
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10 100 1000 10000
Quantity of terminals（ unit: ten thousand pieces ）
Price （ $ ）
SummarySummary
This chapter discusses some main factors for mechanism
selection. Engineers can know how to select a suitable 3G
mechanism by studying these factors.
ConclusionConclusion
Apart from analyzing and comparing various 3G
mechanisms, this slide also introduces some factors to
be considered during mechanism selection.
Thank
you!