NUMERACY IN

DESIGNShapes:

When designing new products ordrawing existing products, try toimagine it as a series of linkedshapes. Sketch the shapes lightlyin pencil before going overchosen lines a little darker toform your image.

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Circle Triangle Square Pentagon Hexagon

Regular shapes

Regular prisms

Regular pyramids

1 3 4 5 6

Lines:

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Solid or cut line

Dotted line for a fold or hidden detail

Glue line on developments

Parallel lines

Perpendicular lines

Chain dotted lines for an axis

Lines of equal size

When creating a net for a model,these line styles can be applied tohelp in planning and making.

NUMERACY IN

DESIGN

Diameter, D or d

Measuring Circles:

Diameter, O = 2rCircumference, C = 2 r

CircumferenceDiameter

= = 3.14159

Pi or is the ratio of a circle’scircumference to its diameter

3.14Food for thought…

Key facts…

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CircumferenceRadius,R or r

SectorSegment

ArcParts of a circle: Area of a circle:

r2

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DESIGN

3.14=

Measuring Rectangles & Squares:

It is important to work out the areaof materials needed for ourproducts. This way we can maximisethe use of materials and work outhow much we need to spend. It willalso help us to figure out if existingoff-cuts of materials can be used.

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Length (L)

Width (W)

Area = (L)x(W)

Centre point is foundBy linking the corners

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DESIGN

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DESIGNNets:Imagine your 3D design as a pieceof packaging that has been takenapart and laid out flat. Use thecorrect line styles for fold and glueLines.

When using CAD/CAM to designyour net, you will need to make surethat the lines are colour coded tomatch the ‘engrave’ and ‘cut’requirements of your laser cutter.Eg.

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Red = cutBlack = engrave

Scale:A real object, with accurate sizesthat has been reduced or enlargedin size by a certain amount. If anmodel or drawing is 1/10th of itsIntended size as an outcome, it iswritten as 1:10.

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DESIGN

Drawing 1:4 Product

10mm

10mm

20mm

20mm

Area = L(10) x W(10) = 100mm

Area = L(20) x W(20) = 400mm

= 100:400= 1:4

Drawing Formats:Oblique (45 ) Front face drawingwith 45 degree line depth.

Isometric (30 ) 3D drawing, 30degree lines for depth.

When drawing 3D shapes orproducts, the most important thingto remember is to use parallel linesin the right place.Here you can see themsplit into red, blue andgreen.

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45

30 30

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DESIGN NUMERACY IN

DESIGN

CAD: 2D Design V2

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Drawing tools to given radius orno. of sides.

Dimensions - measures betweenselected areas.Contour - create internal or externalPerimeter of a shape.

10mm line lock.

Radial Lock - Rotate design at setangle.

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DESIGN

Transform - Replace or repeat design.

+

10mm line lock.

2D Design V2 is a CAD (Computer AidedDesign) program that allows you todesign ready for CAM (Computer AidedManufacture). It is really useful to get toknow the layout and the tools if youwant to get the best and most accuratedesign work!

CAD:3D Design, typical tools:

Using accurate measurements whendesigning in a 3D CAD program willallow you to grasp the size all of theparts need to be in relation to eachother. It will also allow you tocalculate area and volume of aproduct.

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DESIGNDimensions - adds andallows you to change line, radius& diameter measurements.Extrude - To force, press or pushout a shape.Chamfer - Bring an edge downat a chosen angle.Round - Change an edge to aChosen radius.

‘Maths behind the design’:

Can you combine inspiration foundin research to come up with adesign for a product? Try the ‘Mathsbehind the design’ to demonstratein a simple way how patterns arecombined to form a solution.

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DESIGN

+ =

Alexander McQueenS/S 10’ Dress

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CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture):Laser Cutting

% Power cut/engrave % Speed cut/engrave

Height of bed. Depth of material Depth of engraving

Check the recommended speedand power for cutting, light anddeep engravings.Make sure the laser has been on forthe required start up time beforerunning the print.

Image: Techsoft LaserCAM

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CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture):3D Printing

Slice height in mm % Density of solid fill Angle of tolerance Available print area Estimated print time % of build Filament usage in metres

Export your 3D designs to ‘.stl’(Stereo lithography) files.BRIM - creates a skirt around design.RAFT - creates a base beneathdesign.SUPPORTS - temporary supportsunder lipped platforms.

Image: ‘Beethefirst’ from Beeverycreative.com

CNC (Computer Numerical Control):Vinyl Cutting

Force of cut Speed of cut No. of passes Application tape for accuracy CNC Output

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Vinyl cut designs are a quick way tomake your work look professional.Try cutting your design twice andoffsetting one colour from another?Use the leftover outline of yourdesign as a stencil?

Image: ‘Graphtec Silhouette SD’

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Manufacturing plan:Make sure instructions for making aproduct are in the correct order tofollow…

Stage Tools/Machines

QualityChecks

H&S

1:

2:

3:

In industry, the designer does notalways make the end product. Itis very important that calculationsare correct to avoid costly mistakes!

Mathematical Literacy:

Length, Width, DepthSquare, Right Angle, DegreesJig, MeasureDensity, Tolerance, Force2D, 3DRotation

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Use the correct terminology inlessons and when writing up yourpractical work. Do you know themeanings of the abovemathematical literacy?Could you add any more?

Angles:

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Jigs: We can makea jig to help controlthe location ormotion or a materialor tool. These arereally useful foraccuracy and whenmaking more thanone product.

Sander

Eg.1) 2) 3)

Cutting List:

Find out what materials you have tochoose from in school. Checkwhether they are in sheet or plankform. Find out the differentthickness Include a labelledimage of your work. Measurementsin millimetres.

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Part Material L(mm)

W(mm)

D(mm) Number

Make sure that you start at zero.Measure in mm for better accuracy.Add suggested sizes to initial designsand actual sizes to developments &final ideas.Double check all measurements!Use a sharp pencil.

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Plastic Ruler10cm=100mm

Steel Rule1cm=10mm

Measuring:Tape Measure1m=100cm=1000mm

Marking GaugeScribes a parallel cutting line

Scales of Production:One Off (1)- A prototype product, aone off solution to a problem.Batch (10s to 1000s)- Small quantitiesor identical.Mass (10,000s to millions)- Largequantity, normally in a line of smallstages.ContinuousUsually simple to make, 24 hours aday, all year round.

If you were to change your designto suit one of the forms ofproduction above, what changeswould you need to make? Wouldpackaging need to be modified?

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Gantt Charts:At the beginning of a project, youWill have compared the tasks to thetime you had available.

Effective time management isessential in a project. It is worthreflecting on your estimated timeswhen evaluating. This way you canimprove upon your future planningand management.

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Brief

Research

Specification

Ideas

Development

Final Idea

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Projected Time Actual Time

Measurement testing:

It is important to double check ourmeasurements throughout thedesign & make process. When theproduct is finished we should makefinal checks as to whether the sizesmake the product fit for it’s purpose,ergonomics and anthropometrics.

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Image: engineeringdrawing.org

As we manufacture our products,we find that many changes takeplace. It is important to analysedata gathered from users of theproduct in order to figure howsuccessful it is and if any furtherchanges are necessary.

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Product questionnaire:Ease of use?Appropriate sizes?Value for money?Happy with product?Anthropometrics?Ergonomics?Quality of finish?

%

£

cm

mm

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Design & product specification:

As we manufacture our products,we find that many changes takeplace. It is important to analysedata gathered from users of theproduct in order to figure howsuccessful it is & if any furtherchanges are necessary.

%

%

Mathematical Literacy:One-off, Batch, Mass, Continuous,Gantt, Chart, Actual, Projected,Time, One, Ten, Hundred, Thousand,Million, Quantity, Stages,Measurements, Millimetre,Centimetre, Anthropometrics,Ergonomics.

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Use the correct terminology inlessons and when writing up yourevaluation. Do you know themeanings of the abovemathematical literacy?Could you add any more?

Mechanisms:Cranks and camsconvert rotarymotion (1) toreciprocating motion(2) and vice versa.Gears (3) are used asforce multipliersand reducers.

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(1)

(2)

(3)

Always consider force and motionwithin your design to enableworking mechanisms. Test these tomake sure they work in unison togain the required outcome.

Anthropometrical Data:In order to make a design suitableto a specific user, a target marketor as inclusive as possible, it isimportant to look average humanSizes.

Use a tape measure to work out theaverage measurements of yourtarget market. This will enable youto design specifically for them.Data can be found on the Internetbut why not measure yourself or apeer to make it primary research!

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Ergonomics:Measurements and positioning ofproducts and their components inorder to optimise interaction witha human. Effectiveergonomic designallows for well placedcomponents andfeatures without overcomplicating.

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Create space, CAD & card modelsin order to allow high quality testingstrategies for the user. Check yourmeasurements of parts to enablethe user an uncomplicatedexperience. Remember…good design is smarter, not harder.

Data Collection:Start with a client interview orquestionnaire to gain opinions. Nowanalyse data.

In D&T we are usually designing forothers. It is vital to find out what ourtarget market wants out of theproduct. Analyse these answers &show we have considered them inour designs. Use annotations to linkdesigns to your customer.

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Pie Chart Bar Graph Pictograph

Electronic symbols:

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Switches

M

= DiodeCapacitor

ResistorMotor

Thermistor

Ohms Law:Calculates Voltage, Current orResistance in a circuit.

V = I x R VI R

Voltage (V) = VoltsCurrent (I) = Amps

Resistance (R) = Ohms

Cell

Battery Bulb

Bulb

Now try the resistor calculator!

Biomimicry:The design and production ofmaterials, structures, and systemsthat are modelled on biologicalentities and processes

Nature not only inspires ideas anddesigns but solves many problemsthat designers face too! Think abouthow biomimicry and themathematics of nature couldimprove your design and make itmore sustainable.

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Mathematical Literacy:Averages

Mode - The most common valueof the data.Median - The middle value whendata is put in order.Mean - Add all of the valuestogether & divide by the totalnumber of pieces of data.

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Mode

Median

Mean 1+7+5+8+4+7+6+5+5+2 = 50

1, 7, 5, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 5, 2Data:

1, 7, 5, 8, 4, 7, 6, 5, 5, 2 = 5

1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8 = 5

Mathematical Literacy:Brackets - Symbols used in pairs togroup calculations together.Indices - Concept for expressing verylarge numbers.Division - Separating into a numberof parts.Multiplication - Adding an integer toitself a specified number of times.Addition - The total of 2 or morenumbers.Subtract - Taking a number oramount away from another.

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5

I =2+

( )B = D =--M = A = S =

Symbols:

x

Mathematical Literacy:Brackets, Indices, Division,Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction,Percentages, Symbols, Input,Output, Mode, Median, Mean,Models, Structure, Systems, Process,Flow, Data, Data Analysis, Fractions,Anthropometrics, Ergonomics,Units of measurement - Metres (m)Centimetres (cm) & Millimetres (mm)

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Use the correct terminology inlessons and when writing up allaspects of your work. Do you knowthe meanings of the abovemathematical literacy?Could you add any more?

Flow Diagrams:

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Direction of Flow

Flow Diagrams will help you to ordera series of instructions and decisionsin a task. These decisions are oftenyour QA's (Quality Assurances).

Yes

No

Start/Stop

Process

Decision

Input/Output

Key: