1

A.A. Romanov, A.A. Romanov, A.E. Tyulin Small satellites for vessels and airplanes monitoring at JSC “Russian Space Systems”: status and perspectives

10th IAA Symposium on Small Satellites for Earth Observation April 20-24, 2015, Berlin, Germany

2

Presentation outlook

1. CosmoAIS project description

2. Onboard and ground equipment

3. First results of AIS receiver testing onboard “Resource-P”#2 satellite

4. Satellite AIS data validation

5. Some future plans

6. Conclusions

3

The World Ocean as an illegal activity area

Terrorism Piracy Transnational crime

Undocumented immigration Drug trafficking Illegal weapon transportation

4

Main events concerning AIS during the“CosmoAIS” project realization

CRPD (2012) GS – Moscow (2012)

GS – Novosibirsk (2013-2014)

GS – Norilsk (2013-2014)

GS – Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (2013-2014)

GS – Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (2012)

GS – Murmansk (2013-2014)

CRPD – Center for Receiving, Processing and Disseminating Data GS – Ground Station for Receiving and Processing Data

“CosmoAIS” nanosatellite (2015) AIS receiver (2012) “Resurs P” #2 satellite (2014)

AIS receiver (2012)

5

CHARACTERISTICS Mass, 1.67 kg Dimensions, 105 х 105 х 211 mm Power consumption, 5.0 W Carrier frequences (156.775; 156.825; 161.975; 162.025) MHz; Doppler bias – not less than ± 4 kHz; Modulation – GMSK; Sensitivity – not less than -117 dBmW; Operating mode – sessional Coverage zone – 5000 km Antenna gain – 1.5 dB

OUTPUT Digital signal spectrum, 1 min – 20 Mb Decoded packets – 0.05 packets/s (0.5 packets/s)

Characteristics of the AIS receiver for “Resurs P” #2 and its supposed modernization

OUTPUT Digital signal spectrum, 1 min – 20 Mb Decoded AIS messages Decoded packets – 5 packets/s

CHARACTERISTICS Mass, 1.67 kg Dimensions, 105 х 105 х 211 mm Power consumption, 5.0 W Carrier frequences (156.775; 156.825; 161.975; 162.025) MHz; Doppler bias – not less than ± 4 kHz; Modulation – GMSK; Sensitivity – not less than -117 dBmW; Operating mode – continuous Coverage zone – 1000 km Antenna gain – 8 dB

Before modernization After modernization

6

Mass 2.5 kg Dimensions

With undeployed antennas 103 x 103 x 349 mm With deployed antennas 1114 x 1114 x 349 mm

Lifespan 1 year Orbit 600-1000 km Attitude determination and control system

Attitude along the Earth’s magnetic axis Stabilization accuracy 10°

Power supply (max.) 6.9 W Payload

The AIS onboard receiver detects AIS signals in a frequency range from 156.775 to 162.025 MHz, with transmitted power from 1 to 12.5 W, with GMSK modulation at a transmission speed of 9600 bps;

Data transmission rate

Ground-space command transmission in UHF range, modulation

1200 bps, BPSK

Space-ground data transmission in VHF range, modulation

9600 bps, AFSK

Working frequency

Ground-space command transmission in UHF range 436.700 MHz

Space-ground data transmission in VHF range 145.930 MHz

Structure of the “CosmoAIS” nanosatellite

Image of the “CosmoAIS” nanosatellite

“CosmoAIS” nanosatellite

7

Demonstration model of CRPD AIS

DESCRIPTION The Center for Receiving, Processing and Disseminating data (CRPD AIS) is a complex of both telecommunications and server equipment.

CRPD is the central node of the ground infrastructure, its main functional core, which solves the issues of consolidation and integrated analytical processing of AIS data, received from regional GS, as well as presentation of the post-processing results to authorized end-users.

CHARACTERISTICS 1. CRPD AIS availability factor – no less than 0.9999. 2. Lifespan – no less than 50 000 h. 3. Provides connection of more than 30 thousand users simultaneuosly (possible to scale up to 100 000). 4. Power voltage – 220 V. 5. Power consumption – no more than 10 kW.

8

Ground station – GS AIS

CHARACTERISTICS 1. Receiving and transmitting antenna system of GS AIS – Yagi type 2. Frequency range of the “space-ground” channel (VHF): 140-150 MHz 3. Frequency range of the “ground-space” channel (UHF): 430-440 MHz 4. Transmitting power – 10 dBW. 5. Relative level of spurious radio emission – 60 dB 6. Relative instability of heterodyne frequency – 20· 10-6

DESCRIPTION GS AIS consists of a VHF/UHF antenna system; a base station in a 19″ rack with a VHF/UHF transceiver; a computer; a TNC (terminal node controller); a UPS; an interface block to connect with the unit, which receives, decodes and renders the AIS data as well as performs the GS remote control; and display facilities.

GS AIS special software (SSW) includes: •SSW interfacing both with CRPD and GS remote control; •SSW for AIS satellite signal processing; •Base station SSW: satellite position prediction SW, SW for rotor control and interfacing with TNC, transmitter and receiver SW, received signals demodulator and decoder SW.

9

Location of regional data reception centers and AIS space segment’s radio coverage zones

GS AIS locations # 1-6 and coverage zones for LEO satellites (angle > 10°)

10

!AIVDM,1,1,,A,1815>5001R5LcTUe33;4ICLn06HH,0*

First decoded AIS message from the AIS receiver on board of the “Resurs P” #2 satellite

17.01.2015 22:06:22 (76 E.L. 33 S.L.)

11

The result of detecting vessels within the framework of the “Resurs P” #2 satellite flight tests

According to data received during 20.01.2015 - 22.01.2015 and 03.02.2015 - 04.02.2015 using the first version of processing software, 17 AIS messages were decoded.

Algorithm modernization allowed to receive 360 AIS messages using the

same initial data

12

Time, UTC Latitude Longitude Direction Speed

MarineTraffic 22:06 21.1088 -157.5537 291 7.0

AIS receiver 22:18 21.1177 -157.5792 289 7.5

MarineTraffic 22:20 21.1178 -157.5821 288 7.1

Comparison of vessel data acquired by the AIS receiver and the marinetraffic.com service on 03.02.2015

13

Number Name title Number of sessions

Number of messages

Number of messages per second (avg./max.)

1 The Chukchee Sea 11 5 0.02/0.07

2 The Laptev Sea 11 20 0.07/0.22

3 The Kara Sea 21 180 0.31/1.16

4 The Barents Sea 23 432 0.68/2.51

5 The Black Sea 23 45 0.07/0.58

6 The Sea of Okhotsk 11 445 1.47/4.04

7 The Bering Sea 10 326 1.19/4.29

Value Amount Type 1 message 2021 Type 2 message 9 Type 3 message 301 Type 4 message 55 Type 5 message 40 Total messages 2426 Total vessels 1146 Total equipment sessions 146

AIS data from “Resurs P” #2 from 01.03.2015 to 31.03.2015

14

AIS data from “Resurs P” #2 from 01.03.2015 to 31.03.2015 in several regions 01.03.2015 – 31.03.2015 by regions

15

Conclusions

1. In conclusion, it is necessary to point out that, as a result of the “CosmoAIS” project, a sea vessel monitoring technology based on registering AIS signals was created.

2. Several key elements of the proposed technology were developed: the on-board AIS signal receiver; the “CosmoAIS” nanosatellite; ground stations; a Center for Receiving, Processing and Disseminating data; and special AIS decoding software.

3. At the moment flight tests are taking place on board the satellite “Resurs-P” #2; they should lead to further improvement of AIS data decoding algorithms. It is supposed that, with the help of the experience gained during testing, AIS data adaptive processing algorithms capable of working effectively on board a satellite will be developed.

4. In the near future the technologies developed within the framework of the “CosmoAIS” project are expected to be used for designing a specialized satellite for registering AIS/AIS-SART/ADS-B and COSPAS-SARSAT signals.