a24 sky diagrams - starpath.coma24 sky diagrams explanation these diagrams show the appearance of...

A24 SKY DIAGRAMS

EXPLANATION

These diagrams show the appearance of the sky in various latitudes at different times of

the day. They are useful in selecting the most suitable stars and planets for navigation on

a given flight and for identifying prominent objects at the time of observations.

The Sky Diagrams have four advantages over ordinary star charts and star finders:

(a) They are ready for immediate use without settings or tables of any kind.

(b) Planets and the Moon are shown as well as the stars.

(c) True altitudes and bearings are shown on the diagrams without distortion.

(d) The appearance of the sky for different latitudes and times is shown at one opening so

that the appearance for intermediate latitudes and times is easily visualized.

For each month there is a series of diagrams showing the sky for different latitudes at 2h

intervals during the day. The diagrams on pages A26 A97 are designed for use in latitudes

S.50° to N.75°. Those for the morning hours appear on two facing pages, followed by those

of the midday hours, and then by those for the evening hours. The diagrams for a given

latitude are arranged in a row and show the changes in the sky during the day. The

diagrams on pages A98 A121 are for use in the north polar regions; here all diagrams for a

given month are on two facing pages. On each page is shown in the middle row of diagrams

the appearance of the sky at the north pole, and in the other two rows the appearance at

latitude N.75° on opposite sides of the pole (that is, at longitudes differing by 180°) for the

same instant of UT and hence for local times that differ by 12 hours. On the upper row of

diagrams, these local times are printed with inverted figures. The navigator should select

the diagram corresponding to his local time, and place the page with this time right side up

at the bottom; north will then be at the top. In a flight, which crosses the vicinity of the

pole, the other row of diagrams shows the appearance of the sky to be expected after the

other side of the pole has been reached. At the pole itself, the local time is indeterminate.

In each diagram the circular outline represents the horizon and the central cross, the

zenith. Altitudes are measured radially with a linear scale; i.e., an object one-third of the

way from the edge to the center has an altitude of 30°; the small circles on the diagrams are

at altitudes 30° and 60°. Azimuths are measured as on the navigation chart, with north at

the top and east at the right. On various parts of the diagrams are small curved arrows

indicating the diurnal motion in that area; the length of the arrows shows the motion in

one hour.

The objects shown on the diagrams are the 57 selected navigational stars, the Sun, the

Moon, the four planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, and the north and south celestial

poles. The position of a star or a planet is indicated by its star number or planet initial

symbol respectively. Star magnitudes are listed on the even-numbered pages and planet

magnitudes are shown on each of the odd-numbered pages. The numbers of the 41 stars

used in the Sight Reduction Tables for Air Navigation (Pub. No. 249, A.P. 3270) are shown

in heavier type. The north and south poles are identified by the initials NP and SP. The

position of the Sun is shown by a circle with a dot in the middle. The position of the Moon

is shown by a circle with the day of the month on which it occupies that position.

The positions of the stars, Sun and planets in each diagram are indicated for the 15th of

the month and will usually serve for the entire month. If it is desired to allow for the

motion of the stars during the month, it is necessary only to remember that a given

configuration will occur at the beginning of each month one hour later than the time

indicated, and at the end of the month one hour earlier. The lengths of the arrows, in the

diagrams for 1h, 9h and 17h, indicate the motion of the stars in 15 days. When the Sun is

above the horizon, only the Moon and Venus can be seen with the naked eye, but the

positions of the stars are given for use with astro-trackers.

For notes on usage see: https://davidburchnavigation.blogspot.com/2019/11/SkyDiagrams.html

SKY DIAGRAMS A25

Some of the navigational stars may be omitted from the plot if they are close to a solar

system object at mid-month. Some of the navigational planets may be omitted if they are

close to the Sun at mid-month; in such cases the planet(s) omitted would generally be

unobservable for the whole month. The exception might be Venus passing inferior

conjunction, which is noted on the right side of the page.

The Moon moves so rapidly with respect to the stars that its position at a given time of

the night varies appreciably from night to night, and it is necessary to show on each

diagram a succession of positions for various days of the month. Three or more such

positions are indicated and those for the intermediate dates may be estimated from those

given. Since the Moon moves completely round the sky in slightly less than a month, or a

little over 13° in a day, it will appear on a given diagram for about half of each month. The

position on the diagram for each successive night is always to the eastward; when it

disappears off the eastern edge of the diagram it will reappear on the western edge about

two weeks later, except occasionally on the polar diagrams.

Example. Select the best available objects to give a

fix at 23h LMT on 2004 February 10, during a flight

on a true course/track of 210° in latitude N. 25°.

The required diagram is reproduced here from The

Air Almanac 2004, with the course/track of 210°

marked on it.

Examination of the diagram shows immediately

that the best objects, giving position lines

perpendicular to the track and parallel to it, are 118

and 112, Sirius and Capella. Sirius is approximately

at altitude 40°, and true bearing 210°; Capella is

approximately at altitude 45° and true bearing 300°.

If desired the altitudes and bearings may be found

more accurately with dividers and the scale

diagrams.

The Sky Diagrams used in conjunction with the star chart and the planet location

diagrams (pages A122 A124) are extremely effective in star identification, the star chart

and the planet location diagram being used for detailed verification of the identification

made with the Sky Diagrams.

Example. On 2004 March 1d 22h LMT in latitude N.25°, it is desired to know what

objects are visible. The diagrams are for the fifteenth of the month, but the same

configurations of stars occur on the first of the month, one hour later, or on the first of the

following month, one hour earlier; therefore the above diagram for February 15d 23h can be

used for March 1d 22h (for stars only). The azimuths and altitudes of the various objects

visible at that time can now be read from the diagram.

It must be remembered that the Sky Diagrams are to be used flat on the chart table and

that they show bearings as they appear on the navigator's chart, east to the right. The star

chart and the planet location diagram, on the other hand, are designed to be held overhead

for comparison with the sky, and on them east is to the left.

For some intermediate latitude, such as 40°, or for an intermediate time, such as 22h,

altitudes and bearings may be taken from two diagrams and a more accurate result

obtained by interpolation; but such refinements are not usually necessary.

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0 Sun

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1 2.1 1.8 2 2.4 3.9 3 22 4.1 4 2.0 3.6 5 0.5 0.1 6 2.0 3.8 7 32 32 8 2.5 5.3 9 1.8 2.4 10 0.9 3.1 11 0.1 0.0 12 0.1 1.3 13 1.6 1.2 14 1.7 1.4

20 15 1.7 1.3 16 0.6* 3.1 *

25 17 -0.7 -0.8 18 -1.5 -1.5 19 1.5 1.2 20 0.4 OB

47 21 1.1 2.5 22 1.9 3.3 23 22 4.6

41 24 1.7 1.8 25 2.0 4.4 26 1.4 1.0

37 27 1.8 3.4 28 2.1 22 29 2.6 2.5 30 1.3 0.5 31 1.6 4.1 32 1.8 1.5 33 1.0 0.7

29 34 1.9 1.5 35 0.6 0.3 36 2.1 3.5

19 37 0.0 1.9 38 -0.3 0.9 39 2B 32 40 2.1 4.3 41 22 2.1 42 1.0 3.7 43 1.9 4.1 44 2.4 2.5 45 1.6 1.3 46 2.1 22 47 22 4.6 48 1.9 2.0 49 0.0 0.0 50 2.0 1.9 51 OB 1.0 52 1.9 1.7 53 1.3 1.4 54 2.4 4.8 55 1.7 1.8 56 1.2 1.3

23 57 2.5 2.3

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22 *var. ± 0.5 mag.

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.


POLES

-4.2 1.0

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s

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Polaris 2.0 32

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20

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etc.

PLANETS Vis. Mag.




1111111111

AZIMUTH N

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47

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43

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55

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MARCH

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MOON


etc.

PLANETS Vis. Mag.


POLES

-4.0 1.3

-2.1 0.6


w


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AZIMUTH N

1H

N75

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Polaris 2.0 32

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.


POLES

-3.9 1.5

-2.3 0.5



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AZIMUTH N

s

E

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0 51Q1 0

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.



w

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90

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.



w


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s

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Polaris 2.0 32

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MOON


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PLANETS Vis. Mag.

V Venus -3.B M Mars 1.7 J Jupiter -2.5 S Saturn 0.4


w

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POLES

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51

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.




1111111111

AZIMUTH N

s

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EVENING Sky Diagrams 2019 OCTOBER 17H 19H 23H STARS

@ 21

28 ®

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.




1111111111

AZIMUTH N

s

E

1H

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0

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.




I I II I

AZIMUTH N

> s o:>

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0

21

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41 06457 M ®o + ©

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4

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.



w


1111111111

AZIMUTH N

s

E

N75

37

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41

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20

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.



w


1111111111

AZIMUTH N

s

E

N75

0

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0

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19

40 r::/ 6 9~

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23 57 2.5 2.3

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12

0

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etc.

PLANETS Vis. Mag.



w


I I II I

AZIMUTH N

s

90

E

9H @

N75

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28

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41

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32~12

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48 57

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44 4

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47

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PLANETS Vis. Mag.



w


1111111111

AZIMUTH N

s

E

N75

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Ml 47

19 1.5 1.2 20 0.4 OB 21 1.1 2.5 22 1.9 3.3 23 22 4.6 24 1.7 1.8 25 2.0 4.4 26 1.4 1.0

® 28

27 1.8 3.4 28 2.1 22 29 2.6 2.5 30 1.3 0.5 31 1.6 4.1 32 1.8 1.5 33 1.0 0.7 34 1.9 1.5 35 0.6 0.3 36 2.1 3.5 37 0.0 1.9 38 -0.3 0.9 39 2B 32 40 2.1 4.3

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19 56 1.2 1.3 7 57 2.5 2.3

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52

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28

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MOON


etc.

PLANETS Vis. Mag.



w


1111111111

AZIMUTH N

s

E

> CD .....J.

11

66

1111

1616

JANUARY

JANUARY

2121

2626

11

66

1111

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FEBRUARY

FEBRUARY

2121

2626

11

66

1111

1616

MARCH

MARCH

2121

2626

11

66

1111

1616

APRIL

APRIL

2121

2626

11

66

1111

1616

MAY

MAY

2121

2626

11

66

1111

1616

JUNE

JUNE

2121

2626

11

JULY

JULY

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180o

h

24h

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18h

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12h

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o 180

180o

h 00

00h

Abov

e th

e ho

rizon

at s

unris

eW

est

Abov

e th

e ho

rizon

at s

unse

tEa

st

2019

PLA

NET

LO

CATI

ON

DIA

GRA

M,

Janu

ary

Ju

neA

122

-6MER

CURY

-5VENU

S-4M

ARS

-3JUPI

TER

-2SATU

RN-1 0Re

gulu

s+1Sp

ica+2An

tare

s+3Al

deba

ran

+4Siriu

s (4

0o S

outh

+5Arie

s+6 +7

0 -1-1

-2-1

-1 0 +1 +2 +4+6

+4+2

+1 0 0-1

-2

-10 +1

-5 -4

-4

0 +1

+1 +2

+2

-2

-2-3

-3

-3

0+1

+10

0

-6MER

CURY

-5VENU

S-4M

ARS

-3JUPI

TER

-2SATU

RN-1 0Re

gulu

s+1Sp

ica+2An

tare

s+3Al

deba

ran

+4Siriu

s (4

0o S

outh

+5Arie

s+6 +7

MERCURY

VENUS

MARS

JUPITER

JUPITER

SATURN

Regulus

Regulus

Spica

Spica

Antares

Antares

Aldebaran

Sirius (40o south)

Aries

11

66

1111

1616

JULY

JULY

2121

2626

11

66

1111

1616

AUGUST

AUGUST

2121

2626

11

66

1111

1616

SEPTEMBER

SEPTEMBER

2121

2626

11

66

1111

1616

OCTOBER

OCTOBER

2121

2626

11

66

1111

1616

NOVEMBER

NOVEMBER

2121

2626

11

66

1111

1616

DECEMBER

DECEMBER

2121

2626

11

JAN.

JAN.

o

180o

h

24h

o 90

90o

h 18

18h

o 0

0o

h 12

12h

o 90

90o

h 06

06h

o 180

180o

h 00

00h

Abov

e th

e ho

rizon

at s

unris

eW

est

Abov

e th

e ho

rizon

at s

unse

tEa

st

2019

PLA

NET

LO

CATI

ON

DIA

GRA

M,

July

D

ecem

ber

A12

3

-6MER

CURY

-5VENU

S-4M

ARS

-3JUPI

TER

-2SATU

RN-1 0Re

gulu

s+1Sp

ica+2An

tare

s+3Al

deba

ran

+4Siriu

s (4

0o S

outh

+5Arie

s+6 +7

+1 +2 +3+5

+3 +2+1 0 -1

-2-1

00 +1 +2

+4+6 +4 +2

+10 -1

-1-4

-4

-4

+2

+2

+2

-3-3

-2

-2

0

0

0+1

+1

-6MER

CURY

-5VENU

S-4M

ARS

-3JUPI

TER

-2SATU

RN-1 0Re

gulu

s+1Sp

ica+2An

tare

s+3Al

deba

ran

+4Siriu

s (4

0o S

outh

+5Arie

s+6 +7

MERCURYVENUS

MARS

JUPITER

SATURN

Regulus

Spica

Antares

Aldebaran

Aldebaran

Sirius (40o south)

Aries

Aries

a24 sky diagrams - starpath.coma24 sky diagrams explanation these diagrams show the appearance of...

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