Section3.5:Energytransfersinandbetweenorganisms3.5.1Photosynthesis3.5.2Respiration3.5.3Energyandecosystems3.5.4Nutrientcycles

A2LevelPaper2and3– Topics5-8Section3.7:Genetics,populations,evolutionandecosystems3.7.1Inheritance3.7.2Populations3.7.3Evolutionmayleadtospeciation3.7.4Populationsinecosystems

Section3.6Organismsrespondtochangesintheirinternalandexternalenvironments3.6.1Stimuli,bothinternalandexternal,aredetectedandleadtoaresponse3.6.1.1Survivalandresponse3.6.1.2Receptors3.6.1.3Controlofheartrate3.6.2Nervousco-ordination3.6.2.1Nerveimpulses3.6.2.2Synaptictransmission3.6.3Skeletalmusclesarestimulatedtocontractbynervesandactaseffectors3.6.4Homeostasisisthemaintenanceofastableinternalenvironment3.6.4.1Principlesofhomeostasis3.6.4.2Controlofbloodglucose concentration3.6.4.3Controlofbloodwaterpotential

Section3.8Thecontrolofgeneexpression3.8.1AlterationofthesequenceofbasesinDNAcanalterthestructureofproteins3.8.2Geneexpressioniscontrolledbyanumberoffeatures3.8.2.1Mostofacell’sDNAisnottranslated3.8.2.2Regulationoftranscriptionandtranslation3.8.2.3Geneexpressionandcancer3.8.3Usinggenomeprojects3.8.4Genetechnologiesallowthestudyandalterationofgenefunctionallowingabetterunderstandingoforganismfunctionandthedesignofnewindustrialandmedicalprocesses3.8.4.1RecombinantDNAtechnology3.8.4.2DifferencesinDNAbetweenindividualsofthesamespeciescanbeexploitedforidentificationanddiagnosisofheritableconditions3.8.4.3Geneticfingerprinting

Canyoudefineastimulusandresponse?

Stimulusà __________à __________à __________à response

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.1.1Survivalandresponse(p326)

Whatisataxis?

Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenapositiveandnegativetaxis,somedifferentexamplesandgiveanexampleofanorganismthathaseachoneandwhy?

Whatisakinesis? Whatisatropism?

Whatarethedifferenttypesoftropism?

Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenapositiveandnegativetropism?

Howwouldyouinvestigatetheeffectofanenvironmentalvariableonthemovementofananimalusingeitherachoicechamberofamaze?

Whatstimulidoplantsrespondto?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.1.1Survivalandresponse– Plantgrowthfactors(p328)

CanyoudescribeplantgrowthfactorslikeIAA?

Explainhowphototropismworksinfloweringplants: Explainhowgravitropismworksinfloweringplants:

CanyouexplaintheroleofIAAinelongationgrowth? CanyouexplainsomepartsofexperimentsthatdiscoveredtheroleofIAAintropisms?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.1.1Survivalandresponse– Areflexarc(p334)

Nervoussystem

Brain

Sensorynervoussystem

Voluntarynervoussystem

Howisthenervoussystemarranged?Canyouexplaintherolesthesensory,intermediateandmotorneurones playinareflexarc?Explainwhathappensinareflexarcwhenyoutouchahotobject:

Whyarereflexarcsimportant?

CanyoudescribethestructureandfunctionofaPaciniancorpuscleandhowitworks?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.1.2Receptors(p337)

Whatarethemainfeaturesofsensoryreception? Canyoudescribehowreceptorsworktogetherintheeye?

Rod Cone

Shape

Number

Distribution

Visual acuity

Sensitivityinlowlight conditions

Whateffectdoesthesympatheticsystemhaveonheartrate?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.1.3Controlofheartrate(p340)

Whateffectdoestheparasympatheticsystemhaveonheartrate?

Howisheartratecontrolled?Howistherestingheartratecontrolledandmodified?

Whatroledochemoreceptorsplayincontrollingheartbeat?

Whatroledobaroreceptorsplayincontrollingheartbeat?

Canyoudistinguishbetweennervousandhormonalco-ordination?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.2.1Nerveimpulses(p346)

Canyouexplainhownervoustransmissionworks?

Canyouexplainhowhormonaltransmissionworks?

Hormonal Nervous

Communicationby:

Chemicalscalledhormones

Transmissionby:

Blood system

Speedoftransmission

Veryrapid

Travel to: Specific partsofthebody

Response is: Widespread

Responseis: Rapid

Response is: Longlasting

Effectmaybe: Temporaryandreversible

Canyoudescribethestructureofamyelinatedmotorneurone?

Canyoudrawadiagramandstatethefunctionof:Sensoryneurone:

Intermediateneurone:

Motorneurone:

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.2.1Nerveimpulses(p350)

Canyouexplainthenatureoftherestingpotential? Canyouexplainhowarestingpotentialisestablishedinaneurone?

Canyouexplainwhatanactionpotentialis?Usethediagramtoexplainwhatishappeningateachstage:

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.2.1Nerveimpulses(p354)

Usediagramstoexplainhowanactionpotentialpassesalonganunmyelinatedaxon:

Usediagramstoexplainhowanactionpotentialpassesalongamyelinatedaxon:

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.2.1Nerveimpulses(p354)

Whatfactorsaffectthespeedofconductanceofanactionpotentialandhow?

Whatismeantbytheallornothingprinciple?Whatismeantbytherefractoryperiod?

Whatarethepurposesoftherefractoryperiod?

Whatisthestructureofasynapse?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.2.2Synaptictransmission(p360)

Whatfunctionsdosynapsesperform?

Whatarefeaturesofsynapses?

Unidirectionality:

Summation:

Spatial:

Temporal:

Inhibition:

Canyouexplainhowinformationistransmittedacrossasynapse?Drawdiagramstohelpyouexplain.

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.2.2Synaptictransmission(p364)

Whatisacholinergicsynapse?Wherewouldyouexpecttofindthem?

Givesomeexamplesofwaysdrugscouldaffectsynapses:

Canyoudescribethegrossandmicroscopicstructureofaskeletalmuscle?

Whydothemyofibrilsappearstriped?Howareactinandmyosinarrangedwithinamyofibril?Whydothelightbandsappearlighteranddarkbandsappeardarker?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.3Skeletalmusclesarestimulatedtocontractbynervesandactaseffectors(p367)

Canyoudescribetheneuromuscularjunctionandexplainhowitisadaptedtoitsfunction?

Canyoucompareandcontrasttheneuromuscularjunctionwithasynapse?

Canyouexplaintheadaptationsofslow-twitchmusclefibres?

Canyouexplaintheadaptationsoffast-twitchmusclefibres?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.3Skeletalmusclesarestimulatedtocontractbynervesandactaseffectors(p370)

Canyouexplainwhatismeantbyantagonisticmusclesandhowtheyoperate?

Explaintheslidingfilamenttheoryofmusclecontraction.Usediagramsinyouranswer:

Canyousummarise theevidencethatsupportstheslidingfilamentmechanismofmusclescontraction? Drawadiagramofthesarcomereofarelaxedandcontractedmuscletohelpyouranswer.

Whatisenergyneededforinmusclecontraction?

HowisthisgreaterdemandforATPmet?

Whatishomeostasis?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.4.1Principlesofhomeostasis(p378)

Whyisitimportant?

Drawaflowdiagramtoexplainhowcontrolmechanismswork:

Explainhowcontrolmechanismsareco-ordinated:

Negativefeedback:

Positivefeedback:

Explainhowbodytemperatureisregulatedinectotherms:

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.4.1Principlesofhomeostasis(p380)

Explainhowendothermsconserveandgainheatinresponsetoacoldenvironment:

Explainhowendothermsloseheatinresponsetoawarmenvironment:

Explainhowbodytemperatureisregulatedinendotherms:

Drawadiagramtosummarise howbodytemperatureisregulatedinendotherms:

Howdohormoneswork?Explainthesecondmessengermodel– usediagramstohelpyouexplainandadrenalineasanexamplehormone.

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.4.2Controlofbloodglucoseconcentration(p386)

Whatistheroleofthepancreasinregulatingbloodglucoseconcentration?

Whatistheroleoftheliverinregulatingbloodglucoseconcentration?

Whatfactorsinfluencebloodglucoseconcentration?

Howdoinsulinandtheℬ cellsofthepancreasregulatebloodglucoseconcentration?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.4.2Controlofbloodglucoseconcentration(p386)

Howdoglucagonandthe⍺ cellsofthepancreasregulatebloodglucoseconcentration?

Howdoesadrenalineregulatebloodglucoseconcentration?

Normalbloodglucoselevel

90mg100cm-3 blood

Toincrease Todecrease

Bloodglucose Bloodglucose

Detectedby… Detectedby…

Bloodglucose Bloodglucose

Response…Response…

Completethistosummarise howbloodglucoseconcentrationiskeptconstant:

Whatisdiabetes?

Whatarethetwomaintypesofdiabetes?

Type1(insulin__________________):

Type2insulin__________________):

Howdotheydiffer?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.4.2Controlofbloodglucoseconcentration(p391)

Howiseachtypeofdiabetescontrolled?

Type1:

Type2:

Whataresomesymptomsofdiabetes?

Howwouldyouproduceadilutionseriesofaglucosesolutionandusecolorimetrictechniquestoproduceacalibrationcurvewhichyoucouldthenusetoidentifytheconcentrationofglucoseinanunknownurinesample?

Whatisthestructureofthemammaliankidney?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.4.3Controlofbloodwaterpotential(p394)

Whatisthestructureofanephron?

Whatisultrafiltrationandhowdoesitproduceglomerularfiltrate?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.4.3Controlofbloodwaterpotential(p394)

Howiswaterreabsorbedbytheproximalconvolutedtubule?

HowisagradientofsodiumionsinthemedullaoftheloopofHenlemaintained?

Whatistheroleofthedistalconvolutedtubuleandcollectingduct?

Howisthewaterpotentialofthebloodregulated?

Topic6– Responses - 3.6.4.3Controlofbloodwaterpotential(p394)

Whatistheroleofthehypothalamus,posteriorpituitaryandantidiuretichormone(ADH)inosmoregulation?

Hypothalamus:

Posteriorpituitary:

Antidiuretichormone(ADH):

Drawadiagramtosummarise howwaterpotentialofthebloodisregulated: