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TASK A3
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONCEPT FOR TURKEY
IMPROVEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN TURKEY
LIFE “HAWAMAN” PROJECT
LIFE06/TCY/TR/000292
TASK A3
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT FOR TURKEY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND STAKEHOLDERS OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................... 9
2.1 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ................................................................................. 9
2.2 STAKEHOLDERS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ..................... 17
3 DEVELOPMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN
TURKEY ................................................................................................................. 19
4 CURRENT SITUATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
TURKEY ................................................................................................................. 24
5 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT ....................................... 28
5.1 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY ESTIMATION ........................................... 28
5.1.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 29
5.1.2 Waste estimation .............................................................................................................. 34
5.1.3 Comparison and validation of results .............................................................................. 45
5.2 ASSIGMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TYPES TO DISPOSAL OPTIONS . 48
5.2.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 48
5.2.2 Allocation to Different Disposal Routes .......................................................................... 53
6 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................... 59
7 . RECOMMENDATONS ........................................................................................ 62
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................. 65
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Contribution of basic economic sectors to GDP (based on current prices) 2 .............................. 5 Table 2.1 List of Turkish legislation on hazardous wastes .................................................................................... 9 Table 4.1 Number of plants and recycle/recovery activities (June 2007)...................................................... 25 Table 4.2 Types of recyclable wastes admitted to licensed recycling facilities and their capacities... 25 Table 4.3 Wastes used as alternative fuels in cement factories ......................................................................... 26 Table 4.4 Current capacities of disposal facilities ................................................................................................... 27 Table 4.5 Integrated Waste Disposal Facilities ........................................................................................................ 27 Table 5.1 Covered and omitted waste types and producers ................................................................................ 34 Table 5.2 List of industrial sector groups ................................................................................................................... 37 Table 5.3 Sample waste sector sheet for metal working industry .................................................................... 37 Table 5.4 Description and amount of hazardous waste groups in tons/yr ................................................... 40 Table 5.5 Geographic distribution of hazardous wastes (1000 tons/yr) ....................................................... 42 Table 5.6 Comparison of Turkish and German hazardous waste generation .............................................. 45
Table A. 1 List of NUTS codes for Turkey .................................................................................................................... 65 Table A. 2 Turkish population (2007) .......................................................................................................................... 66 Table A. 3 Number of employees in Turkish industry (2007) .............................................................................. 69 Table A. 4 Additional information for provinces ...................................................................................................... 70 Table A. 5 Hazardous waste in Turkey, from industry and other sources in tons/yr ................................ 72 Table A. 6 Hazardous waste from main industrial sectors in tons/yr ............................................................. 74 Table A. 7 Hazardous waste from non-industrial sources in tons/yr .............................................................. 76 Table A. 8 Hazardous waste from industrial branches in tons/yr .................................................................... 78 Table A. 9 Hazardous waste groups in Turkish provinces in tons/yr .............................................................. 88 Table A. 10 Range of disposal market prices (€/ton) - (Germany 2002 and Turkey 2007)................. 107 Table A. 11 Assignment of hazardous waste to disposal options .................................................................. 111 Table A. 12 Structure of the price list for hazardous waste incineration in Turkey (2007) ................ 108 Table A. 13 Structure of disposal prices for CPT treatment from Germany (HIM 2002) ...................... 110
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Chronology of Population Growth, Turkey ............................................................................................ 2 Figure 1.2: Population Pyramid, Turkey (2006) ........................................................................................................ 2 Figure 1.3 Distribution of Population in Turkey ....................................................................................................... 3 Figure 1.4 Chronology of GNP of Turkey ....................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1.5 Chronology of Inflation Rate of Turkey .................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1.6 Employees in Turkish Industry, total ........................................................................................................ 6 Figure 1.7 Employees in Turkish Metal Industry ....................................................................................................... 7 Figure 1.8 Employees in Turkish Chemical Industry ................................................................................................ 7 Figure 1.9 Employees in Turkish Other Industries .................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2.1 Steps to be followed to determine a hazardous waste according to RCHW ............................ 12 Figure 2.2 Main duties, responsibilities and jurisdiction in the hazardous waste management system
..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 3.1 Hazardous waste management regions ................................................................................................ 20 Figure 5.1 Production in 1 or 3 facilities: material balance differs by factor three ................................... 30 Figure 5.2 Hazardous waste generation in Turkey, total ..................................................................................... 43 Figure 5.3 Hazardous Waste Generation in Industry (81 %) ............................................................................. 43 Figure 5.4 Hazardous Waste Generation from separately collected waste (19 %) ................................... 44 Figure 5.5 Hazardous waste amounts in several countries versus GNP “power parity” .......................... 47 Figure 5.6 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes for Turkey – overview ................................. 54 Figure 5.7 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to recycling/recovery .................................. 54 Figure 5.8 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to CPT ................................................................ 55 Figure 5.9 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to thermal treatment .................................. 55 Figure 5.10 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to controlled landfill ................................. 56 Figure 5.11 Scheme of a fully integrated hazardous waste treatment / disposal facility ....................... 58 Figure 6.1 Five recommended planning areas for integrated hazardous waste treatment facilities 61 Figure 6.2 Locations of 189 mostly private operating hazardous waste treatment facilities in Turkey
..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 7.1 Locations and numbers of municipal sewage treatment plants in Turkey .............................. 63
Figure A. 1 Number of employees in Turkish Industry (2007) ........................................................................... 67 Figure A. 2 Provincial distribution of pesticides and agrochemical hazardous wastes (ID No:1) ....... 94 Figure A. 3 Provincial distribution of wood preservative wastes (ID No:2) .................................................. 94 Figure A. 4 Provincial distribution of hazardous tannery wastes (ID No:3) ................................................. 95 Figure A. 5 Provincial distribution of hazardous petroleum refining wastes (ID No:4) ........................... 95 Figure A. 6 Provincial distribution of acidic and alkaline wastes (ID No:5) ................................................. 96 Figure A. 7 Provincial distribution of hazardous inorganic chemistry wastes (ID No:6) ........................ 96 Figure A. 8 Provincial distribution of hazardous organic chemistry wastes (ID No:7) ............................ 97 Figure A. 9 Provincial distribution of hazardous paint and sealant production wastes (ID No:8) ...... 97 Figure A. 10 Provincial distribution of hazardous printing wastes (ID No:9) .............................................. 98 Figure A. 11 Provincial distribution of hazardous energy production wastes (ID No:10) ...................... 98 Figure A. 12 Provincial distribution of hazardous metal production wastes (ID No:11) ........................ 99 Figure A. 13 Provincial distribution of hazardous mineral and glass production wastes (ID No:12) 99 Figure A. 14 Provincial distribution of hazardous galvanizing wastes (ID No:13) ................................. 100 Figure A. 15 Provincial distribution of non-halogenated waste oil (ID No:14) ........................................ 100
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Figure A. 16 Provincial distribution of halogenated waste oil (ID No:15).................................................. 101 Figure A. 17 Provincial distribution of waste oil emulsions (ID No:16) ....................................................... 101 Figure A. 18 Provincial distribution of other oily wastes (ID No:17) ............................................................ 102 Figure A. 19 Provincial distribution of halogenated solvents (ID No:18) ................................................... 102 Figure A. 20 Provincial distribution of non-halogenated solvents (ID No:19) .......................................... 103 Figure A. 21 Provincial distribution of contaminated packagings (ID No:20) ......................................... 103 Figure A. 22 Provincial distribution of spent adsorbents and filter materials (ID No:21) ................... 104 Figure A. 23 Provincial distribution of spent oil filters (ID No:22) ................................................................ 104 Figure A. 24 Provincial distribution of spent brake fluids and antifreeze (ID No:23) ............................ 105 Figure A. 25 Provincial distribution of spent batteries (ID No:24) ................................................................ 105 Figure A. 26 Provincial distribution of sludges from CPT (ID No:26) ........................................................... 106 Figure A. 27 Provincial distribution of mercury containing waste (ID No:27) ......................................... 106 Figure A. 28 Provincial distribution of contaminated wood (ID No:28) ...................................................... 107 Figure A. 29 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to recycling/recovery – amount per
province ................................................................................................................................................................................. 119 Figure A. 30 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to CPT – amount per province .......... 121 Figure A. 31 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to thermal treatment – amount per
province ................................................................................................................................................................................. 123 Figure A. 32 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to controlled landfill – amount per
province ................................................................................................................................................................................. 125
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1 INTRODUCTION
Fundamentals of hazardous waste management are laid down on various policy
and legislative documents. International principles on which hazardous waste
management concept is developed include “Precautionary Principle”, “Waste
Hierarchy” and “Polluter Pays”. These principles are embedded in legislative
documents according to which modern hazardous waste management systems
are developed and successfully established. Turkish Regulation on Control of
Hazardous Wastes (RCHW)1, harmonized with Directive of European
Commission on hazardous wastes (91/689/EEC), being the core regulation on
hazardous waste management, also includes these principles of hazardous waste
management. Even though baseline of hazardous waste management is
presented, it is essential to develop an elaborate hazardous waste management
concept for Turkey in order for the waste management system to be realistic and
efficient. This concept should especially consider practical aspects unique to
Turkey.
Hazardous waste management concept presented in this report is developed
under Task A and Task C of LIFE HAWAMAN Project by German Experts,
Turkish Experts and Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF). In the
context of this report, in Chapter 2, legislative framework concerning hazardous
wastes, in Chapter 3, current situation of hazardous waste management and
stakeholders of the system and in Chapter 4, hazardous waste management
concept as developed by LIFE Team are introduced.
Before presenting hazardous waste management concept, it is quite useful for the
reader to acquire some background information on Turkey. These include
demographic and economic information both of which influences hazardous
waste generation amounts and distribution.
Population of Turkey shows a rapid increase since the 1960s. As seen in Figure
1.1, population increased from about 30 Million in 1960s to about 71 Million in
2007 with a smooth turning range in the 1980s. Simple statistical analysis proves
that population growth of Turkey resembles arithmetic growth model with a nice
linear fit of r2= 0.997.
1 Official Gazette, 14/3/2005, No. 25755.
2
Figure 1.1: Chronology of Population Growth, Turkey
In Figure 1.2, population pyramid of Turkey is given. The shape of the population
pyramid looks sustainable at present with a high percentage of younger people
compared with a small percentage of older people. This shape of the pyramid
suggests high potential for productivity as result of high number of younger
people thus high number of work force.
Figure 1.2: Population Pyramid, Turkey (2006)
3
Figure 1.3 below and Table A. 2 in Appendix present the countrywide
distribution of population. The major center of gravity of the Turkish population
by far is Đstanbul, with more than 12 Million people. Very low populated districts
are to be found in the eastern part of Turkey, like Tunceli or Bayburt (each much
less than 100 000 people).
Figure 1.3 Distribution of Population in Turkey 2
As mentioned before another important set of background information is the
economic figures. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total monetary value of all
final goods and services produced for consumption in society during a particular
time period and a very strong parameter indicating economic activity. Within the
last decade there is a remarkable increase in GNP (Figure 1.4), along with a
strong decrease of the inflation rate (consumer prices) (Figure 1.5).
Apparent from Figure 1.4 and Figure 1.5, Turkish economy between the years
2002-2007 has shown significant improvement. Average growth of economy
reached up to 7% and increase in export reached 23% 3.
2 List of NUTS codes used throughout the report is given in Table A. 1 in Appendix. 3 The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey (TOBB), Economy Report 2008, Available from http://www.tobb.org.tr/yayinlar/64gk/ekonomik%20rapor.pdf , Data retrieved May 22, 2009
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Figure 1.4 Chronology of GNP of Turkey
2000 2002 2004 2006
10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
2008
Turkey - Inflation Rate in %
8.5%
Source: Index Mundi (2008)
Figure 1.5 Chronology of Inflation Rate of Turkey
This rapid development in economy has ceased in 2007 due to the effects of
global economic crisis. As a result, the average growth in the economy was 4.7%
in 2007, 3.6% in the first nine months of 2008, and 1.1% in whole year of 2008 3.
In Table 1.1, contribution of economic sectors to gross domestic product (GDP) is
given.
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Table 1.1: Contribution of basic economic sectors to GDP ((((based on current prices) 3
SECTOR
CONTRIBUTION TO GDP
((((%)
2006 2007 2008
Agriculture, hunting and forestry 8.0 7.4 7.6
Fishing 0.2 0.2 0.2
Mining and quarrying 1.2 1.2 1.4
Manufacturing Industry 17.2 16.8 16.1
Electricity, gas, steam and hot water generation and distribution
1.8 1.9 2.1
Construction 4.7 4.9 4.7
Wholesale and retail commerce 12.5 12.2 12.2
Hotels and restaurants 2.2 2.3 2.3
Transportation, storage and communication 13.7 13.9 14.2
Activities of financial factors 2.9 3.2 3.5
Residence ownership 9.8 10.8 11.2
Real estate renting and other activities 3.7 4.1 4.3
Public administration, defense and mandatory social security
3.9 3.9 3.8
Education 2.8 2.9 2.9
Health and social services 1.6 1.6 1.6
Other social, public and individual services 1.7 1.7 1.7
Domestic employment 0.2 0.2 0.2
Indirect factoring and taxes 14.6 13.6 13.3
TOTAL 100 100 100
Among the manufacturing industry, food and beverage sector and textile sector
have the highest share in Turkey. According to Turkish Prime Ministry State
Planning Organization (SPO) food industry has a share of 18 – 20% in the overall
manufacturing industry in terms of production value4. Whereas the textile
industry occupies 10% of the GNP of Turkey that is 319 billions US $ 5.
With regard to population, the quota of employees in the Turkish industry is
overall about 3 % which is about 4.6 % in Đstanbul. Relating to the total number of
employees in Turkey, the biggest number of employees can be ascertained in
4 T.R. Prime Ministry State Planning Organization (SPO). IXth Development Plan Food Industry Special Commission Report. Ankara: 2007 5 T.R. Prime Ministry State Planning Organization (SPO). IXth Development Plan Textile, Leather and Clothing Industry Special Commission Report. Ankara: 2007
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Đstanbul - about 27 %, followed by Bursa (8.3 %), Đzmir (7.1 %), Kocaeli (5.1 %)
and Ankara (5.0 %). All other districts are below 5 %. From Figure 1.6 to Figure
1.9, the distribution of employees according to provinces (NUTS3 level) is given.
Moreover, in Table A. 3 and Figure A. 1 in Appendix exact numbers of employees
in every province and according to major industrial braches can be found. The
number of employees is a measure of industrial activity – and is therefore a rough
measure of hazardous waste generation. Hence it is most likely to find the
hazardous waste centers in the high-industrialized districts – especially in the
Metal Industry and the Chemical Industry.
Figure 1.6 Employees in Turkish Industry, total
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Figure 1.7 Employees in Turkish Metal Industry
Figure 1.8 Employees in Turkish Chemical Industry
8
Figure 1.9 Employees in Turkish Other Industries
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2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK AND STAKEHOLDERS OF
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
2.1 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
International framework for hazardous wastes is shaped by Basel Convention on
Control and Supervision of the Transboundary Shipment of Hazardous Waste
that has been ratified by Turkey. National legislative framework regarding
hazardous wastes is comprised of legislations regarding general rules for waste
management and hazardous wastes and legislations regarding management of
specific types of wastes. Legislations on specific types of wastes are in compliance
with the fundamental rules laid down in legislations handling general
management concepts. In Table 2.1, a list of legislations related to hazardous
wastes and their counterparts in European Union (EU) Acquis is provided
Table 2.1 List of Turkish legislation on hazardous wastes
TURKISH LEGISLATION EU COUNTERPART
Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management
Directive 2006/12/EC on waste
Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes
Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste
Regulation on Control of Waste Oils Directive 75/439/EEC on the disposal of waste oils
Regulation on Control of Waste Vegetable Oils
Regulation on the Control of Used Batteries and Accumulators
Directive 2006/66/EC on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators
Regulation on the Control of Packaging and Packaging Waste
Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste
Regulation for Control of the Tyres Which Have Completed Their Life-Cycles (TCL)
Regulation on the Restriction of the use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment
Regulation for Control of Medical Waste Regulation on Control of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polychlorinated Terphenyls
Directive 96/59/EC on the disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCB/PCT)
Regulation on Control of End-Of-Life Vehicles ((((Draft)
Directive 2000/53/EC on End-Of-Life Vehicles
Regulation on Landfill of Waste (Draft) Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Regulation on Incineration of Waste (Draft)
Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste.
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Among these regulations listed in Table 2.1, Regulation on General Principles of
Waste Management and RCHW are the core regulations covering main aspects of
waste management practices while the rest deals with specific types of waste.
Last two regulations that are on landfilling and incineration lays down general
measures for these two disposal activities. According to RCHW, main principles
of waste management is as follows:
o Except for the cases in which hazardous wastes present an economic value
to the importer and import of the hazardous waste is allowed by the edicts
of MoEF, import of all types of hazardous wastes are forbidden.
o In accordance with waste hierarchy, waste prevention and waste
minimization is the most desired option. Reuse, recovery or recycling
(especially waste oils, organic solvents, accumulators) and whenever prior
options are not applicable, treatment options follow prevention and
minimization respectively. The least desired option is final disposal.
Whenever feasible, energy recovery during disposal should be evaluated
and applied.
o Waste generators, transporters and disposers are held responsible for the
dangers created by hazardous wastes and “polluter pays” principle is
adopted.
o Companies that store, sell and dispose hazardous wastes are obliged to have
a license from MoEF and companies without proper licenses are prohibited
to operate and mix hazardous wastes with other fuels.
o Segregation of hazardous wastes is mentioned and mixing of hazardous
wastes with non-hazardous wastes is forbidden in all cases. This rule also
holds for the commingled wastes arriving at disposal facilities.
o In case of interim storage, priority should be given to storage at the point of
generation.
Main components of the hazardous waste management system consists of
generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment (whenever possible) and
disposal of hazardous wastes. Generation of hazardous wastes should involve the
waste prevention and waste minimization activities aside from the hazardous
waste generating processes. Storage involves temporary storage of hazardous
wastes either in the location of generation or specially designed temporary
storage facilities suitable for hazardous wastes. Storage should not be confused
with landfilling of hazardous wastes. Collection by definition means to gather
objects together which in the context of hazardous waste management refer to the
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step where hazardous wastes are accumulated before being sent to temporary
storage facilities, treatment or disposal sites. Transportation part of hazardous
waste management system is the one where the wastes are conveyed to
temporary storage, treatment or disposal facilities following collection of wastes.
Treatment also involves the recycling processes. It is important to note that not all
the hazardous wastes are suitable for treatment or recycle. Disposal is the
ultimate fate of most of the hazardous wastes.
Rules outlined by RCHW regarding the abovementioned components are as
follows:
Determination and classification of hazardous wastes
Steps that should be followed by waste generator in order to determine whether a
waste is hazardous or not is given in Figure 2.1.
Step 1: Is the substance described as waste in RCHW?
For a substance to be “waste” it should have waste properties given in RCHW
Annex 1. If the substance does not have those properties it cannot be described as
hazardous waste.
Step 2: Are there any specific provisions in RCHW for the waste in question?
Step 3: Does the waste listed in Annex 7?
RCHW Annex 7 is adopted from Commission Decision as regards the list of
wastes (2001/118/EC) and contains the marked entries as hazardous wastes.
Complete list of waste is presented in Regulation on General Principles of Waste
Management. Annex 7 contains 20 chapters that relate to the process that
generated the waste or to specific waste types. If the waste is listed in Annex 7,
Step 4a should be followed. If not Step 4b should be followed.
Step 4a: How is the waste coded and classified in Annex 7?
The chapters are given a two-digit number. Each Chapter contains sub-chapters
that are identified by four-digits. Within each sub-chapter is a list of unique six
digit codes for each waste.
Annex 7 contains two types of wastes:
Absolute entries: hazardous regardless of their composition or concentration of
any dangerous substance within the waste.
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Mirror entries: wastes that have the potential to be either hazardous or not,
depending on whether they contain “dangerous substances” at or above
certain thresholds. For the mirror entries Annex 3b should be considered and
Step 4b should be followed.
Figure 2.1 Steps to be followed to determine a hazardous waste according to RCHW
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Step 4b: Is the waste produced as a result of processes listed in RCHW Annex 3?
RCHW Annex 3 lists activities that can generate hazardous wastes. Annex 3 is
comprised of two sections; Annexes 3a and 3b. If no specific entry could be found
in Annex 7 regarding the waste or if the waste is a mirror entry, Annexes should
be checked whether Annex 3a or Annex 3b applies based on the process from
which the waste is generated. For the wastes that are in context of Annex 3a, Step
5 should be followed. If the waste generating process is not listed in Annex 3a,
Annex 3b should be checked. This section lists the waste that can be hazardous
only if certain components are present within the waste.
Step 4c: Is the waste listed in Annex 3b contains the constituents listed in Annex 4?
The constituents that can render a waste hazardous are listed in Annex 4 and if
the waste listed in Annex 3b contains any of the constituents given in Annex 4;
Step 5 should be applied. If the waste listed in Annex 3b does not contain any of
the constituents of Annex 4, it cannot be classified as hazardous waste.
Step 5: Does the waste have the properties listed in Annex 5?
For the following classes of wastes to be hazardous, they must have at least one
property given in Annex 5:
o Wastes classified as mirror waste in Annex 7
o Wastes generated as a result of processes given in Annex 3a
o Wastes listed in Annex 3b and contain at least one component of Annex 4.
For these types of wastes there are two methods to determine whether they are
hazardous or not:
o Estimation of presence of hazardous properties by checking threshold
concentrations associated with certain risk phrases
o Testing for hazardous properties
For mirror entries, as long as the composition of the waste is known, presence of
“dangerous materials” can be confirmed.
If none of the constituents of the waste are “dangerous” and if the waste itself
does not show any hazardous properties from H1 to H14, this waste cannot be
classified as hazardous. If a mirror waste possess a property from H1 to H14 due
to its “dangerous” constituent concentrations exceeding the threshold
concentrations specified for any hazardous property, this waste should be
classified as hazardous and should be given code accordingly.
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Step 6a: Does the waste possess hazardous properties of H1,2,9,12-14?
When a waste posses hazardous properties of H1,2,9,12-14, this waste must be
classified as hazardous For these properties no threshold concentrations are
specified.
Step 6b: Does the waste possess hazardous properties of H3-8, H10,11?
For some hazardous properties listed in RCHW Annex 5, threshold
concentrations are specified. If any of the constituents of the waste show
hazardous properties of H3-8, H10, 11 Step 7 should be followed.
Step 7: Does the constituents or waste itself above the threshold concentrations specified
in Annex 6?
The hazardous properties for which threshold concentrations are specified are
H3-8, H10, 11. For this reason, concentrations of constituents that render a waste
hazardous should be checked whether they are above these threshold
concentrations. If a waste contains dangerous constituents below these threshold
concentrations, this waste cannot be classified as hazardous and waste codes
should be given accordingly.
Waste Generation
As mentioned before, priority should be given to prevention and minimization of
wastes at the location of generation. Hazardous waste generators should prepare
a waste management plan and have this plan approved by governorship.
Moreover, if the wastes are going to be stored temporarily within the facility
premises, a permit is required to be taken from governorship. The most
important aspect of temporary storage is to achieve proper and safe conditions
for storage.
Waste generator is obliged to take records of the amounts and types of wastes
generated within the facility and to report these records annually to MoEF
through waste declaration forms. If the generated waste is a mirror entry
according to the abovementioned procedures hazardous nature of wastes should
be confirmed by generator.
Another important responsibility of the waste generator is to ensure that
hazardous wastes generated are transported by licensed companies and disposed
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of in licensed facilities. Throughout these processes, waste generator shall
provide labeling and packaging in a proper and safe manner.
Waste generator is held responsible for submitting a detailed report (on types,
amounts etc.) to governorship in case of an accidental or deliberate illegal spill
and remediation of the contaminated site no later than one month based on the
type of the waste. Moreover, all the expenses related to remediation must be paid
by the waste generator.
Transportation of the wastes
Transportation companies are obliged to obtain a license from MoEF for
transportation of the wastes to recycling, recovery and disposal facilities.
Licensed waste transporters must use vehicles suitable for the types of wastes
they are carrying. Another important aspect is that the wastes that are being
carried in a vehicle must have the same waste codes. Waste transportation is
followed up via various transportation forms. These forms are categorized as
national and international transportation forms and the required ones need to be
present in the vehicle during transportation.
Interim storage
Main objective of interim storage is to collect wastes so that the amount of wastes
reaches sufficient capacity for transportation before they are sent to recovery or
disposal facilities. Such interim storage facilities are again subject to a license
obtained from MoEF. However, for all types of wastes temporary storage
duration cannot exceed one year that means interim storage facilities cannot act
as final disposal sites. In order to get a license, interim storage facilities need to
show presence of contingency equipments and necessary systems to control
hazardous wastes in case of an accident.
Waste recovery
In order to obtain economic income and to decrease the amount of waste destined
for final disposal, recovery of wastes is promoted. Possible recovery processes are
listed in RCHW (Annex 2b). The most important aspect of recovery is that an
accredited laboratory must confirm that waste becomes a product as a result of
recovery processes. In the same manner, when chemical, physical and biological
treatment is applied on a waste; there is a necessity to confirm that waste is no
longer hazardous according to Annex 11a.
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Waste Disposal
Liquid wastes suitable for pumping can be disposed of by injection into
geologically and hydrogeologically suitable wells, salt rocks and natural cavities.
Moreover, in abandoned mining sites wastes can be disposed of inside
containers. For these two methods to be applied a feasibility report should be
prepared and a permit should be obtained from MoEF. In Annex 2a of RCHW,
some other possible final disposal methods are listed.
When incineration is used as a disposal method, complete combustion should be
achieved as much as possible. RCHW lists operation requirements for
incinerators. Incineration plants should be designed, equipped and operated so
that the flue gas composition does not violate the emission limits specified in
RCHW. Combustion gases are discharged to atmosphere via the stack in a
controlled manner. Stack height should be designed and applied according to
Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation. Incineration facilities perform trial
burns before they acquire their permits from MoEF and take license according to
the results of these trial burns.
Second mostly used final disposal method after combustion is landfilling. Proven
that there exist enough precautions or there are no negative impacts on
environment due to the nature of the waste, hazardous wastes can be landfilled
and permit can be taken from MoEF for establishment of landfills. Criteria for
landfilling are presented in Annex 11a of RCHW. Aside from this Annex, the
most important criterion for landfilling is that the water content of the waste to be
landfilled should not exceed 65%. Site selection for landfills is also very
important. According to RCHW, possible sites for establishment of landfills are
listed. In RCHW, there are specifications about landfill liners, drainage systems,
embankments and top cover that will be applied when the landfill site can no
longer accept waste. Hazardous waste landfill must have an operational plan and
submit it to MoEF.
Transboundary movement of wastes
Transboundary movement of wastes into the country is allowed if and only if the
imported wastes have an economically significant value and this is subject to a
permit taken from MoEF. Export of wastes is allowed if and only if there is no
established facility that has sufficient technical waste disposal capacity in Turkey
and the responsible authority of the importing country permits the
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transboundary movement of waste into that country. Neither transit passages nor
transshipments and transfer of wastes are allowed within the area of national
jurisdiction without the consent of MoEF.
2.2 STAKEHOLDERS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Parties involved in hazardous waste management system are MoEF,
administrative chiefs (governors), local administrations (municipalities in smaller
provinces and greater municipalities in bigger provinces), hazardous waste
generators, and companies that are responsible for transportation, treatment,
recovery and disposal of hazardous wastes. Among these parties, rules valid for
companies responsible for transportation, treatment, recovery and disposal of
hazardous wastes are given in RCHW. Duties, responsibilities and jurisdiction of
MoEF, administrative chiefs, local administrations and waste generators are
shown in Figure 2.2. In the hazardous waste management system, main duties of
MoEF are policy setting, giving permits to disposal, transportation, recovery
companies that have the obligation to have license and inspect them. Application
of hazardous waste management system according to the plans and programs of
MoEF on province-scale is achieved by administrative chiefs and local
administrations. However, the biggest responsibilities on hazardous waste
management systems lie upon hazardous waste generators. From classification
to disposal of hazardous wastes in the context of “polluter pays” principle, the
generator is held financially responsible. Proper transportation, recovery and
disposal of the hazardous waste generated through licensed companies are also
the responsibilities of waste generator. Waste declaration, that has great
importance in inspection mechanisms of MoEF should be carried out by waste
generator with accuracy. It can be seen that for the hazardous waste management
system to function properly waste generators have great responsibility.
18
Figure 2.2 Main duties, responsibilities and jurisdiction in the hazardous waste management
system
19
3 DEVELOPMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM IN TURKEY
MoEF has participated in and completed a number of projects towards
development of hazardous waste management practices in Turkey. First one of
these major projects is the In Hazardous Waste Management Project 6 carried out
by TÇT-Zinerji Consortium in 2001. In this project, hazardous waste generation
and disposal practices, institutional structure and legal framework are covered
and possible sources of problems are investigated. Suggestions were made on
legal framework related to management of hazardous wastes and harmonization
with EU directives. In Hazardous Waste Management Project, the hazardous
waste generation in Turkey was evaluated based on the total number of
employees working in hazardous waste generating industries adopting a method
from Germany.
MoEF’s approach for locating new hazardous waste facilities is towards
concerning with both cost and effectiveness of the system shaped as a result of
the “Technical Assistance for Environmental Heavy-Cost Investment Planning”
Project 7. According to “economy of scale” principle, building large scale and
regional hazardous waste processing and disposal facilities reduce disposal costs
(per ton). On the other hand, establishing fewer but large-scale plants increases
transportation distances and hence transportation costs. However, transportation
costs can be reduced by establishing interim storage network where hazardous
wastes originating from small sized companies will be stored safely until
reaching necessary amount for transportation by larger vehicles or railway.
In this EU project carried out by an international consortium in coordination with
MoEF, three scenarios were evaluated. First scenario includes establishment of a
number of large scale incineration and disposal facilities along with collection
network and transfer stations at the locations where industrial activity is high.
According to this scenario transfer stations should be able to perform basic
physical and chemical treatment processes in order to decrease the volume of
6 Management o Hazardous Wastes, Ministry of Environment and Forestry General Directorate of Waste Management, Department of Waste Management, 2001, Ankara 7 Technical Assistance for Environmental Heavy-Cost Investment Planning, Turkey Directive-Specific Investment Plan for Council Directive on Hazardous Waste (91/689/EEC), Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2005, Ankara
20
waste. The regions for which the hazardous waste incineration and disposal
facilities will serve are shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1 Hazardous waste management regions
Second scenario is similar to the first one however, in this one instead of low
number of large scale facilities to serve for regions, high number of smaller scale
facilities serving for smaller areas is considered. This scenario also includes the
network and transfer station but again in smaller number and scale. Third
scenario involves implementation of first or second scenario along with co-
incineration practices in cement kilns.
Among these three scenarios first one was chosen by technical working group
involved in the project, which will be referred as regional hazardous waste
management plan from now on. In the first phase, regional hazardous waste
management systems will be realized in highly industrialized regions;
o Thrace Region
o Eastern Marmara Region
o Aegean Region
o Central Anatolia Region
o Mediterranean Region
Number and capacities of facilities planned to be constructed according to
regional planning may increase as a result of rate of industrialization. In addition
to that, it should be kept in mind that as the awareness of waste producers
increase; technological developments will be installed for waste minimization
purposes at the source. Construction, installation and operation of hazardous
waste disposal facilities require special technology and training. Moreover, these
21
facilities need to be inspected by Ministry of Environment and Forest thoroughly.
In this context, these facilities are obliged to use BAT (Best available Techniques)
specified in Reference documents on BAT (BREFs). These facilities are expected to
be constructed by private sector on “built-operate” basis.
In the second phase, interim storage facilities including physical-chemical
pretreatment units are planned to be installed at less industrialized regions. Also,
transfer network to integrated facilities will be developed.
There is already an incineration plant in Marmara Region, which is Đzaydaş
having 35.000 t/yr of waste incineration capacity. A capacity increase of 70.000
t/yr was foreseen for Đzaydaş. Other newly established facilities is planned to be
as given below:
o Thrace Region: an incinerator (60.000 t/yr) and a landfill (90.000 t/yr) to be
installed in 2013 – for the orange region shown in Figure 3.1.
o Đzmir: an incinerator (40.000 + 30.000 t/yr) to be installed at 2015 and 2020
in two phase and a landfill (120.000 t/yr) to be installed in 2014 – for the
blue region shown in Figure 3.1.
o Adana/Mersin: an incinerator (45.000 + 40.000 t/yr) to be installed at 2016
and 2021 in two phase and a landfill (140.000 t/yr) to be installed in 2015 –
for the purple region shown in Figure 3.1.
“Technical Assistance for Environmental Heavy-Cost Investment Planning”
Project was followed by two Twinning Projects namely Waste Management
Twinning Project, (TR/2003/EN/01)8 and Special Waste Twinning Project
(TR/2004/IB/EN/01) 9. In Waste Management Twinning Project, hazardous
waste management concept was developed aiming to determine mid-term and
long-term measures and ways to establish a sufficient hazardous waste
management structure all over Turkey. Emphasis was given to waste
minimization and recovery operations. Requirement for self-sufficiency of
disposal and recovery operations in terms of capacity was underlined. Moreover,
waste specific handling of hazardous wastes was covered under establishment of
dedicated waste recovery and disposal facilities towards handling of specific
wastes. In addition, branch-specific measures were listed management of wastes
originating from selected sectors.
8 Waste Management Twinning Project, (TR/2003/EN/01 9 Special Waste Twinning Project (TR/2004/IB/EN/01)
22
Measures for waste avoidance recommended by Waste Management Twinning
Project were listed as:
o Cooperation between production plants and research institutions for
development of new equipments
o Construction of a network to spread the relevant technical information
between good’s producers, chambers and associations, responsible
environmental authorities as well as institutions
o Promotion of public relations on hazardous waste management as well as
education and training programs
o Establishment of a special working unit (task force) subordinated the
governmental level or subordinated the level of the environmental
agencies which is responsible as an advisory board to give advices for
suited measures to the private enterprises in terms of waste avoidance and
waste recycling/recovery
Highlights for waste recovery and recycling are:
o Supporting establishment of waste recycling exchange to manage and
broke with valuable goods and secondary raw material
o Promotion of recycling-friendly designs
o Promotion of high-level and emission-free recovery by
o Immediate reuse of waste, devices and parts out of waste for the
further production without any treatment
o Recycling of the immanent raw materials and material use of
hazardous components out of waste immediately or after treatment
as secondary raw material for the same or for other production
purposes
o Recycling of the immanent raw material and material use (for the
same or for other production purposes) of all non-hazardous waste
parts after separation, elimination and disposal of hazardous
components and compartments
23
o Recycling of the immanent raw materials of waste and material use
for other purposes than production
o Energy recovery of hazardous waste in production plants
In order to realize abovementioned measures creation of a special tax /fee /levy
for waste generation and tax privileges given to the enterprises for investments in
waste minimized production processes are suggested.
In the light of outcomes of these projects and following the rules laid down by
legislative framework, current hazardous waste management system in Turkey is
shaped. However, in terms of practical aspects, hazardous waste management
system should be further studied and improved. Following this motivation LIFE
HAWAMAN Project on Improvement of Industrial Hazardous Waste
Management in Turkey (LIFE06/TCY/TR/000292) was started. The project’s
objective is to improve the management of industrial hazardous waste in Turkey
and to tackle the increase in hazardous waste generation and environmental risks
that such waste may cause. In order to reach this goal, the following items were
worked out:
1. Estimation of the amount of industrial hazardous waste in Turkey
2. Allocation of hazardous waste to disposal routes according to the state of
the art
3. Recommendations concerning a hazardous waste management concept for
Turkey
.
24
4 CURRENT SITUATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Rising environmental awareness, legislative obligations, increasing costs because
of capacity constraints of waste disposal operations and increasing importance of
environmental protection measures especially in foreign trade lead to an increase
in implementation of pollution prevention technologies and waste minimization
activities.
In implementation of recycle/recovery and reuse activities the priority is given to
the wastes easy to collect, manage and require simpler technologies. Wastes of
packing materials such as IBC, barrels and other packing wastes is a good
example for easy to handle type of wastes as those wastes pose lower risk for the
environment. Another example can be recovery of silver, which is simple in terms
of technology to be used. Furthermore, waste exchange system implemented
within the scope of chamber of industries by Turkish Union of Chambers and
Commodity Exchanges supported by Ministry of Environment and Forestry
(MoEF). Waste exchange is an intermediary system aiming recovery and reuse of
production wastes from the industries to be used as a secondary raw material in
other industries. With the implementation of waste exchange, amount of wastes
to be ultimately disposed of is reduced. However, effective implementation and
operation of this system is predicted to take some time.
According to the data of November 2007, number of recycle plants with ad-hoc
working permit and license reached up to 89. Currently, 52 of those plants are
operating with the license. The classification of those plants according to
recycling methods indicated in Annex 2 of Turkish RCHW can be seen in Table
4.1. As can be seen, metals are recycled as priority in 33% of recycling plants.
Metals are of priority as installed capacity for recycling of metals consists half of
the overall recycling capacity in Turkey. Waste oils follow metals in terms of
number of plants (21%) and installed capacity (35%).
The distribution and amount of recovered materials can be seen in Table 4.2.
25
Table 4.1 Number of plants and recycle/recovery activities (June 2007)
CODE OF RECYCLE/RECOVERY
NUMBER OF PLANTS WITH LICENSE
TOTAL CAPACITY (TON/YEAR)
R2 (Recovery of solvents) 3 9,350 R3 (Reclaim of organics other than solvents)
7 17,477
R4 (Reclaim of metals and metal compounds)
17 113,442
R5(Reclaim of inorganic materials) 4 1,955 R9 (Refinement of waste oils) 11 82,452 R11 (Use of wastes from R1-R10 operations)
3 14,570
R12 (Change of one of R1-R11 operations)
7 24,415
TOTAL 52 263,661
Table 4.2 Types of recyclable wastes admitted to licensed recycling facilities and their
capacities
WASTE TYPE ANNUAL CONSUMPTION CAPACITY (TONE/YEAR)
SHARE IN OVERALL CAPACITY (%)
Dye sludge 4,503 1.01 Oily waste (wastes including heavy metals)
86,618 19.48
Chemical wastes 21,106 4.75 Contaminated cloth and cotton waste
7,978 1.80
Waste solvent 1,990 0.44 Waste barrel 656,400 -- Battery accumulator 192,439 43.30 Industrial sludge 7,360 1.65 Waste tyres 51,979 11.70 Waste oil (1st Category) 33,762 7.60 Waste oil (2nd Category) 36,735 8.27 TOTAL 445,000 (+656,400 barrels) 100
Recently, a pilot scale hazardous waste recovery plant with gasification has come
into operation in Istanbul Kemerburgaz with 29,000 tons/year capacity. The
facility was established by Ecological Energy Limited Company (Ekolojik Enerji
Ltd. Şti.). Energy recovery indicated in Annex 2 of RCHW is another method for
waste recovery. This type of recovery can be implemented in cement industry.
Wastes from cement industry are utilized as alternative fuels for energy recovery
26
in factories. Waste tyres, 1st and 2nd type of waste oils, dye sludge, solvents and
plastic wastes can be disposed in cement factories. Additionally, two cement
factories got permission for utilization of grit and domestic sludge as alternative
raw material. Currently, 22 cement plants have license in R1 category. In Table
4.3, amount of waste types used as fuel in licensed cement factories are given.
Table 4.3 Wastes used as alternative fuels in cement factories
WASTE TYPES AMOUNT LICENSED (TONE/YEAR)
1st and 2nd type Waste oils 214,226 Waste tyres 106,458 Contaminated waste 61,884 Waste plastic 51,866 Petroleum refinery waste 24,120 Petroleum bottom mud 18,902 Dye sludge 16,964 Liquid fuel sludge 4,020 Total 498,440
Currently, there are three landfills and three incinerators licensed by MoEF for
disposal of industrial wastes in Turkey. TÜPRAŞ has established a rotary kiln for
their own wastes while Erdemir and Đsken have build disposal facilities for their
own wastes. Information related to current waste disposal facilities is provided in
Table 4.4. Capacities given in Table 4.4 are the installed capacities and almost 80%
of the total capacity is utilized currently.
Following the regional waste management plan developed in “Technical
Assistance for Environmental Heavy-Cost Investment Planning” Project,
establishment of certain hazardous waste facilities are underway. List of these
facilities along with their location and capacities are given in Table 4.5.
27
Table 4.4 Waste incineration capacity of PETKĐM is 17.500 tones/year. Less than
half of the capacity (7500 tones/year) is utilized by PETKĐM, while the rest is for
other industries.
Following the regional waste management plan developed in “Technical
Assistance for Environmental Heavy-Cost Investment Planning” Project,
establishment of certain hazardous waste facilities are underway. List of these
facilities along with their location and capacities are given in Table 4.5.
Table 4.4 Current capacities of disposal facilities
COMPANY NAME CAPACITY
ĐZAYDAS(storage)∗ 790.000 m3 (occupancy ratio %20) ĐZAYDAS (incineration) 35.000 tons/year PETKĐM (incineration) 17.500 tons/year TÜPRAŞ (incineration) (for the facilities own wastes) 7.750 tons/year ERDEMĐR (storage) (for the facilities own wastes) 6.084 tons/year
ISKEN (storage)∗ (for the facilities own wastes) 115.000 m3
Table 4.5 Integrated Waste Disposal Facilities
NAME OF THE PROJECT AND LOCATION CAPACITY PRESENT
SITUATION
Kiplasma Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. – Integrated Industrial Waste Disposal Facility Gebze Organized Industry Zone Kocaeli
Incineration: 48.000 tons/yr
EIA Phase
Aegean Region Industrial Waste Disposal Complex
Landfilling: 3.230.000 m3 Incineration:
Landfill brought in line on March 2009.
∗ Total capacity
28
Kırtıllı Tepe Mevkii Sandal Beldesi Kula - Manisa
20.000 tons/yr Incinerator in planning stage.
ITC Invest Trading & Consulting AG – Integrated Waste Disposal Facility Çadırtepe Mevkii Sincan - Ankara
Gasification: 20-30 thousand ton/yr (100 thousand ton/yr with expansion)
Feasibility study completed
Türkiye Metal Sanayiciler Sendikası Bursa
Planning phase
29
5 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
5.1 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY ESTIMATION
The Twinning project "TR03/EN/IB-01 Waste" activities on hazardous waste
regarded the lack of reliable data as one obstacle to base any kind of concept on.
Due to this the estimation of quantities and types of waste for certain industrial
activities was a basic task of the HAWAMAN-Project to base the hazardous
waste management concept on. This section gives the outline of hazardous waste
generation estimation methodology and its basic findings.
The realistic estimation of kind, amount and geographic origin of the currently
produced hazardous waste is the most important basis for the introduction of a
waste management system that includes the implementation of waste
transportation, interim storage and treatment facilities and the optimal
organization of waste transportation – where appropriate via interim storage
facilities - to treatment facilities. A too imprecise evaluation of the amount of
waste could either lead to expensive bad investments in oversized waste
treatment plants or to insufficient capacities for a proper and environmental
sound waste treatment.
The following work steps for the estimation of quantities and types of waste were
planned:
o Definition of industry sectors generating hazardous waste
o Compilation of basic data for estimation of hazardous waste amounts
o Population per province
o GNP per province
o Industry structure with list of enterprises with employees, sector
and province
o Number of motor vehicles etc.
o Estimation of amount of hazardous industrial waste for selected industry
sectors based on international experiences and the above mentioned basic
data from Turkey
o Report on the methodology, used experiences/data, results and
compilation/development of maps
The estimation is using a heuristic method based on long year international
experiences. It does not include any prognosis for future hazardous waste
30
quantities and qualities, which will change due economic development or
structural changes in industry etc. Moreover, it does not cover all waste streams.
The hazardous waste generation estimation outlined in this section with its data
amount per type of waste per province gives the basis for the following project
tasks on waste logistics and waste management treatment concept.
5.1.1 Methodology
There are several methods in order to estimate the types, amounts and regional
distribution of the hazardous waste in a country in which exists no working
hazardous waste management system so far.
Data from waste generators
a) Direct information from waste generators: This approach will lead to no
reliable data with very high aberration from real situation, because waste types
and waste amounts often are unknown, especially in countries with no hazardous
waste management system; participation << 100 %; this method is labor and time
intensive. Even in countries with long-time existing hazardous waste
management system the data given by the companies are not very reliable; they
just can give a qualitative, but not quantitative statement, if the waste amounts
will in- or decrease.
b) Material balances from companies: Input/output balances from companies or
processes are not existing normally, this method is not practicable and very labor
and time intensive.
c) Internal notification / waste declaration forms: Because waste types and waste
amounts often are unknown in the companies at present, the waste types and
amounts given in the Internal Notification often are wrong resp. consciously
bigger or smaller than in reality. Even with a long-time existing hazardous waste
management system Internal Notification will not give reliable data.
Data from waste transportation
Because a hazardous waste management system is not covering the whole
country the current situation needs to be improved, only partial data about waste
transportation exist. An extrapolation of this data is not possible, because only a
part of the waste types are transported to treatment facilities, for the other part no
treatment facilities exist.
31
But even with a long time existing hazardous waste management system the
Waste Transportation Forms will not give 100% reliable data: There is always a
gap between the waste mounts from waste generators to waste transportation
service and from waste transportation service to waste facilities. Possible reasons
for the situation are thought as mistakes in m³ to ton conversion, partly filled
transportation units and loss of some part of water evaporation of water.
Data based on material and product amounts
Material input and product output data and the associated waste ratios are not
available for all industrial sectors, so only a part of the waste amounts can be
estimated by this approach.
Even if these data were known; the following points will remain as possible
problems:
o the material efficiency = waste ratios can differ by magnitudes
o statistical problems can falsify the data:
o production of product in one or more companies (Figure 5.1)?
o waste per produced item, e.g. vehicle: truck or compact car?
o complete production at facility or import of parts?
Production in 1 facility
input output
input output
input output
input output
Production in 3 facilities
1 Material/Product 31 Employees/Sales 3*1/3=1
Production in 1 facility
input output
input outputinput output
input outputinput output
input outputinput output
Production in 3 facilities
1 Material/Product 31 Employees/Sales 3*1/3=1
Figure 5.1 Production in 1 or 3 facilities: material balance differs by factor three
Data based on inhabitants/employees and GNP/sales per region
32
This method gives a rough estimation about hazardous waste generation in a
country or in a region. Large amount of such data is available from many
different countries with long-time existing hazardous waste management
systems. This is a very cheap and simple method. Problem of this approach is that
some of the industrial sectors are waste intensive, others not. Without
considering the employees per sector, the aberration from the real data may be
high. For instance, the main industry in Turkey are the textile and food industry
(with only small amounts of hazardous waste) plus metal industry; in Germany
are the metal and chemical sector, which are very waste relevant, are the two
main industrial sectors.
Data based on employees/sales per sector and region
Data based on employees/sales per industrial sector and per region gives a good
estimation about waste situation per region, not very labor and time intensive,
but the waste ratios are not available in studies/literature up to now and have to
be developed with experience from a lot of waste management projects in a lot of
countries knowing the situation in the waste generating industries.
The development of waste amounts in regions without a long time existing
hazardous waste management system depends on:
o the presence of waste facilities
o the possibility of waste recycling
o the costs for waste treatment (disposal and recycling)
o the authorities (surveillance, penalties)
o the laws and regulations, judgement
o the limits for gas emissions (filter dust and sludges from flue gas cleaning)
and sewage (waste water sludges) and their implementation
o achievements in waste minimisation / material efficiency
o development of industry
However, the „Delinking“ between GNP/employees and waste amounts should
be considered in a way that a higher production will not lead to similar higher
waste amounts. Therefore, every hazardous waste management system has to be
built up in a manner, that it can react flexible on changes in waste types and
amounts.
33
While comparing waste factors from other countries following items should be
kept in mind:
o big waste ratios are mainly caused by mineral wastes (e.g. Luxemburg >
50% contaminated soils!)
o hazardous waste, which is recycled, sometimes is included and sometimes
excluded
o sometimes hazardous waste, which is treated by the waste generator, is
in/excluded
o some regional waste balances are worked out by consultants, who are
interested in big waste amounts, so there is more work for planning more
and bigger treatment facilities
o waste factors for countries with no (long time) existing hazardous waste
management system are often copied one by one without being proofed
and are based on inhabitants/employee and GNP/sales.
As a conclusion; waste balances based on
o regional data (employees/GNP per province) and
o employees or sales per industrial sector
will give as a kind of best available technique not exceeding cost (BATNEC)-
method the best estimation for a hazardous waste investment planning. It is
based on long time and multi-region experience.
Following the discussion presented above; for the HAWAMAN-Project a method
should be used that gives a waste quantities estimation with low effort that is
sufficiently accurate to plan kinds, capacities and locations of waste treatment
facilities. Heuristic method used for HAWAMAN Project is based upon waste
ratios per employee and sector.
For this purpose the industrial sectors were merged to 21 sector groups whose
companies have a similar spectrum of waste types. For each of those 21 sector
groups a waste sector sheet was created that contains the typical waste types of
this sector group and their waste ratios per employee.
The waste ratios used in the waste sector sheets have not yet been published.
They mainly base on data from countries with long-time existing hazardous
waste management systems. The result of calculations gives an estimation of the
waste situation in Turkey how it would be if there were already waste
surveillance institutions and waste treatment facilities existing for several years.
34
This result with the distribution of the amounts of the different types of
hazardous waste is exactly the result that is required in order to plan kinds,
capacities and locations of the needed waste treatment facilities. This approach
covers some of the factors of influence on the waste amounts listed previously. It
is obvious, that in the years of the launch phase of a hazardous waste
management system significant fluctuations and variations from the estimated
values will occur.
Waste ratios were developed based upon our long-year experiences in various
institutions and countries and also from consideration of studies and balances
like
o numerous waste inventories of EU-countries and regions
o data from world-bank and other institutions
o BREF-documents (Sevilla process)
Due to this information and experience it is possible to create waste sector sheets
and to calculate the amount of waste per industrial sector and per province with
the waste sector sheets and the basic data (employees per sector and province).
By summating these results the waste amounts for Turkey can be calculated.
This heuristic method has already been utilized successfully in other countries
and verified with data from regions with long-time existing hazardous waste
management systems. The accuracy of the approach is estimated as the final
result to plus/minus 25%. This is sufficiently exact in order to base a hazardous
waste management system on. It is believed that this uncertainty will be
incorporated into design of hazardous waste management system since the
system itself should be flexible in order to cover deviations due to unpredictable
developments.
It should be noted that on analysing and discussing the data it has to be
considered that this method is a statistic approach that is only able to achieve
realistic results for a great number of companies. The smaller the number of the
regarded companies is, the greater the differences from reality can be. This
applies for example to the consideration on the level of provinces with few
employees or even single or few companies per group.
The waste situation in single companies can deviate significantly from the used
statistic waste ratios. Thus it can be reasonable to analyse the waste situation of
individual exceptionally waste relevant companies respectively of companies
35
with very big amounts of hazardous waste and to integrate these values in results
obtained from current approach. It's essential to make sure that these additional
data are real data, that means data from wastes, which are occurring and are
treated in reality, and not estimated data.
5.1.2 Waste estimation
According to the assignment only certain sources and types of waste were to be
considered at our waste quantity estimation. The focus is on the hazardous waste
produced in the industry. List of considered and disregarded waste producers
and waste types are given in Table 5.1. Disregarded waste producers are the ones
either covered by special directives or the ones that produce “mirror” type
hazardous wastes.
Table 5.1 Covered and omitted waste types and producers
COVERED
((((TOBB-Codes 3000 to 4101) OMITTED
Food, beverage and tobacco Mining Textile and leather Construction Wood products and furniture Contaminated soils / sites Paper production and paper products End-of-live-vehicles Printing Service sector like hotels, commerce and
offices (partly included in sep. collected fractions)
Chemistry, chemical products Petroleum refineries Rubber and plastic products Logistics/Transportation (but car repair
service as a.m.) Mineral products (e.g. cement, glass) Metal production Health care Metal working PCBs and PCTs Electrical machines and equipment Waste electrical and electronic equipment Electricity Public services (e.g. sewage sludge or
wastes from waste management facilities, but power-plants)
and in addition: o Separately collected fractions o Car repair service o Agriculture
That means the wastes and waste groups
o EWC 01 Mining
o EWC 17 Construction / Demolition
o EWC 18 Health Care
o EWC 19 Waste + Waste Water Treatment
o EWC 160104 End-of-live-vehicles
36
o EWC 200123/135 Electrical Equipment
are excluded in our waste quantity estimation.
In order to estimate the waste quantities per province on the basis of statistic
ratios certain basic data from a as current as possible year are needed:
o For the waste quantity estimation from the considered TOBB industrial
sectors the number of employees per industrial sector per province is
required as basic data.
o For the waste quantity estimation of the separately collected fractions the
capita per province are required as basic data.
o For the waste quantity estimation of the car repair services the quantity of
vehicles per province is required as basic data.
o For the waste quantity estimation of the agricultural sector the agricultural
employees per province are required as basic data.
o For a comparison with general waste ratios on basis of the GNP
information about the GNP of Turkey is required.
Basic data for employee number was received from TOBB industrial sectors from
TOBB via the Turkish MoEF. The data have been surveyed in 2007 and thus are
very up-to-date. The TOBB database contains information of about approximately
66,000 companies, 38,000 of which have 10 or more employees. 35,800 of those
companies are among the industrial sectors covered in this study and contain
altogether 2.17 million employees. The other basic data like capita, vehicles,
agricultural employees and GNP are taken from current publications of TurkStat 10. They were surveyed in years 2004 and 2005. As the basic data was obtained
following procedure was followed:
Step one: Deletion of all data sets with companies that come from other TOBB-
sectors than No. 3000-4101.
Step two: Deletion of all data sets with companies with less than 10 employees.
Step three: Approximately 13,000 companies had assignments to more than one
TOBB-code. Their employees were prorated on the different sectors.
Step four: Addition of the numbers of employees per province of those TOBB-
codes that are assigned to a waste sector sheet for every waste sector sheet.
10 Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat), statistics available from www.turkstat.gov.tr .
37
Step five: Creation of Table A. 3 given in Appendix.
The basic data for capita, vehicles, agricultural employees and GNP per province
were available at TurkStat in the required form. They were summarized in Table
A. 4 in Appendix.
Waste sector sheets
As mentioned before 21 industrial sector groups, whose allocated companies each
have a similar waste situation and differ relevantly from other groups, were
selected (Table 5.2). For these sectors waste sector sheets were generated.
The sector 39 “not otherwise specified products” is split to plastics, metalworking
and wood.
These 21 sector groups were supplemented by the following three non-industrial
groups:
o Agriculture
o Separately collected fractions
o Car repair services
For each of these sector groups, a list of hazardous waste that can occur in this
sector group has been created according to European Waste Catalogue (EWC).
Because it's not always possible to give the waste ratios in every sector for each
single waste type, some waste types were partly united to groups with similar
waste composition: acids, waste oil, halogenated solvents, non-halogenated
solvents etc.
The waste sector sheets contain from a few to over 30 different waste types and
waste type groups depending on the waste situation of this sector group. The
waste sector sheets cover 200 hazardous waste types of the EWC. The other
missing about 200 hazardous waste types originate from the disregarded sectors
like mining, construction/demolition, health care and waste water/waste
treatment or are related to waste types that only occur in a few companies or just
in small amounts.
For each of these waste types and for each sector group specific waste amounts in
tons per 1.000 employees and year are given. Depending on the stage of
development of the industry and the foci within a sector group the ratios of the
situation in the country were adjusted specifically. Thereto data for the Turkish
38
economy as given in Introduction section of this report were considered. In Table
5.3, a sample waste sector sheet is presented for metal working industry.
Table 5.2 List of industrial sector groups
WASTE SECTOR SHEET TOBB-CODES
Batteries production 383902 Cement 3692 Inorganic chemistry 351112-351131 Fertilizer manufacture 3512 Organic chemistry. 351101-11, 351140-50, 3513 Other chemical industries 351155, 3522-3529 Paint Industry 3521 Electrical equipment + machines 383 except 383902 Energy (power plants) 4101 Food-beverage-tobacco 31 Leather 322-324 Metal production (Iron and steel) 371 Metal production (Others) 372 Metal working 381, 382, 384,385 Mineral production (e.g. cement, glass)
36 except 3692
Paper production and products 341 Petrol refineries 354 Plastics and rubber 355, 356 Printing 342 Textile 321 Wood and furniture 33
Table 5.3 Sample waste sector sheet for metal working industry
SECTOR: SHAPING AND PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALS
"METWORK"
EWC Waste type t per
1.000 empl.
...
080111and13 waste paint and paint sludges containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances
10
... 110105to07 pickling acids and basis and other acids 30 110108 phosphatising sludges 10 ... 120107and10 machining oils free of halogens 40
120109 machining emulsions and solutions free of halogens
150 ...
39
200121 fluorescent tubes and other mercury-containing waste
0,2
...
A single waste sector sheet only gives the statistically averaged data for this
sector. The waste situation in single companies can differ significantly. Thus a
waste sector sheet is not at all suitable to compare the included data with the
waste types and amounts of single companies. For example in metal working
some companies conduct galvanization while others don't (no 1101xx-wastes),
some apply lacquering whereas some don't (no 0801-wastes).
Results
By entering the number of employees per sector and province into a waste sector
sheet one receives the amount of waste that is produced in a sector and a
province. By adding all waste sector sheets together the amount of waste in a
province is received, and by adding these values from all provinces together
amount of waste for Turkey is received. Because some of the 100 wastes and
waste groups that are included in the waste sector sheets partly overlap, 28 waste
groups were formed for displaying the result.
Total hazardous waste generation under covered industrial and non-industrial
sources turned out to be 1.35 million tons/yr. This amount of hazardous waste
comes from the Turkish Industry – but it is only a part of the total hazardous
waste amount in Turkey.
Hazardous waste generation from industrial sectors
Distribution of hazardous waste generation in general economic sectors are
o Metal industry: 548,800 tons/yr
o Chemical industry: 396,900 tons/yr
o Other industrial sectors: 151,300 tons/yr
o Non-industrial groups: 253,400 tons/yr
These figures indicate that wastes from the industrial sectors add up to 1,1
million tons. In Appendix, from Table A. 5 to Table A. 8 more detailed
information on distribution hazardous wastes among main sectors, industrial
branches and provinces can be found.
Hazardous waste generation according to waste types
40
As mentioned before, 28 waste groups were identified for reporting purposes.
Table 5.4 lists the amount of hazardous waste generation according to these waste
groups. In Appendix, Table A. 9 gives information distribution of waste types to
provinces in more detail.
41
Table 5.4 Description and amount of hazardous waste groups in tons/yr
ID NUMBER
GROUPS SUBSUMES EWC
CODES AMOUNT
1 Pesticides and agrochemical waste 020108, 200119 5,926
2 Wood preservatives 030201, 030202, 030303, 030204
1,780
3 Hazardous waste from tanneries 040103, 040214, 040216, 040219
31,739
4 Hazardous waste from petroleum refining 050102, 050103, 050104, 050105, 050106, 050107, 050108, 050109, 050115
65,631
5 Acidic and alkaline hazardous wastes
060101, 060102, 060103, 060104, 060105, 060106, 060201, 060203, 060204, 060205, 200114, 200115
62,477
6 Hazardous waste from inorganic processes 060404, 060405, 060502, 061002
48,646
7 Hazardous waste from organic processes
070101, 070103, 070104, 070107, 070108, 070109, 070110, 070111, 070201, 070203, 070204, 070207, 070208, 070209, 070210, 070211, 070301, 070303, 070304, 070307, 070308, 070309, 070310, 070311, 070401, 070403, 070404, 070407, 070408, 070409, 070410, 070411, 070501, 070503, 070504, 070507, 070508, 070509, 070510, 070511, 070601, 070603, 070604, 070607, 070608, 070609, 070610, 070611, 070701, 070703, 070704, 070707, 070708, 070709, 070710, 070711, 160506, 200129, 200131
212,870
8 Hazardous waste from paint and sealant production
080111, 080113, 080115, 080117, 080119, 080121, 080312, 080314, 080409, 080411, 080413, 080415, 200127
54,719
9 Hazardous waste from printing processes 090101, 090102, 090103, 090104, 090105, 090106, 200117
4,908
10 Hazardous waste from energy production 100104, 100109, 100114, 100116, 100118, 100120, 100122
32,531
42
Table 5.4 Continued
ID NUMBER
GROUPS SUBSUMES EWC
CODES AMOUNT
11 Hazardous waste from metal production
100207, 100211, 100213, 100304, 100308, 100309, 100319, 100321, 100323, 100325, 100329, 100401, 100402, 100403, 100404, 100405, 100406, 100407, 100503, 100505, 100506, 100603, 100606, 100607, 100808, 100815, 100817, 100905, 100907, 100909, 100911, 101005, 101007, 101009, 101011
114,586
12 Hazardous waste from mineral and glass production
101109, 101111, 101113, 101115, 101117, 101119, 101209, 101211, 101309, 101312
18,983
13 Hazardous waste from galvanizing processes
110105, 110106, 110107, 110108, 110109, 110115, 110116, 110198, 110202, 110205, 110301
44,763
14 Non-halogenated waste oils 120107, 120109, 120110, 130205, 130206, 130307, 130208
208,344
15 Halogenated waste oils 120106, 120108, 130204 2,466
16 Waste oil emulsions 120109, 130502, 130503, 130802
80,075
17 Other oily waste 120112, 120114, 120301, 120302, 130501, 200126
53,266
18 Halogenated solvents 140601, 140602, 140604 12,228 19 Non-halogenated solvents 140601, 140605 36,059 20 Contaminated packaging’s 150110 48,235 21 Spent adsorbents and filtering material 150202 32,859 22 Spent oil filters 160107 2,507 23 Spent brake fluids and antifreeze 160113, 160114 3,971 24 Spent batteries 160601, 160606, 210133 47,613 25 Spent catalysts 160802 180 26 Sludges from CPT of wastes 190813 99,433 27 Mercury contaminated waste 200121 2,398 28 Contaminated wood 200137 21,176
43
Geographic distribution of hazardous wastes
Table 5.5 below, summarizes the geographic distribution hazardous wastes in
terms of regions. According to this table, Đstanbul itself generates highest amount
of hazardous wastes. Figure 5.2 gives a survey of the overall hazardous waste
situation in Turkey. It shows the waste generation centres and the waste amount,
aggregated on the 81 provinces of Turkey. The map shows three main gravity
centres of hazardous waste generation – all located in the western part of Turkey:
o Đstanbul
o Kocaeli
o Izmir,
followed by Bursa and Ankara.
Table 5.5 Geographic distribution of hazardous wastes ((((1000 tons/yr)
NUTS1-REGION AMOUNT
TR1 314.2 TR2 83.6 TR3 207.2 TR4 303.6 TR5 125.4 TR6 123.0 TR7 54.2 TR8 73.5 TR9 13.9 TRA 6.7 TRB 11.6 TRC 33.5 Total 1,350
As expected, Figure 5.2 shows a distinct west-east divide of hazardous waste
generation in Turkey, with white spots in the eastern regions. Since the waste
generation factors used are based on employee numbers, these findings
correspond with the employee map (Figure 1.6), which looks similar to the
hazardous waste map (Figure 5.2).
44
Figure 5.2 Hazardous waste generation in Turkey, total
The next two maps give some rough information about the two origins of
hazardous waste generation in Turkey that are industrial sources (Figure 5.3) and
non-industrial sources (Figure 5.4).
Figure 5.3 Hazardous Waste Generation in Industry (81 %)
45
Figure 5.4 Hazardous Waste Generation from separately collected waste (19 %)
With its more than 80% share, it is obvious that the major amount of hazardous
waste arises from Industry (Figures 5.3 and 5.4). Generation centres for industrial
and non-industrial hazardous wastes does not show any difference.
As mentioned in above discussions, metal industry represents the major part of
hazardous waste generation in Turkey. Centres of hazardous waste generation in
the metal industry are mainly situated in Đstanbul, Kocaeli and Bursa, followed
by Izmir, Manisa, Eskisehir, Ankara, Konya, Kayseri, Adana and Hatay. These
regions also stand for automotive industry and metal works. The west-east divide
is obvious. Nearly no hazardous waste of that kind is generated in Eastern
Turkey.
Figure A. 2 to Figure A. 28 display geographical distribution of hazardous waste
groups on maps. Moreover, Table A. 5 contains numerical information on
provincial distribution of total hazardous wastes. Following tables in Appendix
contains provincial information as well.
46
5.1.3 Comparison and validation of results
Comparison with Germany
In 2006, 150 million tons of waste was generated in Germany. Of this amount 18.7
million was hazardous. 3.9 million was treated in company and 14.7 million ton
was treated in treatment plants. When wastes from
o EWC 01 Mining
o EWC 17 Construction / Demolition (6 Million tons)
o EWC 18 Health Care
o EWC 19 Waste + Waste Water Treatment (3 Million tons)
o EWC 160104 End-of-live-vehicles
o EWC 200123/135 Electrical Equipment
were excluded from this total amount generated from industry, car repair and
separately collected fractions disposed or recovered in treatment plants was 5.3
million tons of hazardous waste.
Comparison of hazardous waste generation will be based on GNP. To compare
the Turkish with the German industrial hazardous waste situation by GNP, the
industrial fractions of the GNP have to be compared, and because of the different
purchasing power in Turkey and Germany, this values have to be adjusted by
power parity. Table 5.6 gives the values obtained for comparison. It can be
concluded that results obtained as 1.35 million tons/yr fits very good to the value
referring to industrial employees. 1.35 million tons/yr also fits very good to the
value referring to the industrial GNP adjusted by power parity
Table 5.6 Comparison of Turkish and German hazardous waste generation
GERMANY TURKEY
HAZARDOUS WASTE EXTRAPOLATED
((((MILLION TONS)
Capita (Million) 82 74 4.7 GNP (Billion US$) of industry
3,200 593 1.0
of industry 960 142 0.8 GNP “power parity” 2,780 870 1.7 of industry 834 208 1.3
Employee numbers in industry ∗
≈9 2.17 1.3
∗ Includes companies with more than 10 employees.
47
There are some factors of influence, which may diminish or increase these values:
1. In Germany the key sectors are the waste relevant sectors metal and
chemistry, in Turkey besides metal industry the non-waste relevant sectors
textile/leather and food.
2. In Turkey productivity per employee is lower than in Germany.
3. In Germany the "dirty", waste relevant production declines, assembling
prefabricated parts produced abroad increases. In Turkey the "dirty",
waste relevant production increases.
Items 1 and 2 have a reducing affect whereas item 3 an increasing effect on the
waste amounts of Turkey.
Comparison with other countries
Figure 5.5 shows the hazardous waste amounts of several countries. The data of
the European countries originate from EU-statistics (pink dots) from the years
around 2000, the data of the other countries from studies (estimated data, blue
dots). The dots with waste amounts lower than 400.000 tons/yr, which are not
named, are related to the countries Botswana, Colombia (Region Bogota), Cyprus,
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Norway and Tunisia.
For Turkey we entered the GNP-value “power parity“ from 2006 on the trendline
(big red dot). For Turkey would result a value of about 2 million tons for all
hazardous wastes.
It is important that in this case the data covers all kinds of hazardous waste, and
not only the ones of the industry, that is that this in this way determined value
can't be compared to ours. The values of some countries deviate by the factor 2
from the trendline. In some countries and years great site remediation projects
have caused more than 50% of the amount of hazardous waste.
48
hazardous waste amounts
Belgium
Italy
Netherlands
Taiwan
Portugal
Norway
AustriaGreece
UK
Turkey
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400
GNP "power parity" [Bill. US$]
haz
ard
ou
s w
aste
s [1
.000
t/a
]
Figure 5.5 Hazardous waste amounts in several countries versus GNP “power parity”
49
5.2 ASSIGMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TYPES TO DISPOSAL OPTIONS
Next step on the concept development is classification and allocation of the
hazardous waste to distinct disposal routes in order to estimate capacity
requirement for disposal alternatives. A suitable national hazardous waste
management system requires reasonable design data, in particular appropriate
prognoses on;
o the future amounts and types of hazardous waste produced in the period of
commissioning the waste treatment and disposal facilities to be set-up, on;
o the types and capacities of the treatment and disposal facilities needed to
eliminate the future hazardous waste amounts and on;
o the regional distribution of the amounts and types of hazardous waste
produced in the country in order to identify suitable areas for erection of the
necessary central or decentralized treatment and disposal facilities.
In Section 5.1, hazardous waste generation amounts were estimated for the year
2007. This estimation does not include any prognosis for future hazardous waste
quantities and qualities, which will change due economic development or
structural changes in industry etc. This point was also underlined as the
approach used for estimation was introduced. However, for the year 2007,
regional distribution was obtained for types of wastes and economic sectors,
which lead to hazardous waste generation.
This section involves information on methodology of hazardous waste allocation
between possible disposal alternatives as well as the results obtained.
5.2.1 Methodology
The methodology of allocation for the HAWAMAN Project is based on an
assignment of the relevant hazardous waste types (according to European Waste
List - EWL) to principally suitable treatment, recovery and disposal options. The
EWL exhibits 405 types of hazardous waste of which 232 are “absolute”
hazardous waste types and 173 “mirror” waste types which can be either
hazardous or not, depending on whether it contains dangerous substances at or
above certain levels.
Assignment to suitable treatment, recovery and disposal options in this context
means suitable according to prior experience of project team on hazardous waste
management practices in EU and information specific to Turkey in terms of
50
disposal alternatives; for instance probably no underground hazardous waste
repository. During application this methodology was adjusted to the recent waste
disposal praxis according to the DESTATIS 2006 evaluation of Federal Statistical
Office of Germany.
In order to clearly arrange the assignment list and to facilitate the application for
the prognoses the total number of hazardous waste types according to the EWL
was reduced by considering hazardous waste only from
o manufacturing industries and post consumer waste from
o car repair services and
o households and micro enterprises.
Thus the assignment list does not consider waste from
o exploration and mining,
o construction and demolition,
o health care,
o waste and waste water treatment,
o end-of-live-vehicles and
o electric and electronic equipment.
Furthermore, “exotic” waste types have been omitted which are considered not to
be relevant concerning amounts (about “pro-mille” range).
As result, the assignment list exhibits 87 individual types of waste and 17 groups
of waste types according to the “waste sector data sheets” prepared for defining
relevant industry sectors, grouping of waste and disposal areas. Each group
comprise two or more waste types (from one generic source), which are assigned
by same fractions to the same treatment/disposal options. (Table A. 10 to Table
A. 12)
Assignment to treatment, recovery and disposal options
The annexed Table A. 13 exhibits in Column 1 and 2, the codes and the
denomination according to the EWL of the 87 individual hazardous waste types
as well as of the hazardous waste types compiled in the 17 waste groups.
51
The right hand columns provide the fractions of each waste type and of each
waste group assigned to the 6 options of treatment, recovery and disposal that
are;
o material recovery
o thermal recovery
o physicochemical treatment
o incineration
o direct landfill
o solidification for landfilling
As emphasized in Legislative Framework section the fundamentals of hazardous
waste management in Turkish RCHW is built upon waste hierarchy policy as
does their EU counterparts. Priority is given to waste minimization, which is
followed by recycling/recovery option. Going down the hierarchy, thermal
recovery and treatment are applicable if all other alternatives are unsuitable. The
least desired option turns out to be landfilling. Following discussion introduces
the six destination technologies considered for concept development ordered
according to waste hierarchy policy. Moreover, prices for disposal options are
given in Appendix (Table A. 10 to Table A. 13) for the information of reader.
Material recovery is for waste, which is suited for reuse or valorisation and
generally meets the acceptance criteria of alternative raw materials for primary
raw material substitution in commonly available industrial processes in
industrialized countries, e. g.
o in used oil regeneration processes
o solvent distillation processes
o in cement industry for substituting clinker reaction raw material
o for melting processes in metallurgical industry.
Thermal recovery is for calorific waste which is suited for heat recovery and
generally meets the acceptance criteria for primary fuel substitution in commonly
available industrial thermal processes in industrialised countries, e. g. as
alternative fuel in cement, chalk stone and brick industry. There is no typical
allocation criteria reported in the Literature for material
recovery/recycling/thermal recovery
52
Examples of waste types suitable for recycling and material/thermal recovery
are:
o spent oil emulsions
o aqueous solutions with dissolved organic or inorganic hazardous
substances (acids, alkalines, heavy metals, cyanide, chromate, nitrite,
fluoride, sulphide)
o industrial process water with AOX-causing compounds
o industrial process water with persistent TOC-causing compounds
o landfill leachates
o sludges, thin muds and aqueous solutions with suspended hazardous
solids
Chemical-physical treatment ((((CPT) is suited for
o waste sludge, which does not meet the EC acceptance criteria of above
ground landfills without dewatering and physicochemical detoxification
o aqueous waste, which does not meet the acceptance criteria of municipal
or industrial waste water treatment stations without physicochemical
detoxification
o oil/water mixtures and emulsions, which oil content < ~10 % and which
does not require thermal treatment for separation.
Typical physicochemical process reactions are
o mechanical separation of solids, oily and aqueous phases by settling and
decantation,
o neutralisation of acids and alkalis
o precipitation of sulphates and fluorides
o oxidation of cyanides and nitrites, reduction of chromates and
o dewatering of precipitates and sludge.
Allocation criterion:
Water content: > 50 %
Examples of waste types suitable for CPT are:
o spent oil emulsions
53
o aqueous solutions with dissolved organic or inorganic hazardous
substances (acids, alkalines, heavy metals, cyanide, chromate, nitrite,
fluoride, sulphide)
o industrial process water with AOX-causing compounds
o industrial process water with persistent TOC-causing compounds
o landfill leachates
o sludges, thin muds and aqueous solutions with suspended hazardous
solids
Incineration is required for waste, which does not meet the acceptance criteria
for the above disposal option, and generally for waste with organic content above
8–10 %.
Allocation criteria:
Water content: < 50 %
Ignition loss: no limit
Examples of waste suitable for incineration are:
o oily and tarry stuff
o spent solvents, laquers, paint, varnish, ink
o organic residues from chemical processes
o contaminated packaging materials of all kinds
o soils, contaminated with organic compounds
o demolition material, contaminated with organic compounds
o carbonaceous material and spent organic adsorbents
o expired goods (chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food)
o impregnated wood
Solidification for landfilling is required for waste, which meets the EC above
ground landfill acceptance criteria except the criteria for mechanical stability.
Solidification is a stabilisation of the waste performed by mixing with cement,
lime, fly ash from coal-fired power plants or other suitable waste material before
landfilling. In countries like Turkey, where an underground repository for
hazardous waste is not available or will not be an economical feasible disposal
option, solidification may be a disposal option for waste also, which meets the EC
above ground landfill acceptance criteria except the criteria for leachability of
54
hazardous components. However, solidification does not prevent from long term
leaching of hazardous components. Solidified waste with leachable hazardous
components, therefore, should be prevented from water access by an additional
containment (e. g. reinforced big bag and/or bentonite layer) and disposed of
separately from other waste (e. g. separate landfill boxes).
Direct landfill means disposal on above ground hazardous waste landfills
according to the EC landfill directive 1999/31/EC and to the EC landfill
acceptance criteria (Decision 2003/33/EC). As commonly comprehensive and
easily verifiable waste acceptance criteria for above ground landfilling was
assumed as:
Allocation criteria:
Water content < 60 %
(> 50 % dry matter - THOMANETZ)
organic matter content < 8 % ignition loss.
(< 10 % ignition loss – THOMANETZ)
Examples of waste types suitable for direct landfilling are:
o slags, ashes, sands, filter dusts, contaminated with inorganic compounds
o soils, contaminated with inorganic compounds
o demolition material, contaminated with inorganic compounds (e.g.
asbestos)
o inorganic residues from chemical processes
o spent catalysts and inorganic adsorbents
o filter cakes of different kinds (e.g. from galvanizing industry or CPT)
5.2.2 Allocation to Different Disposal Routes
Figure 5.6 shows the results of the hazardous waste allocation to disposal routes
of recycling/recovery, CPT, thermal treatment and controlled landfill.
Distributions of disposal allocations are given in Figure 5.7 to Figure 5.10. In
Appendix (Figure A. 29 to Figure A. 32) exact amount of allocations are listed.
55
Figure 5.6 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes for Turkey – overview
Figure 5.7 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to recycling/recovery
56
Figure 5.8 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to CPT
Figure 5.9 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to thermal treatment
57
Figure 5.10 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to controlled landfill
An important aspect to be considered during capacity determination is that about
20-30 % of the above mentioned input amount of the CPT-facilities has to be –
after CPT-treatment as CPT-output - treated thermally, another 20-30 % has to be
landfilled and about 50 % is water. Moreover, after solidification for landfilling
the amount to be landfilled is bigger than the solidified amount. From the other
waste treatment processes also result some hazardous waste.
5.3. Promotion of Target Waste Hierarchy in the Management System
Although Turkish legislations include waste hierarchy, discussion on promotion
of waste hierarchy is summarized in following discussion.
5.3.1. Waste Avoidance/Prevention
Typical examples for hazardous waste prevention measures are:
o Paint sludge-free paint techniques
o Metal degreasing with alkalines instead of chlorinated solvents
58
o Ban on hazardous matter like POP’s, mercury, asbestos
Waste avoidance sometimes means cost-intensive change of well-proven
production techniques. On the other hand waste avoidance can often be achieved
by simple internal organisational measures, such as
o Lifetime prolongation by maintenance of cutting oil emulsions
o Intelligent water management to reduce the amount of galvanic sludges
Recommendation: Advised by an expert committee*, specific waste avoidance
measures should be implemented by law, resp. by administrative regulations.
5.3.2 Waste Recovery
Main goal of recovery practices is saving resources. Typical examples for
hazardous waste recovery measures are:
o Secondary aluminum production with dross treatment for salt recovery
o Co-incineration of oil sludges for energy-saving in the cement industry
o Zinc recovery from steelwork dust by advanced thermal processes
o TiO2-production with recovery of iron salt as a sellable by-product
Waste recovery often means higher investment for supplementary techniques.
Recommendation: Advised by an expert committee*, specific waste recovery
measures should be implemented by law, resp. by administrative regulations.
5.3.3. Waste disposal
Main goal is to handle non-avoidable and non-recoverable hazardous waste by
“End-of-Pipe techniques”, according to the state of the art. The well-known
hazardous waste disposal measures are:
o Controlled Landfilling
o Thermal Treatment
5.3.4. Recommendations for hazardous waste facilities
* in Germany, the expert committees were composed of Government representatives, public authorities and the corresponding industry – often with the involvement of external experts
59
It is advantageous if the mentioned disposal techniques are combined within an
integrated hazardous waste treatment facility such as shown on Figure 5.11,
because the waste output of one plant part can be treated or landfilled on site.
The figure depicts an ideal. But there are also other possibilities, e.g. thermal
treatment plus CPT, situated in an industrial centre, with a landfill in some
distance – far from residencies and well connected by roads without crossing
villages.
Figure 5.11 Scheme of a fully integrated hazardous waste treatment / disposal facility
Because the hazardous waste management in Turkey is still developing, the
treatment facilities should be erected step by step – according to the waste
delivery. Therefore enough free space should be kept in reserve. The facilities can
be constructed and operated privately and are supervised by the State.
60
6 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the hazardous waste quantity estimation approach given in Section
5.1, the following findings can be stated:
o The overall hazardous waste generation in Turkey has been estimated
as approximately 1,350,000 tons/yr based on the 2007 data.
o The main gravity centres of hazardous waste generation are all located
in the western part of Turkey: Istanbul, Kocaeli, Izmir, followed by
Bursa and Ankara.
o There is a distinct west-east divide of hazardous waste generation,
with white spots in the eastern regions.
o About 81 % of hazardous waste is generated in Industry – 19 % comes
from other sources.
o The major hazardous waste originators in Turkey are the Metal
Industry (41 %), the Chemical Industry (29 %) and the Car Repair
branch (15 %), followed by various other originators (together 15 %).
Based on hazardous waste allocation studies given in Section 5.2, following
findings can be stated:
o About 1.35 million tons/yr (2007) of hazardous waste are to be
disposed of in Turkey by the following four advanced
disposal/recycling routes:
o controlled landfill
o thermal treatment
o CPT
o recycling/recovery
o The waste amount per disposal route was determined approximately
by use of the following allocation criteria:
o waste to controlled landfilling: with water content not more than
50 % on dry mass basis, and with ignition loss not more than 10
% on dry mass basis.
o waste to thermal treatment: with water content not more than
50% on mass basis; no limit for ignition loss
o waste to CPT: with water content more than 50% on mass basis
61
o waste for recycling/recovery: following the experiences in other
countries.
o The allocation delivered the following results:
o waste amount for controlled landfill: approx. 251,000 tons/yr
(18.5 %)
o waste amount for thermal treatment: approx. 476,000 tons/yr
(35.0 %)
o waste amount for CPT: approx. 446,000 tons/yr (33.5 %)
o waste amount for recycling/recovery: approx. 178,000 tons/yr
(13.1 %)
o With a view to the Turkish province map, the highest demand for
disposal facilities is, by far, Đstanbul – followed by Kocaeli, Izmir,
Ankara and Bursa. About one-third of the 81 Turkish provinces are
arranged behind these gravity points on a much lower level. More than
two-thirds of the 81 Turkish provinces have presently no need for
advanced disposal facilities.
With regard to the waste gravity centres in Turkey, five bigger integrated
hazardous waste treatment facilities should be stipulated as similarly
recommended by “Technical Assistance for Environmental Heavy-Cost
Investment Planning” Project :
o for Đstanbul. It should be the biggest facility with highest priority.
Thrace area would be a favourable location with good roads (and also
rail connection).
o for Kocaeli region. The existing Đzaydas facilities should be enlarged
and equipped with CPT plants
o for Izmir region and adjacent regions
o for Ankara region and adjacent regions
o for Adana region and adjacent south-eastern regions
These centres with their coverage area are shown on Figure 6.1.
62
Figure 6.1 Five recommended planning areas for integrated hazardous waste treatment
facilities
Furthermore, numerous smaller and larger sized hazardous waste facilities in
Turkey should be included into the developing management concept.
Figure 6.2 Locations of 189 mostly private operating hazardous waste treatment facilities in
Turkey
63
7. RECOMMENDATONS
Aside from general hazardous waste management concept, recommendations
on specific issues is given in this Section.
The current information status should be updated:
o waste throughput capacity (licensed and in reality)
o waste storage capacity (licensed and in reality)
o type of treated waste
o waste treatment techniques
o waste input
o waste output
o wastewater output
o groundwater protection measures
Recommendations for a hazardous waste disposal structure of the low
industrialized areas in Turkey
Due to the wide Turkish countryside with marginal industry and due to the
large distances between low-waste regions and the big waste treatment
centres, there is a need for a multitude of small-sized hazardous waste
collecting points, particularly equipped with a dewatering facility (settling
tank and filter press) and a waste packaging station – with storage capacities
of some 100 tons – e.g. located on site of a sewage treatment plant. The
accruing filtrates should be collected and treated from time to time by
alkaline/iron precipitation and by activated carbon. The facility should have
a suitable floor to avoid groundwater pollution and the waste should be
stored and packed under roof. These small intermediate facilities should be
managed privately and supervised by the local authorities. It should be
verified if the existing treatment facilities are suitable for this purpose.
Recommendations for a peripheral problem concerning CPT
A special problem in Turkey is the disposal of aqueous liquids and thin
sludges (rep. industrial wastewater) with hazardous constituents like acids,
lyes, heavy metals, chromates, nitrites, cyanides and a multitude of persistent
organics.
64
Because of the wide lack of CPT plants in Turkey, most of these liquid wastes
are discharged today into municipal sewage treatment plants. Therefore, the
resulting sewage sludge is more or less loaded with hazardous matter and
must be landfilled because it is not utilizable for agriculture.
Today, about 158 municipal mechanical-biological sewage treatment plants
(plus 26 solely mechanical plants) are working in Turkey (Figure 7.1) –
producing approximately 700,000 tons/yr (dry matter), with a calorific value
of about 15 MJ/kg (dry matter). Besides these municipal sewage treatment
plants, there are a lot of industrial sewage treatment plants with similar
sludge problems.
Figure 7.1 Locations and numbers of municipal sewage treatment plants in Turkey
Besides the planning and realisation of hazardous waste treatment centres
with CPT, a medium-term strategy for this problem is recommended:
o Sludge dewatering with filter press or decanter centrifuge
o Solar supported sludge drying, e.g. with low temperature waste heat
utilisation from cement production plants
o Heat utilisation of dried sludge in cement kilns or coal fired power
stations
65
This alternative should be stipulated, because landfilling of sewage sludge is
not state of the art.
66
APPENDIX
Table A. 1 List of NUTS codes for Turkey
NUTS 1 : REGIONS NUTS 3: PROVINCES TR811 Zonguldak
TR1 Đstanbul TR100 Đstanbul TR812 Karabük
TR2 Western Marmara TR211 Tekirdağ TR813 Bartın
TR3 Aegean TR212 Edirne TR821 Kastamonu
TR4 Eastern Marmara TR213 Kırklareli TR822 Çankırı
TR5 West Anatolia TR221 Balıkesir TR823 Sinop
TR6 Mediterranean TR222 Çanakkale TR831 Samsun
TR7 Central Anatolia TR310 Đzmir TR832 Tokat
TR8 Western Black Sea TR321 Aydın TR833 Çorum
TR9 Eastern Black Sea TR322 Denizli TR834 Amasya
TRA Northeastern Anatolia TR323 Muğla TR901 Trabzon
TRB Central Eastern Anatolia TR331 Manisa TR902 Ordu
TRC Southeastern Anatolia TR332 Afyon TR903 Giresun
NUTS 2: SUB-REGIONS TR333 Kütahya TR904 Rize
TR10 Đstanbul TR334 Uşak TR905 Artvin
TR21 Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli TR411 Bursa TR906 Gümüşhane
TR22 Balıkesir, Çanakkale TR412 Eskişehir TRA11 Erzurum
TR31 Đzmir TR413 Bilecik TRA12 Erzincan
TR32 Aydın, Denizli, Muğla TR421 Kocaeli TRA13 Bayburt
TR33 Manisa, Afyon, Kütahya, Uşak TR422 Sakarya TRA21 Ağrı
TR41 Bursa, Eskişehir, Bilecik TR423 Düzce TRA22 Kars
TR42 Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova
TR424 Bolu TRA23 Iğdır
TR51 Ankara TR425 Yalova TRA24 Ardahan
TR52 Konya, Karaman TR510 Ankara TRB11 Malatya
TR61 Antalya, Isparta, Burdur TR521 Konya TRB12 Elazığ
TR62 Adana, Mersin TR522 Karaman TRB13 Bingöl
TR63 Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye TR611 Antalya TRB14 Tunceli
TR71 Kırıkkale, Aksaray, Niğde, Nevşehir, Kırşehir
TR612 Isparta TRB21 Van
TR72 Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat TR613 Burdur TRB22 Muş
TR81 Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın TR621 Adana TRB23 Bitlis
TR82 Kastamonu, Çankırı,Sinop TR622 Mersin TRB24 Hakkari
TR83 Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya TR631 Hatay TRC11 Gaziantep
TR90 Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane
TR632 K.maraş TRC12 Adıyaman
TRA1 Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt TR633 Osmaniye TRC13 Kilis
TRA2 Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan TR711 Kırıkkale TRC21 Şanlıurfa
TRB1 Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli TR712 Aksaray TRC22 Diyarbakır
TRB2 Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkari TR713 Niğde TRC31 Mardin
TRC1 Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis TR714 Nevşehir TRC32 Batman
TRC2 Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır TR715 Kırşehir TRC33 Şırnak
TRC3 Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt TR721 Kayseri TRC34 Siirt
67
Table A. 2 Turkish population ((((2007)
68
Figure A. 1 Number of employees in Turkish Industry (2007)
69
Figure A. 1 continued
70
Table A. 3 Number of employees in Turkish industry ((((2007)
71
Table A. 4 Additional information for provinces
PROVINCE NUTS3 CAPITA VEHICLES EMPLOYEE
((((AGRICULTURE) GNP2001[%]
Đstanbul TR100 12,573,836 2,612,379 30,279 21.30
Tekirdağ TR211 728,396 121,355 45,672 1.08 Edirne TR212 396,462 93,425 49,681 0.65 Kırklareli TR213 333,256 70,620 35,306 0.80 Balıkesir TR221 1,118,313 280,672 134,679 1.47
Çanakkale TR222 476,128 122,891 75,282 0.74 Đzmir TR310 3,739,353 879,957 119,157 7.50 Aydın TR321 946,971 257,138 112,105 1.31 Denizli TR322 907,325 240,595 120,367 1.23
Muğla TR323 766,156 277,692 115,346 1.64 Manisa TR331 1,319,920 358,306 150,970 2.11 Afyonkarahisar TR332 701,572 129,884 103,688 0.70 Kütahya TR333 583,910 130,192 82,396 0.81
Uşak TR334 334,115 77,577 44,754 0.32 Bursa TR411 2,439,876 480,896 99,586 3.65 Eskişehir TR412 724,849 166,424 33,814 1.21 Bilecik TR413 203,777 37,801 22,081 0.34
Kocaeli TR421 1,437,926 195,888 43,170 5.13 Sakarya TR422 835,222 153,659 67,199 1.07 Düzce TR423 323,328 57,570 41,810 0.25 Bolu TR424 270,417 66,843 33,845 0.77
Yalova TR425 181,758 26,760 10,991 0.40 Ankara TR510 4,466,756 1,159,660 89,724 7.59 Konya TR521 1,959,082 416,365 182,829 2.38 Karaman TR522 226,049 55,052 36,464 0.33
Antalya TR611 1,789,295 612,069 134,873 2.64 Isparta TR612 419,845 107,608 52,067 0.53 Burdur TR613 251,181 81,303 46,086 0.34 Adana TR621 2,006,650 388,269 80,207 2.98
Mersin TR622 1,595,938 340,355 95,445 2.82 Hatay TR631 1,386,224 277,293 114,813 1.48 Kahramanmaraş TR632 1,004,414 117,892 91,834 1.08 Osmaniye TR633 452,880 87,890 29,670 0.37
Kırıkkale TR711 280,234 30,546 21,897 0.71 Aksaray TR712 366,109 60,429 45,288 0.27 Niğde TR713 331,677 56,409 41,668 0.42 Nevşehir TR714 280,058 63,651 53,532 0.45
Kırşehir TR715 223,170 34,740 28,941 0.25 Kayseri TR721 1,165,088 209,592 86,814 1.31 Sivas TR722 638,464 85,733 79,584 0.71 Yozgat TR723 492,127 61,858 78,328 0.40
Zonguldak TR811 615,890 99,146 65,098 1.23 Karabük TR812 218,463 39,954 26,375 0.24 Bartın TR813 182,131 28,223 33,895 0.13 Kastamonu TR821 360,366 74,575 73,682 0.45
Çankırı TR822 174,012 24,293 29,456 0.21 Sinop TR823 198,412 30,789 43,723 0.22 Samsun TR831 1,228,959 201,755 132,988 1.37 Tokat TR832 620,722 105,556 79,741 0.78
Çorum TR833 549,828 107,075 80,064 0.67
72
Table A. 4 continued
PROVINCE NUTS3 CAPITA VEHICLES EMPLOYEE
((((AGRICULTURE) GNP2001[%]
Amasya TR834 328,674 63,846 39,023 0.36
Trabzon TR901 740,569 91,594 115,476 1.01 Ordu TR902 715,409 69,940 129,023 0.64 Giresun TR903 417,505 45,501 98,222 0.51 Rize TR904 316,252 37,854 80,800 0.47
Artvin TR905 168,092 19,871 45,297 0.28 Gümüşhane TR906 130,825 12,407 21,602 0.14 Erzurum TRA11 784,941 65,151 81,387 0.68 Erzincan TRA12 213,538 34,166 34,360 0.25
Bayburt TRA13 76,609 7,827 11,411 0.07 Ağrı TRA21 530,879 21,651 47,943 0.21 Kars TRA22 312,205 25,242 38,586 0.19 Iğdır TRA23 181,866 14,214 18,982 0.10
Ardahan TRA24 112,721 8,104 24,100 0.08 Malatya TRB11 722,065 89,354 63,033 0.83 Elazığ TRB12 541,258 62,420 47,497 0.66 Bingöl TRB13 251,552 8,669 33,537 0.14
Tunceli TRB14 84,022 3,974 12,171 0.10 Van TRB21 979,671 53,091 58,906 0.52 Muş TRB22 405,509 17,105 46,339 0.18 Bitlis TRB23 327,886 12,335 29,346 0.17
Hakkari TRB24 246,469 6,498 17,709 0.14 Gaziantep TRC11 1,560,023 265,241 44,361 1.42 Adıyaman TRC12 582,762 52,952 54,864 0.39 Kilis TRC13 118,457 23,518 9,245 0.14
Şanlıurfa TRC21 1,523,099 149,783 90,618 1.01 Diyarbakır TRC22 1,460,714 78,030 72,374 1.23 Mardin TRC31 745,778 39,950 44,911 0.48 Batman TRC32 472,487 26,182 23,232 0.38
Şırnak TRC33 416,001 24,440 18,133 0.16 Siirt TRC34 291,528 10,457 20,248 0.20 TOTAL 70,586,256 13,237,971 5,000,000 100.00
73
Table A. 5 Hazardous waste in Turkey, from industry and other sources in tons/yr
PROVINCE NUTS 3 TOTAL FROM INDUSTRY FROM OTHER SOURCES
Đstanbul TR100 314,249 265,627 48,621
Tekirdağ TR211 32,285 29,910 2,374
Edirne TR212 2,921 1,189 1,732
Kırklareli TR213 14,942 13,613 1,329
Balıkesir TR221 15,532 10,383 5,149
Çanakkale TR222 17,877 15,622 2,255
Đzmir TR310 104,692 88,568 16,123
Aydın TR321 10,459 5,797 4,662
Denizli TR322 23,151 18,767 4,384
Muğla TR323 6,947 2,079 4,868
Manisa TR331 40,363 33,870 6,493
Afyonkarahisar TR332 6,872 4,350 2,522
Kütahya TR333 8,354 5,913 2,441
Uşak TR334 6,333 4,890 1,443
Bursa TR411 92,391 83,310 9,082
Eskişehir TR412 25,330 22,264 3,067
Bilecik TR413 9,349 8,619 729
Kocaeli TR421 130,577 126,595 3,982
Sakarya TR422 24,283 21,326 2,957
Düzce TR423 8,863 7,739 1,123
Bolu TR424 6,897 5,667 1,230
Yalova TR425 5,895 5,358 538
Ankara TR510 89,027 68,109 20,919
Konya TR521 34,549 26,730 7,819
Karaman TR522 1,859 839 1,020
Antalya TR611 18,830 8,101 10,729
Isparta TR612 4,663 2,695 1,969
Burdur TR613 2,693 1,243 1,449
Adana TR621 30,511 23,155 7,355
Mersin TR622 18,083 11,725 6,358
Hatay TR631 37,242 31,987 5,255
Kahramanmaraş TR632 7,523 5,002 2,521
Osmaniye TR633 3,421 1,750 1,670
Kırıkkale TR711 8,474 7,809 665
Aksaray TR712 4,643 3,446 1,197
Niğde TR713 3,759 2,648 1,111
Nevşehir TR714 2,327 1,130 1,197
Kırşehir TR715 4,403 3,705 698
Kayseri TR721 22,871 18,825 4,046
Sivas TR722 5,160 3,378 1,782
Yozgat TR723 2,600 1,283 1,317
Zonguldak TR811 25,242 23,274 1,968
Karabük TR812 14,457 13,683 774
Bartın TR813 1,205 632 573
74
Kastamonu TR821 2,577 1,148 1,429
Table A. 5 Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 TOTAL FROM INDUSTRY FROM OTHER SOURCES
Çankırı TR822 2,003 1,498 504
Sinop TR823 1,396 768 629
Samsun TR831 13,531 9,541 3,990
Tokat TR832 3,454 1,375 2,079
Çorum TR833 6,992 4,934 2,058
Amasya TR834 2,639 1,416 1,223
Trabzon TR901 4,160 2,202 1,958
Ordu TR902 3,474 1,861 1,612
Giresun TR903 1,788 762 1,026
Rize TR904 2,301 1,468 834
Artvin TR905 1,688 1,248 441
Gümüşhane TR906 486 198 288
Erzurum TRA11 3,287 1,731 1,556
Erzincan TRA12 942 256 686
Bayburt TRA13 221 44 177
Ağrı TRA21 806 106 700
Kars TRA22 879 268 612
Iğdır TRA23 357 10 347
Ardahan TRA24 215 5 211
Malatya TRB11 3,458 1,576 1,882
Elazığ TRB12 3,410 2,069 1,340
Bingöl TRB13 349 36 313
Tunceli TRB14 144 22 122
Van TRB21 2,638 1,159 1,479
Muş TRB22 763 215 549
Bitlis TRB23 516 100 416
Hakkari TRB24 293 26 267
Gaziantep TRC11 14,128 8,988 5,139
Adıyaman TRC12 2,204 980 1,223
Kilis TRC13 644 198 446
Şanlıurfa TRC21 4,908 1,563 3,345
Diyarbakır TRC22 3,702 1,523 2,180
Mardin TRC31 2,171 1,052 1,119
Batman TRC32 3,533 2,814 720
Şırnak TRC33 1,514 860 654
Siirt TRC34 678 320 359
75
Table A. 6 Hazardous waste from main industrial sectors in tons/yr
PROVINCE NUTS 3 METAL INDUSTRY CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OTHER INDUSTRIES
Đstanbul TR100 152,871 83,003 29,753
Tekirdağ TR211 11,833 10,960 7,117
Edirne TR212 243 329 617
Kırklareli TR213 1,561 7,074 4,978
Balıkesir TR221 2,866 6,486 1,030
Çanakkale TR222 2,921 9,614 3,087
Đzmir TR310 47,813 32,251 8,505
Aydın TR321 3,035 1,393 1,370
Denizli TR322 4,840 7,294 6,633
Muğla TR323 610 726 744
Manisa TR331 23,190 7,258 3,422
Afyonkarahisar TR332 624 2,648 1,077
Kütahya TR333 1,018 3,462 1,434
Uşak TR334 727 3,028 1,135
Bursa TR411 55,367 17,585 10,358
Eskişehir TR412 13,454 6,987 1,823
Bilecik TR413 3,997 2,479 2,143
Kocaeli TR421 54,034 62,149 10,412
Sakarya TR422 14,186 5,801 1,339
Düzce TR423 2,933 3,869 938
Bolu TR424 4,046 908 713
Yalova TR425 928 4,239 191
Ankara TR510 46,851 9,599 11,659
Konya TR521 18,486 4,817 3,427
Karaman TR522 277 190 372
Antalya TR611 3,286 3,380 1,435
Isparta TR612 191 525 1,979
Burdur TR613 677 17 549
Adana TR621 10,547 9,345 3,263
Mersin TR622 3,993 6,292 1,440
Hatay TR631 10,606 20,900 480
Kahramanmaraş TR632 2,353 361 2,287
Osmaniye TR633 853 674 223
Kırıkkale TR711 2,667 5,046 96
Aksaray TR712 2,582 629 235
Niğde TR713 629 1,644 375
Nevşehir TR714 412 397 321
Kırşehir TR715 411 3,171 124
Kayseri TR721 10,879 2,658 5,288
Sivas TR722 2,547 424 406
Yozgat TR723 473 280 529
Zonguldak TR811 6,035 16,703 536
Karabük TR812 3,938 9,629 116
Bartın TR813 63 178 391
76
Kastamonu TR821 430 98 620
Table A. 6 Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 METAL INDUSTRY CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OTHER INDUSTRIES
Çankırı TR822 1,065 246 188
Sinop TR823 267 105 395
Samsun TR831 3,674 4,608 1,259
Tokat TR832 310 403 662
Çorum TR833 1,876 2,060 998
Amasya TR834 794 254 368
Trabzon TR901 1,566 163 472
Ordu TR902 380 1,012 469
Giresun TR903 199 332 231
Rize TR904 46 420 1,002
Artvin TR905 290 192 766
Gümüşhane TR906 68 78 52
Erzurum TRA11 465 993 274
Erzincan TRA12 61 44 151
Bayburt TRA13 0 0 44
Ağrı TRA21 0 39 68
Kars TRA22 139 29 100
Iğdır TRA23 0 0 10
Ardahan TRA24 0 0 5
Malatya TRB11 472 225 879
Elazığ TRB12 1,321 298 450
Bingöl TRB13 0 0 36
Tunceli TRB14 0 0 22
Van TRB21 63 799 296
Muş TRB22 109 34 72
Bitlis TRB23 9 62 28
Hakkari TRB24 0 0 26
Gaziantep TRC11 1,996 3,022 3,971
Adıyaman TRC12 107 239 634
Kilis TRC13 0 170 28
Şanlıurfa TRC21 601 204 758
Diyarbakır TRC22 409 564 549
Mardin TRC31 150 674 229
Batman TRC32 0 2,640 174
Şırnak TRC33 0 403 458
Siirt TRC34 83 54 182
77
Table A. 7 Hazardous waste from non-industrial sources in tons/yr
PROVINCE NUTS 3 SEPARATE COLLECTION CAR REPAIR AGRICULTURE
Đstanbul TR100 7,972 40,633 17
Tekirdağ TR211 462 1,888 25
Edirne TR212 251 1,453 27
Kırklareli TR213 211 1,098 19
Balıkesir TR221 709 4,366 74
Çanakkale TR222 302 1,911 41
Đzmir TR310 2,371 13,687 66
Aydın TR321 600 4,000 62
Denizli TR322 575 3,742 66
Muğla TR323 486 4,319 63
Manisa TR331 837 5,573 83
Afyonkarahisar TR332 445 2,020 57
Kütahya TR333 370 2,025 45
Uşak TR334 212 1,207 25
Bursa TR411 1,547 7,480 55
Eskişehir TR412 460 2,589 19
Bilecik TR413 129 588 12
Kocaeli TR421 912 3,047 24
Sakarya TR422 530 2,390 37
Düzce TR423 205 895 23
Bolu TR424 171 1,040 19
Yalova TR425 115 416 6
Ankara TR510 2,832 18,037 49
Konya TR521 1,242 6,476 101
Karaman TR522 143 856 20
Antalya TR611 1,134 9,520 74
Isparta TR612 266 1,674 29
Burdur TR613 159 1,265 25
Adana TR621 1,272 6,039 44
Mersin TR622 1,012 5,294 52
Hatay TR631 879 4,313 63
Kahramanmaraş TR632 637 1,834 51
Osmaniye TR633 287 1,367 16
Kırıkkale TR711 178 475 12
Aksaray TR712 232 940 25
Niğde TR713 210 877 23
Nevşehir TR714 178 990 29
Kırşehir TR715 141 540 16
Kayseri TR721 739 3,260 48
Sivas TR722 405 1,333 44
Yozgat TR723 312 962 43
Zonguldak TR811 390 1,542 36
Karabük TR812 139 621 15
Bartın TR813 115 439 19
78
Kastamonu TR821 228 1,160 41
Table A. 7 Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 SEPARATE COLLECTION CAR REPAIR AGRICULTURE
Çankırı TR822 110 378 16
Sinop TR823 126 479 24
Samsun TR831 779 3,138 73
Tokat TR832 394 1,642 44
Çorum TR833 349 1,665 44
Amasya TR834 208 993 21
Trabzon TR901 470 1,425 64
Ordu TR902 454 1,088 71
Giresun TR903 265 708 54
Rize TR904 201 589 44
Artvin TR905 107 309 25
Gümüşhane TR906 83 193 12
Erzurum TRA11 498 1,013 45
Erzincan TRA12 135 531 19
Bayburt TRA13 49 122 6
Ağrı TRA21 337 337 26
Kars TRA22 198 393 21
Iğdır TRA23 115 221 10
Ardahan TRA24 71 126 13
Malatya TRB11 458 1,390 35
Elazığ TRB12 343 971 26
Bingöl TRB13 159 135 18
Tunceli TRB14 53 62 7
Van TRB21 621 826 32
Muş TRB22 257 266 25
Bitlis TRB23 208 192 16
Hakkari TRB24 156 101 10
Gaziantep TRC11 989 4,126 24
Adıyaman TRC12 369 824 30
Kilis TRC13 75 366 5
Şanlıurfa TRC21 966 2,330 50
Diyarbakır TRC22 926 1,214 40
Mardin TRC31 473 621 25
Batman TRC32 300 407 13
Şırnak TRC33 264 380 10
Siirt TRC34 185 163 11
79
Table A. 8A Hazardous waste from industrial branches in tons/yr
PROVINCE NUTS 3 BATTERY
IND.
CEMENT
IND.
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
FERTILIZER
IND.
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
OTHER
CHEMISTRY
PAINT
IND.
ELECTRICAL
IND.
ENERGY
GENERATION
Đstanbul TR100 5,976 25 641 274 9,433 63,455 5,579 21,393 400
Tekirdağ TR211 0 0 31 0 1,317 8,896 285 1,905 1,601
Edirne TR212 0 16 0 0 0 329 0 0 0
Kırklareli TR213 0 11 11 744 341 5,945 11 81 3,492
Balıkesir TR221 57 8 752 781 3,378 1,444 75 346 0
Çanakkale TR222 0 20 50 0 114 9,438 12 3 1,639
Đzmir TR310 289 30 170 622 7,189 13,812 1,738 4,958 1,445
Aydın TR321 30 10 0 0 338 979 0 51 358
Denizli TR322 0 10 188 0 980 5,495 54 460 1,142
Muğla TR323 0 3 97 0 229 131 0 0 177
Manisa TR331 1,324 1 0 87 489 4,175 121 3,595 621
Afyonkarahisar TR332 0 14 70 21 886 1,671 0 0 0
Kütahya TR333 49 5 373 170 1,418 691 48 20 0
Uşak TR334 0 0 14 0 1,651 844 6 27 0
Bursa TR411 0 22 0 77 2,328 12,842 230 3,506 872
Eskişehir TR412 0 11 1,692 0 2,704 2,147 233 681 122
Bilecik TR413 0 1 36 0 90 2,337 16 56 21
Kocaeli TR421 235 34 932 1,124 11,021 36,378 3,872 3,810 6,925
Sakarya TR422 0 2 176 0 204 5,052 31 1,102 0
Düzce TR423 0 0 0 0 105 3,726 0 55 0
Bolu TR424 0 12 17 0 0 444 0 1,086 0
Yalova TR425 130 0 11 0 4,199 29 0 6 0
Ankara TR510 467 62 269 173 128 5,365 715 4,399 6,814
Konya TR521 0 8 887 389 109 2,794 115 285 1,279
80
Karaman TR522 0 0 0 0 161 29 0 7 0
Table A. 8A Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 BATTERY
IND.
CEMENT
IND.
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
FERTILIZER
IND.
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
OTHER
CHEMISTRY
PAINT
IND.
ELECTRICAL
IND.
ENERGY
GENERATION
Antalya TR611 85 16 166 705 331 1,220 128 245 40
Isparta TR612 0 11 0 0 51 474 0 0 1,335
Burdur TR613 45 26 0 0 0 17 0 21 0
Adana TR621 0 30 34 431 6,704 1,545 174 115 1,264
Mersin TR622 0 22 1,281 295 2,028 2,182 65 68 242
Hatay TR631 0 9 148 2,665 4,984 648 85 7 0
Kahramanmaraş TR632 0 9 0 23 0 166 0 3 413
Osmaniye TR633 0 2 0 19 29 203 17 18 0
Kırıkkale TR711 0 0 0 0 704 1,761 27 0 0
Aksaray TR712 0 0 0 89 59 472 9 21 0
Niğde TR713 0 8 10 0 55 1,481 0 6 0
Nevşehir TR714 0 8 0 0 36 361 0 0 0
Kırşehir TR715 0 1 0 0 0 3,148 23 0 0
Kayseri TR721 138 6 708 0 24 1,364 91 778 392
Sivas TR722 0 23 0 33 0 185 8 3 0
Yozgat TR723 0 13 9 25 0 198 0 42 0
Zonguldak TR811 0 5 4,182 0 0 462 0 20 21
Karabük TR812 0 2 0 0 4,337 0 0 9 0
Bartın TR813 0 11 0 0 0 161 17 0 0
Kastamonu TR821 0 0 0 0 63 35 0 95 0
Çankırı TR822 0 2 0 0 0 198 0 346 0
Sinop TR823 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Samsun TR831 0 22 0 705 2,008 1,444 29 216 569
81
Tokat TR832 0 17 0 0 41 300 0 0 0
Table A. 8A Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 BATTERY
IND.
CEMENT
IND.
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
FERTILIZER
IND.
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
OTHER
CHEMISTRY
PAINT
IND.
ELECTRICAL
IND.
ENERGY
GENERATION
Çorum TR833 0 9 40 19 0 227 0 15 0
Amasya TR834 0 0 30 19 71 134 0 154 0
Trabzon TR901 0 8 0 0 0 163 0 57 0
Ordu TR902 0 13 0 0 0 515 42 30 0
Giresun TR903 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 7 0
Rize TR904 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0
Artvin TR905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 632
Gümüşhane TR906 0 2 0 0 0 57 22 0 0
Erzurum TRA11 0 13 0 0 63 38 36 0 0
Erzincan TRA12 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 67
Bayburt TRA13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ağrı TRA21 0 2 0 0 0 15 0 0 0
Kars TRA22 0 10 0 0 0 29 0 0 0
Iğdır TRA23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ardahan TRA24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Malatya TRB11 0 4 0 0 18 73 33 164 80
Elazığ TRB12 0 15 0 0 185 114 0 71 0
Bingöl TRB13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tunceli TRB14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Van TRB21 0 16 0 0 0 47 0 6 143
Muş TRB22 0 0 0 0 22 0 12 0 0
82
Bitlis TRB23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
Hakkari TRB24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gaziantep TRC11 57 15 9 52 628 1,440 135 17 24
Table A. 8A Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 BATTERY
IND.
CEMENT
IND.
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
FERTILIZER
IND.
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
OTHER
CHEMISTRY
PAINT
IND.
ELECTRICAL
IND.
ENERGY
GENERATION
Adıyaman TRC12 0 7 0 48 0 191 0 37 0
Kilis TRC13 0 0 0 0 0 41 0 0 0
Şanlıurfa TRC21 0 9 0 21 0 73 0 126 413
Diyarbakır TRC22 0 26 0 0 0 232 93 49 0
Mardin TRC31 0 24 0 108 63 98 0 16 122
Batman TRC32 0 5 0 0 0 120 18 0 0
Şırnak TRC33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 436
Siirt TRC34 0 23 0 0 0 0 54 0 122
83
Table A. 8B Hazardous waste from industrial branches in tons/yr
PROVINCE NUTS
3
FOOD
IND.
LEATHER
IND.
METAL
PRODUCTION
METAL
WORK
MINERAL
PRODUCTION
NON-FERROUS
METAL PRODUCTION
PAPER
IND.
PETROLEUM
RAFINATION
Đstanbul TR100 1,139 1,307 11,353 99,606 2,692 14,543 1,263 3,620
Tekirdağ TR211 150 197 1,243 5,395 384 3,290 171 431
Edirne TR212 70 32 0 243 77 0 9 0
Kırklareli TR213 98 45 825 656 460 0 29 22
Balıkesir TR221 313 13 442 1,871 243 150 18 56
Çanakkale TR222 87 8 1,653 1,266 1,154 0 0 0
Đzmir TR310 874 232 8,332 30,987 1,187 3,246 532 8,719
Aydın TR321 240 9 52 2,804 314 98 6 77
Denizli TR322 61 46 1,246 2,033 1,044 1,100 106 577
Muğla TR323 29 0 0 610 423 0 7 268
Manisa TR331 302 23 428 17,170 1,191 675 70 2,387
Afyonkarahisar TR332 94 5 10 601 781 14 3 0
Kütahya TR333 52 9 99 217 1,077 633 17 762
Uşak TR334 62 12 15 227 270 458 3 513
Bursa TR411 462 96 4,299 47,003 518 558 99 2,109
Eskişehir TR412 107 53 482 11,697 924 594 52 211
Bilecik TR413 22 6 969 2,318 1,742 655 58 0
Kocaeli TR421 203 12 11,380 33,213 507 5,396 320 8,821
Sakarya TR422 170 15 671 12,008 135 405 9 338
Düzce TR423 47 22 1,137 1,670 106 72 10 38
Bolu TR424 78 22 810 2,016 50 134 15 447
Yalova TR425 11 8 0 792 11 0 53 0
Ankara TR510 434 93 4,624 36,078 1,125 1,283 104 2,949
Konya TR521 343 41 2,580 13,877 496 1,745 68 523
84
Karaman TR522 199 3 0 269 40 0 10 0
Table A. 8B Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 FOOD
IND.
LEATHER
IND.
METAL
PRODUCTION
METAL
WORK
MINERAL
PRODUCTION
NON-FERROUS
METAL PRODUCTION
PAPER
IND.
PETROLEUM
RAFINATION
Antalya TR611 116 16 148 2,704 397 104 21 831
Isparta TR612 20 5 0 191 138 0 18 0
Burdur TR613 46 9 15 596 390 0 0 0
Adana TR621 175 36 1,153 8,989 190 290 92 458
Mersin TR622 131 57 585 3,283 472 57 69 441
Hatay TR631 66 3 7,601 2,820 40 178 12 12,370
Kahramanmaraş TR632 63 32 121 1,780 114 450 23 173
Osmaniye TR633 22 6 370 465 26 0 12 407
Kırıkkale TR711 9 1 392 2,267 28 8 6 2,553
Aksaray TR712 35 7 37 2,523 68 0 2 0
Niğde TR713 42 1 21 528 84 74 0 98
Nevşehir TR714 25 2 113 291 197 7 0 0
Kırşehir TR715 32 3 200 211 41 0 0 0
Kayseri TR721 116 9 1,105 8,032 317 825 46 472
Sivas TR722 26 9 1,132 1,155 114 257 2 198
Yozgat TR723 97 16 0 420 177 11 14 48
Zonguldak TR811 39 16 4,921 1,094 205 0 42 12,058
Karabük TR812 6 21 3,521 408 11 0 0 5,293
Bartın TR813 8 22 6 57 119 0 7 0
Kastamonu TR821 34 20 5 330 87 0 10 0
Çankırı TR822 24 10 44 675 40 0 0 48
Sinop TR823 15 18 34 182 238 51 0 105
Samsun TR831 165 17 768 1,663 155 1,027 30 421
85
Tokat TR832 94 18 43 241 269 25 1 62
Table A. 8B Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 FOOD
IND.
LEATHER
IND.
METAL
PRODUCTION
METAL
WORK
MINERAL
PRODUCTION
NON-FERROUS
METAL PRODUCTION
PAPER
IND.
PETROLEUM
RAFINATION
Çorum TR833 68 47 194 1,430 639 237 60 1,774
Amasya TR834 36 4 61 408 88 172 0 0
Trabzon TR901 185 6 113 1,215 97 182 4 0
Ordu TR902 117 14 0 350 109 0 26 455
Giresun TR903 61 3 0 178 15 14 33 278
Rize TR904 916 0 0 46 58 0 2 395
Artvin TR905 65 0 0 290 55 0 0 192
Gümüşhane TR906 7 3 0 19 19 49 0 0
Erzurum TRA11 50 1 10 455 81 0 1 856
Erzincan TRA12 43 0 0 61 29 0 0 0
Bayburt TRA13 2 1 0 0 19 0 0 0
Ağrı TRA21 37 2 0 0 25 0 0 24
Kars TRA22 27 13 45 93 44 0 0 0
Iğdır TRA23 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ardahan TRA24 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Malatya TRB11 105 14 0 308 57 0 20 101
Elazığ TRB12 44 1 833 418 211 0 3 0
Bingöl TRB13 6 1 0 0 27 0 0 0
Tunceli TRB14 4 0 0 0 19 0 0 0
Van TRB21 59 0 0 57 37 0 1 753
Muş TRB22 60 0 0 109 11 0 0 0
86
Bitlis TRB23 9 1 0 8 14 0 0 62
Hakkari TRB24 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0
Gaziantep TRC11 68 47 194 1,430 639 237 60 1,774
Table A. 8B Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 FOOD
IND.
LEATHER
IND.
METAL
PRODUCTION
METAL
WORK
MINERAL
PRODUCTION
NON-FERROUS
METAL PRODUCTION
PAPER
IND.
PETROLEUM
RAFINATION
Adıyaman TRC12 216 6 42 1,749 90 131 94 757
Kilis TRC13 15 10 0 70 46 0 8 0
Şanlıurfa TRC21 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 129
Diyarbakır TRC22 34 0 310 165 55 0 2 110
Mardin TRC31 92 0 10 351 228 0 1 240
Batman TRC32 14 0 0 77 44 56 0 405
Şırnak TRC33 28 1 0 0 77 0 1 2,502
Siirt TRC34 4 0 0 0 16 0 0 403
87
Table A. 8C Hazardous waste from industrial branches in tons/yr
PROVINCE NUTS
3
PLASTICS
MANUFACTURE
PRINTING
IND.
TEXTILE
IND.
WOOD
IND
Đstanbul TR100 4,588 3,834 12,162 2,343
Tekirdağ TR211 392 200 3,784 240
Edirne TR212 7 4 402 0
Kırklareli TR213 38 34 719 51
Balıkesir TR221 44 17 79 296
Çanakkale TR222 66 0 19 95
Đzmir TR310 1,125 512 1,309 1,258
Aydın TR321 17 4 308 103
Denizli TR322 214 43 3,863 104
Muğla TR323 8 5 16 76
Manisa TR331 334 174 172 531
Afyonkarahisar TR332 30 6 56 90
Kütahya TR333 44 8 68 155
Uşak TR334 15 2 717 52
Bursa TR411 797 204 5,155 2,132
Eskişehir TR412 224 32 40 257
Bilecik TR413 45 0 95 152
Kocaeli TR421 1,226 53 337 795
Sakarya TR422 185 14 396 413
Düzce TR423 71 29 295 358
Bolu TR424 59 6 136 335
Yalova TR425 20 0 81 7
Ankara TR510 467 821 383 1,356
Konya TR521 341 185 268 397
Karaman TR522 24 29 32 34
Antalya TR611 195 55 254 325
Isparta TR612 13 16 212 210
Burdur TR613 7 0 4 66
Adana TR621 258 98 772 348
Mersin TR622 64 11 134 238
Hatay TR631 54 23 189 85
Kahramanmaraş TR632 29 0 1,576 29
Osmaniye TR633 15 4 122 14
Kırıkkale TR711 4 0 1 47
Aksaray TR712 43 0 58 22
Niğde TR713 3 0 212 25
Nevşehir TR714 3 0 81 5
Kırşehir TR715 6 0 16 23
Kayseri TR721 312 70 1,106 2,913
Sivas TR722 24 6 50 151
Yozgat TR723 25 0 107 80
Zonguldak TR811 15 2 90 102
Karabük TR812 1 0 35 41
88
Bartın TR813 19 0 139 67
Table A. 8C Continued
PROVINCE NUTS 3 PLASTICS
MANUFACTURE
PRINTING
IND. TEXTILE IND.
WOOD
IND
Kastamonu TR821 10 0 60 400
Çankırı TR822 11 0 77 24
Sinop TR823 23 0 50 49
Samsun TR831 105 13 38 146
Tokat TR832 16 5 125 116
Çorum TR833 13 10 44 109
Amasya TR834 31 9 81 118
Trabzon TR901 47 32 11 82
Ordu TR902 18 0 62 110
Giresun TR903 6 3 21 89
Rize TR904 5 0 0 21
Artvin TR905 1 0 0 14
Gümüşhane TR906 4 0 14 4
Erzurum TRA11 11 8 94 13
Erzincan TRA12 3 0 0 8
Bayburt TRA13 18 0 2 3
Ağrı TRA21 1 0 0 0
Kars TRA22 0 0 0 7
Iğdır TRA23 0 4 0 0
Ardahan TRA24 0 0 0 3
Malatya TRB11 29 9 525 35
Elazığ TRB12 49 0 22 104
Bingöl TRB13 0 0 3 0
Tunceli TRB14 0 0 0 0
Van TRB21 8 0 27 3
Muş TRB22 1 0 0 0
Bitlis TRB23 1 0 4 0
Hakkari TRB24 0 0 13 0
Gaziantep TRC11 395 197 2,901 34
Adıyaman TRC12 3 3 526 16
Kilis TRC13 8 0 14 0
Şanlıurfa TRC21 19 0 225 0
Diyarbakır TRC22 31 0 133 39
Mardin TRC31 11 0 12 2
Batman TRC32 13 0 45 3
Şırnak TRC33 1 0 0 0
Siirt TRC34 3 0 18 0
89
Table A. 9A Hazardous waste groups in Turkish provinces in tons/yr
WASTE GROUP ID
PROVINCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Đstanbul 582 232 9,619 3,033 14,538 15,003 54,064 15,583 2,543 392 28,424 2,157 13,858 49,758 507 17,876 12,331 3,312 10,211
Tekirdağ 58 24 2,884 361 1,970 1,071 7,364 1,381 144 1,568 4,221 304 952 3,207 42 967 708 222 752
Edirne 45 0 312 0 75 15 229 100 5 0 3 76 21 721 6 279 139 20 65
Kırklareli 34 5 552 19 1,289 903 4,380 216 26 3,419 741 375 77 880 19 291 170 30 110
Balıkesir 124 29 65 47 1,003 1,029 3,935 466 18 0 590 200 246 2,518 31 991 532 105 270
Çanakkale 63 9 18 0 2,073 247 6,581 222 2 1,605 1,484 933 111 1,398 33 518 311 44 127
Đzmir 234 125 1,083 7,305 3,704 3,856 16,526 4,509 390 1,415 10,984 968 3,898 15,880 206 6,173 4,257 957 2,876
Aydın 104 10 231 64 224 143 971 310 8 351 191 258 255 2,540 27 1,005 566 91 287
Denizli 107 10 2,864 483 1,393 361 4,647 804 42 1,118 2,152 836 296 2,766 31 926 546 97 427
Muğla 98 8 12 225 140 26 294 185 8 173 8 338 53 1,912 9 816 410 44 140
Manisa 142 53 139 2,000 1,060 2,549 3,378 1,728 121 608 2,020 946 2,349 7,774 92 2,924 1,982 539 1,594
Afyonkarahisar 89 9 44 0 428 79 1,912 175 8 0 30 631 52 1,119 18 441 217 42 91
Kütahya 72 15 55 639 539 226 1,726 228 10 0 706 858 29 1,057 19 444 219 35 74
Uşak 40 5 534 430 229 36 2,010 143 3 0 440 214 30 698 9 271 141 21 77
Bursa 165 211 3,840 1,766 2,911 3,179 10,953 4,356 148 854 4,949 430 4,905 17,514 207 6,412 4,742 1,130 3,759
Eskişehir 51 25 57 177 2,007 743 3,901 940 29 120 1,131 743 1,178 4,574 61 1,728 1,221 265 863
Bilecik 21 15 73 0 535 148 1,689 277 7 21 1,497 1,383 220 1,190 36 413 281 55 174
Kocaeli 88 79 254 7,390 9,214 4,485 36,164 4,187 74 6,780 15,678 432 3,837 11,941 193 4,584 3,705 824 2,544
Sakarya 75 41 299 283 1,272 914 3,665 981 13 0 1,128 110 1,304 4,603 55 1,711 1,237 302 940
Düzce 38 35 228 32 804 155 2,649 382 20 0 1,098 84 159 965 15 352 249 58 165
Bolu 31 33 111 375 141 476 313 451 7 0 870 50 436 1,215 15 428 292 112 278
Yalova 14 1 64 0 18 77 3,629 107 7 0 88 8 70 414 5 166 103 21 64
Ankara 250 134 330 2,470 1,625 3,267 4,151 3,692 535 6,672 6,045 947 4,183 18,226 176 7,075 4,730 1,046 3,236
Konya 189 39 219 438 1,452 1,031 2,079 1,332 130 1,252 4,088 400 1,283 6,843 83 2,648 1,809 336 1,081
90
Table A. 9A Continued
WASTE GROUP ID
PROVINCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Karaman 30 3 25 0 9 12 163 89 20 0 4 32 25 529 12 196 93 15 43
Antalya 155 32 195 696 482 929 1,194 761 45 39 314 330 293 4,643 22 1,944 1,030 142 441
Isparta 48 21 159 0 106 16 371 209 14 1,308 3 119 17 767 4 310 153 29 73
Burdur 37 7 8 0 6 44 14 99 1 0 48 332 56 736 10 293 153 24 72
Adana 134 34 587 384 411 790 6,909 1,091 80 1,238 1,410 177 807 5,146 49 2,031 1,303 248 763
Mersin 124 24 128 369 1,667 514 3,281 561 23 237 615 394 301 3,171 29 1,293 740 131 348
Hatay 126 8 140 10,364 1,070 2,708 4,941 455 22 0 6,952 40 254 2,841 44 1,629 1,167 105 287
Kahramanmaraş 96 3 1,176 145 56 85 120 317 8 404 547 99 158 1,433 12 514 317 71 219
Osmaniye 37 1 93 341 74 44 179 112 6 0 335 22 45 704 4 301 173 27 67
Kırıkkale 25 5 2 2,139 542 112 1,862 141 2 0 385 22 196 841 11 433 313 50 153
Aksaray 41 2 46 0 105 187 380 174 2 0 66 54 223 1,101 11 428 290 58 182
Niğde 38 2 156 82 336 52 1,067 83 2 0 93 74 48 551 6 215 121 23 63
Nevşehir 42 1 61 0 80 17 280 55 1 0 111 163 25 516 5 206 109 16 44
Kırşehir 26 2 13 0 677 74 2,171 56 1 0 180 34 18 313 5 121 68 13 27
Kayseri 100 289 818 396 972 656 1,006 2,375 54 384 1,933 257 888 4,018 42 1,487 999 340 870
Sivas 73 15 42 166 59 75 135 221 7 0 1,259 112 104 927 11 372 250 51 113
Yozgat 65 8 87 40 59 58 140 147 4 0 16 152 46 588 9 225 116 32 61
Zonguldak 64 10 74 10,102 4,642 210 489 253 9 21 4,384 167 104 1,184 29 939 703 48 114
Karabük 24 4 36 4,434 338 17 3,801 102 1 0 3,133 10 41 511 15 414 340 18 44
Bartın 27 7 113 0 36 5 118 93 2 0 6 104 5 226 2 85 41 11 23
Kastamonu 57 40 54 0 11 47 80 293 3 0 9 69 51 606 4 241 123 41 82
Çankırı 24 2 62 40 47 154 138 100 1 0 48 33 141 406 4 141 90 36 88
91
Sinop 33 5 46 88 9 6 2 78 1 0 80 191 16 285 5 114 59 13 27
Samsun 128 14 36 353 349 851 2,742 409 17 557 1,655 143 205 1,898 22 760 449 93 205
Table A. 9A Continued
WASTE GROUP ID
PROVINCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Tokat 72 11 102 52 74 14 246 163 6 0 65 229 21 810 10 324 159 34 64
Çorum 69 11 56 1,486 203 77 184 234 15 0 410 515 129 1,185 18 535 316 51 136
Amasya 36 12 62 0 59 93 155 159 7 0 218 70 74 570 5 219 120 32 74
Trabzon 97 8 11 0 42 64 118 210 24 0 285 84 120 1,024 16 392 226 56 121
Ordu 103 11 53 382 146 33 381 187 6 0 5 98 37 616 9 256 133 40 58
Giresun 73 9 17 233 22 61 7 122 8 0 16 12 17 368 4 157 82 24 34
Rize 59 2 0 331 28 1 37 55 2 0 1 46 4 752 51 223 64 14 17
Artvin 32 1 0 161 14 9 5 34 1 619 4 43 25 244 5 99 55 12 26
Gümüşhane 18 0 12 0 13 2 48 24 1 0 46 17 2 89 1 36 18 6 6
Erzurum 80 1 70 717 70 16 111 119 9 0 14 76 39 567 5 262 148 39 56
Erzincan 29 1 0 0 12 3 32 31 1 66 1 23 5 250 3 101 49 10 16
Bayburt 10 0 2 0 1 0 0 23 0 0 0 15 0 52 0 21 10 3 3
Ağrı 50 0 1 20 10 0 13 46 3 0 0 22 0 154 2 62 30 21 8
Kars 35 1 7 0 9 4 22 38 2 0 41 44 8 200 3 80 42 14 15
Iğdır 19 0 0 0 2 0 1 17 3 0 0 0 0 89 0 38 19 7 5
Ardahan 18 0 0 0 1 0 0 12 1 0 0 0 0 50 0 21 11 5 3
Malatya 67 4 393 84 29 72 85 197 12 78 4 48 66 769 8 283 144 44 91
Elazığ 50 10 17 0 30 42 239 177 3 0 745 180 54 595 10 227 140 36 61
Bingöl 30 0 2 0 3 0 1 21 1 0 0 21 0 59 1 24 12 10 3
Tunceli 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 15 0 28 0 11 5 3 1
92
Van 76 0 20 631 67 5 47 97 5 140 1 44 6 378 4 184 97 41 24
Muş 44 0 0 0 4 4 26 41 2 0 1 8 9 167 4 63 33 18 13
Bitlis 31 0 3 52 7 1 2 29 2 0 0 11 1 84 1 37 19 13 5
Hakkari 21 0 10 0 2 0 1 21 1 0 0 5 0 44 0 18 9 10 3
Table A. 9A Continued
WASTE GROUP ID
PROVINCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Gaziantep 95 3 2,136 634 381 166 1,604 867 138 23 216 85 156 2,571 20 936 511 93 348
Adıyaman 56 2 392 0 47 67 133 112 6 0 1 43 15 414 2 149 75 27 50
Kilis 10 0 10 108 18 1 30 21 1 0 0 0 0 147 0 67 34 5 9
Şanlıurfa 118 0 165 92 38 74 57 194 8 404 277 52 45 1,025 4 420 221 70 84
Diyarbakır 106 4 98 201 79 34 207 215 7 0 13 203 42 672 9 268 141 68 61
Mardin 58 0 9 339 54 116 129 78 4 120 53 56 11 283 2 133 72 32 21
Batman 34 0 34 2,096 189 3 127 60 3 0 0 65 0 189 3 179 106 19 11
Şırnak 29 0 0 337 30 0 7 37 2 427 0 13 0 152 0 81 44 17 9
Siirt 24 0 14 0 3 3 23 43 1 120 1 28 7 94 1 37 21 13 10
93
Table A. 9B Hazardous waste groups in Turkish provinces in tons/yr
PROVINCES WASTE GROUP ID
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Đstanbul 10,211 11,689 7,319 572 784 9,282 20 26,276 512 3,772
Tekirdağ 752 1,177 646 35 36 471 3 1,434 64 219
Edirne 65 115 135 10 28 324 0 63 14 119
Kırklareli 110 546 269 12 21 262 1 177 19 100
Balıkesir 270 889 470 36 84 964 2 519 33 335
Çanakkale 127 779 333 20 37 426 2 340 16 143
Đzmir 2,876 3,920 2,398 187 264 3,073 16 8,227 141 1,122
Aydın 287 378 401 33 77 876 0 743 29 284
Denizli 427 827 594 36 72 839 2 542 59 272
Muğla 140 276 333 31 83 912 1 167 18 230
Manisa 1,594 982 975 81 107 1,230 4 4,542 48 396
Afyonkarahisar 91 354 220 17 39 464 0 166 19 210
Kütahya 74 391 237 17 39 453 2 72 16 175
Uşak 77 357 159 10 23 272 1 65 15 100
Bursa 3,759 2,408 2,129 162 144 1,746 6 12,501 130 732
Eskişehir 863 934 570 48 50 583 4 3,084 26 217
Bilecik 174 252 205 13 11 139 1 621 10 61
Kocaeli 2,544 5,984 1,888 128 59 782 22 8,763 66 431
Sakarya 940 688 551 44 46 556 2 3,181 31 251
Düzce 165 360 193 12 17 210 1 472 13 97
Bolu 278 158 184 14 20 233 1 560 12 81
Yalova 64 575 84 6 8 100 0 208 6 55
Ankara 3,236 2,190 2,467 209 348 3,979 6 9,568 130 1,340
Konya 1,081 877 950 80 125 1,466 3 3,668 59 588
Karaman 43 96 95 7 17 193 0 74 10 68
Antalya 441 743 801 72 184 2,023 2 739 45 537
Isparta 73 145 172 12 32 371 0 71 12 126
Burdur 72 81 122 10 24 271 0 162 7 75
Adana 763 1,511 798 66 116 1,382 1 2,385 58 602
Mersin 348 829 561 46 102 1,190 3 882 42 479
Hatay 287 1,146 618 47 83 978 18 746 37 416
Kahramanmaraş 219 167 252 17 35 465 0 468 37 301
Osmaniye 67 113 124 11 26 311 1 123 11 136
Kırıkkale 153 282 127 9 9 121 4 597 7 84
Aksaray 182 126 134 12 18 220 0 662 10 110
Niğde 63 164 103 7 17 205 0 141 10 100
Nevşehir 44 88 91 8 19 220 0 77 7 84
Kırşehir 27 249 79 5 10 128 1 57 6 67
Kayseri 870 597 738 45 63 762 2 2,389 44 350
Sivas 113 126 158 13 26 323 0 317 16 192
Yozgat 61 91 111 8 19 238 0 118 14 148
Zonguldak 114 411 343 23 30 365 25 296 19 185
Karabük 44 658 159 11 12 144 7 111 8 66
94
Bartın 23 49 52 4 8 104 0 21 6 55
Table A. 9B Continued
PROVINCES WASTE GROUP ID
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Kastamonu 82 99 130 9 22 262 0 126 10 108
Çankırı 88 51 56 4 7 92 0 179 6 52
Sinop 27 37 57 4 9 114 0 52 6 60
Samsun 205 604 364 29 61 736 1 449 32 369
Tokat 64 136 159 12 32 383 0 75 17 186
Çorum 136 152 212 16 32 381 3 385 17 165
Amasya 74 92 103 8 19 226 0 118 9 99
Trabzon 121 133 166 13 27 354 0 326 20 222
Ordu 58 138 128 9 21 285 1 103 19 215
Giresun 34 57 76 6 14 180 0 55 10 125
Rize 17 146 151 4 11 166 1 14 27 95
Artvin 26 31 48 3 6 80 0 77 5 50
Gümüşhane 6 24 19 2 4 51 0 5 3 39
Erzurum 56 100 106 9 20 276 1 120 18 235
Erzincan 16 38 46 4 10 125 0 17 5 64
Bayburt 3 9 11 1 2 31 0 0 2 23
Ağrı 8 30 35 3 6 119 0 0 12 159
Kars 15 31 39 3 8 108 0 25 7 94
Iğdır 5 14 18 2 4 61 0 0 4 55
Ardahan 3 8 10 1 2 36 0 0 2 34
Malatya 91 125 148 11 27 346 0 84 22 217
Elazığ 61 113 113 9 19 243 0 120 13 162
Bingöl 3 11 14 1 3 51 0 0 5 75
Tunceli 1 5 6 1 1 20 0 0 2 25
Van 24 70 86 7 16 259 1 15 21 294
Muş 13 33 33 2 5 93 0 29 10 122
Bitlis 5 16 20 2 4 70 0 2 7 98
Hakkari 3 9 11 1 2 44 0 0 5 74
Gaziantep 348 561 503 37 80 972 1 461 63 468
Adıyaman 50 72 89 6 16 220 0 20 17 175
Kilis 9 24 28 3 7 83 0 0 3 36
Şanlıurfa 84 156 201 18 45 605 0 43 34 457
Diyarbakır 61 147 139 11 23 384 0 96 33 438
Mardin 21 63 65 5 12 195 1 20 16 224
Batman 11 60 60 4 8 127 4 0 11 142
Şırnak 9 29 40 3 7 116 1 0 9 125
Siirt 21 2 3 61 0 22 6 87 21 2
95
Figure A. 2 Provincial distribution of pesticides and agrochemical hazardous wastes ((((ID No:1)
Figure A. 3 Provincial distribution of wood preservative wastes ((((ID No:2)
96
Figure A. 4 Provincial distribution of hazardous tannery wastes ((((ID No:3)
Figure A. 5 Provincial distribution of hazardous petroleum refining wastes ((((ID No:4)
97
Figure A. 6 Provincial distribution of acidic and alkaline wastes ((((ID No:5)
Figure A. 7 Provincial distribution of hazardous inorganic chemistry wastes ((((ID No:6)
98
Figure A. 8 Provincial distribution of hazardous organic chemistry wastes ((((ID No:7)
Figure A. 9 Provincial distribution of hazardous paint and sealant production wastes ((((ID No:8)
99
Figure A. 10 Provincial distribution of hazardous printing wastes ((((ID No:9)
Figure A. 11 Provincial distribution of hazardous energy production wastes ((((ID No:10)
100
Figure A. 12 Provincial distribution of hazardous metal production wastes ((((ID No:11)
Figure A. 13 Provincial distribution of hazardous mineral and glass production wastes ((((ID
No:12)
101
Figure A. 14 Provincial distribution of hazardous galvanizing wastes ((((ID No:13)
Figure A. 15 Provincial distribution of non-halogenated waste oil ((((ID No:14)
102
Figure A. 16 Provincial distribution of halogenated waste oil ((((ID No:15)
Figure A. 17 Provincial distribution of waste oil emulsions ((((ID No:16)
103
Figure A. 18 Provincial distribution of other oily wastes ((((ID No:17)
Figure A. 19 Provincial distribution of halogenated solvents ((((ID No:18)
104
Figure A. 20 Provincial distribution of non-halogenated solvents ((((ID No:19)
Figure A. 21 Provincial distribution of contaminated packagings ((((ID No:20)
105
Figure A. 22 Provincial distribution of spent adsorbents and filter materials ((((ID No:21)
Figure A. 23 Provincial distribution of spent oil filters ((((ID No:22)
106
Figure A. 24 Provincial distribution of spent brake fluids and antifreeze ((((ID No:23)
Figure A. 25 Provincial distribution of spent batteries ((((ID No:24)
107
Figure A. 26 Provincial distribution of sludges from CPT ((((ID No:26)
Figure A. 27 Provincial distribution of mercury containing waste ((((ID No:27)
108
Figure A. 28 Provincial distribution of contaminated wood ((((ID No:28)
Table A. 10 Range of disposal market prices ((((€/ton) - ((((Germany 2002 and Turkey 2007)
DISPOSAL OPTION PRICE
Hazardous waste landfills 50 – 140 (Đzaydaş 70 – 120)
Solidification and landfilling 80 – 100
CPT 45 – 60
Hazardous waste incineration 100 – 1,200
Liquid and pasty waste 100 – 350
Solid waste 200 – 300
Drums and canisters 300 – 1,200 (lab chemicals < 5,000)
Total average 200 – 300 (Turkey: 300 – 500)
Cement kilns, Power station/plants < 150 (Turkey: 200 – 300)
Municipal solid waste incineration ≈ 100
109
Table A. 11 Structure of the price list for hazardous waste incineration in Turkey ((((2007)
WASTE TYPES ĐZAYDAŞ PETKĐM EKOLOJĐK ENERJĐ
TL/TON €/TON TL/TON €/TON TL/TON €/TON
LIQUID WASTES (Sludge ratio < 10%) Calorific value > 36,000 kj/kg 70 40 70 40 -- -- Calorific value > 32,000 kj/kg 175 100 175 100 -- -- Calorific value > 25,000 kj/kg 300 170 300 170 -- -- Calorific value > 18,000 kj/kg 330 187 330 187 -- -- Calorific value > 10,000 kj/kg 710 403 710 403 -- -- Calorific value < 10,000 kj/kg 815 463 815 463 -- -- Special liquid waste 980 557 -- -- -- --
PASTY WASTE (Sludge ratio % 25 – 75) Calorific value > 18,000 kj/kg 600 341 600 341 550 312 Calorific value > 10,000 kj/kg 775 440 775 440 700 398 Calorific value < 10,000 kj/kg 890 506 890 506 850 483 Paint and phosphate sludges 540 307 540 307 500 284 Treatment sludge
SOLID WASTES (Sludge ratio >75%) Calorific value > 18,000 kj/kg 1055 599 1055 599 1000 568 Calorific value > 10,000 kj/kg 1370 778 1370 778 1200 682 Calorific value < 10,000 kj/kg 1500 852 1500 852 1300 739
Waste car cycle -- -- Mastic -- -- Contaminated wastes (packages, cloth, toner etc.) 1000 568 1000 568 900 511 Drums which contained isocyanide 1610 915 -- 1600 909 Pharmaceutical wastes ( product – same product) 1370 778 -- 1250 710 Wastes which will be burned within drums 1610 915 -- --
110
Table A. 11 Continued
WASTE TYPES ĐZAYDAŞ PETKĐM EKOLOJĐK ENERJĐ
TL/TON €/TON TL/TON €/TON TL/TON €/TON
EXTRA COST FOR WASTES SHICH WILL BE BURNED
Extra costs for halogen and phosphorus Between 1 – 5 % 77 44 77 44 -- Up to 10 % 120 68 120 68 -- Up to 20 % 320 182 320 182 -- Up to 30 % 540 307 540 307 -- Up to 40 % 760 432 760 432 -- Up to 50 % 955 543 955 543 --
Extra costs for sulphur Between 2 – 5 % 165 94 165 94 -- Up to 10 % 418 237 418 237 --
HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL Dangerous solid wastes 200 114 -- -- Inert industrial wastes 130 74 -- -- Industrial wastes which can be depoined with municipal wastes 150 85 -- -- Municipal wastes from industry 35 20 -- -- Surface deponie 220 125 -- --
SPECIAL PROCESSES Fluorescent lamps 380 216 -- -- Accumulators 380 216 -- -- Batteries 380 216 -- -- Pressure cups 1240 705 -- --
111
Table A. 12 Structure of disposal prices for CPT treatment from Germany ((((HIM 2002)
OIL WATER MIXTURES (CHEMICALLY SEPARABLE): UNIT € Sludge content < 2% t 60 Sludge content < 10% t 85 Sludge content < 20% t 150 Sludge content < 30% t 220 Photo chemicals t 190
OIL/WATER SEPARATOR CONTENTS, WASTES FROM GRIT/SAND CHAMBERS:
Sludge content < 5% t 70 Sludge content < 15% t 90 Sludge content < 30% t 120 Sludge content < 50% t 290 Sludge content > 50% t 450
INORGANIC CONTAMINATED WASTE WATER: Waste water ph 6-9 t 60 Waste water ph 2-6 and 9-12,5 t 75 Acids and alkaline solutions < 5% t 95 Acids and alkaline solutions < 20% t 160 Acids and alkaline solutions < 30% t 200 Acids and alkaline solutions > 30% per expenditure t
SURCHARGES FOR DETOXIFICATION OF CYANIDE, CHROMATE, NITRITE: < 100 mg/l t 25 < 500 mg/l t 40 < 1 g/l t 70 < 10 g/l t 120 > 10 mg/l per expenditure t
SURCHARGES FOR SULPHATE TREATMENT: > 1,5 g/l t 40 > 3 g/l t 60 > 10 g/l t 80 > 20 g/l t 170 > 50 g/l per expenditure t
SURCHARGES FOR SLUDGE AFTER NEUTRALISATION: < 10% t 60 < 25% t 130 < 50% t 200 < 75% t 280 > 75% t 370
SURCHARGES FOR TREATMENT OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS (INCL. HALOGENATED):
> 1 mg/l t 30 > 10 mg/l t 40 > 20 mg/l t 90 50 mg/l – 100 mg/l t 170 > 50 mg/l per expenditure t
112
Table A. 13 Assignment of hazardous waste to disposal options 11
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL / RECOVERY OPTION [%]
EWC Type of waste Direct Landfill
Solidification for Landfilling
CPT Incineration Material Recovery
Thermal Recovery
020108 agrochemical waste containing dangerous substances 10 0 0 90 0 0
030201to03 organic wood preservatives 0 0 0 100 0 0
030204 inorganic wood preservatives 0 0 100 0 0 0
040103 degreasing wastes containing solvents without a liquid phase
0 0 0 100 0
040214 wastes from finishing containing organic solvents 0 0 0 50 0 50
040216 dyestuffs and pigments containing dangerous substances 0 0 0 50 0 50
040219 sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances
0 0 0 100 0 0
050102to09 oil sludges from petroleum refining 0 0 50 50 0 0
050115 spent filter clays 20 0 0 80 0 0
060101 sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid 0 0 100 0 0 0
060404 wastes containing mercury 0 0 100 0 0 0
060405 wastes containing other heavy metals 0 0 100 0 0 0
060502 sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances
0 0 100 0 0 0
060xxx Wastes from Inorganic Chemical Processes (without 060101 and 060502)
15 20 60 5 0 0
061002 wastes containing dangerous substances 20 20 60 0 0 0
070101to10 wastes from the manufacture, formulation, supply and use (MFSU) of basic organic chemicals
0 0 25 50 0 25
11 Destatis Federal Statistical Office of Germany and other sources.
113
070111 sludges containing dangerous substances from other treatment of industrial waste water
0 0 50 50 0 0
Table A. 13 Continued
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL / RECOVERY OPTION [%]
EWC Type of waste Direct Landfill
Solidification for Landfilling
CPT Incineration Material Recovery
Thermal Recovery
0703nonhalog wastes from the MFSU of organic dyes and pigments (non halogenated) 0 0 50 50 0 0
070701 aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors 0 0 100 0 0 0
070x01to10
Wastes from Organic Chemical Processes: MFSU of plastics, synthetic rubber, pharmaceuticals, fats, grease, soaps, detergents, disinfectants, cosmetics, fine chemicals and chemical products not otherwise specified (0702, 0704, 0705, 0706, 070701-10)
0 0 10 50 10 30
070x11 sludges containing dangerous substances from other treatment of industrial waste water (0702, 0704, 0705, 0706, 070711)
0 35 40 25 0 0
080111 waste paint and varnish containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances
0 0 35 40 15 10
080113 sludges from paint or varnish containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances
0 0 15 75 5 5
080117 wastes from paint or varnish removal containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances
0 0 60 25 10 5
080312 waste ink containing dangerous substances 0 0 50 35 10 5
080314 ink sludges containing dangerous substances 0 0 30 30 20 20
080409 waste adhesives and sealants containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances
0 0 30 40 15 15
080411 adhesive and sealant sludges containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances
0 0 45 45 5 5
090101 water-based developer and activator solutions 0 0 90 10 0 0
090102 water-based offset plate developer solutions 0 0 75 25 0 0
114
090103 solvent-based developer solutions 0 0 0 100 0 0
090104 fixer solutions 0 0 0 0 100 0
Table A. 13 Continued
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL / RECOVERY OPTION [%]
EWC Type of waste Direct Landfill
Solidification for Landfilling
CPT Incineration Material Recovery
Thermal Recovery
090105 bleach solutions and bleach fixer solutions 0 0 100 0 0 0
090106 wastes containing silver from on-site treatment of photographic wastes
0 0 0 0 100 0
100104 oil fly ash and boiler dust 20 80 0 0 0 0
100109 sulphuric acid 0 0 100 0 0 0
100114 bottom ash, slag and boiler dust from co-incineration containing dangerous substances
100 0 0 0 0 0
100116 fly ash from co-incineration containing dangerous substances
100 0 0 0 0 0
100118 wastes from gas cleaning containing dangerous substances
100 0 0 0 0 0
100120and22 sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances
0 50 50 0 0 0
1002xx wastes from the iron and steel industry 40 30 30 0 0 0
1003xx wastes from aluminium thermal metallurgy 50 45 0 0 5 0
100401to02 slags, dross and skimmings from primary and secondary production
20 0 0 0 80 0
100404 flue-gas dust 0 0 0 0 100 0
1004xx wastes from lead thermal metallurgy 20 0 0 0 80 0
1005xx wastes from zinc thermal metallurgy 100 0 0 0 0 0
1006xx wastes from copper thermal metallurgy 100 0 0 0 0 0
1007xx wastes from other non-ferrous thermal metallurgy 100 0 0 0 0 0
100905,07and09 casting cores and moulds which have (not) undergone pouring containing dangerous substances
70 10 0 0 20 0
115
101005,07and09 casting cores and moulds which have (not) undergone pouring containing dangerous substances
100 0 0 0 0 0
Table A. 13 Continued
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL / RECOVERY OPTION [%]
EWC Type of waste Direct Landfill
Solidification for Landfilling
CPT Incineration Material Recovery
Thermal Recovery
101309and12 wastes from asbestos-cement manufacture containing asbestos and solid wastes from gas treatment
100 0 0 0 0 0
110105to07 pickling acids and basis and other acids 0 0 100 0 0 0
110108 phosphatising sludges 5 80 15 0 0 0
110109 sludges and filter cakes containing dangerous substances 5 80 15 0 0 0
110202 sludges from zinc hydrometallurgy (including jarosite, goethite)
90 10 0 0 0 0
110205 wastes from copper hydrometallurgical processes containing dangerous substances
50 0 0 0 50 0
110301 wastes containing cyanide 80 0 20 0 0 0
120106 mineral-based machining oils containing halogens (except emulsions and solutions)
0 0 50 30 20 0
120107 mineral-based machining oils free of halogens (except emulsions and solutions)
0 0 0 0 50 50
120108 machining emulsions and solutions containing halogens
120109 machining emulsions and solutions free of halogens 0 0 100 0 0 0
120110 synthetic machining oils 0 0 0 0 50 50
120112 spent waxes and fats 0 0 0 50 0 50
120114 machining sludges containing dangerous substances 5 25 25 25 0 20
120301 aqueous washing liquids 0 0 100 0 0 0
120302 steam degreasing wastes 0 0 100 0 0 0
13 01 01 hydraulic oils, containing PCBs 0 0 0 70 30 0
13 01 04 chlorinated emulsions 0 0 0 70 30 0
116
13 01 05 non-chlorinated emulsions 0 0 0 0 50 50
13 01 09 mineral-based chlorinated hydraulic oils 0 0 0 70 30 0
13 01 10 mineral based non-chlorinated hydraulic oils 0 0 0 0 50 50
Table A. 13 Continued
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL / RECOVERY OPTION [%]
EWC Type of waste Direct Landfill
Solidification for Landfilling
CPT Incineration Material Recovery
Thermal Recovery
13 01 11 synthetic hydraulic oils 0 0 0 0 50 50
13 01 12 readily biodegradable hydraulic oils 0 0 0 0 50 50
13 01 13 other hydraulic oils 0 0 0 0 50 50
13 02 04 mineral-based chlorinated engine, gear and lubricating oils 0 0 0 70 30 0
130205to08 mineral-based non-chlorinated, synthetic, readily biodegradable and other engine, gear and lubricating oils
0 0 10 0 50 40
13 03 01 insulating or heat transmission oils containing PCBs 0 0 0 70 30 0
13 03 06 mineral-based chlorinated insulating and heat transmission oils other than those mentioned in 13 03 01
0 0 0 70 30 0
13 03 07to 10 mineral-based, synthetic, readily biodegradable and other non-chlorinated insulating and heat transmission oils
0 0 0 0 50 50
13 04 01to 03 bilge oils from inland navigation, jetty sewers and from other navigation
0 0 0 0 50 50
130501 solids from grit chambers and oil/water separators 15 0 85 0 0 0
130502to03 sludges from oil/water separators and interceptor sludges 0 0 100 0 0 0
13 05 06to08 oil and oily water from oil/water separators, mixtures of wastes from grit chambers and oil/water separators
0 0 0 0 50 50
13 07 01to 03 fuel oil, diesel, petrol and other fuels (including mixtures) 0 0 0 0 50 50
130802 other emulsions 0 0 100 0 0 0
140601 chlorofluorocarbons, HCFC, HFC 0 0 0 10 90 0
140602 other halogenated solvents and solvent mixtures 0 0 0 50 50 0
117
140603 other solvents and solvent mixtures 0 0 0 20 30 50
140604 sludges or solid wastes containing halogenated solvents 0 0 0 70 30 0
140605 sludges or solid wastes containing other solvents 0 0 0 70 0 30
Table A. 13 Continued
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL / RECOVERY OPTION [%]
EWC Type of waste Direct Landfill
Solidification for Landfilling
CPT Incineration Material Recovery
Thermal Recovery
150110 packaging containing residues of or contaminated by dangerous substances
10 0 0 80 10 0
150202 absorbents, filter materials (including oil filters not otherwise specified), wiping cloths, protective clothing contaminated by dangerous substances
10 0 0 90 0 0
160107 oil filters 0 0 0 0 100 0
160113 brake fluids 0 0 0 0 100 0
160114 antifreeze fluids containing dangerous substances 0 0 0 0 100 0
160506 laboratory chemicals, consisting of or containing dangerous substances, including mixtures of laboratory chemicals
0 0 30 70 0 0
160601 lead batteries 0 0 0 0 100 0
160606 separately collected electrolyte from batteries and accumulators 0 0 100 0 0 0
160802 spent catalysts containing dangerous transition metals or dangerous transition metal compounds
10 0 0 5 85 0
190813 sludges containing dangerous substances from other treatment of industrial waste water
20 50 0 30 0 0
200113 solvents 0 0 0 100 0 0
200114 acids 0 0 100 0 0 0
200115 alkalines 0 0 100 0 0 0
200117 photochemicals 0 0 100 0 0 0
200119 pesticides 0 0 0 100 0 0
200121 fluorescent tubes and other mercury-containing waste 0 0 0 0 100 0
118
200123 discarded equipment containing chlorofluorocarbons 0 0 0 0 100 0
200126 oil and fat other than those mentioned in 20 01 25 0 0 0 0 50 50
200127 paint, inks, adhesives and resins containing dangerous substances 0 0 0 100 0 0
Table A. 13 Continued
HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL / RECOVERY OPTION [%]
EWC Type of waste Direct Landfill
Solidification for Landfilling
CPT Incineration Material Recovery
Thermal Recovery
200129 detergents containing dangerous substances 0 0 0 100 0 0
200131 cytotoxic and cytostatic medicines 0 0 0 100 0 0
200133 batteries and accumulators included in 16 06 01, 16 06 02 or 16 06 03 and unsorted batteries and accumulators containing these batteries
50 0 0 0 50 0
200135 discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those mentioned in 20 01 21 and 20 01 23 containing hazardous components
0 0 0 0 0 0
200137 wood containing dangerous substances 0 0 0 0 0 100
119
120
Figure A. 29 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to recycling/recovery – amount per
province
121
Figure A. 29 Continued
122
Figure A. 30 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to CPT – amount per province
123
Figure A. 30 Continued
124
Figure A. 31 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to thermal treatment – amount per
province
125
Figure A. 31 Continued
126
Figure A. 32 Recommended hazardous waste disposal routes to controlled landfill – amount per
province
127
Figure A. 32 Continued
128
Tehlikeli Atıkların Sınıflandırılması Kılavuzu Cilt I
1