a•lt˚p a±Ævp - kerala...1 ˙y[Ùi˚u yÙrd˚lrÙu nÙ ‹m sitolﬁm spjßv l[ltvqj (field...

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp

˙LW[ AW—

LpÆj’˚\

2009

Yœl◊

VIII

Tœß - 1

Basic ScienceStd VIIIPart -I

Tamil Medium

Prepared by :State Council of EducationalResearch and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala.Website www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail [email protected]

© Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2009

˙R£V ∏Rm

_] LQ U] ARıSÙVL _V ˙a

TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ

TgNÙT ^ık’ œ_WÙR UÙWÙhPÙ

RıWÙYıP EjLX TeLÙ

YıkRıV aıUÙNX Vÿ]Ù LeLÙ

EfNX _XRı RWeLÙ

RY—T BNı^ UÙ˙L

LÙ˙a RY _V LÙRÙ

_] LQ UeL[ RÙVL _V ˙a

TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ

_V ˙a _V ˙a _V ˙a

_V _V _V _V ˙a

CW≈kßWSÙR RÙ·o

AuTÙ] UÙQYoL˙[;

Sm˚Uf —t±¤m SPdœm UÙt\eL˚[d LY]UÙL BWÙnk’,

Lt\˚X B]kRm R⁄m ˘NVXÙL UÙtflY’ GqYÙfl G]

SUdœj ˘R¨Ÿm. Lt\p J⁄ ˘RÙPof˘NVpTÙ” Bœm.

TÙP◊jRLeLs ARtLÙ] J⁄ L⁄Æ Uh”˙U. TÙP◊jRLjßp

œ±l©h”s[ ˘TÙ⁄hLs A˚]j˚RŸm A±˚Yj

RVÙ¨lTRtLÙLl TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.

—VUÙL £kßj’m, RLYpLs ßWh•Ÿm, SiToLfiPu

˙Nok’ A‡TYeL˚[l T°ok’m øeLs E⁄YÙdœm

A±‹, Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh˚P ÿu˙SÙd° YØ SPj’m.

A±˚Y E⁄YÙdœm ˙Y˚[L∞p HWÙ[UÙ] ˙LsÆLs

EeLfidœs GZXÙm. GpXÙYt±dœm Æ˚P °˚PdL

˙Yi”m GuTßp˚X. Æ˚P Li”©•lTRtLÙ] YØ

E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi•V’m øeL˙[. ARtLÙL EeLfidœ

ERYl TÙP◊jRLÿm B£¨˚VŸm EPu C⁄lTÙoLs.

A±‹ B]kRm R⁄Y’, Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls G∞RÙœm

˙Y˚[´XÙœm. AjR˚LV HWÙ[m ˘NVpTÙh•tLÙ]

YÙnl◊Ls Cl◊jRLjßp Ei”. Af˘NVpTÙh•u

YØVÙL SiToLfiPu ˙Nok’ øeLfim TV¶j’d

Lt\˚X CuTm R⁄m ˘LÙiPÙhPUÙL UÙt±P EeL[Ùp

CVXh”m.

YÙrj’LfiPu.

G. ©. Gm. ÿLU’ a¡’ IASCVdœSo (˘TÙfll◊)

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m

Academic Co-ordinatorsSmt. Sobha Jacob

Dr.Ancy Varghese

Members participated in the Textbook workshopSri. Narayanan.M.PSri. M.Pradeep KumarSri. Pradeep Kumar.K.VSri. Rajan.M.VSri. Rajesh.K.OSri. K.RamakrishnanSri. Ramesh Kumar.M.KSri. R.RenjithSri. Sanil Kumar.M.PSri. Sathyajyothi.SSri. Satheesh Kumar.SSri. C.SasidharanSri. V.K.SasidharanSri. Sebastian Lukose.T.JSri. Sibi MathaiDr. K.S.SajanSri. Sirajudheen.P.TSri. Stalin.V.ASri. Shyamjith.MSri. K.Suresh KumarDr. R.K.Sunil KumarDr. R.Suresh ChandrakurupSri. Thilakan.K.Sri. Venugopalan.V.VSri. Vinod.E.C

Dr. K.Abdul RasheedSri. Abdul SatharSri.Abdul Karim.K.CSri. Aloshious.ESri. Anil.M.RSri. Anil Kumar.P.KSri. Baburaj PayyathSri. P.D.BabySri. Balakrishnan KadanDr. Biju.ASri. Boby JoseSmt. Bindu.K.CSmt. Famila.E.RSri. N.K.GopalanSri.K.JayarajanSri. Jose PaulSri. N.G.Krishna PillaiSri. Madhu Kumar.P.RSri. Manoj Kumar.P.PSri. Muhammed Abdul Nazar.KDr. Muhammed Unni Elias MusthafaSri. K. MuraleedharanSri. V. MuraleedharanDr. K.MurukanSri. P.S.Mathew

National ExpertsDr. Vinod Raina

Dr.Anitha Ramphal

ArtistsSri. Abhilash.T.KSri. Bimal Kumar.SSri. Divakaran.M.MSri.C.RajendranSri. Sajith Sudhakar

ExpertsDr. Jayaraman.P.RSri. Mohankumar.CSri. K.PappoottiDr. Subash BabuSri. K.Suresh BabuDr. Vijayakumaran Nair

State Council of Educational Research and TrainingVidyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012

Tamil Version

Dr. Nainar, MSri. Oliver, GSri. Srinivasan, S.P

Academic Co-ordinator

Dr. Sahaya Dhas, D

Smi. Thobias, KSri. Thanislas, MDr. Vijayalakshmi, T

Es[PdLm

1. ˙Y[Ùi˚U YÙrd˚LRÙu 07

2. E´¨]eLfidœ J⁄ ÿLY¨ 23

3. CVt˚L AZ°˙V... 36

4. UÙt\eLs 47

5. ÍXd·fl, A‘ 59

6. A‘Æu A˚Ul◊ 68

7. ®˚XjR¤dLÙL 79

8. J∞´u TÙ˚R´p 87

9. CVdLm 95

10. Æ˚N 103

11. Ek’Æ˚NŸm A›jRÿm 110

11111 ˙Y[Ùi˚U YÙrd˚LRÙu

NÙ◊‹m SiToLfim SPjßV L[lTVQj (field trip) RLYpL˙[ ˙Utœ±l©hP˚Y.

NdL¨VÙ©s˚[ AiQu ·±V˚Rl ˙TÙp ÆYNÙVjß˚] BRÙVLWUÙ]RÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

EeLfi˚PV L⁄j’ G›R‹m.

T—˚U˚V ˙SÙd° Ko TVQm

NdL¨VÙ ©s˚[ AiQ≤u ˙RÙhPjßu AZœ Cuflm ˘Sg˚N Æh”øeLÆp˚X.

"T—˚U" Gufl R]’ ≈h•tœl ˘TVo „h•Vß≠⁄k˙R ÆYNÙVjßp AY⁄dœs[

D”TÙ” ˘R¨°u\’. RUdœf ˘NÙkRUÙ] 50˘Nuh CPj˚Rf —t± ˘LÙu˚\ Utflm,

ÿ⁄e˚LVÙp ˙Y≠ Lh•Ÿs[Ùo. ˘LÙu˚\˚V Jh• Y[okR SpX™[œm, ˙Y≠

ÿ›Y’UÙLl TWÆ´⁄dœm ˙LÙ˚YdLÙnLfim ◊j’Qo˚Yj R⁄m LÙh£Ls Bœm.

A’ Uh”UpXÙUp TÙLtLÙn, ◊P˚X, TVfl, ™[LÙn, ˘Yi˚PdLÙn, RdLÙ∞, ÈN¶,

∏˚W ˙Tu\˚YLfim Aeœ Ei”. øolTÙN]jßtœm, ¡u Y[ol©tœUÙL £fl œ[m

Juflm Es[’. ˘RÙ›Yjßp 5 T—dLs. Ti˚Qd LØ‹Ls, EßokR C˚XLs, £fl

°˚[Ls, A›°V LÙnL±l ˘TÙ⁄hLsVÙ‹m, Lm˙TÙvh EWUÙL UÙt\lT”°u\].

˙Y≠˚V Jh• Y[⁄m T—m◊p, £fl ˘Yt±Pm ·P CpXÙR A[Ætœl T—˚U˚Vl

TWYf ˘Nn°u\ J⁄ T—˚UlÈeLÙ. J⁄ Y˚L´p °˚Pdœm LØ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[

˙Y˘\Ùu±tœl TVuT”jß EtTjßf ˘NX˚Yd Lh”lT”j’°u\ ß\˚U GkR˘YÙ⁄

ÆYNÙ´dœm ÿuUÙß¨VÙœm. CRtLÙL 20 ˘Nuh ®Xj˚R ˘SpNÙœT•dœm

TVuT”j’°u\Ùo.

≈h•u ˙UpUÙ•˚Vd ·P Æh”˚YdLÆp˚X. Aeœ ˙LÙØ, LÙ˚Pd˙LÙØ, Utflm

£flT\˚YLs Y[o°u\]. U¨Vm AdLÙÆtœjRÙu ARu ˘TÙfll◊.

ÆYNÙVm ˘NnYRÙp GkR XÙTÿm Cp˚X G]d ·flTY¨Pm øeLs ˘NÙpX Æ⁄m◊m

L⁄j’ Gu] G] Æ]ÆV˙TÙ’, R]d˙L E¨V TÙ¶´p £¨j’d ˘LÙi”

APdLj’Pu AYo ˘NÙu]’,

"J⁄ ÆYNÙ´dœ ÆYNÙVm GuT’ YÙrd˚LVÙœm. YÙrd˚L GuT’ XÙTm CpXÙR

Jufl G] VÙ⁄dLÙY’ ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?"˙Ut·±V’ GeLfidœl ◊¨VÆp˚X G‡m TÙeœPu AY˚Wl TÙoj˙RÙm. ˘RÙPok’

AYo ·±VRÙY’.

ÆtT˚] ˘NnYRtLÙ] YNß Cu˚UŸm Æ˚X´p HtT”°u\ Ht\jRÙr‹m

ÆYNÙVj’˚\´u RPeLpL[Ùœm. EsoL∞˙X˙V ÆtT˚] ˘NnŸm YNß˚Vl

˘T⁄dœY’m EtTjß ˘NnVlThP ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[j ˙Rd° ˚Ydœm ˚UVeL˚[j

’YdL‹m ÆYNÙ´L∞u ·hP˚Ul◊Ls ÿVt£ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. AqYÙ\Ù]

·hP˚Ul◊Ls GeLs Tœß´p Ei”. BoYÿm ˘RÙ˚X ˙SÙdœlTÙo˚YŸm

Ei˘P≤p ÆYNÙVm Gp˙XÙ⁄dœm XÙTj˚R Dh•jR⁄m. Gu‡˚PV œ”mTjß]o

YÙrYRtœ ÆYNÙVm ˙TÙ’UÙ]RÙœm.

AiQ≤u ˙Tf£p Uh”UpX, T—˚U´¤m ÿt±¤m ÆYNÙVm ®˚\k’s[’.

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII

8

NdL¨VÙ ©s˚[ AiQ≤u ˙RÙhPjßu TPjß˚] Suœ LY≤dL‹m. Aj’Pu

LXlTVQjß (field trip) u œ±l©˚]Ÿm BWÙnk’ ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L∞u

A•lT˚P´p J⁄ LXk’˚WVÙPp SPjß EeLs L⁄j’ N¨VÙ? RY\Ù? G]d Li”©•dL‹m.

ÆYNÙV ®Xjßu AßLlT•VÙ] TVuTÙ” GqYÙfl NÙjßVUÙ´tfl?

EtTjßf ˘NX‹ GqYÙfl œ˚\dLlTh”s[’.?

RÙYWeL˚[ Sh”Y[olT’ Uh”m RÙu ÆYNÙVUÙ? ÆYNÙVjßtœ J⁄ ˘NVpÿ˚\

Æ[dLm A∞dL‹m.

TPm 1.1

ÆYNÙV CPm


9

CqÆWi” ÆYNÙ´L∞u TVflf˘N•L∞u £\l◊m, œ˚\TÙ”m Gu]˘Yufl NÙpXÿ•ŸUÙ?

CWi” Y˚LVÙ] RÙYWeL∞¤ÿs[ SpX Ti◊L˚[ Jufl NodL CVu\Ùp ◊ßV UmThP

WLj˚R E⁄YÙdL ÿ•ŸUpXYÙ? CRtœl TVuT”m ÿ˚\˙V LXl©]m ˘NnRp

(hybridisation) Gufl øeLs ˘R¨k’˚Yj’s«oLs ApXYÙ?

EeLfi˚PV T´flf ˘N•´p GqY[‹LÙnLs! Gu‡˚PV T´fl

˘N•˚Vl TÙ⁄eLs.˙T⁄dœd ˘LÙgNm.

ÆYNÙV ®Xjßu TVuTÙh˚P CVu\Y˚W AßL¨dLf ˘NnYR]Ù¤m EtTjßf ˘NX‹

œ˚\lTRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[d L˚P©•lTRÙ¤m Uh”m ÆYNÙVm XÙTj˚Rj R⁄m G]d

·\ÿ•ŸUÙ? ÆYNÙVjßp XÙTj˚R Dh”YRtœ C˚PÎ\ÙL C⁄dœm ©WfN˚]Ls G’˘Y]

Th•V≠P‹m.

$ ˙UmThP RWÿ˚PV T´oY˚LL∞u Rh”lTÙ”.

$ EtTjßjß\u ™œkR E´¨]eL˚[l Tt±Ÿm AYt±u TWÙU¨l◊ Tt±Ÿm TÙßV A±‹

Cu˚U.

$ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\´XÙ] EWlTVuTÙ” Tt±V A±‹ Cu˚U.

$

$

ÆYNÙVm XÙTU˚PVf NnYRtœ C˚PÎflLs Ei” G] R¨kRRpXYÙ? CqÆ˚PÎflL˚[

A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙL AX£j æo‹ LÙiTRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[d L˚P©•dL ˙Yi”m.

CWi” ÆYNÙ´Ls ˙T£d˘LÙsY˚Rd LY≤ŸeLs Gi¶d˚L´p Gu]Es[’? Gu‡˚PV T´flL∞p

˙SÙn Utflm Èf£ Gßol◊j Ru˚U˘LÙgNÿm Cp˚X. AlT•lTÙojRÙp

EeL[’˘N•L˙[ Up

TPm 1.2


10

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ TPjßu œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jß BWÙnk’ TÙodL‹m. LXl©]m NnR¤dœ

J⁄ ˘NVpÿ˚\ Æ[dLm A∞j’ EeLs A±ÆVp Tß˙Yh•p G›R‹m.

˙Ro‹ ˘NnVlThP˘Tt˙\Ùo RÙYWm I (˘Ti)

˙Ro‹ ˘NnVlThP

˘Tt˙\Ùo RÙYWm II (Bi)

˘Tt˙\Ùo RÙYWm I ULWkRm ødLm˘Nn°u\]o (LÙV•jRp)

BiÈÆ¤s[ ULWkRjÁs

˙NL¨dLlT”°u\’

˙NL¨jR ULWkRß˚] TVuT”jß˘TiÈÆp ULWkRf ˙Nod˚L

HtT”j’°u\]o.

˘TiÈ˚Y TÙ≠jæu ˚T˚VTVuT”jß Í”°u\]o.

Æ˚R˚V

˙NL¨d°u\]o

Æ˚R˚V ÿ˚[dL

˚Yd°u\]o

˙UmT”jRlThP WLj˚R

˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ Y[od°u\]o

TPm 1.3LXl©]m NnRp


11

Bi, ˘Ti RÙYWeL˚[j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ LY≤dL˙Yi•V’ Gu]?

RÙnj RÙYWjß¤s[ ULWkRj˚R ødLm ˘NnY’ Hu?

ULWkRf ˙Nod˚L (Pollination) SPj’Y’ GqYÙfl?

ULWkRf ˙Nod˚Ldœl ©u ˘TiÈÆ˚] Í”Y’ Hu?

LXl©]m ˘NnR≠u Tp˙Yfl ®˚XL˚[l TVuT”jß ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ TPÆ[dLjß˚]

®WlT‹m.

CqYÙfl E⁄YÙœm RÙYWeLs A˚]j’m SpX Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiPRÙL C⁄dL YÙnl◊

Cp˚X. TX R˚Xÿ˚\L∞¤s[ WLeL˚[ LXl©]m ˘NnYR]Ùp RÙu ˙UmT”jRlThP

RÙYWeL˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•°u\’. CqYÙfl Æ⁄m©V Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP RÙYWeL˚[d

LiP±k’ EflßT”j’m NVp Ro‹ NnRp (selection) G]lT”m. LXl©]f NV≠u YÙ´XÙL

E⁄YÙd°V RÙYWeLs ÆYNÙVj’˚\´u Y[of£dœl T¨’m ERÆŸs[’. AßL UL„˚Xj

R⁄Y’, ˙SÙn Utflm Èf£ Gßol◊j Ru˚U, Æ˚WÆp ÿßof£Ÿflm œfl°V LÙX T´oLs G]

SÙm Æ⁄m◊m SpX Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP LXl©]jRÙYWeLs HWÙ[UÙL Cufl TVuTÙh•p

Es[].

↓

↓↓↓↓↓

˙YflThP Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP

˘Tt˙\Ùo RÙYWeL∞u ˙Ro‹

TPÆ[dLm I


12

(a) —Skß≤ (b) A’pVÙ

TPm1.4

˙Y[Ùi˚Uj’˚\´p TWYXÙLl TVuT”jRlT”m £X LXl©] WLeL˚[ EeLfidœj

˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ?

$ ˘_VÙ, AvYß, IR-8, .................................... ˛ ˘Sp

$ T D, D T, ............................................... ˛ ˘Ru˚]

Cufl S˚Pÿ˚\´¤s[ ©\ LXl©]j RÙYW C]eL∞u ˘TVoL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ J⁄

—YolTjß¨˚L RVÙo ˘Nn’ YœlT˚\´p LÙh£dœ ˚YdL‹m.

˙UmT”jRlThP RÙYWeLs Uh”™u± ˙UmT”jRlThP ÆXe°]eL˚[Ÿm E⁄YÙd°P

LXl©]f ˘NVp ER‹°u\’.

˙UmT”jRlThP, EtTjßjß\u ™œkR RÙYWm Utflm ÆXe°]eL˚[ EtTjß ˘NnŸm

EXLl◊Lr Tt\ ®flY]eLs SU’ UÙ®Xjßp Es[]. UÙh”lTh•´p A˚Uk’s[ Ck˙RÙ

˛ —Æv ◊˙WÙ_d•p RÙu —Skß≤ ©\kR’. A’pVÙ ˛˙LW[Ù ˙Y[Ùi˚U TpL˚XdLZL

˙LÙØ Y[ol◊ ˚UVjßu T˚PlTÙœm.

CqYÙfl ◊Lr ˘Tt\ £X ®flY]eL∞u ˘TVo ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[].. ˙U¤m, ˙Y[Ùi

BWÙnf£ ˚UVeL˚[lTt± ÆNÙ¨j’j RLYp ßWhP‹m.

$ ˘Sp BWÙnf£ ˚UVeLs ˛ ThPÙm©, Ue˘LÙm◊

$ CWlTo BWÙnf£ ®˚XVm ˛ ˙LÙhPVm.

$ SpX™[œ BWÙnf£ ˚UVm ˛ Tu≤Îo (LiÊo)

$ UjßV Æ˚[l˘TÙ⁄hLs BWÙnf£ ˚UVm ˛ LÙNo˙LÙ”, LÙVmœ[m

$ UjßV °Zeœ Y˚L BWÙnf£ ®˚XVm ˛ cLÙ¨Vm (ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm)

$

$

˙UmT”jRlThP LXl©] WLeLs HWÙ[UÙL C⁄dœm˙TÙ’ R≤jRu˚UŸ˚PV

EsSÙh” C]eLs TÙ’LÙdLlTP ˙Yi”UÙ? EeLs L⁄j’ Gu]?


13

R≤j’Yjßu U°˚USmÿ˚PV LÙX®˚Xdœm Ui‘dœm

Aeœ Y[o°u\ RÙYWeLfidœm C˚P

˙VŸs[ ∫WÙ] ˘RÙPo˙T ˙LW[j˚R

T—˚UVÙd°V’. LÙX®˚Xd˙Lt\’m

˙SÙnR”lTÙt\p Es[’UÙ°V GqY[‹

RÙYW´]eLs SUdœ C⁄kR]? RY˚[d

LiQu, œ[lTÙ˚X, £t˙\¶ ˙TÙu\

˘Sp WLeLfim, ßjßdœm UÙeL≤Ls

HWÙ[UÙLd LÙndœm °∞Ídœ UÙUWÿm,

TÙ˚[Vm˙LÙPu YÙ˚ZŸm, ˙YL˚Ydœm

˙TÙ’ ˘Yi˚Q˚Vl ˙TÙX UÙfl°u\

LÙf£p °Zeœm, Nm◊d °Zeœm AYtfls

£X. J⁄ œ”mTj ßtœj ˙R˚YVÙ]

A[‹ TÙp R⁄°u\ ˘Yf„o T— SUdœ

Uh”m ˘NÙkRUÙ]RÙL C⁄kR’. £±V

E P X ˚ U l

◊m, ™Lf £\kR ˙SÙnR”lTÙt\¤m

J⁄e°˚QkR CYt±u TWÙU¨l◊f

˘NX‹m œ˚\YÙL˙Y C⁄kR’.

EtTjßß\u ™œkR LXl©]

E´¨]eL∞u Y⁄˚LVÙp Sm SÙh•p

LÙQlThP R≤j’Ym ®˚\kR

E´¨]eL∞u Gi¶d˚L œ˚\V˙YÙ

RÙnj RÙYWjßu œQSXuL˚[d ˘LÙiP RÙYWeL˚[ EtTjß

˘Nn°u\ J⁄ ˘RÙØp ÷hT˙U ß— Y[ol◊ (tissue culture) G]

T•jß⁄d∏»oL[pXYÙ? J⁄ RÙYWjß—Æ≠⁄k’ HWÙ[UÙ]

RÙYWeL˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•Ÿm GuT˙R CRu £\l◊. LXl©]f

˘NV≠]Ùp ˙UmThP œQeL˚[d ˘LÙiP J⁄ RÙYW C]j˚R

E⁄YÙd°]Ùp ™Ld œfl°V LÙXjßtœs AR‡˚PV LuflL˚[

HWÙ[UÙL EtTjß ˘NnV ß—Y[ol©]Ùp ÿ•Ÿm.

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ Æ[dLjß˚] YÙ£dL‹m. EeLfi˚PV L⁄j’ GkR A[‹dœ N¨ GuT˚R

Bn‹ ˘NnV‹m. Bn‹d L⁄jß˚] A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

TPm 1.5

˘Yf„o T—‹m UÙUW‹m

TPm 1.6

ß— Y[ol◊ YÙ˚ZUWÿm, LuflLfim.

ApX’ ÿt±¤UÙL AØV˙YÙ ˘NnR’.

CR]Ùp Smÿ˚PV E´¨Vp Y[jßtœ

HtThP œ˚\‹, L”˚UVÙ] ©Wf£˚]

L˚[ ˙RÙtflÆjR’. LÙXjßu ˙NÙR˚]

L˚[d LPk’ Cl◊Æ´p ®˚Xj’ ®tœm

E´¨]eL∞≠⁄k’ Uh”˙U ˙UmThP

œQeL˚[d ˘LÙiP E´¨]eL˚[

E⁄YÙdL ÿ•Ÿm Gu\ Ei˚U˚V SÙm

U\k’ Æ”°˙\Ùm.


14

ÆYNÙVjß≠⁄k’ XÙTm DhP, ˙UmT”jRlThP E´¨]eL∞u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rl Tt±Ÿm

AjR˚LV E´¨]eL˚[ E⁄YÙdœ°\ £X YØÿ˚\L˚[l Tt±Ÿm ˘R¨k’

˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?

˙UmT”jRlThP RÙYWeL˚[l T´¨”YRÙp Uh”m SpX UL„˚Xl T\XÙm G]d ·\ÿ•VÙ’.

RÙYW Y[of£dœ HWÙ[UÙ] R≤UeLs ˙R˚Y Guflm CjR≤UeLs Ui¶p C⁄k’RÙu

RÙYWeLfidœd °˚Pd°u\] Guflm EeLfidœ ˘R¨kR˙R. RÙYWeLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ]

R≤UeLs °˚PdL ˙Yi”˘U≤p Ui¶u A˚Ul◊m Ui¶u Y[ÿm ˙UmT”jRlTP

˙Yi”m. Ui¶u Y[j˚Rf ∫WÙL ˚YlTRtœ EWeL˚[l TVuT”j’°˙\Ùm.

EóEWeLfim CWNÙV] EWeLfim GqYÙfl ˘NVpT”°u\] GuT˚Rd LÙh”m

Æ[dLlTPjß˚]d LY≤dL‹m.

EWm R⁄m ÷i‘´¨Ls

E´¨l ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u £˚R‹flR¤dœ ER‹m ÷i‘´¨L˚[ Ui‘Pu LXkRÙp

Al˘TÙ⁄hL∞u £˚R‹flRp ˙YLUÙL‹m ÿ›˚UVÙL‹m S˚P˘Tflm. ˚ShW_˚]

˚Sh˙WhPÙL UÙtflYRtœm, ø¨p L˚WVÙR TÙvTW˚Nd L˚WŸmT•f ˘NnV‹m ER‹°u\

÷i‘´¨Ls Ei”. ANh˙PÙTÙdPo TÙdº¨VÙ Y∞UiPXjß¤s[ ˚ShW_˚]

A˙UÙ≤VÙYÙL UÙtfl°\’. A˙UÙ≤VÙ ˚ShW_u NjRÙLj RÙYWeLfidœl TVuT”°\’.

ANh˙PÙTÙdPo Cufl L˚PL∞p °˚Pd°\’. ˘Ru˚], UWYs∞d°Zeœ, L⁄m◊

˙TÙu\Yt±tœ C’ £\lTÙ]RÙœm. A˙NÙ[Ù G‡m øojRÙYWm SpX EóEWUÙL

˘NVXÙtfl°\’. CjRÙYWjßp YÙ›m ˚N˙]Ù TÙdº¨VÙÆp (cyano-bacteria) LÙQlT”m

£X £\l◊ YÙnkR £t\˚\Ls Y∞UiPXjß¤s[ ˚ShW_˚] ˚ShW_u EWeL[ÙL

UÙtfl°\’. CjRÙYWm £˚R‹flm˙TÙ’ TÙvTWv, ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm, ’jRSÙLm, C⁄m◊ ˙TÙu\

R≤UeLfim EWUÙL RÙYWeLfidœ °˚Pd°u\]. ˚Ud˙LÙ ˚WNÙ ApX’

˙YolÈg˚NLs G]lT”m LÙ[Ùu Y˚L˚Vf NÙokR˚Y RÙYWeLfidœ TÙvTWv EWm

°˚PlTRtœ ER‹°\’.

E´¨ EWeL∞u TVuTÙh•tœ ÿu]RÙL Ui¶u Y[j˚RŸm, A˚Ul˚TŸm

LY≤dL˙Yi”m. ˙TÙ’UÙ] A[Æp øolTÙN]m ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. E´¨ EWeLfiPu

CWNÙV] EWeL˚[Ÿm Èf£d ˘LÙp≠L˚[Ÿm TVuT”jRd·PÙ’. CqYÙ\Ù] ÿu

GfN¨d˚LL˚[d L˚P©•jRÙp Uh”˙U ÷i‘´¨Lfidœ Ui¶p EóYÙZ ÿ•Ÿm.

CWNÙV] EWeL∞u TVuTÙ”

LØ‹Ls

Ui¶¤s[ RÙ’

˘TÙ⁄hLs

÷i E´¨Ls

ÆXeœLs

RÙYWeLs

E´¨ EWeL∞u TVuTÙ”

£˚R‹flRp

TPÆ[dLm II


15

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jß SiToLfiPu LXkRÙ˙XÙ£j’ EWlTVuTÙ”Tt±

L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

T—kRÙs, CWNÙV] EWeLs Utflm E´¨ EWeLs GqYÙfl Ui¶u RÙ’ El◊dL[ÙL

UÙfl°u\]?

RÙYWeLfidœ G∞ßp Eh˘LÙs[ CV¤Y’ E´¨ EWeL[Ù CWNÙV] EWeL[Ù? Hu?

T—kRÙs, CWNÙV] EWeLs Utflm EtTjß ˘NnŸm EWeLs GqYÙfl E´¨

EWeL∞≠⁄k’ ˙YflTh”s[]?

CWNÙV] EWeL∞u TVuTÙ” AßL¨jRÙp Ui¶¤s[ ÷i E´¨L∞u Gi¶d˚L

œ˚\V ˙S¨”m. C’ Ui¶u A˚Ul◊ Utflm Y[jß˚] GqYÙfl TÙßd°u\’?

RÙYWeLfidœ ™L‹m TVuT”Y’ CWNÙV] EWeL[Ù CVt˚L EWeL[Ù?

E´¨ EWeL∞u TVuT”j’R˚X EflßlT”jR SmUÙp Gu] ˘NnV CV¤m?

NdL¨VÙ©s˚[ AiQ≤u ˙Y[Ùiÿ˚\´p CVt˚L EWeL∞u TVuTÙh•tœ AYo

˙Ut˘LÙiP SPY•d˚LL˚[d LY≤dL‹m.

LÙpS˚PL∞u TWÙU¨l◊m, RÙYWeL∞u TWÙU¨l◊m Jufl ˙NW S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’YRu

ÿd°Vj’Ym ◊¨kRRpXYÙ?

ÆYNÙVj’Pu RÙPo◊˚PV Gk˘RkR ÆXe°]eL˚[ SmUÙp TWÙU¨dL ÿ•Ÿm. Th•V≠P‹m.

$ $ $

$ $ $

$ $ $

U≤R‡dœj ˙R˚YVÙ]Yt˚\ CVt˚L´≠⁄k’ ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ Ru‡˚PV —tfllTœß´p

T´o ˘NnV BWmTjß≠⁄k’ ÆYNÙV SÙL¨Ljßtœ ˘RÙPdL UÙ´tfl. AR˚]j ˘RÙPok’,

TX ÆXeœLfim, RÙYWeLfim Y]jß≠⁄kR Sm œ”mTjßu AeLjß]oL[Ù´].

AYt±≠⁄k’ £\kRYt˚\j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV‹m, ˙UmT”jR‹m U≤R≤u A±ÆVp ß\]Ùp

ÿ•kR’. HWÙ[UÙ] Y∞SÙh” E´¨]eLs Ceœ LÙi”YWl ThP]. LXl©]f NV≠]Ùp

˙UmThP Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP WLeLs E⁄YÙdLlThP]. LÙXl˙TÙd°p LÙpS˚Pl

TWÙU¨l©¤m. T\˚YLs Y[ol©¤m ÿu˙]t\m HtThP’. Ti˚PdLÙXjßp, Bfl Utflm

LP≠p C⁄k’RÙu ¡u °˚PjR’. B]Ùp Cufl ¡u Y[ol◊ (pisciculture) G‡m ÆYNÙV

÷hTjßu Y[of£VÙp ˘NVt˚L øoj˙RdLeL∞p ·P ¡u Y[ol◊ NÙjßVUÙ´tfl.

U˚XlTœßL∞¤m, ˘T¨V UWeL∞u °˚[L∞¤m Uh”m Y£jß⁄kR ˙R…dL˚[ £fl

˘Th•L∞p A˚Pj’j ˙Ru EtTjß˘NnV ˙Ru Y[ojRp (apiculture) G‡m ÷hTm ’˚Q

◊¨k’.

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ TPeL˚[Ÿm œ±l◊L˚[Ÿm LY≤dL‹m.

RLYpLs ßWh• ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.


16

—]kß≤, ˘_o≥, —Æv ©W‹u ˙TÙu\˚Y

˙LW[jßu LÙX®˚Xdœ ELkR, LXl©]m

˘NnVlThP AßL TÙp R⁄m T—dL[Ùœm.

ÿoWÙ, TÙRÙY¨, ®≠WÆ ˙TÙu\˚Y

˙UmT”jRlThP G⁄˚UWLeLfim, UXTÙ¨,

_m]ÙTÙ¨ ˙TÙu\˚Y £\kR Y˚L

B”LfiUÙœm.

˙UmT”jRlThP Ti◊L˚[d ˘LÙiP

HWÙ[UÙ] T\˚Y C]eL˚[ SÙm EtTjß

˘Nn’ TWÙU¨j’ Y⁄°˙\Ùm. ˚U˙]ÙodL,

°WÙU Xh—™, Ae˙LÙQ, °¨WÙ_Ù

˙LÙØLfim, UvLÆ, ˘Td°uv, WÙVuv

YÙj’dLfim, ˙TÙl ˚Yh, _lTÙu

LÙ˚PLfim CYt±p APeœm.

EQ‹dLÙL TVuT”jRlT”m ¡uLs,

AXeLÙW ¡uLs, C\Ùp ˙TÙu\˚Y

XÙTLWUÙL Y[olTRtœ ÿ•Ÿm. ˘L¸WÙ™,

LÙol◊, ˙WÙœ, LhXÙ ˙TÙu\˚Y Y[ol

TRtœ ELkR EQ‹dLÙL TVuT”m

¡uL[Ùœm, ˙LÙp” ¡u, HgNp, ˙UÙ∞

˙TÙu\˚Y AXeLÙW ¡uLfim, SÙWu,

LÙ˚W ˙TÙu\˚Y TWYXÙL Y[odLlT”m

C\Ùp Y˚LLfim Bœm.

˙Ru FhPfNj’ ®˚\kR’m, U⁄j’Y

œQeL˚[d ˘LÙiP’UÙ] ™Lf£\kR

EQYÙœm. B˚LVÙp ˙Ru D Y[ol◊

XÙTLWUÙ] J⁄ ˘RÙØp Bœm. œ±lTÙL,

CWlTo ˙RÙhPeLs HWÙ[UÙL Es[ Sm

SÙh•p. ˘Up≠˘TWÙ, ˘SÙ•Vu ˙TÙu\

Tp˙Yfl C]j Ru DdLs Y[ol©tœ TVu

T”°u\].

TPm 1.7 (a)

TPm 1.7 (b)

TPm 1.7 (c)

TPm 1.7 (d)


17

Th•u £\l◊m AYt±u ˙Up ˘LÙi”s[

Æ⁄lTÿm Th” Ë≠u ˙R˚Y˚V AßL¨dLf

˘Nn°\’. Cf NkRolTjß˚]l TVuT”jßl

Th”lÈf£ Y[ol◊ (sericulture) XÙTLWUÙd°P

ÿ•Ÿm. ˘Ru]k ˙RÙl◊dL∞p F”T´WÙL

Up˘T¨f ˘N•L˚[ Y[odLXÙm. Th”l

Èf£´u ÿh˚P´≠⁄k’ ˘Y∞Y⁄m

XÙoYÙdLfidœ (Th”Ëpl◊›) Up˘T¨

C˚XL˚[d ˘LÙ”j’ Y[od°u\]o. XÙoYÙ

T⁄Yjßu Cflß´p EØrøof —Wl©VÙp

—WdLlT”m Th”ËpL˚[d ˘LÙi” A˚Y

Y[o˚T˚V (˘LÙd·u) ©u‡°u\]. Cq

Y[o˚T´≠⁄k’ Th” Ëp ©¨j’

G”dLlT”°\’.

$ XÙTj˚Rl ˘T⁄dœm Y˚L´p ÆYNÙVj’˚\´¤s[ EV¨]eL˚[ GqYÙfl

TVuT”jRXÙm? YØÿ˚\L˚[d ·\‹m. CqYÙfl ˙Y[Ùi’˚\´p RÙYWeL˚[Ÿm

ÆXeœL˚[Ÿm J⁄e°˚Qj’l TVuT”j’Y˚R˙V J⁄e°˚QkR ÆYNÙVÿ˚\

(integrated farming) Gu°˙\Ùm.

EeLs Tœß´p J⁄e°˚QkR ÆYNÙVÿ˚\ TVuT”jRlT”°\RÙ? A˚Rl Tt± ÆNÙ¨j’

J⁄ £fl œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnV‹m.

˙Y[ÙiT´oL˚[l T´¨”m˙TÙ’ ™Lf£\kR XÙTj˚R Dh”YRtœ ˙UmT”jRlThP WLeL˚[

˙Ro‹ ˘NnV˙Yi”m G] SÙm ◊¨k’˘LÙi˙PÙm.

RÙYWeLfidœm, ÆXeœLfidœm HtT”m Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ˙SÙnLs LÙWQUÙL‹m

ÆYNÙVjßtœ CZl◊ ˙S¨PXÙm.

’˚\Ls C]eLs EtTjß˘NnŸm ˘TÙ⁄hLs

LÙp S˚P Y[ol◊

˙Ru D Y[ol◊

¡u Y[ol◊

Th”Ëp ◊› Y[ol◊

Th•Vp 1.1


18

Èf£L˚[ SpX ÿ˚\´p Lh”lT”jß]Ùp Uh”˙U ÆYNÙVj˚R XÙTLWUÙdL ÿ•Ÿm.

Èf£dLh”lTÙ” YØÿ˚\L˚[l Tt±Ÿs[ œ±l◊L˚[d LY≤j’ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”jß⁄dœm

˙LsÆLfidœ SiToLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ• Tßp G›R‹m.

˙SÙnLs Uh”UpX, Èf£Lfim ÆYNÙV CZl©tœ LÙWQUÙY’i”. Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ]

TóL˚[j RÙdœ°u\ Èf£L˚[l Th•V≠P‹m.

˙SÙV‘dL[Ù°V ÷i‘´¨Ls VÙ˚Y?

Ti˚Q ÆXeœL∞≠⁄k’ U≤R‡dœl TWY YÙnl◊s[ ˙SÙnLs VÙ˚Y?

CkR SÙnL∞p T⁄mTÙXÙ]˚Y ™Ldœfl°V LÙXjßp TWYd·•VRÙœm. B]Ùp CYtfldœ

GßWÙ] ™Lf £\kR R”l◊ U⁄k’Ls Cl˙TÙ’ °˚Pd°u\].

UaÙ∞: TÙdœ

EtTjßVÙ[oLs LY˚X

LÙNo˙LÙ” : UÙYhPjßp TÙdœ

UWeL∞p TWÆY⁄m J⁄Y˚L.

YÙPp SÙ Vd Lh”lT”jRœÿ∞ : SpX™[˚L RÙdœmÈg˚Ndœ GßWÙ] SPY•d˚L

ß⁄f„o : ˘LÙ•V ˙SÙVÙ°V

˙LÙUÙ¨ ˙SÙndœ RœkR ˙SÙn

R”l◊ U⁄k’ Es[’. RÙ›Yj

ß˚] —jRUÙL ˚Yjß⁄k’

Ck˙SÙ˚V Lh”lT”jRXÙm.

˙LÙUÙ¨ ˙SÙn R”dœm ÆRm

BujWÙdv ¿ß

TÙXdLÙ” : Ai˚P UÙ®XeL∞p C⁄k’

Y⁄m LÙpS˚PL∞u Gi¶d˚L œ˚\k

R’. TÙdº¨VÙÆ]Ùp HtT”m Ck˙SÙn

U≤R‡dœ TW‹m GuTRÙp Gp˙XÙ⁄m.

T\˚YdLÙnfNp Eflß ˘NnVlThP’ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm : LÙØLfidœ Ck˙SÙn

E⁄YÙLdLÙWQUÙ] YWvdœE⁄UÙt\m HtT”Y’ U≤R‡dœm

Ck˙SÙn TWYdLÙWQUÙœm Gu\ ¿ß

UiP¨ ˙SÙnÆYNÙ´Ls RÆl◊

BXl◊˚Z : UÙ®Xjßp TXTœßL∞pTW‹m UiP¨ ˙SÙ˚V Lh”lT”jRÿ•VÙR’, Ru˚] ÆYNÙ´Ls

Èf£ú ˘TVo TÙßl©tœ Es[Ùœm Tó

ÿg˚O ˘Sp

TZ D LÙnL±Ls

TPm 1.2

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ ""˘LÙ[Ùx''-I BWÙV‹m œ±l◊L˚[ TVuT”jß øeLs E⁄YÙdœm

L⁄jß˚] A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

˘RÙ›Yjßp CWlTo T”d˚L˚V TVuT”jß LÙpS˚PL˚[ ARu ˙Up ®tL

˚YlT’ SpX’ G] A‡TYmYÙnkR ÆYNÙ´Ls ·±]o

L”˚UVÙ] U˚Z: ∫d ˙SÙŸm

˙LÙhPVm : U˚Zú A[‹ AßL¨jR

˙Y˚[´p Èg˚NLs LÙWQUÙL

CWlT⁄dœ HtT”m


19

Aufl

Èf£d ˘LÙp≠ U⁄k’L˚[ TWY

XÙL TVuT”j’°u\]o. CYt\Ùp

EiPÙœm —tflf„Zp ©Wf£˚]

Ls Gi¶p APeLÙ. ◊˚L´˚X

U⁄k’, ˙YlTUW Æ˚Rú Nj’

˙TÙu\ E´¨lÈf£d ˘LÙp≠L∞u

TVuTÙ” TWYXÙL Cp˚X. Èf£

L∞u CVt˚L Gß¨L˚[l

TVuT”jß E´¨ Èf£dLh”l TÙ”

ÿ˚\Ÿm FdœÆdL ˙Yi•

Ÿs[’. £Î˙PÙ ˙UÙQÙv ˙TÙu\

÷i‘´¨L˚[l TVuT”jßŸs[

E´¨Vp Èf£ Lh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\

Lfim •˚Wd˙LÙ LÙo”Ls ˙TÙu\

˚YŸm SpX ÿ˚\L[Ùœm.

Cufl

Èf£d Lh”lTÙh•tLÙ] Tp˙Yfl YØLs

•˚Wd˙LÙ LÙo”Ls

C˚Y œ[Æ C]j˚Rf NokR •˚Wd˙LÙ °WmUÙ

G‡m Èf£ú ÿh˚PLs APe°V LÙo”

L[Ùœm. CdLÙo”L˚[f £fl ’i”L[ÙL ©¨j’

RÙYWeL∞u C˚X Utflm ©\ TœßL∞p Jh”

°u\]o. C˚Y ÿh˚P ´≠⁄k’ ˘Y∞Y⁄m

Èf£Ls, Ri”’˚[l TÙuLs, C˚XL˚[f

—⁄[ Ydœm ◊›dLs TÙu\˚Yt˚\ R•f

˘Nufl AØd°\’.

ÿd°VUÙL ˘TÙ±Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l

TVuT”j’m CVkßWd Lh”lTÙh”

ÿ˚\´˚] ©uTt±]o. YV≠p

æYh•˚Vl TVuT”jßf £fl Èf£L˚[

AØjRÙoLs.

˘StT´¨¤s[ ◊›Æ˚] AØlTRtœ

¡u Ud°V ø˚Wj ˘R∞dœm ÿ˚\Ÿm

C⁄kR’. Cl◊›˚Yj ßuflYÙ›m

T\˚YL˚[ DodL˙Y CqYÙfl

˘Nnß⁄kRÙoLs. ˘Ru˚] UWjß˚]f

—Wi”m Yi•˚] RÙdœYRtLÙL

˘Np≠d˙LÙp (Yi”£) TVuT”jß]o.

Èf£d Lh”lTÙ” ÿ˚\L˚[ GqYÙfl Y˚LlT”jRXÙm?

Ti˚PV LÙXjßp L˚P©•jß⁄kR Èf£dLh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm Cufls[

Yt˚\Ÿm Jl¿” ˘Nn’ EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[d ·fleLs?

SpX TX˚]j R⁄°u\ Èf£dLh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\˚Vl Tt±V EeLfi˚PV L⁄j’ Gu]?

˘Ru˚]ú C˚Xj Ri•u Eh

◊\jßp UQ˚Xj ÁÆŸm CYt˚\

Lh”lT”jß]o. Èf£d ˘LÙp≠Ls

TWYXÙL TVuT”jRlTPÆp˚X.


20

EtTjßf ˘NX˚Yd œ˚\lTRÙ¤m UL„˚Xl ˘T⁄dœYRÙ¤m Uh”m ÆYNÙVm

XÙTj˚Rj R⁄UÙ? ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ LÙohÂu Utflm ˘Nnßdœ±l©˚]

BWÙnk’ ÿ•‹dœ YW‹m.

GlT•ÆYNÙVm Nn’ Gu] TVu?

UL„˚X T⁄d°]Ùp Æ˚X œ˚\Ÿm.

Æ˚X ·”m˙TÙ’ SpX UL„¤m °˚PlTßp˚X

˙Y[Ùi˚URÙu YÙrd˚L G]f NÙpX

GqY[‹ G∞’. B]Ùp Aßp

D”T”m˙TÙ’RÙu..

LÙohÂ≤p œ±l©PlT”m ©WfN˚] G’?

Cl©WfN˚]dœj æo‹ LÙQ øeLs ·flm YØÿ˚\ Gu]?

LÙohÂ≤p Es[ ÆYNÙ´´u L⁄j˚R Htfld˘LÙs°»oL[Ù? GR]Ùp?

F˘WpXÙm ˙N™l◊ Utflm YojRL ˚UVeLs

. . . Æ˚X´p HtT”m

Ht\jRÙr‹L˚[Ÿm RWLoL∞u

RkßWj˚RŸm Gßo˘LÙs[ F˘Weœm

ÆYNÙ´L∞u ·hP˚Ul◊

˘NVpT”°\’. ÆYNÙ´Lfidœj

ReLs EtTjßl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[

RWLoL∞u ERÆ´pXÙUp ˙SW•VÙL

ÆtT˚]˘NnV Cd ·hP˚Ul◊Ls

ER‹°u\]. ˘TV⁄dœ Uh”m £fl

LhPQj˚Rf ˘N¤jß Æh” VÙ⁄dœ

˙Yi”˘U≤¤m Cd ·hP˚Ul©p

AeLjß]oL[ÙLXÙm. ÆtT˚]

˘NnŸm Æ˚X´p Ik’ Æ›dLÙ”

ÆYNÙVj’˚\˚V XÙTLWUÙ]’m ®˚XVÙ]’UÙL Bd°P Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m G]l

◊¨kRRpXYÙ? C˚Rl Tt± ˘R¨kRR]Ùp Uh”m TVu Cp˚X; ÆYNÙVjßp D”T”m ˙TÙ’

RÙu A’ XÙTLWUÙ]’m B]kRm R⁄Y’UÙL UÙfl°u\’.

œ˚\j’ ÆYÙNÙ´dœ YZeLl

T”°\’. CqYÙfl œ˚\dLlT”m

˘RÙ˚L ÆYNÙ´d˙L ˙TÙQv BL

ß⁄mTd °˚Pdœm. SpX™[œ

˙ReLÙn, TÙdœ, ˘Sp ˙TÙu\

˘TÙ⁄hL˚[f ˙N™j’ ˚Ydœm

YNßŸm ÆtT˚]d ·PeL∞p

Ei”. SpX Æ˚X °˚Pdœm

R⁄YÙ´p ˙Rd°˚Ydœm

˘TÙ⁄hLs ÆtLlT”m. ÆYNÙ´dœ

T´o˘NnV ™Ldœ˚\kR Yh•dœ

LP‡m YZeLlT”m...


21

˘NVp ßhPm

$ Tó WLeL˚[j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnRp

$ CPj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnRp

$ Tó ˘NnŸm ÿ˚\˚Vj ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙsfiRp

$ SP‹ ˘NnRp, TWÙU¨l◊, AflY˚P ˘NnRp.

SÙm J⁄ £fl LÙnL±j ˙RÙhPjß˚] E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm? G˚R˘VpXÙm Aßp Tó

˘NnVXÙm?LÙnL±j ˙RÙhPm G]d ˙LhP‹Pu SmUÙp ÿ•ŸUÙ G] IVlTP ˙YiPÙm.

A’ GqY[‹ £±RÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m, SUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] EQ‹ Y˚LL∞p J⁄ £fl TœßVÙY’

˘NÙkRUÙL EtTjß ˘NnRÙp A’ SpX’ RÙ˙]. CPl Tt\Ùdœ˚\˚Vl ˙TÙd°P

NQp˚T´˙XÙApX’ Èf Nh•´˙XÙ Tó ˘NnVXÙm. LÙnL±j ˙RÙhPm E⁄YÙd°P

EeLfidœ ER‹m £Xœ±l◊Ls AhPY˚Q´p RWlTh”s[˚R LY≤ŸeLs. B£¨˚Vú

ERÆŸPu RLYp ßWh• ˙RÙhPm A˚UdL‹m.

£\kRÆ˚RLs, TWÙU¨l◊ ÿ˚\Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y A‡TYm ™dL ÆYNÙ´L∞P™⁄k˙RÙ

˙YÙ[Ùi’˚\ A¤YXLeL∞≠⁄k˙RÙ °˚Pdœm.

TóLs

˘Yi˚PdLÙn

Y›R]eLÙn

T´fl

NÙœT• ÿ˚\Lfim LÙXÿm

G⁄ ˙Noj’ Ui Suœ

’LsL[ÙdLlT”°\’. ©u TÙjßL[ÙL

©¨dLlTh” CWi” TóLfidœ

C˚P˙V H\jRÙZ 45˘N.¡ C˚P˘Y∞

Æh” SP‹ ˘NnVlT”°\’.

©lWY¨ ˛ UÙof, _¯u, _¯˚X

Ad˙PÙTo ˛ SYmTo

Ti˚Qd LØ‹ G⁄, ˙Noj’ Ui

Lh•L∞pXÙUp ®Xj˚R RVÙo ˘Nn’

H\jRÙZ 60 ˘N.¡ C˚P˘Y∞ Æh”

SP‹ ˘NnVXÙm. Y⁄Pm ÿ›Y’m Tó

˘NnV ELkR’.

J⁄ ¡hPo ≈ßŸ˚PV Ntfl EVokR

TÙjßL∞p 20 ˘N.¡ C˚P˘Y∞Æh”

SP‹ ˘NnVXÙm. £X WLeLfidœd

˘LÙ•Ls TPÙ YNß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

Bi” ÿ›Y’m Tó ˘NnVXÙm.

TWÙU¨l◊ ÿ˚\

Tó SP‹ ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ Ti˚Qd

LØ‹, G⁄, T—kRÙs EWeL˚[l

TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m. C˚X —⁄h”l

◊›, ˘Yi˚U®\ DdLs ˙TÙu\˚Y

L˚[ Lh”lT”jR UgNsl ˘TÙ±,

◊˚L´˚X F\p B°VYt˚\l

TVuT”jRXÙm. RœkR ÿ˚\´p

øolTÙN]m ˘NnV‹m

Ti˚Qd LØ‹ G⁄ Utflm NÙmT

¤Pu ˙Noj’ Ui˚Q Su\ÙLd

°[\‹m ˙Yl©u Æ˚R´≠⁄k’

RVÙ¨dœm F\p ◊˚L´˚X F\p

˙TÙu\˚Y AqYl˙TÙ’ TVuT”j

R‹m. RœkR ÿ˚\´p øolTÙN]m

˘NnV‹m.

G⁄ Utflm NÙmT˚X A• EWUÙLf

˙NodL‹m. Tó Su\ÙL Y[W,

©iQÙdœ Su\ÙLj Ás ˘Nn’ Tó

Ju±tœ 50 °WÙm ≈Rm CP‹m. ˙YlT

Gi˘Qn TÙpUm, ˙Yl◊ ©iQÙdœ

˙TÙu\˚Y TVuT”jß Èf£L˚[

JØdLXÙm. RœkR ÿ˚\´p

øolTÙN]m ˘NnV‹m.


22

Æ[dL‹˚W RVÙo ˘NnRp

œ±l◊Ls

1 T´o ˘NnŸm WLm/WLeLs

2 ®Xj˚Rj RVÙo ˘NnR SÙs

3 SP‹ ˘NnR SÙs / Æ˚R Æ˚RjR SÙs

4 Æ˚R ÿ˚[jR SÙs

5 ÿRp C˚X YkR SÙs

6 (a) TVuT”jßV EWeLs, (b) EWj˚R ChP SÙhLs

7 (a) Èf£L˚[ AØjR SÙs, (b) ©uTt±V Èf£d Lh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\

8 ÿRuÿRXÙL È ÈjRSÙs

9 ÿRp AflY˚P SÙs

10 °˚PjR UL„p

11 Cf ˘NVpL∞p D”ThP˙TÙ’ ˙SokR A‡TYeLs (£WUeLs, CuTeLs)

Cf ˘Nnÿ˚\´u YÙ´XÙL EeLfidœd °˚PjR A‡TYeLs VÙ˚Y? œ±l◊j RVÙo

˘NnV‹m.

øeLs RVÙ¨jR Æ[dL‹˚WL˚[ YœlT˚\´p SiToLfidœ T°ok’ A∞dL‹m.

Tp˙YflY˚L´XÙ] ÆYNÙVÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm, A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm CRu YÙ´XÙL øeLs

A±ÿLlT”jR ÿ•Ÿm. U≤R˚] CVt˚L ŸPu CQdL ÆYNÙVm ÿd°V TeLÙtfl°\’.

ÆYNÙVm XÙTLWUÙY’ A’ YÙrd˚LVÙL UÙflm TÙ’ RÙu

Cq‹X°p CqY[‹ RÙYWm Utflm ÆXe°]eLs Es[]YÙ? Cßp EeLfidœj ˘R¨kR’

GjR˚]? ˘R¨kR˚Rl Th•V≠P‹m.

$

$

$

˘R¨VÙRRpXYÙ ·”Rp? CYt˚\l Tt± A±V Gu] YØ? Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]j˚RŸm

R≤jR≤VÙL A±k’˘LÙsY’ S˚Pÿ˚\VÙœUÙ?

G∞RÙL A±k’˘LÙs[ Gu] YØ?

HRÙY’ Y˚L´p AYt˚\ Y˚LlT”jß ˘Yq˙Yfl ©¨‹L[ÙLl ©¨dLXÙUÙ? GqYÙfl

Y˚LlT”j’YÙn?

Ni˚P YiPÙm SiToL˙[, Cl◊Æ´p

°hPjRhP 3 XhNm RÙYW C]eLfim, ARu

SÙuœ UPe°tœ AßLUÙ] ÆXe°]eLfim

Es[]. SÙm VÙ⁄m œ˚\kRYoLs ApX G]

®˚]lT’ RÙ˙] SpX’?

ø T⁄˚U LÙs[Ù˙R

AZ°p GeL˚[ YpX

VÙ⁄™p˚X. Gi¶d˚L´¤m

AqYÙ˙\Cl◊Æ´p ™L AßLUÙL

Es[ E´¨]eL∞p SÙeL˙[

AZ°¤m ÿu≤˚X

Y°d°˙\Ùm

E´¨]eLfidœ J⁄ ÿLY¨22222


24

˙YflThP ®\eL∞¤m, E⁄Y A˚Ul©¤m E´¨]eLs LÙQlT”°u\] G] EeLfidœj

˘R¨Ÿm. YÙ›m „r®˚XL∞¤m A˚Y UÙflT”°u\]. ˙Yfl GkR Y˚L´p E´¨]eLs

UÙflTh”s[]?

$ Y•Ym

$

$

®\jßu Jtfl˚U˚V A•lT˚PVÙL ˚Yj’ AYt˚\l Tp˙Yfl Y˚LL[ÙLl ©¨dLXÙUÙ?

RÙYWeLs, ˘Yh”°∞, C˚Xl TÙm◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y Tf˚N ®\ÿ˚PV˚Y ApXYÙ? YiQjßu

A•lT˚P´p AYt˚\ J⁄ ©¨Æu ∏rd LÙi”YWf NnRÙp A’ TÙ⁄jRUt\RÙ° ÆPÙRÙ?

øiP, E⁄iP Y•Yÿ˚PV Ui◊›˚YŸm, TÙm˚TŸm J⁄ ©¨Æp EhT”jR ÿ•ŸUÙ?

Ui◊›˚Yl TÙm©≠⁄k’ ˙YflT”j’m Ti◊Ls VÙ˚Y?

$

$

Ti˚Pd LÙXm ÿR˙X £X Æßÿ˚\L˚[l TVuT”jß E´¨]eL˚[ Y˚LT”jR U≤Ru

ÿVu±⁄kRÙu. CqY˚LlT”jR˚X A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙdL ÿVt£jR £X A±ÆVXÙ[oL˚[l

Tt±j ˘R¨k’˘LÙs˙YÙm.

E´¨Vp ’˚\´u Rk˚R. RÙYWeL˚[Ÿm ÆXeœL˚[Ÿm

Y˚LlT”jß]Ùo. ÆXeœL˚[f £Yl◊ CWjRÿ˚PV˚Y,

£Yl◊ CWjRUt\˚Y G] Y˚LlT”jß]Ùo.

A¨vPÙh•p (°.ÿ 384

322) °˙WdLm

BŸo˙YR˙U˚R. C⁄Ëfldœm ˙UtThP ÆXeœL˚[Ÿm

RÙYWeL˚[Ÿm Y˚LlT”jß NWLNm∂RÙ G‡m

Ru‡˚PV Ë≠p œ±l©hPÙo.

(°.©. 1˛m Ët\Ùi”CkßVÙ)

A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ] Y˚LlTÙh” ÿ˚\dœ A•˙LÙ≠VYo.

18000tœm AßLUÙ] RÙYWeL˚[ ∂vh˙PÙ¨VÙ _…WÙ≠v

©[Ùu˙PWm G‡m Ë≠p œ±l©hPÙo. v¿Ãv (Species) G‡m

YÙoj˚R˚V ÿRuÿRXÙLl TVuT”jß]Ùo.

_Ùu˙W 1627 1705Ce°XÙk’

TPm 2.1 (a)

TPm2.1 (c)

TPm 2.1 (b) NWLu

25


Cq‹´¨]eLs A˚]j’m EhT”°u\ ˘TÙ’l©¨‹ G’?

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p CYt˚\j RœkR LhPjßp G›R‹m.

CYt˚\ GqYÙfl £fl œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨dLXÙm?

TPÆ[dLm I

Y˚LlT”jR≠u YWXÙfl ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ? ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ E´¨]eL˚[d

LY≤ŸeLs.

TPm 2.2

ÿ’˘L¤m◊˚PV˚Y

LÙpL∞p Es∞›dLd

·•V SLm E˚PV˚Y

TÙÌh•Ls

UÙ™N Ei¶Ls

™Ll ˘T¨V EPp Utflm

Lo_˚] ˘NnŸm TZdL

ÿ˚PV˚Y

↓

↓↓↓→→→→→


26

£eLm, ◊≠, £flj˚R CYt˚\ J˙W ©¨Æu ∏rd ˘LÙi”Y⁄Y’ AYt±tœ C˚P˙V

HWÙ[UÙ] Jtfl˚ULs Es[R]ÙXÙœm. A˙R˙Y˚[´p £X ˙Ytfl˚ULfim EiPpXYÙ?

Jtfl˚Uú A•lT˚P´p ˘T⁄m œ›dL[ÙL‹m ˙Ytfl˚Uú A•lT˚P´p £fl

œ›dL[ÙL‹m E´¨]eL˚[ C]YÙ¨VÙL ©¨lT˚RjRÙu SÙm Y˚LlTÙh•V≠p

˙Ut˘LÙs°˙\Ùm. Ut·±V E´¨]eL˚[ ¡i”m £fl ©¨‹L[ÙL Y˚LlT”jR Yi”˘U≤p

A˚Y GqYÙfl ReLfidLs ˙Ytfl˚UŸ˚PV’ G]d Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m.

£eLdœh•L˚[ Du˘\”dL £eLjßtœ Uh”˙U CV¤m. ◊≠ Utflm £flj˚Rú ®˚XŸm

C’˙Y. C˚Y Jq˘YÙuflm J⁄£t±]j˚Rf NÙkRRÙœm. J⁄ £t±]j˚Rf NÙokR

ÆXeœLfidœ C˚P˙VRÙu CVt˚LVÙ] C]l˘T⁄dLm HtTh” B˙WÙd°VUÙ] œh•L˚[

D] ÿ•Ÿm. CqYÙfl Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl C˚Qk’ C]l˘T⁄dLm ˘Nn°u\ Jq˘YÙ⁄

E´¨]j˚RŸm £t±]m (Species) Gu°˙\Ùm, £t±]m GuT’ Y˚LTÙh•u ÿRp ®˚X.

CqYÙfl £t±]m ÿRp ÆXeœ EXLm Y˚W ˙YflThP Y˚LlTÙh”l ®˚XLs Ei”.

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ Æ[dLjß˚] LY≤j’ E´¨]eL∞u Y˚LlTÙh”l ®˚XLs G˚Y Gufl

A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

E´¨] EXLm Tp˙Yfl C]m ˙NokR’ ©[Ùu˙PŸm, A≤˙U≠VÙ‹m

(©[Ùu˙P ˛ CPmÆh” CPm

SLWÿ•VÙR TX˘Np E´¨L∞]Ùp

B] EtTjßVÙ[oLs)

A≤˙U≠VÙ ˛ CPmÆh” CPm

SLWÿ•°u\ TX˘Np E´¨L[Ù]

÷Lo˙YÙo

C]m (Kingdom) Tp˙Yfl ©¨‹L˚[d ˘LÙiP’ G.LÙ. A≤˙U≠VÙ

©¨‹ (Phylum) Tp˙Yfl Yœl◊Ls ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. LÙo˙PhPÙ (ÿ’˘L¤m◊

E˚PV˚Y)

Yœl◊ (Class) Tp˙Yfl Y¨˚NLs ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. U˙U≠VÙ (TÙÌh•Ls)

(œh•˙TÙh” TÙpR⁄m ÆXeœLs)

Y¨˚N (Order) Tp˙Yfl œ”mTm ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. LÙo≤˙YÙW (TÙÌh•L∞p

EhThP UÙ™N Ei¶Ls)

œ”mTm (Family) Tp˙Yfl ˙T¨]eLs ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. @˘T≠˙P (£flj˚R, ◊≠,

£eLm, È˚])

˙T¨]m (Genus) Tp˙Yfl £t±]eLs ˙NokR’ G.LÙ. TÙkßWÙ (£flj˚R, ◊≠, £eLm)

£t±]m (Species) JjR Ti◊Lfi˚PV . G.LÙ. ◊≠ ˛ ˚P°¨v G‡m

E´¨]eLs ˙NokR’ £t±]m; £flj˚Rl◊≠ ˛ TÙoPv

G‡m £t±]m; £eLm ˛ ≠˙VÙ

G‡m £t±]m.

TPÆ[dLm II

27


◊≠ú Y˚LlTÙh”l ®˚XL˚[j ˘R¨k’˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ? A˚Rl˙TÙp SÙn, È˚]

˙TÙu\Yt±u Y˚LlTÙh” ®˚XL˚[ ©¨jR±Ÿm ˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs (Work Sheet) RVÙo˘Nn’

A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

Y˚LlTÙh”h” ®˚XLs SÙn È˚]

C]m

©¨‹

Yœl◊

Y¨˚N

œ”mTm LÙ≤˙P

˙T¨]m LÙ≤v @˘T≠v

£t±]m ˘T™≠VÙ¨v ˘PÙUvh•dLv

A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ] Y˚LTÙh•V≠p Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßtœm R≤jR≤VÙ] Y˚LlTÙh”

®˚XLs Ei” G]j ˘R¨kRRpXYÙ?

ÆXeœ EX˚L Y˚LT”jßV˚Rl ˙TÙp RÙYW EX°˚]Ÿm Y˚LlT”jR ÿ•Ÿm.

RÙYWeL∞u £\l◊Lfidœj RœkR Æßÿ˚\L˚[l ©uTt\˙Yi”m GuT˚Rd LY]jßp

˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.

˘Ru˚]ú Y˚LlTÙh” ®˚XLs G˚Y G]l TÙol˙TÙm.

◊≠ú Y˚LlTÙh” ®˚XL∞u A˚Ul©˚] ◊¨k’˘LÙi” AhPY˚Q˚V

®WlT‹m.

C]m ˛

©¨‹ ˛

Yœl◊ ˛

Y¨˚N ˛

œ”mTm ˛

˙T¨]m ˛

£t±]m ˛

˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs 2.1

˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs 2.2


28

RÙYW C]m ˛ ©[Ùu˙P

©¨‹ ˛ Bg£˙VÙ v˙T˙UÙ˚ThPÙ (Æ˚RjRÙYWm)

Yœl◊ ˛ ˙UÙ˙]Ù ˙LÙh•≠P˙] (J⁄ Æjß˚Xj RÙYWm)

Y¨˚N ˛ LÙ≠£˙] (°˚[´pXÙUp Y[oY])

œ”mTm ˛ A¨d˙L£˙V

˙T¨]m ˛ ˘LÙd˙LÙv

£t±]m ˛ ®Î£˘TWÙ

CqYÙfl E´¨Vp EX˚L CWi” C]eL[ÙL Y˚Ll

T”jßV A±ÆVXÙ[o LÙop ≠u˙]Vv BYÙo.

SÙm ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiP Y˚LlTÙh” ÿ˚\´p CWi” C]m Uh”UpXYÙ Es[’.

G≤p ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ E´¨]eL˚[ CqÆWi” C]eL∞p EhT”jR ÿ•ŸUÙ?

Hu? LXk’˚WVÙPp ˘Nn’ EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙T•p G›R‹m.

LÙop ≠u˙]Vv, Jtfl˚U ˙Ytfl˚U

L∞u A•lT˚P´p ˙YflThP

Y˚LlTÙh”l ®˚XL˚[l T¨k’

˚WjRÙo. Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßtœm

A±ÆVp ˘TVo ˘LÙ”dœm ßhPj˚R

AUpT”jR‹m ˘NnRÙo. B˚LVÙp

AYo S≈]j RÙYWÆVp Y˚LlTÙh

•V≠u Rk˚R G] A˚ZdLlT”°\Ùo

.

TÙdº¨VÙ

˘R∞YÙ] ˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs

EhL⁄ CpXÙR J⁄ ˘NpE´¨Ls (◊˙WÙ˙L¨˙VÙh”Ls)

A¡TÙ˘R∞YÙ] EhL⁄ Es[

J⁄ ˘Np E´¨Ls(Î˙L¨˙VÙh”Ls)

Èg˚NLs TX ˘Np E´¨L[Ù°V£˚R‹flj’TYoLs(Î˙L¨˙VÙh”Ls)

LÙop ≠u˙]Vv (1707˛78)v≈Pu

TPm 2.3

TPm 2.4

29


Cq‹´¨]eL˚[Ÿm EhT”jR AßLlT•VÙ]

C]l©¨‹Ls ˙R˚YlT”°\RpXYÙ? WÙToh” Gf. ÆhPÙLo

G‡m A±ÆVXÙ[o E´¨Vp EX˚L Ik’ C]eL[ÙL

Y˚LlT”jß]Ùo. Cmÿ˚\ A±ÆVp ’˚\´p Gp˙XÙWÙ¤m

Htfld˘LÙs[lThP’.

J˙W ˘UÙØ ˙T—m UdLs ·P CPjßtœ CPm E´¨]eL∞u ˘TÙ’l˘TVoL˚[l Tp˙Yfl

˘TVoL∞p A˚Zd°u\]o. G”j’dLÙhPÙL UWf∫≤dœ, UWYs∞d°Zeœ, Ll˚Td°Zeœ,

UWd°Zeœ, ˘LÙs∞d°Zeœ G] TXl ˘TVoLs Ei”. A˚Rl˙TÙX LoÍNÙ, K˚UdLÙn,

LlT[eLÙn Gu\ ˘TVoL∞p TlTÙ∞˚V A˚Zd°\ÙoLs. J˙W ˘UÙØ´p Uh”m CqY[‹

˙Ytfl˚ULs C⁄l©u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘UÙØ´¤m Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßtœm. Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ]

˘TVoLs C⁄lT’ CVp˙T. BL˙Y E´¨]eL˚[l Tt± A±k’˘LÙs[‹m AYt˚\l

T•lTRtœm C’ R˚PVÙœUpXYÙ?

CdœZlTj˚Rj RÆolTRtœ ˘UÙØ Gp˚XLfidœ AlTÙtTh” EXL[ÙÆV ÿ˚\´p

A˚]Y⁄m Jj’d˘LÙsfim Y˚L´p A˚UkR A±ÆVp ˘TV˚W E´¨]eLfidœ Ch”

Cl©WfN˚]dœj æo‹ LiP]o.

E´¨] EXLm

˘UÙ≤WÙ

˘R∞YÙ] EhL⁄

CpXÙR J⁄ ˘Np

E´¨Ls

©[Ùu˙P (RÙYW EXLm)

CPmÆh” CPm

SLW ÿ•VÙR —V

FhPÿ˚\ (Auto -tropic) E˚PV TX

˘Np E´¨Ls.

Au˙U≠VÙ (ÆXeœ EXLm

AVp FhP

ÿ ˚ \ ˚ V f

˙NokR (heterotropic) CPm Æh”

CPm SL⁄m

TX˘Np E´¨Ls

Èg˚NLs

CPmÆh” CPm

SLW ÿ•VÙR AVp

F h P ÿ ˚ \ ˚ V

˘LÙiP J⁄ ˘Np /

TX ˘Np E´¨Ls.

◊˙WÙh•vPÙ

˘R∞YÙ] EhL⁄

‹Pu ·•V J⁄ Np

E´¨Ÿm AYt±tœ

A”jR ®˚X´

¤s[ TX Np E´¨

Lfim.

TPÆ[dLm III

WÙToh. Gf. ÆhPÙLo(1920 - 1980) A˘U¨dLÙ

TPm 2.5

TPm 2.6 (a) TPm 2.6 (b)


30

EV¨]eLfidœ A±ÆVp A•lT˚P´XÙ] ˘TV¨”m ÿ˚\ A±ÿLlT”jßVYo LÙop

≠u˙]Vv BYÙo. A±ÆVp ˘TVo CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[d ˘LÙiP’. Cßp Es[ ÿRp ˘NÙp

EV¨]jßu ˙T¨]f ˘NÙp Bœm. CWiPÙY’ ˘NÙp £t±]l ˘TVWÙœm. CqYÙfl

EV¨]eLfidœl TV¨”m ÿ˚\ C⁄˘NÙp TV¨”mÿ˚\ (binomial nomenclature) G]lT”m.

TPÆ[dLm I, II, ˘Nnÿ˚\jRÙs (Worksheet) 2.1, 2.2 ÿR≠V] TVuT”jßl ◊≠, È˚], SÙn,

˘Ru˚] ˙TÙu\Yt±u A±ÆVp ˘TVo Li”©•j’ G›R‹m.

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ E´¨]eL∞u A±ÆVp ˘TVoL˚[ ÆNÙ¨j’ EeLs A±ÆVp

œ±l˙Th•p G›’‹m.

TlTÙ∞, ˘Sp (A¨£), UWf∫≤, LÙLm, U≤Ru, £eLm

UÙg£@˘TWÙ Ci•LÙ ˛ UÙ

G©v Ci•LÙ ˛ ˙Ru D

˘To] Ci•LÙ ˛ £l©

CYt±u £t±]l ˘TVo A˚]j’m JuflRÙ˙]. Ceœ £t±]l ˘TVoUh”m ˚Yj’

E´¨]j˚Rj ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•VÙ’. £t±]j’Pu ˙T¨]l ˘TVo·P ˙NolTRu

ÿd°Vj’Ym ◊¨kRRpXYÙ?

E´¨]eL∞u £\lTmNeL˚[ BWÙnk’ AYt˚\

G∞˚UVÙLj ˘R¨k’˘LÙs[‹m, Ti◊Ls, JjR

Ru˚U, Utflm ˙YflTÙ”L∞u A•lT˚P´p

Y˚LlT”jR‹m A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ] ˘TVo „hP‹m

˘Nn°u\ A±ÆVpj ’˚\˙V PÙd^ÙQ™ (taxonomy).

PÙd^ÙQ™´]Ù¤s[ TVuL˚[l Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ• œ±l◊Ls RVÙo ˘Nn’ A±ÆVp

œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

$ E´¨Vp EX°p Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßu C⁄l◊ Geœ Es[’ GuT˚Rj R¨k’˘LÙs[.

$ Lt\˚X G∞˚UlT”jR

$

$

GiQt\ Y˚L EV¨]eLs E´oUiPXjßp C⁄kR ˙TÙß¤m A˚Y Jq˘YÙu±tœm

œ±l©hP ÿLY¨ Ei” G]j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ? A”jRRÙL, Jq˘YÙ⁄ EV¨]ÿm

ARu —tfll◊\j˚R GqYÙfl TVuT”j’°u\’ GuT˚Rl TÙol˙TÙm.

31


222008

SatNovember 2008

M T W T F S S M T W T F S S1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30

November

E´Wt\ LÙW¶ E´¨]eLfidœl TVuT”m ÿ˚\

Ui

LÙtfl

øo

J¸ı

˘YlT®˚X

E´¨]eLfidœ E´Wt\ ·flLs GqYÙfl TVuT”°\’ GuT˚Rl TÙoj˙RÙm. E´Wt\

·flL˚[l ˙TÙX ©\ E´¨Lfim J⁄ E´¨´u YÙrÆp BßdLm ˘N¤j’°\’. CqYÙ\Ù]

Cufl TVeLWUÙ] SÙ[ÙL C⁄kR’. LÙ˚X´pœ∞lTRtLÙL Bt±p C\e°V’m LÙp Y›dL BZUÙ]Tœßdœ Nu\’Uh”m OÙTLm C⁄d°\’. VÙo, VÙ˙WÙ,˙Nok’ LÙlTÙt±]ÙoLs. LÙgNm RÙUßjß⁄kRÙp...I˙VÙ! A˚R ®˚]j’d ·P TÙodL ÿ•VÆp˚X.U≤R‡dœ ¡˚]l˙TÙp ø¨p YÙrYRtœm, T\˚YL˚[l˙TÙp BLÙVjßp T\lTRtœm ÿ•kRÙp... GqY[‹ÆTj’L˚[j RÆojß⁄dLXÙm, —mUÙ, B˚NlTh”Gu] TVu?

£VÙ™u B˚N ®˚\˙Y\ÙR’ Hu?

E´¨]eL∞u ®˚X˙Tt±tœ CVt˚LVÙL˙Y Es[ J⁄ £\l◊f „Zp (YÙØPm) ˙R˚Y G]

øeLs T•jß⁄d°»oL[pXYÙ? CkRf —tfll Tœß´p E´⁄s[ Utflm E´Wt\ LÙW¶Lfim

Ei” G]j ˘R¨k’ ˚Yj’s«oLs.

Cd·flL˚[ SpX ÿ˚\´p TVuT”jRm E´W]eLfidœ Uh”˙U YÙZÿ•Ÿm, EeLs Ts∞

ApX’ ≈h•u —tfll Tœß˚V BWÙnk’ Aeœs[ E´o Utflm E´Wt\Yt˚\ Y˚LlT”jßl

Th•V≠P‹m. ©u ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊L.

RÙYWeLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] FhPl ˘TÙ⁄hLs °˚PdLf

˘Nn°\’. E´¨]eL∞u YÙØPUÙLf ˘NVpT”°\’

AhPY˚Q 2.1


32TPm. 2.7

C˚QkR ˘RÙPo©]Ùp Ru≤˚\‹ ˘Ttfl YÙZ CV¤°u\ E´¨]eLfim AYtfldœ

ERYd·•V E´Wt\ ·flLfim ˙NokR A˚Ul˚T˙V —tflf „Zp (ecosystem) GuT˚RŸm

˘R¨k’ ˚Yj’s˙[Ùm.

$ $ $

UWeLs APokR J⁄ ˙NÙ˚X´u. TPm ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[’.

33


EQ‹f Ne°≠Ls R≤j’®tTßp˚X G]l ◊¨kRRpXYÙ? A˚Y Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl C˚Qk’

J⁄ Y˚X ˙TÙu\ A˚Ul◊Pu C⁄lT˚Rd LY≤jæoL[Ù? C˚R˙V EQ‹ Y˚X (foodweb). Gu°˙\Ùm.

˙NÙ˚X G‡m —tfll◊\f „Z≠¤s[ E´¨]eL˚[d ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”jß⁄dœm œ±l◊L∞u

A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”jß A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

—tfll◊\f „Z≠¤s[ E´¨]eL∞˚P˙V EQ‹j ˘RÙPo◊ Ei” G]j ˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ?

Cq‹Q‹j ˘RÙPo◊L˚[l TVuT”jß CVu\ A[‹ EQ‹f Ne°≠˚Vj (food chains)RVÙ¨j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m. øeLs G›ßV EQ‹f Ne°≠L˚[d œ±l©u

A•lT˚P´p Bn‹ ˘NnV‹m. EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” EQ‹f

Ne°≠L˚[ Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl C˚Qj’d ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ TPÆ[dLjß˚] ®Wl◊L.

$ Ko E´¨]m Ju±tœm ˙UtThP E´¨]eL˚[ EQYÙLl ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs°\RÙ?

$ Ko E´¨]m Ju±tœm ˙UtThP EV¨]eLfidœ EQYÙ°u\RÙ?

J⁄ —tfll◊\f „Z≠¤s[ EV¨]eL˚[ ˘Yq˙Yfl ®˚XL∞p ˚Yj’s«oL[pXYÙ?

Ck®˚XL˚[ Jq˘YÙu±˚]Ÿm •WÙ©d R[m Gu°˙\Ùm.

TPÆ[dLm IV

ThPÙmÈf£

UÙUWmA¶p

UÙ™N Ei¶L˚[ EQYÙL

Eh˘LÙsfiT˚Y

•WÙ©d R[m ˛ 1

•WÙ©d R[m ˛ 2

•WÙ©d R[m ˛ 3

•WÙ©d R[m ˛ 4

RÙYWeLs

RÙYW Ei¶Ls

UÙ™N Ei¶Ls

TPÆ[dLm V


34

J˙W E´¨]m Ju±tœm ˙UtThP •WÙ©d R[jßp Y⁄°u\RÙ G] Bn‹ ˘NnV‹m.

ÿ•‹L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m. ˙Yfl G”j’dLÙh”L˚[d LiP±L.

E´¨d LØ‹l˘TÙ⁄hL˚[f £˚R‹\f NnŸm ÷i‘óL˚[f £˚R‹flj’TYo (decomposers)Gu°˙\Ùm. TÙdº¨VÙ, Èg˚NLs ˙TÙu\˚Y Cl©¨Æp EhT”°u\] G]j ˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ?

J⁄ EQ‹j ˘RÙP¨p C˚Y GkR •WÙ©d R[jßp Y⁄˘U] SiToLfiPu LXk’

B˙XÙ£dL‹m. ÿ•‹L˚[ G›R‹m.

EeLfi˚PV Ts∞ Utflm ≈h•u —tfll◊\jßp Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] —tfll◊\f „Zp

C⁄dœUpXYÙ? B£¨˚Vú ERÆŸPu £fl œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨k’ Cf—tfll◊\f „Z˚X

TÙo˚Y´h” Aeœs[ E´¨]eL˚[ EhT”jß EQ‹j ˘RÙPoL˚[ Y˚WV‹m. Tp˙Yfl

•WÙ©dR[eL∞p E´¨]eLs GqYÙfl YdLlTh”s[] G]d LÙh”m TPeL˚[j RVÙ¨j’

YœlT˚\´p LÙh£dœ ˚YdL‹m.

E´¨]j ˘RÙP◊Ls TXY˚L

Ju±tœm ˙UtThP Y˚L E´¨]eL∞˚P˙V Tp˙Yfl ˘RÙPo◊Ls C⁄lT’i”. EQ‹,

YÙØPm, ˙TÙu\˚Yt˚\ EflßlT”jR˙Y CqYÙ\Ù] ˘RÙo◊Ls TVuT”°u\].

E´¨]eLfidœ HtT”m Su˚U Utflm æ˚UL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙd° Cj˘RÙPo◊L˚[ ˙SWÙ]

˘NVpTÜÙt\m (positive interaction), Guflm ÆT√R ˘NVpTÜÙt\m (negative interaction)Guflm CWiPÙLl ©¨dLXÙm.

UÙu Utflm◊≠

—\Ù¡≤u EP≠p Jh•l©•j’

EQ˚Yj˙R”m Sucker ¡u

T—‹m LÙLÿm

Tu±ú CWjRj˚RE±g—m Ah˚P

ÿR˚Xú YÙ´≠⁄k’ CWjRj˚R E±g—m

Ah˚P˚V EQYÙLd LÙsfim ◊˙[ÙYo T\˚Y

TPm 2.8

35


TPjßp GkR Y˚LVÙ] E´¨]j ˘RÙPo◊Ls Es[]?

Ju˙\Ù˘PÙu\Ù] ˘RÙPo©]Ùp Gk˘RkR E´¨Lfidœ Su˚U °˚Pd°u\’?

Gk˘RkR E´¨]eLfidœj æ˚U HtT”°u\’?

Jh”i¶ YÙrd˚Ldœm C˚W ©•jR¤dœm C˚P˙VŸs[ ˙Ytfl˚U VÙ’?

RWlTh”s[ TPeL˚[d LY≤dL‹m. AhPY˚Q Utflm œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p

TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ E´¨]eLfid°˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo˚Tl Tt±d œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnV‹m.

AßLlT•VÙ] G”j’d LÙh”dLs R⁄L.

AhPY˚Q 2.2

Positive interaction SWÙ]

˘NVpTÜÙt\m

MutualismCWi”

E´¨]eLfidœm

Su˚U

ThPÙmÈf£Ÿm

RÙYWÿm

CommensalismJu±tœ Su˚UŸm,

Ut˘\Ùu±tœSu˚U˙VÙ æ˚U˙VÙ

Cp˚X

UWYÙ˚ZŸm

UÙUWÿm

Negative interaction

ÆT√R ˘NVpTÜÙt\m

C˚W ©•jRp

Predators

Ju±tœ Su˚U

Ut˘\Ùu±tœj

æ˚U

YpÌflm ˙LÙØd

œg—m

Jh”i¶

Parasite

Ju±tœ Su˚U

Ut˘\Ùu±tœj

æ˚U

UÙUWÿm

CjßLfim

˙TÙh•

CWi” E´¨]j

ßtœm ˘RÙPdLj

ßp ˘L”Rp. ©u

˘Yt±˘Tflm

E´¨dœ Su˚U

Y˚L ˘TVo £\l◊ G.LÙ

TóLfim

L˚[Lfim


36

C’ Yœl©p L⁄jRWeLm Jufl SPjßV˙TÙ’ Af— YÙ£jR L⁄jRWeL A±d˚Lú J⁄

Tœß. C˚R Bn‹ Nn’, E´¨Vdœ› (population), E´¨VNÍLm (community), YÙrUiPXm

(ecosystem), EóUiPXm (biosphere) TÙu\Yt±u C˚P˙VŸs[ RÙPo◊Tt± £fl œ±l◊

Y˚WL.

EóUiPXjßu TÙ’LÙlTÙ] ®˚X˙Tt±tœ YÙrUiPXeLfidœ Teœs[RÙ?

Jq˘YÙ⁄ YÙrUiPXeL˚[Ÿm EflßlT”j’Yßp EQ‹ Y˚XLs ER‹Y’ GqYÙfl?

CVt˚L AZ°˙V...

Eó UiPXÿm SÙ‡m

CVt˚Lú ™Ll ˘T¨V AßNV˙U Eó. ◊Æ´p

E´¨]eLs LÙQlT”m Tœß˙V EóUiPXm.

Y∞UiPXjßp H\jRÙZ 10. °.¡ EVWjß¤m LP≠p

10 °.¡ BZjß¤UÙL EóUiPXm TWÆ´⁄d°u\’.

È™´p Uh”UÙ Eó Es[’? EóUiPXjßtœ

˘Y∞˙V E´¨]eLs H˙R‡m C⁄d°\RÙ G]d

LiP±YRtLÙL "Gdv TVÙ[¥' G‡m A±ÆVp ’˚\

Jufl Es[’.

Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] E´¨Ls Nok’ YÙ›m YÙrUiPX˙U

EóUiPXjßu A•lT˚P. J⁄ œ±l©hP C]j˚Rf

˙NokR E´¨]eLs A˚]j˚RŸm Eódœ›dLs

Gu°˙\Ùm. Jq˘YÙ⁄ YÙrUiPXjß¤m HWÙ[UÙ]

EV¨Vp œ›dLs Nok’ E´¨Vp NÍLUÙL E´¨]eLs

YÙr°u\]. CqYÙ\Ù] EV¨Vp NÍLjßp EhTh•⁄dœm

Ko Efll©]WÙL SÙu Es˙[u.

©\ E´¨]eLfidœ ˙UXÙ] A±‹T˚PjR U≤R‡dœ

CVt˚L˚V ÿ›Y’UÙLf ˘NÙkR ˙R˚YLfidLÙLl

TVuT”jR ÿ•Ÿm. Bú AqYÙfl NnVXÙUÙ? AqYÙfl

˘NnRÙp EóUiPXjßtœ GqY[‹ SÙs ®˚Xj’ ®tL

ÿ•Ÿm? B˚LVÙp CVt˚L´¤s[ E´¨Ls EhTP GpXÙ

Y[eL˚[Ÿm TVuT”j’Y˙RÙ” AYt±u TÙ’LÙl©tœm

G]’ A±˚Y TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m. ARtLÙL Gu]Ùp

Gu] ˘NnVÿ•Ÿm?

33333


37

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ EQ‹ Y˚Xú TPjß˚] BWÙV‹m. œ›d LXk’˚WVÙPp YØVÙL

E⁄YÙœm L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœ ERYd·•V œ±l◊Ls RWlTh”s[]. A˚Rl TVuT”j’≈oL[pXYÙ?

EQ‹ Y˚X´≠⁄k’ H˙R‡m J⁄ E´¨]j˚R ød°]Ùp A’ ©\ E´¨]eL˚[

GqYÙfl TÙßdœm?

EQ‹ Y˚Xú £dLXÙ] A˚Ul©˚] C’ GqYÙfl TÙßdœm?

CRu LÙWQUÙL YÙrUiXjßtœ Gu] ˙S⁄m?

EQ‹Y˚Xú £dLXÙ] A˚Ul◊ CXœYÙ]RÙL UÙflm˙TÙ’ YÙrUiPXjßu NUf∫o

Ru˚U ˘Lh”Æ”m. B˚LVÙp J⁄ YÙrUiPXjß¤s[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ E´¨]jßtœm ELkR

®˚XŸm ÿd°Vj’Yÿm Ei”.

È™´p H\jRÙZ 125 XhNj’dœm ˙Up E´¨]Y˚LLs YÙr°u\]. ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ ˚T

Y˚WTPjß˚] BWÙnk’ C’Y˚Wdœm A˚PVÙ[m Li”˘LÙiP E´¨]Y˚LL∞u

Gi¶d˚L˚V Jl◊˚U ˘NnL.

™Ld·”RXÙL Es[ E´¨]Y˚L G’? ™Ldœ˚\YÙ]’ G’?

TPÆ[dLm II

TPÆ[dLm I

˘UÙ…WÙ

◊˙Wh•vhPÙ

Èg˚N

©[Ùu˙P

A≤˙U≠VÙ

0.6% 9.4% 3.8%17.2%

69%


38

CqYÙfl È™´¤s[ TpY˚LVÙ] RÙYWeLfim, ÆXeœLfim, ÷i‘´¨Lfim ˙NokR

E´¨]Y[j˚R E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U (biodiversity) Gu°˙\Ùm.

EeL[’ Tœß´p E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Uú ®˚X Gu]? ÆNÙ¨dL‹m. C˚Rl Tt± ˘R¨V

˙Yi”˘U≤p G˚R GpXÙm T¨∫X˚] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m? ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L˚[

TVuT”jß EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ E⁄YÙdL‹m.

EeLs Tœß´p ÿu©⁄kR E´¨]Y˚LLs VÙ‹m Cl˙TÙ’m C⁄d°u\]YÙ?

E´¨]eLs Utflm E´¨]Y˚LL∞u Gi¶d˚L AßL¨j’s[RÙ?

ÆYNÙVj’˚\´p HtThP UÙt\m E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´p BßdLm ˘N¤j’°\RÙ?

YÙrd˚L ÿ˚\´p HtThP UÙt\eLs H˙R‡m Y˚L´p E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Uú

CZl©tœd LÙWQUÙ°\RÙ?

øeLs E⁄YÙd°V L⁄j’dL∞u Ht◊jRu˚U˚V ˙NÙßj’ A±V GjR˚LV YØÿ˚\L˚[

GpXÙm Htfld˘LÙsYÙn?

$ Etfl˙SÙdLp

$ ˘T¨˙VÙoLfiPu ˙SoÿLm.

$

$

RLYp ßWh”R¤dœ ELkR YØÿ˚\L˚[l Tt± B£¨˚V´Pÿm, SiToL∞Pÿm

LXkRÙ˙XÙ£j’ ˘NVpÿ˚\, ˙SWm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ ÿ›˚UVÙLj ßhP™”eLs. RLYp

ßWh•V©u AYt˚\ A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙLl TœlTÙn‹ Nn’ ÿ•‹L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p

G›R‹m.

EeLs Tœß´¤s[ E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Uú Ei˚UVÙ] ®˚X ˘R¨kRRpXYÙ?

E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Uú TÙßl◊dœd LÙWQm G’YÙL C⁄dLXÙm? CRtœj æo‹LÙQ øeLs

·flm ˙VÙN˚] Gu]? EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m. E´¨]

˙Ytfl˚Uú CZl◊ œ˚\lTRtLÙL EeL[Ùp CV¤°u\ J⁄ NVpTÙh˚P B£¨˚VŸP‡m

SiToLfiP‡m ˙Nok’ ßhP™”eLs. Gp˙XÙ⁄m Te˙Ltœm T•VÙL A˚Rf ˘NVpT”jR‹m.

AqYÙ\Ù] ˘NVpTÙh•u ˙TÙ’ EeLfidœiPÙ] A‡TYeL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p

G›R‹m.

E´¨] ˙Ytfl˚Uú CZl◊ EeLs Tœß´p Uh”UÙ Es[’? EXL[ÙÆV ÿ˚\´p E´¨]

˙Ytfl˚Uú ®˚X Gu]? ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh•⁄dœm TPÆ[dLÿm œ±l◊Lfim BWÙnk’

L⁄j’dL˚[ E⁄YÙd° A˚R A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.


39

Ck®˚X ˘RÙPWd ·PÙ’

1600dœm 1900dœm C˚P˙V °hPjRhP 75 Y˚LVÙ] RÙYW C]eLfim,

ÆXe°]eLfim È™´p C⁄k’ LÙQÙUp ˙TÙ´tfl. 1900 ˛ -1970 LÙXeL∞¤m C˙R

A[‹ E´¨]eLs AØ˚Y S¨hP’. LPkR 25 Y⁄PeLfidœs AØÆu Gi¶d˚L

¡i”m AßL¨jR’. Ck®˚X ˘RÙPokRÙp T—˚UVÙ] CkR È™ú E´¨]Y[m

GjR˚] SÙhLs ø•dœ˙UÙ!

Cufl U˚ZdLÙ”Ls...

SÙ˚[ TÙ˚XY]m

E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Uú E˚\ÆPUÙLj

ßL›m CPmRÙu ˘YlTUiPX U˚Zd

LÙ”Ls. 1980Bm Bi”d LQdœlT•

LPkR 40 Y⁄PeL∞p H\jRÙZ 44%

˘YlTUiPXd LÙ”Ls-/ U˚ZdLÙ”Ls

CZl©tœ Es[Ù]’. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y⁄Pÿm

°hPjRhP 75,000 °.¡ U˚ZdLÙ”Ls

AØÆtœ Es[Ù °u\’. C˙R ®˚X

˘RÙPokRÙp 80 Bi”Lfidœl©u

U˚ZdLÙ”L∞u CPm TÙ˚XY]eLs

RdL ˚Yj’d˘LÙsfim GuTßp

IV™p˚X. LÙ”Ls Uh”UpX, øo

˙RdLeLs, ◊p˙U”Ls ˙TÙu\ YÙØPe

L∞u ®˚XŸm T¨RÙTjßtœ¨V˙R

RY˚[Lfim SÙh”UÙ‹m

CqÆWi•tœ™˚P˙V Gu] ˘RÙPo◊ G] Gi‘°»o

L[Ù? ÿd°VUÙ] Jtfl˚U Gu]˘Y≤p C˚Y CWi”m

C] AØ˚Y Gßo˘LÙs°\’ GuTRÙœm. RY˚[d

LÙpLfidœ Æ⁄lTm AßL¨jR’m, Èf£d˘LÙp≠

U⁄k’Ls TVuT”jR¤m RY˚[ú Gi¶d˚L

œ˚\YRtœd LÙWQUÙVıtfl ◊’Y˚LVÙ]

UÙÆ]WLeL∞u Y⁄˚L SU’ SÙh” UÙUWjßu

U˚\Ætœ YØ ˙LÙ≠V’.


40

C˚Y C≤˙Up TPeL∞p Uh”m

TÙ≠ ˚PLo ˙PÙ˙PÙ ©ed ˘aPh Pd

E´¨] Ytfl˚U SÙ˚[

J⁄ U˙X£V SÙh” Ei˚Uf NmTYm

1970 L∞p U˙X£VÙ SÙh•p •Î¨Vu UWjßu TZeLs EtTjß NnVlT”Y’ YœYÙLd

œ˚\kR’. B˚LVÙp A˚R Sm©f ˘NVpThP TZeLs TRlT”jRp ˘RÙØp ®ufl

ÆhP’. Hu ˘R¨ŸUÙ? C\Ùp Y[ol©tLÙLd LiPp LÙ”L˚[ AØjRRÙp Aeœ

YÙrkß⁄kR Y¸YÙpLs LÙQÙUp TÙ´tfl. •Î¨Vu UWjßp ULWkRf Nod˚L SPdL

ERÆ´⁄kR ˘Y¸YÙpL∞u AØYÙp •Î¨Vu UWjßu TZeLs E⁄YÙY’m ®ufl

ÆhP’. AØÆu ˘RÙPof ˘NV≠˚]l TÙ⁄eL˙[u.

TPm 3.1

TPÆ[dLm III

E´¨] Ytfl˚UCufl

˙Yh˚PVÙ”

Rp

LÙ”

L˚

[A

ØjRp

øo˙Rd°L˚[®Wl◊Rp

UÙN˚PRp

E´¨] Ytfl˚U´u Y[UÙ]ÿuLÙXm


41

E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U˚Vl TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm Gu\Ùp ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jRd ·PÙ’ GuTRpX.

L”˚UVÙ] —Wi”R˚Xj R˚P ˘NnY’Pu C] AØ˚Y Gßo˘LÙsfim EV¨]eL˚[l

TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙ] SPY•dL˚L˚[Ÿm ˙Ut˘LÙs[ ˙Yi•Ÿs[’. E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U´u

CZl©tœj æo‹LÙQ EXL[ÙÆV TX SPY•d˚LLs G”dLlTh”s[].

E´¨]eL˚[ AYt±u CVt˚LVÙ] —tflf „Z≠p TÙ’LÙdLlT”°u\ (in-situ conservation)ÿ˚\Ÿm, CVt˚LVÙ] YÙrUiPXjßtœ ˘Y∞˙V RœkR CPeL∞p TÙ’LÙdLlT”°u\

ÿ˚\Ÿm (ex-situ conservation) S˚Pÿ˚\´p Es[]. Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLs (wild lifesanctuaries), ˙R£VlÈeLÙdLs, T˙VÙv©Vo ¨No‹Ls, ˙NÙ˚XLs ˙TÙu\˚Y ÿRp ©¨Æ¤m,

RÙYWÆVp ÈeLÙdLs, E´¨Vp ÈeLÙdLs, Àu Ye°Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y CWiPÙY’

©¨Æ¤ÿs[ TÙ’LÙl◊ ÿ˚\L[Ùœm. Cj’Pu £X E´¨]eL∞u TÙ’LÙl©tLÙ] £\l◊f

˘NVpßhPeLfim S˚Pÿ˚\´p Es[]. G.LÙ. ◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPm (project tiger).Jq˘YÙ⁄ Tœß´¤s[ E´¨]Y[j˚Rl Tt±j RLYp ßWh• E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U Tß˙Y”L˚[j

RVÙo ˘NnY’m, E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Ul TÙ’LÙl©u Tœß˙V

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ Æ[dLjß˚]d LY≤ŸeLs

Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLs (Wild life sanctuaries)Y]ÆXeœL∞u TÙ’LÙl˚T ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙi”

’YeLl˘Tt\ J⁄ ÿVt£˙V C’. ÆXeœLfidœ AYt±u

CVt˚LVÙ] —tflf„Z≠p YÙrYRtœ CR]Ùp ÿ•°\’.

—tfll◊\f „Z¤dœd ˙L” YWÙU¤m, ÆXeœL∞u

CVpTÙ] YÙrÆtœj RPeLp HtTPÙU¤m U≤R≤u

D”TÙh•tœ A‡Uß YZeLlTh”s[’. B˚LVÙp

L”˚UVÙ] ®TkR˚]Lfidœ EhTh”d LÙh•u

Æ˚[˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ G”lTRtœm UWm ˘YhP‹m ÆYNÙVm

˘NnV‹m ARu YØVÙL U≤R‡dœ ˙SW•VÙ] TXu

°˚PlTRtœ ERYd·•V Y˚L´p Y]ÆXeœ

NWQÙVXeLs Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[]. ˙LW[ÙÆ¤s[

˘Nk’⁄¶Ÿm ˘T¨VÙflm Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLfidœ

G”j’d LÙh”L[Ùœm.


42

T˙VÙv©Vo ¨No‹Ls

(Biosphere Reserves)E´oUiPXjßu SLpL˙[ T˙VÙv©Vo ¨No‹Ls. ©\ TÙ’LÙl◊

NWQÙXVeLfiPu Jl©”˚L´p ™Ll˘T¨V TWlT[‹ ˘LÙiP TœßLs

CRtœ Ei”, J⁄ T˙VÙv©Vo ¨NoÆp HWÙ[UÙ] ˙R£V ÈeLÙdLfim.,

Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLfim APe°´⁄dœm. ˚NXuhYÙ≠Ÿm,

˘Nk’⁄¶Ÿm, ˘T¨VÙflm øX°¨ T˙VÙv©Vo ¨NoÆp EhT”°u\]. J⁄

T˙VÙv©Vo ¨NoÆu ˚UVl Tœß´p (core zone) GkRÆRUÙ] U≤R

D”TÙ”m A‡UßdLlT”Yßp˚X. A’ Y]ÆXeœL∞u NÙkR ®XUÙLj

ßLr°\’. A˚Rf —t±Ÿs[ T@To ˙NÙi (buffer zone) HWÙ[UÙ]

Æ˚[˘TÙ⁄hL∞u L[g£VUÙœm. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh•tœm, BWÙnf£

LfidœUÙL Cl˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm. Cj˙R˚YLfidLÙL

Lh”lTÙh”P]Ù] U≤R D”TÙ”Lfim A‡UßdLjRdLRÙœm. ™L‹m

˘Y∞lT˚PVÙ] Tœß (transition zone) U≤R≤u YÙØPUÙœm. U≤R≤u

D”TÙ” ClTœßL∞p A‡UßdLlTh”s[’. B]Ùp Ce°⁄k’

EhTœßdœf NpX L”˚UVÙ] ®TkR˚]Lfim NhPßhPeLfim Es[].

˙R£V ÈeLÙdLs

(National Parks)

U≤R≤u F”⁄Yp CVt˚Ldœ Æ˚[Æd

œm ˙Lh˚Pf N¨˘NnŸm ˙SÙdœPu TX ˘NVp

TÙ”Lfim ßhP™PlTh”s[]. AYtfls JuflRÙu

˙R£V ÈeLÙdLs. CVt˚L´u CVpTÙ] AZœm

£dLXÙ] A˚Ul◊m AqYÙ˙\ TÙ’LÙd°u\ ˘T¨V

LÙh”lTœß˙V ClÈeLÙdLs. Ceœ ÆYNÙVm,

˙RÙhPm A˚UjRp ˙TÙu\ U≤R≤u D”TÙ”Ls

R˚P ˘NnVTh”s[]. ˙R∫V ÈeLÙdL∞p R≤VÙo

®flY]eL˚[ A‡UßlTßp˚X. GpXÙ E´¨

]eLfidœm CVt˚LŸPu JuflTh” YÙZ YØ

˙LÙ¤m ˙R£V ÈeLÙdLs E´¨]Y[jßu

£\l◊™dL L[g£VUÙœm. CWÆœ[ÿm, ˚NXuh

YÙ≠Ÿm (A˚UßlTs[jRÙdœ) ˙LW[jß¤s[

˙R£V ÈeLÙdL[Ùœm.


43

RÙYW ÈeLÙdLs

(Botanical Gardens)Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] RÙYW Y˚L

L˚[l TÙ’LÙlT’ G‡m ÿd°V

˙SÙdLj’Pu A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙL E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[ C˚Y

©\ ÈeLÙdL∞≠⁄k’ ˙Yfl

ThP˚Y. RÙYWeL∞p AYtflPu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV RLYp Ah

˚PLs C⁄dœm. ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm

UÙYhPjß¤s[ RÙYWÆVpÈeLÙ Utflm BWÙnf£ ˚UVm,

TÙ˙XÙ”, (Tropical BotaniclGarden and Research Institutepalode) CRtœ J⁄ G”j’d

LÙhPÙœm.

◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPm (Project Tiger)CkßVÙÆu R£V ÆXeLÙ°V ◊≠, C] AØ˚Y Gßo˙SÙdœm

˙Y˚[´p ’Ye°V ßhP˙U ◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPm. 1973Cp

’Ye°V CjßhPjßuT• ◊≠L˚[ AYt±u CVt˚LVÙ]

—tflf „Z≠p TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙ] ÿVt£Ls Ut˘LÙs[lThP].

CqYÙ\Ù] 23 ˚UVeLs CkßVÙÆp Es[]. G.LÙ.

˙RdL•´¤s[ ˘T¨VÙo ˚PLo ¨Noq, ◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhP

AUXÙdLjß]Ùp ◊≠L∞u Gi¶d˚L AßL¨j’s[’

Gufl ◊s∞ ÆYWeLs ˘R¨Æd°u\].

ÆXe°Vp ÈeLÙdLs

(Zoological Gardens)Y]ÆXeœL˚[f ˘NVt˚LVÙ] „r®˚X

L∞p Y[olTRtLÙ] Æ⁄lTm U≤R‡dœj

˘RÙufl˘RÙh˙P C⁄k’ Y⁄°\’. Cq

Æ⁄lT˙U ™⁄LdLÙh£f NÙ˚XLfidœ

YØ˙LÙ≠V’. CVt˚LŸPu Ju± YÙ›m

ÆXeœLfidœ AkR —RkßWÿm. —tfll

„Z¤m ÿ›˚UVÙL YZeL ÿ•VÙÆhPÙ

¤m ™⁄LdLÙh£f NÙ˚XLs C] AØ˚Y

Gßo˘LÙsfim TX ÆXeœ˚[Ÿm TÙ’LÙd

°u\ ˚UVm Gu\ ÿ˚\´p ™L‹m

ÿd°Vj’Ym YÙnkRRÙœm. ß⁄Y]kR◊Wj

ß¤s[ ™⁄Ld LÙh£f NÙ˚X ™L‹m TZ˚U

YÙnkR’m Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ÆXe°]e

L˚[d LÙiP J⁄ ÆXe°Vp ÈeLÙYÙœm.

ÀuYe°Ls

(Gene Banks)ÿ›Y[of£ ˘Tt\ E´¨]e

L˚[l TÙ’LÙlT’Pu AYt

±u ˘TÙ’lTi◊L˚[d Lh”l

T”j’m LÙW¶L˚[j (ÀuLs) ßWh•l TÙ’

LÙlT’UÙ] S≈]÷hT˙U ÀuYe°Ls.

Æ˚RYe° (Seed bank) E´o ÆkR‘ Ye° G]

Àu Ye°Ls TX Es[]. —XTUÙLd °˚Pdœm

˙Y˚[L∞p C˚Y ßWh PlTh”j ˙R˚YlT”m

˙Y˚[L∞p E´¨]e L˚[ EtTjß ˘Nn’ C]

AØ˚Yj RÆodLXÙm.

.


44

øeLs YÙ£jR CkR Æ[dLeL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ EeLs L⁄j’dL˚[ A±ÆVp


Y]ÆXeœ NWQÙXVeLs GqYÙfl ™⁄LdLÙh£f NÙ˚XL∞≠⁄k’ ˙YflTh”s[]?

EóUiPXjßu UÙß¨˙V Biosphere reserves (T˙VÙv©Vo ¨No‹Ls) Hu?

◊≠Ls TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPm ©\ Y]ÆXeœ TÙ’LÙl◊j ßhPeL∞≠⁄k’ GqYÙfl

˙YflTh”s[’?

Àu Ye°Ls E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Uú TÙ’LÙl©tœ GqYÙfl ER‹°\’?.

˘Wh ˙PhPÙ◊d ˛u ÿd°Vj’Ym Gu]?

E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U TÙ’LÙl◊f ˘NVpLs E⁄YÙd°P‹m J⁄e°˚QdL‹m ˙R£V A[Æ¤m

EXL[ÙÆŸm Tp˙Yfl A˚Ul◊Lfim, ®flY]eLfim Es[]. WWF (World Wide Fund for theconservation of plant and animal resources) IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature andnatural resources), ˙TÙu\˚Y £X G”j’dLÙh”L[Ùœm. E´¨]˙Ytfl˚U TÙ’LÙl◊Pu

˘RÙPo◊˚PV HWÙ[UÙ] NhPßhPeLs Sm SÙh•p Es[]. C] AØ˚Y Gßo˘LÙsfim

E´¨]eL˚[j ’u◊flj’Y’m, ˘LÙpY’m, £\l◊ A‡Ußú± AYt˚\ Y[oj’Y’m

RiP˚]dœ¨V œt\UÙœm.

◊‡œl È˚]

Civet cat

£eLYÙp œWeœ

Lion tailed macaque

Y˚WVÙ”

Nilgiri tahr

TPm IV

˘Wh ˙PhPÙ ◊d

(Red Data Book)C] AØ˚Y Gßo

˘LÙsfim E´¨]e

L˚[l Th•V≠”m

◊jRL˙U Red DataBook. EXL[ÙÆV

A[Æp IUCN ˘Y∞

´”°u\ ◊jRLj’Pu

TX SÙ”Ls R≤lThP

ÿ˚\´p ˘Y∞´”m

◊jRLeLfim Es[].

E´¨]eLs Gßo

˘LÙsfim C] AØ

Æu A[‹dœj Rœk

RYÙfl TX ©¨‹L[ÙL

A˚Y Cl◊jRLj ßp

E h T ” j R l T h ” s

[]. £eLYÙp œWeœ,

Y˚WVÙ”, ◊‡œlÈ˚]

˙TÙu\˚Y Red Data Book Cp CPm©•jR ˙LW[jß¤s[ £X TÙÌh•

L[Ùœm.


45

NhPjßu TÙ’LÙl◊

2002E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Uf NhPjßuT• (biodiversity act) GpXÙ

UÙ®XeL∞¤m (biodiversity) YÙ¨VeLs E⁄YÙdLlThP]. ARu

A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ Es[Ùh£ A˚Ul◊dL∞¤m (biodiversitymanagement) œ›dLs E⁄YÙd°P ˙Yi”m. AYoL∞u R˚X˚U´p

Aeœs[ E´¨] ˙Ytfl˚U Tß˙Y” biodiversity register RVÙ¨dL

˙Yi”m. CRtLÙL, B£¨VoLs, UÙQYoLs, Ru]ÙoYj ˘RÙiPoLs

B°˙VÙü ERÆŸm ˙N˚YLfim TVuT”jRXÙm. E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Ul

Tß˙Y” E⁄YÙdœY˙RÙ”, AlTœß´¤s[ E´¨]Y[m Aeœs[

UdLfidœl TVuT”m Y˚L´p A±‹ ÈoYUÙL Æ≤˙VÙ°lTRtLÙ]

YØÿ˚\L˚[ A∞dL ˙Yi•V LP˚UŸm Es[Ùh£ A˚Ul◊Lfidœ

Ei”.

ÆXeœL∞Pm Hu CkRd ˘LÙ”˚U!

EóUiPXjßu E˚P˚U U≤R‡dœ Uh”m Gu\ GiQm

N¨VpX. GpXÙ E´¨]eLfidœm NU E¨˚UŸm, ÿd°Vj

’Yÿm CVt˚L A∞j’s[’. B]Ùp U≤Ru Ru‡˚PV

A±˚Yl TVuT”jß GpXÙ E´¨]eL˚[Ÿm Ru‡˚PV

—VSX‡dLÙLl TVuT”j’°\Ùu. A±‹lÈoYUÙ] —Wi

P¤dœ A‡Uß C⁄l©‡m AqYl˙TÙ’ A’ Gp˚X

¡fl°\’ GuT’RÙu Ei˚U. A±ÆVp ˙NÙR˚]dœ Gu\

˘TV¨p ÆXeœL˚[j ˙R˚Y´pXÙUp TVuT”j’Y’m,

TVuT”j’YRtœÿu ÆXeœL˚[j R˚V´pXÙUp ˘LÙ”

˚UlT”j’Y’m Ti˚Q ÆXeœL˚[f £WUlT”j’Y’m

Cufl NoYNÙRÙWQUÙL Es[’. Cf˘NVpLfidœ GßWÙL

U≤Ru £kßjRRu TX]ÙL ÆXeœLfidœ GßWÙ]

˘LÙ”˚U˚V ®fljR ˙Yi”m G‡m ˙SÙdœPu TX

A˚Ul◊Ls E⁄YÙdLlThP]. AYtfls ÿd°VUÙ] Jufl

SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty on Animals). Bœm.

J⁄ Tœßú E´¨]˙Ytfl˚Uú Y[jß˚]d LQd°”m˙TÙ’ EsSÙh”f £t±]eL∞u

(endemic species) Gi¶d˚Ldœ ™L‹m ÿd°Vj’Ym Ei”. CqYÙfl EsSÙh”

£t±]eL∞u Gi¶d˚L ™L AßLUÙL Es[’m, YÙØP AØÆtœ Es[ÙLl ˙TÙY’UÙ°V

CPeLs 'ecological hot spots' G]lT”m. EXLm ÿ›Y’m CqYÙ\Ù] 34 hot spot Ls

Ei” CYtfls ™L ÿd°VUÙ]˚Y CkßVÙÆ¤s[ ˙Utœj ˘RÙPof£ U˚XŸm, CUVU˚Xl

TœßŸm Bœm. EX°u ™Ld·”RXÙ] E´¨]Y[m ™dL 12 SÙ”L∞p (mega diversity nations)CkßVÙ‹m Jufl. ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] E´¨]eLfidœm YÙrYRtœj RœkR CPeL∞p Ju\ÙL

CVt˚L˙V Sm SÙh˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’s[’ GuT˙R CRu ˘TÙ⁄s. CqY[m Sm SÙh•u

˙Tfl Bœm. A˚Rl TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi•V’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ CkßVd œ•UL≤u LP˚UŸUÙœm.


46

E´¨]Y[jßu TÙ’LÙl©tœ AßL ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞lT’ SÙh•u Y[of£dœ

R˚PVÙLÙRÙ?

A±ÆVp ˘RÙØp ÷hTjß˚]l TVuT”jß Y[of£lT¶L˚[ ˙YLlT”jRÙÆ•p

U≤RœXjßu Y[of£ S˚P˘TflUÙ?

EeLs R≤lThP L⁄j’dL˚[ G›R‹m. B£¨˚V´u ˙UtTÙo˚Y´p EeLs Yœl©p J⁄

LXk’˚WVÙPp HtT”jß L⁄j’dL˚[ T¨UÙ\‹m. LXk’˚WVÙP˚Xd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[

œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Y¨˚NlT”jR‹m.

E´¨] Y[jßu TÙ’LÙl◊m SÙh•u Y[of£Ÿm GqYÙfl Jufl ˙NodLXÙm?

®˚XVÙ] Y[of£ (sustainable development) GuT’ G˚Rd œ±d°u\’?

ThPQjßu J⁄ LÙh£˚Vl TÙojæoL[pXYÙ? ˘Nu\ 30 Bi”L∞p Ceœ ®LrkRUÙt\eLs VÙ˚Y? CkR UÙt\eLs CVt˚L Utflm U≤RoL˚[ GqYÙ˘\pXÙm TÙßjß⁄dLXÙm?

Jq˘YÙ⁄ SÙfim Sm˚Uf —t±¤m S˚P˘Tflm ˘NVpTÙ”Ls VÙ˚Y? EeLs N˚UVpA˚\´¤m —tfll◊\jß¤m S˚P˘Tflm UÙt\eL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›ßl TÙodL‹m.CYt±p SUdœ Su˚U ˘NnY]‹m, æ˚U ˘NnY]‹m Es[]YÙ? CVt˚LVÙ] UÙt\eLfim˘NVt˚LVÙ] UÙt\eLfim EiPÙ?A˚Y VÙ˚Y?...............................................................................................

Gq˘YqYÙfl UÙt\eL˚[ Y˚LlT”jRXÙm? Y˚LlT”jR˚XŸm ARtœd ˚LVÙiPYØÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±dL‹m. EeLs SiTu RiΩ˚W øWÙÆVÙLUÙtflYRtœm, øWÙÆ˚V ¡i”m RiΩWÙL UÙtflYRtœm ÿVt£ Nn°\Ùu. CRtLÙLj RVÙo˘NnR YØÿ˚\Ls G˚Y˘VpXÙm?

C’ ˙TÙufl £X YØÿ˚\L˚[ E⁄YÙd° EeL[Ù¤m ˘NnV ÿ•ŸUÙ? ÿVufl TÙodL‹m.

UÙt\eLs

(30 Y⁄Pjßtœ ÿu◊)

(Cl˘TÙ›’)

TPm 4.1 (a)

TPm 4:1 (b)

4


48

CmUÙt\jßu R≤jRu˚U˚V G›’L.

RiΩo, øWÙÆ B°VYt±u ÍXd·fl J›eL˚Ul˚Td LÙh”m TPm ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. „˙Pt±V˙TÙ’m œ∞Wf ˘NnR˙TÙ’m øo ÍXd·flLfidœ HtThP’ Gu] Gufl◊¨k’˘LÙs[XÙm ApXYÙ?

RiΩo øWÙÆ Bœm˙TÙ’ øo ÍXd·flL∞uJ›eL˚Ul©p S˚P˘Tt\ UÙt\m:

øWÙÆ øWÙL UÙ±V˙TÙ’

UÙt\eLs GpXÙm C’ ˙TÙu\RÙ? ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ Bn‹

SPj’YRtLÙL G”jR ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TÙ⁄eLs.

Am˙UÙ≤Vm ˚P œ˙WÙ˙Uh T•LeLs, K” ApX’ ˘NeLp ’i”Ls, æl˘Th•

˘NVpTÙ”

J⁄ Kh”j’i” ApX’ ˘NeLp≠u¡’ Am˙UÙ≤Vm˚P œ˙WÙ˙Uh T•LeL˚[d œÆVXÙL YdL‹m. G∞ßpæ˚V G¨Vf NnYRtLÙLd œÆV≠u Up◊\jßp Ju˙\ÙCWi˙PÙ ædœf£´u U⁄k’s[ TÙLmUh”m ÿ±j’G”j’ ˚YdL‹m. Aßp æ˚V G¨Vf ˘NnV‹m. HtT”mUÙt\eL˚[ Etfl ˙SÙdL‹m.

$ ®\jßp ..............................................................................

$ A[Æp .............................................................................

$ .................................................................................

$ .................................................................................

◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄s ˙RÙu±VRÙ?

Cu˘]Ù⁄ Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. TPjßp

LÙi©dLlTh”s[˚Rl ˙TÙu\ A˚Ul˚T

E⁄YÙd° Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙo. ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄ÆLsVÙ˚Y? Th•Vp CP‹m. G”jR L˚WNp :L±El◊ + 3’∞ ©]ÙplR≠u. L˚WN≠u ®\m BnÆtœ ÿu◊

Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙojR ˙TÙ’

L˚WN≠≠u ®\ UÙt\jßu YÙ´XÙL ARu Ti©tœ

øo øWÙÆTPm 4.2

A˙UÙ≤Vm ˚Pœ˙WÙ˙Uh

TPm 4.3

TPm 4.4

LÙoTu Ri”

˘Nm◊ Lm©

3 ’∞ ©]ÙplR≠u LXkRL±El◊ L˚WNp

™uLXm6 V


49

Gu] UÙt\m S˚P˘Tt\’ G]l ◊¨k’˘LÙs[ ÿ•kRRÙ? ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ·t±tœ˙S˙W (ü) ˘NnV‹m

L˚WNp A™XjRu˚U E˚PVRÙL UÙ±V’.

L˚WNp LÙWjRu˚U E˚PVRÙL UÙ±V’

L˚WN¤dœ UÙt\m H’m HtTPÆp˚X.

BnÆu ’YdLjßp G”jR L˚WNp ApXCflß´p °˚PjR’ G]l ◊¨kR’ ApXYÙ?CqYÙfl UÙflThP Ti◊Lfis[ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[E⁄YÙdœm˙TÙ’ ◊ßV ÍXd·flLfimE⁄YÙœm ApXYÙ?

RiΩ˚Wf „˙Pt±Ÿm œ∞Wf ˘Nn’m ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙh•p, „˙Pt±V˙TÙ’ ˘TÙ⁄∞uÍXd·flL∞u J›eL˚Ul◊ Uh”˙U UÙ±V’. AR]Ùp œ∞Wf ˘NnR˙TÙ’ ARtœ,ÿu©⁄kR’ ˙TÙp UÙ\‹m ÿ•kR’. RtLÙ≠LUÙ] CjR˚LV UÙt\eLs CVt©Vp UÙt\eLs(physical changes) G] A±VlT”°u\].

B]Ùp Utfl CWi” ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m ◊ßV ÍXd·flLs ApXYÙ E⁄YÙ´tfl? CeœE⁄YÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ¡i”m A˙UÙ≤Vm ˚P œ˙WÙ˙Uh BL˙YÙ L±Ÿl◊d L˚WNXÙL˙YÙUÙt\ ÿ•VÙ’. ARÙY’ C˚Y ®˚XVÙ] UÙt\eL[Ùœm.

◊ßV ÍXd·flLs (˘TÙ⁄hLs) E⁄YÙYRÙp CjR˚LV ®˚XVÙ] UÙt\eLs ˙YßUÙt\eLs(chemical changes) ApX’ ˙YßÆ˚]Ls (chemical reactions) Gufl A±VlT”°u\].RiΩ¨u ®˚X UÙt\j˚Rd œ±jR J⁄ TPÆ[dLj˚Rd LY≤dL‹m.

« RiΩ¨u ®˚X UÙt\jßp RÙdLm ˘N¤j’m Bt\pY•Ym VÙ’?

©]ÙplR≠u Gu‡mLÙh• (Indicator)

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s A™XjRu˚U E˚PVRÙApX’ LÙWjRu˚U E˚PVRÙ G]A±k’˘LÙs[ LÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jRXÙm. ≠hUv, ˘NmT⁄jßlÈÆu NÙfl,¿hÏhNÙfl, ©]ÙlR≠u ˙TÙu\Yt˚\LÙh•L[ÙLl TVuT”jRXÙm. BnYLjßp TVuT”jRlT”m LÙh•L∞pJufl ©]ÙplR≠u. A™Xjß¤mS”®˚Xd L˚WN≠¤m ®\Ut\RÙLdLÙQlT”m. B]Ùp LÙWjRu˚UŸs[L˚WNpL∞p ©ed ®\j˚Rd LÙh”m.

T≤dLh• RiΩo øWÙÆ

˘YlTm Ht°\’

˘YlTm E™r°\’

TPjßp Æ”ThPTÙLm (1), (2) ®Wl◊L.


50

TPm 4.5

(£t\Lp)

CVt©Vp UÙt\jßtœ ˙U¤m G”j’dLÙh”Ls Li”©•j’ Aj’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Bt\pUÙt\eLs VÙ˚Y G] A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L.

˙U¤m £X ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œ±j’j ˘R¨k’˘LÙs˙YÙm.

˘NVpTÙ” 1

EW£ —jRm ˘NnR J⁄’i” ˘Ud…µVm SÙPÙ˚Yj æ´p LÙi©dL‹m.

◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄s E⁄YÙ]RÙ?

°˚PjR NÙmT˚Xf ˙NL¨j’d œ˚\kR A[‹ ø¨pL˚WVf ˘Nn’, ≠hUvRÙs ET˙VÙ°j’d L˚WN≠uTi˚T Bn‹ ˘NnL. ø ◊¨k’˘LÙiP’ Gu]? C’ J⁄˙Yß´Vp UÙt\m G]d ·\lT”YRu LÙWQm Gu]?

˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 2

J˙W A[‹s[ CWi” ˘Yi¶\j ’i”j ’¶L˚[f £pYo ˚Sh˙Wh L˚WN≠p ÍrLf˘Nn’ G”dL‹m. Ju˚\ J⁄ Ah˚Pl ˘Th•´‡s J∞ TPÙRYÙfl ˚YdL‹m Ut˘\Ùu˚\f„¨VJ∞ SW•VÙLl T”m CPjßp YdL‹m. £±’ SWm LØk’ CWi˚PŸm EtfllTÙodL‹m.

« „¨VJ∞ T”m CPjßp ˚YjR ’¶´p HtThP UÙt\m Gu]?

« C⁄∞p ˚YjR ’¶´p HtThP UÙt\m Gu]?

« ®\ UÙt\jßp „¨VJ¸ı´u Teœ VÙ’?

˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 3

EXokR Bn‹d œZÙ´p £±’ TÙhPÙ£Vm ToUÙeL˙]h T•LeLsG”j’ Bn‹dœZÙ´u YÙnlTœß´p J⁄ G¨Ÿm œf£˚VdLÙhP‹m. Gu] LÙi°\Ùn? ˙U¤m Bn‹d œZÙ˚Vf „˙Pt±V©u◊ Bn˚Yf ˘Nn’ TÙo.

TPm 4.6


51

Etfl˙SÙdLp

« CRtœj ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm YÙŸ VÙ’?

« C’ GqYÙfl E⁄YÙ´tfl?

˘TÙhPÙ£Vm ˘ToUÙeL˙]h →˘TÙhPÙ£Vm UÙeL˙]h +UÙeL…v ˚P Bd˚^” + Bd≥_u

« ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm ToUÙeL˙]h•u £˚RÆp RÙdLm ˘N¤j’m Bt\p Y•Ym VÙ’?

˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 4

TPjßu A˚Ul˚T Etfll TÙodL‹m. Bn‹dLÙL

G”jR ˘TÙ⁄hLs: ˘Nm◊dLm©, Ud…µVm, SPÙ,

øojR NpÈ¨d A™Xm.

CkR BnÆu ˘Nnÿ˚\˚V G›ßl TÙodL‹m.

Etfl˙SÙdLp:

˘Nm◊m Ud…µVÿm E˙XÙLeL[Ùœm.

E˙XÙLeLs A™Xj’Pu Æ˚]◊¨Ÿm G] A±YÙnApXYÙ? Ceœ Tp˚T J¸ıWf ˘NnVj ˙R˚YVÙ]Bt\p VÙ’? C’ GqYÙfl E⁄YÙ´tfl?

C’Y˚W´¤m SÙm ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p C⁄k’ ®˚XVÙ] UÙt\eL∞p ◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄hLs(ÍXd·flLs) E⁄YÙ°u\] G]d Li˙PÙm. CYt±p ø LY≤jR ©\ £\l©Vp◊Ls VÙ˚Y?

Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yß UÙt\jß¤m øeLs A±k’˘LÙiP Bt\p UÙt\eL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•pAhPY˚QlT”jßl TÙodL‹m.

AhPY˚Q 4.1

1 Ud…µVm G¨Rp $

2 $

3 $

4 $

TPm 4.7

˘Nm◊

˘NVpTÙ” UÙt\m A˚PkR Bt\p Y•YeLs


52

TPm 4.8

« ˘YlT ˙YßÆ˚]Ls A˚]jß¤m ˘YlTm E™rRpS˚P ˘Tfl°\RÙ?

£l©´≠⁄k’ —hP —iQÙm◊ RVÙ¨lT˚Rl TÙojß⁄d°»oL[Ù? £l©´‡˚PV Ti◊RÙ]Ù —hP —iQÙm©tœm? CWi˚PŸm Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙo. £l© LÙp£VmLÙoT˙]h Bœm. C˚Rf „˙Ptflm˙TÙ’ °˚PdœmYÙŸÆu £\l©Vp◊Ls £XYt˚\l TÙ⁄eLs.

$ ˘R∞kR —iQÙm◊ øü YØ ˘N¤jß]Ùp A’ TÙp ®\UÙœm.

$ LÙt˚\ÆP G˚P ·•V’.

$ G¨R¤dœj ’˚Q ◊¨VÙR YÙŸ.CqYÙŸ G’YÙL C⁄dœm? NUuTÙh˚P ®WlT‹m. LÙp£Vm LÙoT˙]h + ˘YlTm Ú

LÙp£Vm Bd˚^” + .................

« Æ˚]´p ˘RÙPof£VÙLf „˙Pt\lThP’. £l© ˘YlTm HtT˚Rd œ±d°\RÙ ApX’˘YlTm E™rY˚Rd œ±d°\RÙ?

—hP —iQÙm©p £X ’i”L˚[j Ás Nn’ J⁄ Bn‹dœZÙ´p G”jR©u, £±’ RiΩo˙NodL‹m. Bn‹dœZÙú A•lTÙLj˚Rj ˘RÙh”l TÙojRÙp EQoY’ Gu]?

LÙp£Vm Bd˚^”+ RiΩo → LÙp£Vm ˚ahWÙd˚^” + ˘YlTm

« E⁄YÙ] ◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄s NÙRÙWQUÙL Gl˘TV¨p A±VlT”°\’?

« £l©, —hP —iQÙmTÙL UÙflm˙TÙ’ ˘YlTm HtLlT”°\’. B]Ùp —hP —iQÙm◊,øtflf —iQÙmTÙL UÙflm ˙TÙ˙RÙ?

˘YlT ˙YßÆ˚]L∞p ˘YlTm E™r Æ˚]Lfim (exothermic reactions) ˘YlTm HtœmÆ˚]Lfim (endothermic reactions) Ei”.

Utfl ˙YßÆ˚]L∞˙XÙ?

AhPY˚Q 4.2

˘NVpTÙ” UÙt\ U˚PkR ÿd°V ˙YßÆ˚]ú ˘TVoBt\p Y•Ym

1 Ud…µVm G¨Rp $ ˘YlTm $ ˘YlT ˙YßÆ˚]2 $ $ J∞ ˙YßÆ˚]3 $ $4 $ $ ™u ˙Yß Æ˚]

« øeLs ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p ÿd°V Bt\p Y•Yjßu A•lT˚P´p CkR˙YßUÙt\eL˚[ Y˚LlT”j’˙YÙUÙ?


53

(™uLXm)

˙YßÆ˚]dœ EhT”m ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ Æ˚]◊¨ ˘TÙ⁄hLs (reactants)Guflm Æ˚]ú TV]ÙL E⁄YÙœm ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ Æ˚[‹l˘TÙ⁄hLs (products) Guflm A˚ZlTo.

øeLs ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Es[ Æ˚]◊¨ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm, Æ˚[‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ŸmA±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.RiΩü YØVÙL ™uNÙWj˚Rf N¤jß]Ù˙XÙ?

T˚Z˙V˙# ™uLXjßp (torch cell) C⁄k’G”dLlThP CWi” °WÙ˚Th Ri”LsJq˘YÙu±u ÿ˚]´¤m ©[Ùv•d°]Ùp ™uLÙl©PlThP ™uLPjß˚Vl (wire) ˘TÙ⁄j’L.°WÙ˚Th Ri”Pu —tflm Tœß´p Uh”m™uLÙl˚T ALt\ ˙Yi”m. CWi”Ri”L˚[Ÿm J⁄ LiQÙ• ¿dL¨p ˘U›œTVuT”jßf ˘NeœjRÙL ®fljßV ©u◊ ¿dL¨pRiΩo ®WlT‹m.

£±R[‹ A™Xm ˙NodL‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ °WÙ˚ThRi•tœm˙Up øo ®Wl©V Bn‹dœZÙnL˚[R˚X∏ZÙL YdL Yi”m (TPm4.9). B£¨VüERÆŸPu LY]UÙLf ˘NnV‹m.

™uLPjßú ÿ˚]L˚[ ™uLXj’PuC˚Qj’l TÙodL‹m.

SU’ Etfl˙SÙdLp

E⁄YÙ] YÙŸdL˚[ Bn‹ ˘NnRÙ˙XÙ? CWi” Bn‹d œZÙnL˚[Ÿm LY]UÙL UÙt±AYt±u YÙnlTœßp G¨Ÿm œf£˚Vd LÙi©j’l TÙodL‹m. EeL[Ùp LÙQ ÿ•kR’Gu]?

« Jq˘YÙu±¤m Es[ YÙŸ VÙ’?

« RiΩü ©¨Rp Æ˚]ú ˙TÙ’ EhLYWlThP Bt\p Y•Ym VÙ’?

C˚Rl ˙TÙufl Bt\p EhLYW‹m, ˘Y∞ ÆP‹m ˘NnŸm ˙Yfl Æ˚]Ls EiPpXYÙ? ∏˙ZRWlTh”s[ ÿ˚\´p CYt±tœ G”j’dLÙh”Ls ˘LÙ”eLs. EeLfidœ A±ÿLUÙ] ˙Yfl£X ˙YßUÙt\eL˚[ G”j’dLÙh”L[ÙL A∞dL ÿVt£dL‹m.

TPm 4.9


54

LÙh£˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ Nn’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ „r®˚X´¤m S˚P˘Tflm ÿd°V Bt\p UÙt\eL˚[A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

˙U¤m G”j’dLÙh”L˚[d Li”©•lTÙVpXYÙ?

YÙQ˙Y•d˚L´u ˙YßÆ˚]

˘Y•U⁄k’ G¨Rp J⁄ ˙YßÆ˚]VÙœm. ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm œ˙[Ù˙Wh,NpToÁs, LÙoTuÁs B°VYt˚\d LXk’ ˘Y•U⁄k’ LX˚YE⁄YÙdLlT”°\’. ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm ˚Sh˙Wh”m (˚ShPo) CRtLÙLlTVuT”j’Y’ Ei”. ˘Y•U⁄k’ G¨Rp ™L ˙YLUÙL S˚P˘TflmÆ˚]VÙ]RÙp ßº˘Wufl HWÙ[m YÙŸ ˙RÙuflm. CRu TX]ÙL˘Y•jR¤Pu ©WLÙNUÙ] J¸ıŸm ˙RÙufl°u\]. ©WLÙNm ·”Rp˘T\ A¤™≤Vm TÙ• NodLlT”°\’, Y•U⁄k’Pu NodLlT”m˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄hLs —P⁄dœ AZLÙ] ®\eL˚[ A∞d°u\]. E˙XÙLEl◊dLs CRtLÙLf ˙NodLlT”°u\]. LÙlTo El◊dLs —P⁄dœ

˘YlTm HtT˚Y :˘YlTm E™rT˚Y :

™u]Ùt\p HtT˚Y :™u]Ùt\˚X Y∞Æ”T˚Y :

J¸ı HtT˚Y :J¸ı Bt\˚X ˘Y∞Æ”T˚Y :

AhPY˚Q 4.3

TPm 4.10

1

2 3

4

1TPm 4.11

˙YßÆ˚]´p HtT”m Bt\pUÙt\m SU’ Au\ÙP YÙrÆp TVuT”j’m „r®˚XLsEs[]YÙ?

£X „r®˚XL˚[l TÙodL‹m...


55

øXm LXkR Tf˚N ®\j˚RŸm, ˙T¨Vm El◊Ls C[m Tf˚N ®\j˚RŸm, ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm El◊Ls≠Xd ®\j˚RŸm, ˙NÙ•Vm El◊Ls ReL UgNs ®\j˚RŸm A∞d°u\]. LÙp£Vm El◊Ls—P⁄dœf ˘NeLp £Yl◊ ®\m A∞dLl TVuT”°\’.

Ts∞ BnYLjß≠⁄k’ CqY˚L El◊L˚[f ˙NL¨dL‹m. Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm Su\ÙLj Ás˘NnR ©u◊ R≤jR≤˙V £t\LpL∞p G”j’ £±’ APo ˚ah˙WÙ œ˙[Ù¨d A™Xm ˙Noj’œZm◊ ˙TÙp RVÙ¨dL‹m. Cßp £±R[‹, J⁄ EXokR œf£ú ÿ˚]´p G”j’ —Pü®\™pXÙR TÙLjßp LÙi©j’l TÙo. Jq˘YÙ⁄ El◊m —P⁄dœj R⁄m ®\eL˚[ Etfl˙SÙdL‹m.

Cq‹X°p „¨V J¸ı˚VŸm, RiΩ˚WŸm YÙŸÆ¤s[ LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^˚PŸm TVuT”jß EQ‹ RVÙ¨dLG]dœm G]’ SiToLfidœm Uh”˙Uÿ•Ÿm. Cq‹X°p SÙu Cp˚X˘V≤pEeLs ®˚X˚U Gu]YÙœm?™Ll T¨V LÙ¨VeLs Nn°˙\Ùm Gu\˘T⁄˚UŸm, EXLm G]’ ÆWp÷≤´pGufl Rt˘T⁄˚UŸm A˚PŸmEeLfidœ, CuflY˚W´¤m BnYLjßp ˚Yj’d LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^”m„¨V J¸ıŸm RiΩ⁄m ET˙VÙ°j’vPÙof RVÙ¨dL ÿ•kRRÙ..........?C˚Xú J⁄ Rt˘T⁄˚U˚V TÙ⁄eL˙[u ......CkRf „¨V J∞ CpXÙß⁄kRÙ˙XÙ.....?

Tf£˚Xú Rt◊Lrf£

LXjßp J’d°V ™uNÙWmPÙof— Æ[d°¤m ©\ ™u]‘d L⁄ÆL∞¤m TVu”j’m T˚N™uLXm EeLfidœ SuœA±ÿLUÙ]’. J⁄ T˚N™uLXj˚R E˚Pj’ Bn‹ ˘NnRÙp Aßp GYt˚\ GpXÙmLÙQÿ•Ÿm?


56

˙YßUÙt\m ÍXUÙL ™u]Ùt\p EtTjß ˘NnŸm A˚Ul◊L˙[ ™uLXeLs

« ™u]‘d L⁄ÆL∞p TVuT”j’m ˙Yfl C]m ™uLXeLs EeLfidœ ˘R¨ŸUÙ?AYt±u ˘TV˚W G›’.

« ¡i”m ™u˙]t\m Nn’ TVuT”jRlT”m ™uLXeLfim Es[] ApXYÙ? AYt±u˘TV˚W G›’L

$

$

øeLfim J⁄ ™uLXm RVÙ¨dLXÙm

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs: CWi˙PÙÍu˙\Ù E⁄˚[d °Zeœ, LÙlTo Ri”Ls, £eœjRL”, LÙlTo Lm©, L.E.D

TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[˚Rl ˙TÙuflL⁄ÆL˚[ A˚UdL‹m. E⁄˚[d°Ze°tœl TßXÙL ˙Yfl LÙnL±L˙[Ù,TZeL˙[Ù TVuT”jß Bn˚Y˘Nn’TÙo. AßLm ™uNÙWm °˚PdœmA˚Ul◊ VÙ’? ™p≠ ˙YÙph ¡hPoET˙VÙ°j’ Li”©•dL ÿVt£dL‹m.

CqY˚L Æ[mTWeL˚[ øeLs

UÙeL…v ˚P Bd˚^”mLÙoTu Áfim LXkRLX˚Y´p ˚YdLlTh”s[J⁄ °WÙ˚ThRi”m £e°]Ùp˘NnVlThP J⁄ TÙjßWÿm,AYt±t°˚P´p A˙UÙ≤Vm œ˙[Ù˚W”m, £eœœ˙[Ù˚W”m ˙NokR T˚NŸm˙NokR’RÙu CRu ˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄hLs. £edTÙjßWj˚RŸm, °WÙ˚Th Ri•p ˘TÙ⁄jRlTh”s[ ©jR˚[ A˚PlTÙ˚]Ÿm Lm©Ls YØL⁄ÆLfiPu C˚Qdœm ˙TÙ’ ˙Yß UÙt\mÍXUÙL E⁄YÙœm ™uNÙWm CYt±u YØVÙL˘Y∞˙Vfl°\’.

TÙRWN ™uLXm T˚N ™uLXm

TPm 4.12

T˚N

™u

LXjß

u E

hTÙ

Lm

TPm 4.13

£edRL”

LÙlToRL”

E⁄˚[°Zeœ

L.E.D

J⁄ ˘TÙjRÙ≤u T⁄U‡s[ G@œ·h•‡s TÙRWNm, TÙRWN Bd˚^”,LÙoTu Ás, £ed Bd˚^” ˙TÙu\˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ®Wl© Cm™uLXm E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[’. ˚LdL•LÙWm, L¶lTÙu £±V PÙof—Ls,Æ˚[VÙh”l ˘TÙ⁄hLs ˙TÙu\Yt±p TÙRWN ™uLXm TVuT”jRlT”°\’. ˘LÙ•VÆ`UÙ] TÙRWNmAPe°Ÿs[RÙp CYt˚\l TVuT”jßV ©u◊ ≈£ G±Y’ —tflf„Z˚X UÙ—TPf ˘Nn°\’.


57

LY≤jß⁄dLXÙm. œ˚\kR A[‹ ReLjß]Ùp E˙XÙLl˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˙Up ˘Up≠V’m AZœ ™dL’UÙ]˙UtÈf— È—YRtœ ™uNÙWm TVuT”jRlT”°\’. C’™uÿXÙmÈ—Rp (electroplating) Gufl A˚ZdLlT”°\’.

ReLÿXÙm È—YRtLÙ] G∞V A˚Ul˚Tl TÙodL‹m.

ReLm ÈN˙Yi•V ˘TÙ⁄fim ReLjRL”m ™uLXj’Pu C˚QdLlTh”s[ ÿ˚\˚Vd LY≤jRÙVpXYÙ?

J⁄ C⁄m◊ B¶ú ¡’ LÙlTo ™u Èf—˘NnRÙ˙XÙ?L˚WNXÙL, LÙlTo Np˙Th˚P RiΩ¨p L˚WVf ˘Nn’TVu T”jRXÙm. ETLWQj˚R A˚UdL B£¨˚VúERÆ˚V SÙ”.

™u ÿXÙm È—Rp ˙R˚YlT”m ˙Yfl „r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•pG›R‹m.

L⁄jRWeœ (Seminar)

"˙Yß Æ˚]Lfim AYt±p Es[ Bt\p UÙt\eLfim' Gu\ L⁄j˚RA•lT˚PVÙd° J⁄ YœlT˚\d L⁄jRWeœ ˙R˚YVpXYÙ? Au\ÙPYÙr‹Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV £X ˙YßÆ˚]Lfim „r®˚XLfim øeLsTœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’s«oLs. ˙U¤m C˚R Æ¨‹T”j’YRtLÙLf ˘NnV˙Yi•VYt˚\ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L.

SÙm LXkRÙn‹ ˘NnR CqY˚L UÙt\eL∞p TX‹m U≤R]’ ÿu˙]t\jßtœl TVuÆ˚[ÆlT]YÙœm. B]Ùp £X UÙt\eLs CVt˚LŸPu ˘TÙ⁄kRÙR˚Y Bœm.

(TPm 4.14)

ReLRL”

ReL œ˙[Ù˚W”m˙NÙ•Vm NV˚]”mLXkR L˚WNp

™uLXm

CVt˚Lú NU®˚XCVt˚L´p RÙ]ÙL E⁄l˘Ttfl Y⁄m NU®˚X˙V EóL∞u ®˚X˙TÙt±tœ A•lT˚P. CVt˚L´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®™Pjß¤m HWÙ[mUÙt\eLs S˚P˘Tfl°u\]. CYt±p CVt˚LVÙ] UÙt\eLfim,U≤Ru ˘NVt˚LVÙL SPj’T˚YŸm Ei”. RÙ]ÙL S˚P˘TflmUÙt\eL˙[Ù” CVt˚L ∫d°WUÙL Jufl°\’. SÙm RVÙ¨dœm˘NVt˚LVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˙[Ù”m, UÙt\eL˙[Ù”m J⁄ Gp˚XY˚WRÙuCVt˚LVÙp ˘TÙ⁄jRU˚PV ÿ•Ÿm. Gp˚XLs RÙiPlThPÙp≈rf£Lfim AØ‹m HtT”m. £˚R‹fl EódLØ‹Ls œÆVp ˙TÙufl˘T⁄°]Ùp ©WfN˚]Ls HtT”m. A’˙TÙp CVt˚LVÙp £˚R‹fljRÿ•VÙR ˘TÙ⁄hLs ™L ˙YLUÙLd œÆkRÙ˙X?

J⁄ °WÙm ReLm ÈNlThP S˚LLs Ceœ

°˚Pdœm

™u Yß Æ˚]L˚[l TVuT”j’m Y˘\Ù⁄„r®˚X˚Vl TÙo.


58

J˙W Y˚L ™uLXeL˚[l Tp˙Yfl ˙R˚YLfidœ TVuT”j’m ˙TÙ’ AYt±u TVuTÙh”dLÙX A[‹ UÙflT”°\’. G.LÙ: £±V Y˚L T˚N ™uLXeLs ◊˚LlTPd LÙUWÙÆp TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’ £X U¶˙SWjßtœs ARu ™u˙]t\m CZdLlT”°\’.

« CqY˚L ™uLXeL˚[l TVuT”jßV ©u◊ øeLs ˘NnY’ Gu]? CYt˚\ ¡i”m™u˙]t\m ˘NnV CV¤UÙ? Bm G≤p GjR˚] ÿ˚\?

« EeLs —tfll◊\jßp Es[ ≈”L∞p J⁄ UÙRjßp C’ ˙TÙu\ GjR˚] ™uLXeLsTVuT”jRlT”°u\]?

« CYt±p APe°Ÿs[ ˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄hLs —tfll◊\ UÙN˚PR¤dœd LÙWQm BœUÙ?

◊ßV Æ˚[‹l ˘TÙ⁄hLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙL SÙm SPj’m UÙt\eLfim, ◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[dLY]dœ˚\YÙLl TVuT”j’Y’m SUdœj æ˚UVÙL UÙflY’iPpXYÙ?

BWmTjßp ˘LÙ”dLlThP ThPQjßu TPjß≠⁄k’m EeL[’ —tfll◊\jß≠⁄k’mEeLfidœ G”j’dLÙhPÙLd ·\d·•V ˙Yfl „r®˚XLs VÙ˚Y? J⁄ œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘Nn’˘Y∞´P‹m.

™uLXm TVuT”m L⁄ÆLs HL˙RNm TVuT”j’mLÙX A[‹

T˚N ™uLXm $ YÙ˘]Ù≠l˘Th• $ 3 ˛ 6 UÙRm (Drycell) $ PÙof Æ[dœ $

$ L•LÙWeLs $$ ˘RÙ˚XdLh”lTÙ” L⁄Æ $

TÙRWN™uLXm $ £±V PÙof—Ls $$ ˚LdL•LÙWeLs $$ L¶lTÙuLs $

®dLp ˛ LÙh™Vm $ ¡i”m ™u˙]t\m $ ™uLXm ˘NnVjRdL PÙof Æ[dœ.........

≠jßVm C⁄m◊ $ ˚LVPdLj ˘RÙ˚X˙T£ $ 6 ˛ 12 UÙRm™uLXm

AhPY˚Q 4.4

Ui˚Q U˚\dœm LÙu°√h

Sm˚U —t±¤m G›lTlT”°\ ◊ßV Lh•PeLs ˘TÙ⁄mTÙ¤m LÙu°√h Lh•PeL[Ùœm.ImT˙RÙ, Ë˙\Ù Y⁄Pm Uh”m BŸs Es[ C˚Y, £X Y⁄PeLs LØŸm ˙TÙ’ ∏\X˚Pk’U˚Zøo J›° Lm©Ls ’⁄l©•j’ E˚Pk’ ÆZd·•V ®˚X´p LÙQlT”m. Al˘TÙ›’CYt˚\ C•j’ ød° ◊ßV LhPPm LhP ˙Yi• Y⁄UpXYÙ? C•j’ ødLlThP LhPjßuTœßLs Ud° Ui‘Pu Ku±l ˙TÙœUÙ? TWYXÙ] A[Æp CmUÙß¨ LhPPeL˚[ C•j’UÙtflm˙TÙ’ SU’ Ui¶u ®˚X Gu]? EeL[’ —tfll◊\jßp CjR˚LV ©WfN˚]LsA‡TYjßp Es[]YÙ?

J∞ R⁄m UÙ—l˘TÙ⁄hLs˙Yß Æ˚]Ls YØ ™uNÙWm EtTjß˘NnŸm TXY˚L ™uLXeL˚[l Th•V≠P‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y˚LŸm NWÙN¨VÙL ET˙VÙ°dLlT”m LÙX A[‹ Gu]?

T≤dLh•j ’i”L˚[ ¡i”m £fl ’i”Ls BdL ÿ•ŸUpXYÙ? Cf˘NV˚Xj

˘RÙPok’ ˘NnRÙp GkR A[‹ £±VRÙdL ÿ•Ÿm? T≤dLh•´u £±V ’i˚P J⁄

ß\kR˘Y∞´p ˚YjRÙp A’ øoj’∞ B°, ˘RÙPok’ BÆVÙL‹m UÙflUpXYÙ?

øWÙÆ˚Vd LÙQ SmUÙp ÿ•ŸUÙ? LÙWQm Gu]? ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d LiLfidœj

˘R¨VÙR A[‹ £±VRÙdL ÿ•Ÿm Gufl ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ? NodL˚W˚V˙VÙ,

El˚T˙VÙ TVuT”jß C˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ EeL[Ùp Gu]˘YpXÙm ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿm?

A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’eLs.

El◊, NodL˚W TÙu\˚Y TX Y•YeL∞p °˚Pd°u\] ApXYÙ? T¨V Lh•L[ÙL‹m

£fl’LsL[ÙL‹m, ÁsL[ÙL‹m °˚Pd°u\] ApXYÙ? CqYÙfl TX ®˚XL∞p

A˚Y ®˚X ®flj’m Ti◊Ls VÙ˚Y?

$ NodL˚W ...............................................................................................................

$ El◊ .............................................................................................................................

El˚TŸm NodL˚W˚VŸm Li‘dœl ◊XlTPÙR A[Æp £±VRÙd°]Ù¤m AYt±u

Ti◊Ls ®˚X ®t°u\]YÙ? CYt˚\ øeLs GqYÙfl ©¨jR±kæoLs?

LÙWQm Gu]?

NodL˚W´u Ti◊Ls APe°V ·flLs ApXYÙ NodL˚Wd L˚WN¤dœm ClTi◊Ls

A˚UV LÙWQUÙ°\’.

El◊d L˚WN≠˙XÙ?

ÍXd·fl, A‘

TPm 5.1 (a)

TPm 5.1 (b)

TPm 5.1 (c)

55555

£±VRÙL .... ™Lf £±VRÙL ...

˘T¨V T≤dLh•˚Vf £fl

£fl’i”L[Ùd°l TVuT”j’Y˚R

øeLs TÙojß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ?

A˚Rl˙TÙufl ˙Yfl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TX

A[‹L∞p TVuT”j’m

„r®˚XL˚[l Th•V≠PXÙUÙ?

$

$


60

NodL˚W, El◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y —jRUÙ]˘TÙ⁄hL[Ùœm, NodL˚Wd L˚WNp, Lg£jRiΩo

˙TÙu\˚Y LX˚YL[Ùœm. AlT•˘V≤p —jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœm LX˚YLfidœm

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] J⁄ Y˚WV˚\ G›RXÙUÙ?

—jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœm LX˚YLfidœm AßLm G”j’dLÙh”L˚[d Li”©•dL‹m

LX˚YL˚[d œ±jR J⁄ ˙RPp ...

˙TdL±´p C⁄k’ YÙeœm ™dN⁄dœ (mixture) Al˘TVo GqYÙfl YkR’? ™dN¨u Ti◊Ls

ARu GpXÙ TœßL∞¤m J˙W˙TÙp Es[]YÙ? GqYÙfl G] Bn‹ ˘NnL.

NodL˚Wd L˚WNp J⁄ LX˚Y ApXYÙ? CRu Ti◊Ls ˙TdL±´¤s[ ™dN˚Wl

˙TÙu\RÙ? CYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ ˙YflTÙ”Ls VÙ˚Y?

Ti◊Ls GpXÙl Tœß´¤m J˙W˙TÙp Es[˚Y J⁄T•jRÙ]

LX˚YLs (homogeneous mixtures). Ju±tœ ˙UtThP

Ti◊Ls E˚PV˚Y TX T•jRÙ] LX˚YLs.

J⁄T•jRÙ] LX˚YLfidœm TX T•jRÙ] LX˚YLfidœm AßLm G”j’dLÙh”Ls

Li”©•j’ G›R‹m

"GpXÙ L˚WNpLfim J⁄T•jRÙ] LX˚YL[Ùœm" Gu\ ·t˚\ Htfld˘LÙs°\ÙVÙ?

LÙWQeLfiPu ˘R∞‹T”j’eLs.

J⁄ LtLi”j ’i•u GkRl Tœß˚V G”j’f —˚YjRÙ¤m C≤lTÙLj ˙RÙuflYRu

LÙWQm Gu]? £±V ·flL∞u Jtfl˚U BœUÙ? El◊m LtLi”m UÙflThP

œQeL˚[d LÙi©lTRu LÙWQm Gu]? CYt±u £±V ·flLfid°˚P˙VŸs[

˙Ytfl˚U˙VÙ?

NodL˚W´p ARu £fl ·flLs Uh”mRÙ˙] Es[]. BRXÙp AR˚] J⁄ —jRUÙ] TÙ⁄s

G]XÙm.

J⁄ —jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄∞u A•lT˚Pl Ti◊Ls A˚]j’m ˘RÙiP £±V ·fl

ÍXd·fl (Molecule) Bœm. J⁄ —jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄∞u ÍXd·flL˘[pXÙm

J˙WRu˚U E˚PV˚Y.

NodL˚Wd L˚WN≠p APe°Ÿs[ ÍXd·flLs VÙ˚Y?

CqÆRm ˘Yq˙YflY˚L ÍXd·flLs APe°V ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm J˙WY˚L

ÍXd·flLs APe°V ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm Th•V≠PXÙUÙ?

J˙WY˚L ÍXd·flLs ˘Yq˙YflY˚L ÍXd·flLs

$ œfid˙LÙv $ Lg£jRiΩo

$ $

$ $

$ $

AhPY˚Q 5.1

61


ÈRj˚Rj ß\k’ÆhPYo

CVt˚L ®Lr‹L˚[f £X Rj’YeL∞u A•lT˚P´p Æ[dœm CVp◊

ÿtLÙXjßp LÙQlThP’. ÿtLÙX Rj’Yf £kR˚]VÙ[oL∞p J⁄YWÙ]

A¨vPÙh•≠u Rj’YeLfidœ Aufl ÿd°Vj’Ym C⁄kR’. B]Ùp

A’ Bn‹, Etfl ˙SÙdLp ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd

˘LÙi” A˚UkRRpX. A¨vPÙh•p ßPl˘TÙ⁄hL∞u A•lT˚P

TœßL[Ù°V YÙŸ, Ui, øo, ˘S⁄l◊ B°VYt˚\ SÙuœ ÈReLs G]

YÙßjRÙo. TÙWRjßp BLÙVj˚RŸm ˙Noj’ ImÈReL[Ùp ßPl˘TÙ⁄hLs

E⁄YÙdLlThP] Gu\ YÙRm ®˚X˘Tt±⁄kR’. Cufl SUdœ AqYÙfl

£kßj’l TÙodL ÿ•ŸUÙ? A¨vPÙh•≠u Rj’Ym GqYÙfl UfldLl

ThP’?

WÙToh TÙ´p (1627 ˛ 1691) S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jßV Bn‹Lfim, ˙_ÙNl

©√vh≠, (1733 ˛ 1804) ˘au± LÙYu•x (1731 ˛ 1810) ˙TÙu\ A±ÆVp

A±OoLs SPjßV øiPLÙX Bn‹Lfim, ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u TœßL˚[d

œ±j’s[ ◊ßV A±‹Ls SUdœ °˚PdLf ˘NnR].

RiΩo, Ju±tœ ˙UtThP R≤UeLs ˙NokR ˘TÙ⁄s G] ®Ï©jRYo

˘au± LÙYu•x. ahW_u YÙŸ˚Y Bd£_≤p G¨Vf Nn’ AYo

SPjßV Bn‹, RiΩü Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d œ±jR A±Ætœ

YØYœjR’. 1806 ˛Cp No. am¨˙PÆ RiΩü YØVÙL ™uNÙWj˚Rd

LPjßÆh” SPjßV BnÆu ÍXm C’ EflßlT”jRlThP’.

RiΩo ÍXd·±p APe°Ÿs[ R≤UeL˚[d œ±j’ C’

A∞dœm A±‹ VÙ’?

No. am¨˙PÆú Bn˚Yl TÙufl RiΩ˚Wl TœlTRtLÙ] Bn˚Y øeLfim Nn’

TÙojß⁄d°»oL[pXYÙ? Etfl ˙SÙdL≠u Æ˚[‹Ls VÙ˚Y?

øeLs ©¨jR±kR RiΩ¨¤s[ R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y? RiΩ¨¤s[ R≤UeL˚[l

©¨jR±V ˙Yfl £X Bn‹Ls ˘Nn’TÙ⁄eLs.

Tœßl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ˙Yfl©¨jRp

LX˚YL∞p UÙflThP ÍXd·flLs Es[] G]l ◊¨k’˘LÙiPÙVpXYÙ? ClTœßl

˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d LX˚Y´≠⁄k’ ©¨j˘R”dL ÿ•ŸUÙ? El◊dL˚WN≠≠⁄k’ El˚Tl

©¨j˘R”lTRtLÙ] YØ ÿ˚\L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›R‹m.

El◊dL˚WN≠p C⁄k’ ©¨j˘R”jR El˚TŸm RiΩ˚WŸm ¡i”m Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL[ÙLl

©¨dL ÿ•ŸUÙ? Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL[ÙdL ÿ•Ÿm G≤p ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Ti◊Ls UÙflT”UÙ?

˘au± LÙYu•x1731˛1810

TPm 5.2


62

˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 1

EXokR Bn‹d œZÙ´p £±R[‹ NÙodL˚W˚V

G”dL‹m. Bn‹dœZÙú YÙnlTÙLjßp £±R[‹

øWt\ LÙlToNp˙Th˚Pl Tg£p TÙßk’ YdL‹m.

Bn‹dœZÙ˚Vf £±’ ˙SWm „PÙdœL. Etfl

˙SÙdLpL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±dL‹m.

Bn‹dœZÙ´p Gg—m ˘TÙ⁄s VÙ’?

CRtœf NodL˚Wú Ti◊ Es[RÙ?

Bn‹dœZÙú YÙnlTÙLjß≠⁄kR LÙlTo Np˙Th ®\m UÙ±Vß≠⁄k’

GkRl˘TÙ⁄∞u C⁄l©˚] A±k’˘LÙiPÙn? Cß¤s[ R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y?

CkR BnÆp EeLfidœd °˚PjR Etfl˙SÙdL≠u Æ˚[‹L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’

NodL˚W´p APe°Ÿs[ R≤UeLs G˚Y G]d Li”©•dL‹m.

NodL˚W´¤s[ R≤UeLs

$

$

$

˘NVpTÙ” ˛ 2

J⁄ Bn‹dœZÙ´p Uoœ¨d Bd˚^˚P G”j’ Su\ÙLf

„PÙdL‹m. A˚QVl ˙TÙœm J⁄ G¨Ÿm œf£˚V Bn‹d

œZÙú YÙnlTÙLjßp LÙi©dL‹m ø LÙiT’ Gu]?

Bn‹d œZÙ´≠⁄k’ ˘Y∞˙V±V YÙŸ VÙ’? Bn‹d

œZÙú TdLeL∞p T•k’s[ T[T[lTÙ] ’∞Ls

Gu]?

ÿ•‹L˚[d œ±j’˚YdL‹m

ÍXd·±p APe°Ÿs[ TœßR≤UeLfidœ

BWmTjßp G”jR TÙ⁄∞u Ti◊ Es[RÙ? øeLs

SPjßV Bn‹L∞≠⁄k’ °˚PjR ÿ•‹L˚[d

œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m

ÍXd·flLs E⁄YÙYRtœd LÙWQUÙ] £±V ·flLfidœ A‘dLs

Gufl ˘TVo. J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ÍXd ·±p J˙WY˚L A‘dLs Uh”m

Ei” G≤p ARtœ R≤Um (element) Gufl ˘TVo. UÙflThP R≤U

A‘dLs Nok’ E⁄YÙœm TÙ⁄hL˚[f NoUeLs(compounds) GuTo.

R≤UeLfim ˙NoUeLfim —jRUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL[Ùœm.

RiΩü C⁄l©˚]

A±k’ ˘LÙs[

LÙlTo Np˙Th øX ®\ÿs[ T•Le

L[Ùœm. ™œßVÙL „˙Pt±]Ùp C’

˘Yi˚UVÙ] Á[ÙLUÙflm. C’˙Y

øWt\ LÙlToNp˙Th. RiΩo NojRÙp

¡i”m CRtœ ®\m °˚Pdœm.

˙_ÙNl ©√vh≠

1 7 3 3 - 1 8 0 4

˙_ÙNl ©√vh≠ ˘Uodœ¨d

Bd˚^˚Pf „˙Pt± ÿRu

ÿR≠p Bd£_˚]j RVÙ¨jRÙo

TPm 5.3

63


£X ˘TÙ⁄hLfim AYt±¤s[ A‘dLfim

GpXÙ ÍXd·flLfim J˙W UÙß¨VÙ]˚Y RÙ]Ù? J˙WY˚L A‘dLs Nok’ E⁄YÙ]˚Y

VÙ˚Y? UÙflThP A‘dLs ˙Nok’ E⁄YÙ]˚Y VÙ˚Y?

AhPY˚Q´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[j R≤UeLs, ˙NoUeLs G] Y˚LlT”j’L.

˙U¤m RLYpLs °˚PlT˚Rl ˘TÙflj’ AhPY˚Q˚V Æ¨‹T”jß A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p

G›’L.

C’Y˚W´¤m Li”©•dLlThP R≤UeL˚[ EhT”jß A˚UdLlThP AhPY˚Q

(AhPY˚Q 5.4) ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. AhPY˚Q˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ©uY⁄m

Æ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚PV∞dL‹m.

˘UÙjRm GjR˚] R≤UeLs Es[]?

AYt±p EeLfidœ ™L‹m TZdLUÙ] R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y?

øeLs ˙SW•VÙLl TÙoj’s[ R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y ?

Au\ÙPYÙrÆp SUdœ ™L‹m AßLUÙLl TVuT”m R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y?

R≤UeLs TX‹m ßP ®˚X´p Es[]. ßWY ®˚X´¤m YÙŸ ®˚X´¤m LÙQlT”m

R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y?

˘TÙ⁄s ÍXd·±p APe°Ÿs[

R≤UeLs

LÙoTu˚PBd˚^” LÙoTu, Bd≥_u

˚ahW_u œ˙[Ù˚W” ˚ahW_u, œ˙[Ù¨u

Bd≥_u Bd≥_u

El◊ ˙NÙ•Vm, œ˙[Ù¨u

˚ShW_u ˚ShW_u

RiΩo ................................................

˚ahW_u ˚ahW_u

LÙoTu ................................................

˘Uodœ¨d Bd˚^” ................................................

NodL˚W ................................................

R≤UeLs ˙NoUeLs

$ $

$ $

$ $

AhPY˚Q 5:2

AhPY˚Q 5.3


64

11 Na

Sodiu

m (Na

trium)

4 Be

Beryl

lium

12 Mg

Ud…

µVm

Magn

esium

20 Ca

Calci

um 38 SrSt

rontiu

m

56 Ba

Bariu

m

88 Ra

Radiu

m

57 LaLa

nthan

um

89 Ac

Actin

ium

21 Sc

Scan

dium

39 YYt

trium

59 PrPr

aseo

dy-

mium

60 Nd

Neod

ymium

61 PmPr

ometh

ium

62 Sm Sama

rium

63 Eu

Europ

ium

64 Gd

Gado

linium

65 Tb Terbi

um

66 Dy

Dysp

rosiu

m

67 Ho

Holm

ium

68 Er Erbiu

m

69 Tm Thuli

um

71

Ytter

bium

58 Ce

Ceriu

m

71 Lu Lutet

ium

91 Pa

Prota

ctiniu

m

92 UUr

anium

93 Np

Neptu

nium

94 Pu

Pluto

nium

95 Am Ameri

cium

96 Cm

Curiu

m

97 Bk

Berke

lium

98 Cf

Califo

rnium

99 Es

Eins

teiniu

m

100

Fm Ferm

ium

101

Md

Mende

levium

102

Nobe

lium

90 Th Thori

um

103 Lr

Lawr

enciu

m

104 Rf

Ruthe

rfordium

106

Sg

Seab

orgium

107

Bh

Bohri

um

108

Hs

Hass

ium

109 Mt

Meitn

erium

110Ds

Darm

stadti

um

111 Rg

Roen

tgeniu

m

112

Uub

Unun

bium

105

Db

Dubn

ium

113

Uut

Unun

trium

114

Uuq

Ununq

uddium

115

Uup

Unun

penti

um

116

Uuh

Ununhe

sium

72 Hf

Hafni

um

74 WTu

ngste

n(W

olfrum

)

75 Re

Rhen

ium

76 Os

Osmi

um

77 Ir Iridium

78 Pt Plati

num

81 TlTh

allium

82 Pb

Lead

(Plum

bum)

83 Bi

Bism

uth

84 Po

Polon

ium

85 At Astat

ine

73 TaTa

ntalum

41 Nb

Niob

ium

42 Mo

Molyb

denu

m

43 TcTe

chne

tium

44 Ru

Ruthe

nium

45 Rh

Rhod

ium

46 Pd

Palla

dium

47 Ag

Silver (

Argent

um)

48 Cd

Cadm

ium

49 In Indium

50 Sn Tin

(Stan

um)

51 Sb

Antimo

ny (Stib

ium)

52 TeTe

lluriu

m

40 ZrZir

coniu

m

53 I Iodine

5 B Boron

6 C Carbo

n

7 N Nitro

gen

8 OOx

ygen

9 FFlu

orine

13 AlAl

umini

um

14 Si Silic

on

15 PPh

osph

orus

16 SSu

lphur

17 Cl

Chlor

ine

23 VVa

nadiu

m

24 Cr

Chrom

ium

25 Mn

Mang

anes

e

26 Fe Iron

(Ferru

m)

27 Co

Coba

lt

28 Ni

Nick

el

29 Cu

Copp

er(C

uprum

)

30 Zn Zinc

32 Ge

Germ

anium

33 As

Arse

nic

34 Se

Selen

ium

22 TiTit

anium

79 Au

Gold

(Auru

m)

1 HHy

droge

n

3 Li Lithiu

m

37 Rb

⁄¿•Vm

Rubid

ium

19 KPo

tassiu

m(K

alium

)

10 Ne

Neon 118

Uuo

Unun

octiu

m

86 Rn

Rado

n

54 Xe

Xeno

n

2 He

Heliu

m

18 Ar Argo

n

36 Kr

Kryp

ton

BY

ojR]

A

hP

Y˚

Q

R≤

Ue

L∞

u A

hP

Y˚

Q

œ±

l◊Ls

YÙŸ

dLs

ßWY

eLs

˘NV

t˚

L R

≤U

eLs

A‘

Gi

œ±

¬”

˘TV

o

Be

°X

l

TV

o

Xjæu

/ °

˙WdL

UÙØ

l

TV

o

E˙

XÙLe

Ls

A˙

XÙLe

Ls

Ah

PY

˚Q

5.4

1234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678

31 Ga

Galliu

m

1234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678

12345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678

1234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678

1234567812345678123456781234567812345678123456781234567812345678

35 Br

Brom

ine

80 Hg

Mercu

ry(H

ydrar

ygyru

m)

55 Cs

∫£Vm

Caes

ium

87 FrFr

anciu

m

123123123123123123

65


R≤UeL˚[d œ±j’ C’Y˚W´¤m ßWhPlThP RLYpLs VÙ˚Y?

C˚Y GpXÙYt˚\Ÿm ˙Noj’ J⁄ œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘Nn’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L. £X

˘TÙ⁄hL∞p APe°Ÿs[ ÍXd·flL˚[d œ±l©”m TPeLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

TPj˚Rl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ R≤Um, ˙NoUm, LX˚Y ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d Li”©•dL‹m.

Li”©•jR LX˚YLfid°˚P´p ˙YflTÙ” Es[RÙ? R≤UeLs Uh”m APe°V

LX˚Y VÙ’?

˙Yß´Vp —⁄d˘L›j’

J⁄ ˘NV˚X G∞RÙLd œ±l©P SÙm

˚Ld˘LÙsfim YØ ÿ˚\Ls VÙ˚Y?

EeL[’ TÙPNÙ˚X´u ˘TV˚W ÿ›Y’

UÙL G›’YRtœl TßXÙLf —⁄d˘L›j’

ApXYÙ TVuT”j’≈oLs? A˚Rl

˙TÙufl HWÙ[m —⁄d˘L›j’Ls SÙm

ß]ÿm L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\eLfidLÙL

TVuT”j’Y’ EiPpXYÙ? EeLfidœl

TZdLUÙ] —⁄d˘L›j’L˚[ G›ßl

TÙ⁄eLs.

$

$

$

$

˙Yß´Vp LpÆ´p —⁄d˘L›j’L∞u RÙdLm VÙ’ G]l TÙodLXÙm. R≤UeL˚[d œ±j’

G∞ßp ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ CqYÙ\Ù] A˚PVÙ[eL˚[Ÿm —⁄d˘L›j˚RŸm

TVuT”jß]Ù˙XÙ?

A B C D

TPm 5.4


66

AhPY˚Q˚V Bn‹˘Nn’ R≤UeL∞u œ±¬” E⁄YÙ]Ru A•lT˚P˚Vd œ±j’ J⁄

œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnL.

œ±l◊Ls

$ R≤UeL∞u œ±¬”Lfidœm AYt±u ˘TVoLfidœÿs[ ˘RÙPo◊.

$ œ±¬”L∞p CWi” G›j’Ls TVuT”j’YRu LÙWQm, A˚R G›’YRtœ Htfld

˘LÙiP ÿ˚\, TVuT”jß] G›j’L∞u R≤jRu˚U.

Cu‡m £X R≤UeL∞u œ±¬”Ls, Tt\ ÿ˚\˚Vd LY≤dL‹m. œ±¬h” Y•Y˚Ul©¤s[

A•lT˚P˚Vd Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

R≤Ujßu ˘TVo œ±¬” (Symbol)

(—⁄d˘L›j’)

˚ahW_u (Hydrogen) H

Õ≠Vm (Helium) HeA¤™≤Vm (Aluminium) AlLÙoTu (Carbon) CLÙp£Vm (Calcium) CaBd≥_u (Oxygen) O˚ShW_u (Nitrogen) N®VÙu (Neon) Neœ˙[Ù¨u (Chlorine) ClTÙvTWv (Phosphorus) P°Î¨Vm (Curium) Cm˙WÙi¥≤Vm (Roentgenium) Rg

TZdLÿs[ R≤UeLs CRtœ ÿu◊ Th•V≠PlTh”s[] ApXYÙ? AYt±tLÙ]

œ±¬”L˚[Ÿm Li”©•j’ AhPY˚Q˚V Æ¨‹T”j’L.

AhPY˚Q 5.5

˘TVo Be°Xm Xjæu˘TVo œ±¬” œ±¬” Htfld˘LÙs[l

ThP ÿ˚\

˙NÙ•Vm Sodium Natrium Na

˘TÙhPÙ£Vm Potassium Kalium K

ReLm Gold Aurum Au

˘Ys∞ Silver Argentum Ag

C⁄m◊ Iron Ferrum Fe

LÙlTo(˘Nm◊) Copper Cuprum Cu

TÙRWNm Mercury Hydrargyrum HgAhPY˚Q 5.6

67


˘To≥≠Vv

—≈Pu SÙh•p ≠e˙LÙ©e Gu‡m F¨p 1779 BLvh 20 Bm

SÙs ©\kRÙo. Tj’ YVRÙœm ÿu˙T RÙ˚VŸm Rk˚R˚VŸm

CZkRÙo.

23 Bm YVßp M.D. (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE) ThPm Tt\Ùo.

1808 Cp " Text Book of Chemistry" TÙLm 1 Em, 1812 Cp

TÙLm 2 Em ˘Y∞´hPÙo. AdLÙXjRYWÙp Ae∏L¨j’ Htfld

˘LÙs[lThP AkRl ◊jRLm 5 I˙WÙl©V ˘UÙØL∞p ˘UÙØ

˘TVodLlTh•⁄kR’. ˙U¤m ˘N≠≤Vm, ˙RÙ¨Vm, ¨Vm, £≠dLÙu, Gu‡m

R≤Ue˚[d Li”©•jRÙo. —≈Pu AWNo CY⁄dœ 'TÙWu' Gu‡m TRÆ A∞j’l

TÙWÙh•]Ùo.

˘To≥≠Vv S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jßV Cmÿ˚\ ˙Yß´Vp LpÆdœ GqYØL∞˘XpXÙm

’˚Q◊¨kR’?

R≤UeLfidœl ˘TVo YkR YØL˚[ A±Y’ U°rf£VÙ] Ju\pXYÙ?

EeLfidœ A±ÿLUÙ] R≤UeL∞p A±ÆVp A±OoL∞u ˘TVo„hPlThP

R≤UeLs VÙ˚Y ? AYt±u ˘TV˚WŸm œ±¬h˚PŸm G›’L.

A±ÆVp A±OoL∞u TVo R≤UeLfidœf „hPlTh” AYoL˚[f £\l©lTRtœ AYoLs

A±ÆVp EXLjßtœ A∞jR Su˘LÙ˚PL˙[ LÙWQm. ˘To≥≠Vv HWÙ[m Su˘LÙ˚PLs

A∞jRÙ¤m Ceœ AYo J⁄ U\dLlThP A±ÆVp A±Oo. A±ÆVp A±OoL∞u

YÙrd˚L˚VŸm AYoL∞u A±ÆVp Li”©•l◊L˚[Ÿm œ±jR RLYpL˚[j ßWhP‹m.

C˚R J⁄ A±ÆVp TßlTÙL ˘Y∞´PXÙUpXYÙ?

SÙ”Ls, SLWeLs, LÙsLs CYt˙\Ù” RÙPo◊˚PV R≤UeLs G˚Y G˚Y G]d Li”©•j’

AYt±u ˘TV⁄m œ±¬”m AhPY˚Ql T”j’L.

$ R≤UeL∞u ˘TVoL˙[ —⁄d˘L›j’, œ±¬”Ls Bœm.

$ œ±¬”, R≤Ujßu J⁄ A‘˚Yd œ±l©”°\’.

H G] G›ß]Ùp A’ ˚ahW_≤u œ±¬” GuT˙RÙ” ARu J⁄ A‘˚YŸm œ±d°u\’.

C˚R A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnL.

12 H, 3 C, 5 Al C˚Y Jq˘YÙuflm œ±l©”Y] Gu]?

Ik’ NÙ•Ÿm A‘, CWi” TÙvTWv A‘, Tß˚]k’ ShW_u A‘ TÙu\Yt˚\f

—⁄dLUÙL G›’Y’ GqYÙfl? (˘TV⁄m œ±¬”m LÙQ AhPY˚Q˚Vl TVuT”jR‹m)

SÙm Cufl ˙Yß´Vp LpÆ´p TVuT”j’m R≤UeL∞u œ±¬”L˚[ ˘Y∞´hPYo

˘To≥≠Vv Gu\ A±ÆVp A±Oo BYÙo.

TPm 5.5


68

_Ùi PÙpPu

˘TÙ⁄hLs £±V ’LsL[Ùp BdLlThP˚Y Gufl

Ët\Ùi”Lfidœ ÿu˙T A±OoL[Ùp Y˚WV˚\ ˘NnVl

Th•⁄kR’. TÙWRj˚Rf NÙokR L]ÙRu, °˙WdLf £kR˚]

VÙ[WÙ] ˘P˙UÙ°¨Pv B°˙VÙo A‘d˘LÙs˚Ldœ BRW‹

A∞jR]o. ˘TÙ⁄∞u A˚Ul˚Td œ±j’s[ ˙RP˙X CYoL˚[

A‘d˘LÙs˚Ldœ YØSPjßV’. _ÙiPÙpPu 1807˛Cp S≈]

A‘d˘LÙs˚L˚V ˘Y∞´hPÙo. A‘˚Yd œ±jR _ÙiPÙp

P≤u ˘LÙs˚LLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

$ GpXÙl ˘TÙ⁄hLfim A‘dLs Gufl ·\lT”m £±V

’LsL[Ùp BdLlTh”s[].

$ ˙YßÆ˚]dœ EhT”U ß\‡s[ ™L‹m £±V ’Ls A‘YÙœm.

$ J⁄ R≤URßu GpXÙ A‘dLfim J˙WTi˚T ˘Y∞lT”j’m. A˚YVÙY] ®˚\,

T⁄Uu, Ti◊Ls GuT].

$ ˙YflThP R≤UeLfi˚PV A‘dLfidœ ˙YflThP Ti◊Ls C⁄dœm.

$ A‘dL˚[ BdL˙YÙ AØdL˙YÙ ÿ•VÙ’.

$ A‘dLs ©[‹T”jR ÿ•VÙR˚Y Bœm.

£±V˚RÆP‹m ™Lf £±VRÙ?

R≤UeL∞u ˙YflThP Ti◊L˚[Ÿm AYt±u ÷i¶V Ru˚UL˚[Ÿm SÙm TÙoj˙RÙm.

Aß≠⁄k’ SÙm ◊¨k’˘LÙiP˚Y VÙ˚Y? Li‘dœj ˘R¨VÙR ™L ÷i¶V ’LsL˚[d

œ±j’ øeLs £kßj’l TÙojR’iPÙ? CYt±u T⁄Uu, Y•Ym, ®\m, CVdLm, Ti◊

˙TÙu\˚Y ◊’˚UVÙ] Ju\pXYÙ? ÷i ©WTgNjßu Es A˚\Lfidœs J⁄ TVQm

˘NnRÙ˙XÙ? ARtœ ÿuTÙL C’ Y˚W´¤m

◊¨k’˘LÙiPYt˚\ ®˚]Æp ˘LÙsL.

˘T¨Vßp C⁄k’ £±VRÙL CYt˚\ J›e

œT”jR ÿ•ŸUÙ?

A‘Æu A˚Ul◊

A‘˚Y ˙U¤m £±VRÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ? ÿ•VÙ’ GuT˙R PÙpP≤u ˘LÙs˚L

˘TÙ⁄hLs£fl’i”Ls

ÍXd·fl A‘

(1776 ˛ 1884)

TPm 6.1

˘TÙ⁄hLs ?

66666

69

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIIIBt\˙UÙv Gu\ CXjæu ˘NÙp≠≠⁄k’ A‘ (atom) Gu\ ˘NÙp ˙RÙu±ıV’. ©¨dL

CVXÙR’ GuT˙R CRu ˘TÙ⁄[Ùœm. B]Ùp A±ÆVp EX°p GßoTÙWÙRÆRUÙL

HWtThP Li”©•l◊Ls A‘ ©[‹TPÙR’ Gu\ PÙpP≤u L⁄j˚R UfljR’.

A‘Æu Es˙[

øeLs Gl˙TÙRÙY’ Th”, TÙ≠vPo ˙TÙu\ B˚PL˚[j ˙RnjR‹Pu

A¶kß⁄d°»oL[Ù? Al˙TÙ’ øeLs EQokR’ Gu]? ˘RÙ˚XdLÙh£ ˘Th•˚V

®fljßV EPu ß˚Wdœ A⁄°p ÿZe˚L˚V ˘LÙi” ˘Nu\˙TÙ’ ˙RÙu±V A‡TYm

Gu]?

Gi˘QnlT˚N CpXÙR R˚Xÿ•´p J⁄ ©[Ùv•d A[‹˙LÙ˚X EW£f £fl LÙ°Rj

’i”Lfidœ A⁄°p LÙh•lTÙ⁄eLs.

øeLs A±kR’ Gu]?

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

˘TÙ⁄hLs Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl EW—m˙TÙ’

™u˙]t\m ˙RÙuflm. ARu TX]ÙL

CqYÙfl S˚P˘Tfl°\’.

˚UdLp @TÙW˙P Gu\

A±ÆVpA±Oo ˙NÙ•Vm œ˙[Ù˚W”

˙TÙu\ £X ˘TÙ⁄h L˚[j RiΩ¨p

L˚Wj’ ARuYØVÙL ™uNÙWj˚Rd LPjßÆhPÙo. AqYÙnÆu Æ˚[YÙLd L˚Wk’ ˙N⁄m

˘TÙ⁄hL∞p ™u˙]t\m APe°Ÿs[’ G]d LiP±kRÙo. CdLi”©•l◊ 1830 Cp S˚P

˘Tt\’. CqÆRm ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœ ™u˙]t\m E⁄YÙY’ GqYÙfl G] øeLs £kßj’l

TÙojR’iPÙ?

˚UdLp @TÙW˙P´u Bn‹ CRtœ J⁄ RÙPdLUÙL C⁄kR’. TÙ⁄hL∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[d

œ±jR Æ¨YÙ]LpÆdœ C’YØYœjR’. ˙U¤m TX A±ÆVp A±OoLs Cj’˚\dœ

Æ˚XUßdLÿ•VÙR Su˘LÙ˚PLs A∞jR]o. ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Ru˚U˚V Æ[dœm ÆRjßp

A‘ A˚Ul˚Td œ±jR G∞V A±ÆVp Æ[dLj˚R øpv ˙TÙo R]’ A‘ UÙß¨´p

˘Y∞´hPÙo. C’ AdLÙXjßp TWYXÙL Ae∏L¨dLl ThP’.

≠jßVm A‘Æu ˙TÙo UÙß¨˚Vl TÙ⁄eLs.

C’ ≠jßVm A‘Æu A˚Ul˚Td œ±dœm J⁄ Æ[dLlTPm.

ClTPjßp Es[ A‘Æp A˚RÆP ÷i¶V ’LsLs

Es[] GuT’ ˘R∞YÙ°\RpXYÙ? A‘Æu EhTÙLjßp

GjR˚] Y˚Lj ’LsLs Es[] Gufl TPj˚Rl TÙoj’

F°j’ A±V ÿ•ŸUÙ?

...........................................................................................................................

A‘Æ‡s A˚RÆP ÷i¶V ’LsLs Es[] Gu\ Li”©•l©tœ YØYœjR A±ÆVp

YWXÙt˚\l TÙol˙TÙm.

™u≤\dLd œZÙn Gu\ L⁄Æ´p œ˚\kR A›jRjßp Es[ YÙŸdL∞u YØVÙL

™uNÙWj˚Rf ˘N¤jß Bn‹ ˘NnR]o. C’ ™u˙]t\jßu WL£VeL˚[d œ±jR LpÆdœ

YØ YœjR’. ™u≤\dL œZÙ´p £X UÙflRpL˚[ HtT”jß _.˙_. RÙmNu SPjßV Bn‹Ls

CRtœ ˙U¤m Y¤Óh•].

™u Ht\jßu Ru˚U

J⁄ TÙ⁄∞p ™u˙]]t\m RÙuflm TÙ’ A˚Y

Ht\™pXÙR ©\ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ Dod°\’.

™u˙]t\eLs CWi” Y˚LlT”m. A˚Y

˙So™u˙]t\m (+ ve) Gßo™u˙]t\m (- ve)GuT]. GßWÙ] ™u˙]t\eLfiL°˚P´p

DojR¤m JjR ™u˙]t\eLfid °˚P´p ÆXL¤m

®Lr°u\].

1234123412341234+

1234123412341234+

1234123412341234+

12341234123412341234123412341234

12341234123412341234

123412341234

TÙPm6.2


70

+

+----

RL”Ls

TPm 6.5

™Ld œ˚\kR A›jRjßp ™u≤\dLd œZÙ´‡s Es[ YÙŸÆu

YØVÙL ™uNÙWm LPk’ ˘Nu\˙TÙ’ ˙So™u RL•u A⁄°p Es[

œZÙ´u Eh◊\f —Yo J¸ıoY˚R RÙmNu LY≤jRÙo. œZÙ´‡s EtTjß

Bœm £X’LsL˙[ J¸ıoR¤dœd LÙWQm G] AYo A±k’ LÙiPÙo.

œZÙ´‡s J¸ıLPjRÙR J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[j R˚PVÙL ˚YjR˙TÙ’ ARu

®Zp ˙So™u RLh•u ¡’ Æ›kR’.

CkRl T¨˙NÙR˚]´u YÙ´XÙLd œZÙ´≠⁄k’ Y⁄m ’LsLs Ge°⁄k’

Geœf˘Np°u\] GuT’ œ±jR L⁄j˚Rd ·flL.

$ œZÙ´≠⁄k’ Y⁄m ’LsL∞u TÙ˚R´p TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[’˙TÙp So™uRL”m

Gßo™uRL”m ˘TÙ⁄jRlTh”s[].

Etfl˙SÙdLp ˛ J¸ıoR¤dœd LÙWQUÙ] ’LsL∞u TÙ˚R ˙So™u (+ ) RL˚P ˙SÙd°

ÆX°V˚Rd LiºoLs.

˘_.˘_. RÙmNu(1856 ˛ 1940)

+--

+--EVokR ˙YÙp˙Pw

™u≤\dLd œZÙn

˘Yt±PTml

TPm 6.4

"J¸ıoRp' ˙So™uRL˚P ˙SÙd° DodLlThPß≠⁄k’ ’LsL∞u Ht\j˚Rl Tt± Gu]

˘R¨°u\’?

$ BnÆtLÙL E˙XÙLjRL”L˚[Ÿm YÙŸdL˚[Ÿm ™u≤\dL œZÙnL˚[Ÿm UÙt±

UÙt±l TVuT”jßV˙TÙ’m ’LsL∞u Ti◊L∞p UÙt\m G’‹m HtT”Y˚Rd

LÙQÿ•VÆp˚X.

TPm 6.3

71


BnÆtœl TVuT”jßV ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ UÙ±UÙ± Bn‹ SPjßV ˙TÙ’m J˙W ÿ•‹

°˚PdL LÙWQm Gu]?

A‘dLs ™L ÷i¶V ’LsL[Ùp E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[] Guflm, A‘˚Yl £˚R‹ T”RR

ÿ•Ÿm GuT˚RŸm A±ÆVp EXLm 1897 ˛ p Ae∏L¨jR’

˙_.˙_. RÙmNu LiP±kR Ei˚ULs

$ ™u≤\dLd œZÙ´p Gßo™uYÙ´≠⁄k’ ◊\lT”m Li‘dœj ˘R¨VÙR

LßoL˙[ J¸ı⁄R¤dœd LÙWQm.

$ C˚Y Gßo™u˙]t\ÿs[ ’LsL∞u KhPUÙœm.

$ GpXÙl ˘TÙ⁄hL∞¤m CqYÙ\Ù] Gßo™u˙]t\ÿ˚PV ’LsLs

Es[].

®˚\ ™L‹m œ˚\kR CjR˚LV ’LsLfidœ GpdhWÙu G]

˘TV¨PlThP’. ™L‹m £±V A‘YÙ°V ˚ahW_≤u ®˚\´p

1837 Cu J⁄ TMÛ˙L (1/1837) J⁄ GXdPWÙ≤u ®˚\VÙœm.

A‘Ætœs ◊˙WÙhPÙuLfim

A‘dL∞p GXdhWÙuLs Uh”˙U Es[˘R≤p TÙ⁄hL˘[pXÙm Gßo ™u˙]t\m A˚Pk’

Ju˚\ Jufl ÆXLp A˚PVf NnŸUpXYÙ? Sm˚Uf —t±¤m Es[ TÙ⁄hLfidœ CqYÙfl

ÆXLp ®LrY’iPÙ? Cj’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Bn‹Ls ©\œ S˚P˘Tt\].

˙LÙphvºu Gu\ A±ÆVXÙo ™u≤\dL œZÙn ET˙VÙ°j’ SPjßV Ut˘\Ù⁄ BnÆp

A‘Æp ˙So™u˙]t\ÿs[ ’LsLs Es[] GuT˚Rd LiP±kRÙo.

©u◊ Ho]vh ÏRo˙TÙo” R]’ BnÆu ÍXUÙL A‘Æp ˙So™u’LsL[Ù]

◊˙WÙhPÙuLs Es[] GuT˚R EflßlT”jß]Ùo. J⁄ ◊˙WÙhPÙ‡dœ

J⁄ ˚ahW_u A‘Ætœ NUUÙ] ®˚\ Ei”. CR‡˚PV ™u˙]t\m

CRtœ ˙So™u˙]t\m LÙQlT”°\’ Gufl AYo Li”©•jRÙoV

A‘dLfim A˚Y ˙Nok’ E⁄YÙœm ˘TÙ⁄hLfim ™u˙]t\™u± S”

®˚X Y°lT’ Hu Gufl £kßlTÙVpXYÙ?

Ho]vh ÏRo

@˙TÙo”(1871 ˛ 1937)

TPm 6.6


72

ReLjRLh•p Ko Bn‹

(Gold foil experiment)ReLjßtœ ©\ E˙XÙLeL∞≠⁄k’ UÙflThP £X

R≤jRu˚ULs Es[]. ™L‹m ˘Up≠V RLPÙL C˚R

UÙt\ ÿ•Ÿm. £X A‘dL∞u R•Uu A[‹dœj

ReLjRL”L˚[ E⁄YÙdL CV¤m. ÏRo˙TÙo” ™L Up≠V

ReLjRLh•u ¡’ BpTÙ ’LsL˚[ EVokR ˙YLjßp

˙UÙRf ˘Nn’ Bn‹ SPjß]Ùo. ReLjRLh•p ˙UÙßV

BpTÙ ’LsL∞p ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ]˚Y F”⁄Æf ˘Nu\].

£X ’LsL∞u TÙ˚R´p Uh”m NtflÆXLp S˚P

˘Tt\˚Rd LiPÙo. £X ’LsLs (—UÙo 20,00˛Cp Jufl)

Gßoß˚N´p ¡[X˚PkR]. ReLjRLh•u ©u◊\m

˚YdLlTh”s[ ß˚W´p BpTÙ ’LsLs Æ›kR ˙TÙ’

E⁄YÙ] A˚PVÙ[eL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRRu

TV]ÙLf £X Ei˚UL˚[ ÏRo @˙TÙo” ◊¨k’˘LÙiPÙo.

CkR Etfl˙SÙdL≠u TX]ÙL AYo £X ÿ•‹Lfidœ

YkRÙo.

$ A‘Ætœ J⁄ ˚UVTÙLm Ei”. A’RÙu

A‘dL⁄.

$ A‘dL⁄ ˙So™u˙]t\m E˚PV’.

$ A‘Æu ˘UÙjR T⁄U‡Pu Jl©”m˙TÙ’

A‘dL⁄Æu T⁄Uu ™L‹m £±VRÙœm.

$ A‘Æu ˘UÙjR ®˚\Ÿm ˚UVm ˘LÙi•

⁄lT’ A‘dL⁄ÆXÙœm.

$ A‘dL⁄˚Yf —t±¤m GXdhWÙuLs LÙQlT”°u\].

ÏRo ˙TÙo•u Etfl˙SÙdLp Æ˚[‹L˚[Ÿm ÿ•‹L˚[Ÿm Bn‹˘NnL.

˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] BpTÙ’LsLfim ReLjRLh•u YØ LPk’ ˘Nu\’ Hu?

£±R[‹ BpTÙ’LsLfi˚PV TÙ˚R´p Uh”m ÆXLp S˚P˘Tt\’ Hu?

£X BpTÙ ’LsLs Uh”m ¡[p A˚PkRRu LÙWQm Gu]?

CkR Æ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚P A∞dœm ÏRo˙TÙo•u L⁄j’Ls VÙ˚Y?

""A‘Æ¤s[ ◊˙WÙhPÙuLs GpXÙm J˙W Tœß´p ˚UVm ˘LÙi”s[]'' Gu‡m

·t˚\ Htfld˘LÙs°\ÙVÙ? E]’ L⁄j’L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’.

sF.Sn

BpTÙ ’LsLs

˙So™u˙]t\ÿm ®˚\Ÿm ˘LÙiP

’LsL˙[ BpTÙ(α ) ’LsLs .

A˚Y So ™u˙]t\jRÙp ÆXdLl

TP‹m Gßo™u˙]t\jß]Ùp

DodLl TP‹m ˘Nn°u\].

ReLjßu A‘

BX

oT’

Ls

ReLjRLh•u YØVÙL

BpTÙ’LsL∞u ÆXLp TPm 6.7

73


A‘Æu UÙß¨

ÏRo˙TÙo” R]’ Li” ©•l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p J⁄ A‘UÙß¨˚V ˘Y∞´hPÙo.

A‘Æu ˚UVlTœß˙V A‘dL⁄. ™Lf£±VRÙ] A‘dL⁄ ˙So™u˙]t\m E˚PV’.

A‘dL⁄˚Yf —t±¤m Gßo™u˙]t\ÿs[ GXdhWÙuLs ™œkR ˙YLjßp —Zufl

˘LÙi•⁄d°u\]. A‘®˚\´u ˘T⁄m TœßŸm ARu A‘dL⁄Æp ®˚X ˘LÙi”s[’.

„¨Vœ”mTjßtœ C˚QVÙ] J⁄ A‘ A˚Ul˚T˙V ÏRo˙TÙo” ˘Y∞´hPÙo.

„¨Vd œ”mTm A‘

˚UVTÙLm : „¨Vu ˚UVTÙLm : ...............................................

˙LÙsLs : „¨V˚]f —tfl°u\] GXdhWÙu : ...............................................

—tfllTÙ˚R : ˙LÙsLs CVeœmTÙ˚R Bo©h (shell) : ...............................................

„¨V œ”mTm ÏRo˙TÙo•u A‘UÙß¨

++

GXdhWÙu\yq¢n-bkv

A‘dL⁄

+

TPm 6.8 TPm 6.9

AhPY˚Q 6.1

ÏRo @˙TÙo” A‘Æu UÙß¨˚V ˘Y∞´hPÙ¤m Aß¤s[ ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u ®˚\˚VŸm

A‘Æu ˘UÙjR ®˚\˚VŸm Jl©hP˙TÙ’ LiP ˙YflTÙh•tœ Æ[dLm A∞lTßp £dLp

HtThP’. 1920 Cp R]’ Bn‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p A‘dL⁄Æp, ®˚\Ÿm ™u˙]t\ÿm

CpXÙR ’LsLs Ei” G]d œ±l©hPÙo.

˘RÙPof£VÙL S˚P˘Tt\ TX Bn‹L∞u TV]ÙL 1932˛Cp ˙_mv NÙhÆd A‘Æp

GXdhWÙu, ◊˙WÙhPÙu GuT]YtflPu ™u˙]t\m CpXÙR ®ÎhWÙ‡m Ei” G]d

Li”©•jRÙo. ®ÎhWÙ≤u ®˚\ —UÙo J⁄ ◊˙WÙhPÙ≤u ®˚\dœf NUUÙœm.

C’Y˚W ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiPL⁄j’dL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß AhPY˚Q´p G›ßlTÙo.

A‘Æ¤s[ ’LsLs ™u˙]t\m ®˚\ A‘Æp ARu C⁄l©Pm

GXdhWÙu

◊˙WÙhPÙu

®ÎhWÙu

AhPY˚Q 6.2

C CCYt±u Jl¿h˚P Æ[dœm Th•Vp

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. Æ”ThP˚R

®Wl◊L.


74

TPm6.10

˙TÙo UÙß¨

ÏRo ˙TÙo•u A‘UÙß¨´p, „¨Vd œ”mTj˚Rl˙TÙp ApXÙUp ™u˙]t\ÿs[ J⁄

A‘dL⁄˚Yf —t± GXdPWÙuLs —Zp°u\]. CqYÙfl J⁄ ™u˙]t\j˚R ˙Y˘\Ù⁄

™u˙]t\m —t± Y⁄m˙TÙ’ CRtœ Bt\p CZl◊ HtTh” A‘dL⁄Ætœ A⁄°p Y⁄m

GuT’ ˙_mv°[Ùod UÙdv˘Yp≠u ˙LÙhTÙ” Bœm. C’ A‘Æu ®˚X˙Tt±tœf NYÙp

B]˙TÙ’ AßLm ˙UmT”jRlThP J⁄ A‘ UÙß¨ ˙R˚YVÙ´tfl.

A‘dL⁄˚Yf—t±f £X œ±l©hP TÙ˚RL∞u YØVÙL GXdhWÙuLs —tflm TÙ’ ARtœ

CqY˚LVÙ] Bt\p YflTÙ” HtT”Y’ Cp˚X Gufl øpv TÙo ®flÆ]Ùo. ClTÙ˚RL˚[

AYo Bo©h Gufl A˚ZjRÙo. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Bo©h•¤m J⁄œ±l©hP Gi¶d˚LŸ˚PV

GXdhWÙuLs LÙQlT”m G]j ˘R¨k’˘LÙiPÙo.

$ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Bo©h•tœm J⁄œ±l©hP A[‹ Bt\p Ei”. J˙W Bo©h•¤s[

GXdhWÙuL∞u Bt\p AßL¨dL˙YÙ ApX’ œ˚\V˙YÙ NnYßp˚X. A‘dL⁄Æp

C⁄k’ ÁWm AßL¨lTRtœ HtT Bo©h”L∞u Bt\p AßL¨dœm.

A‘ ˙TÙ¨u UÙß¨´p 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Bt\pUhPeLs ÿ˚\˙V K, L, M, N, O G]d

œ±l©PlTh”s[]. ©tLÙXjßp CkR Bt\p UhPeLs `pLs Gu\ TV¨p A±VlThP].

£X A‘dL∞u ˙TÙo UÙß¨˚Vd LY≤dL‹m

˚ahW_u

1p

Õ≠Vm

2p2n

≠jßVm

3p4n

4p5n

˘T√≠Vm

6p6n

LÙoTu

5p6n

˙TÙWÙu

œ±l◊

-- GXdhWÙu

p - ◊˙WÙhPÙu

n - ®ÎhWÙu

75


Jq˘YÙ⁄ A‘Æ¤m ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚V Bn‹ ˘NnL.

H˙R‡m CWi” R≤UeL∞p ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L J˙W˙TÙp Y⁄°u\RÙ?

◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L UÙflTÙ”m˙TÙ’ R≤Uÿm UÙflT”°u\RÙ?

®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœf NUUÙ] R≤UeLs Es[]YÙ?

G≤p R≤Um VÙ’ GuT˚R EflßlT”j’m ’Ls ◊˙WÙhPÙuL[Ù? ApX’ ®ÎhWÙuL[Ù?

J⁄ R≤Ujßu A‘Æ¤s[ ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L˙V

ARu A‘ Gi (Z)

A‘Æp ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœm GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœm Es[

˘RÙPo◊ Gu]? ˙TÙo UÙß¨˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’TÙo.

A‘Gi, ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L, GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L ˙TÙu\˚Y

GqYÙfl Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙi•⁄d°u\]? G›ßl TÙodL‹m.

J⁄ R≤Ujßu ®˚\˚V ®oQ´dœm ÿd°VUÙ] ’LsLs VÙ˚Y?

A‘Æp CYt±u C⁄l©Pm VÙ’?

A‘dL⁄Æ¤s[ ’LsL∞u ˘UÙjR Gi¶d˚L ®˚\ Gi (M)

Gufl A˚ZdLlT”°\’. ARÙY’ ◊˙WÙhPÙu, ®ÎhWÙu

B°VYt±u ˘UÙjR Gi¶d˚L˙V ®˚\ Gi G]lT”m.

˙U˙X œ±l©hP R≤UeL∞u œ±¬”Ls ˘LÙ”dLlTh•⁄lT˚Rd LY≤dL‹m

1 4 7 9 11 121 2 3 4 5 6H, He, Li, Be, B, C

œ±¬”L∞u ˙U¤m ∏›m G›RlTh”s[ GiLs GYt˚\dœ±l©”°u\]. ∏˙Z

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ˘T¨≠Vjßu œ±¬h•¤s[ œ±l◊L˚[ G›’

(...................................) 9(...................................) 4Be

◊¨≤u œ±¬h˚Pl TÙ⁄eLs.

199 F

◊¨u A‘Æp GjR˚] ◊˙WÙhPÙuLs Es[]

GXdPWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L GjR˚]?

®˚\Gi˚QŸm A‘Gi˚QŸm ˘RÙPo◊T”jß ®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd

Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?

®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚LL˚[d LiP±V J⁄ NUuTÙ” G›ßl TÙodL‹m

®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L = ....................................................................................................

Z = ..................

M = ................. F

19

9


76

A‘dL⁄˚Yf—t±¤m ˘Yq˙Yfl ˘`pL∞p GXdh

WÙuLs Y¨˚NVÙL A˚Ukß⁄dœm ÿ˚\dœ GXdhWÙu

LhP˚Ul◊ Gufl˘TVo.

˘`p ˘`p Gi LÙQlT”m AßLThN

GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L (2 n2)

K 1 2 x 12 = 2

L 2

M 3

N 4

O 5

TPm 6.3

˘`pL∞p GXdhWÙu

˚ahW_u A‘Æp GjR˚] GXdhWÙuLs Es[]? C˚Y GkR ˘`p≠p LÙQlT”°\’?

˙TÙo UÙß¨˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙo. Õ≠Vm A‘Æp GqYÙfl Es[’?

≠jßVjßu GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ Gu]?

1 ˛Bm ˘`p (K) ................................................. GXdhWÙuLs

2 ˛Bm ˘`p (L) ................................................. GXdhWÙuLs

'K' `p≠p LÙQlT”m GXdhWÙuL∞u AßL Gi¶d˚L CWi” BRXÙp

A”jR GXdhWÙu 'L'' ˘`p≠p LhP˚UdLlTh”s[’.

˙NÙ•Vm A‘Æu ˙TÙo UÙß¨ TPjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

˙NÙ•Vjß¤s[ ˘UÙjR GXdhWÙuLs GjR˚]?

...........................................

K `p≠p GqY[‹? ...........................................

¡ßŸs[[ GXdhWÙuLs GjR˚] ? ................................

TPj˚R Bn‹ ˘NnL

L ˘`p≠p LÙQlT”m GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L

œ±jR E]’ L⁄j’ VÙ’?

............................................................................................................................................................................................

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘`p≠¤m LÙQlT”m GXdhWÙuLfidœ J⁄ œ±l©hP Gi¶d˚L

Ei”. 2n2 Gu\ „jßWj˚Rl TVuT”jß C˚Rd Li”©•dLXÙm. 'n' Gu\ G›j’

˘`p Gi˚Qd œ±l©”°\’.

Cf„jßWj˚Rl TVuT”jß Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘`p≠¤m LÙQlT”m GXdhWÙuL∞u

AßLThN Gi¶d˚L˚V AhPY˚Q´p ®WlT‹m.

11p12n

˙NÙ•Vm A‘UÙß¨

TPm 6.11

77


∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ R≤UeL∞u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul˚T G›ß AYt±u ˙TÙo

UÙß¨l TPm Y˚WL.

19 24 27 359 12 13 17F, Mg, Al, Cl

J⁄R≤Uj˚Rj æoUÙ≤lT’ AßXPe°´⁄dœm ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚LVÙœm.

◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L UÙflm˙TÙ’ R≤Uÿm UÙflT”m. ◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u

Gi¶d˚Ldœ UÙt\m CpXÙUp ®ÎhWÙuLfi˚PV Gi¶d˚L UÙflThPÙp? LhPj˚R

®Wl◊L.

Gi¶d˚L´p ˙YflTÙ” Es[ ’LsVÙ’? ˙TÙo UÙß¨ TPm Y˚Wk’ TÙo

CYt±u A‘Gi˚QŸm ®˚\ Gi˚QŸm Bn‹ ˘NnRÙp ˘R¨VY⁄m Jtfl˚U,

˙Ytfl˚ULs VÙ˚Y?

J˙W R≤Ujßu CjR˚LV UÙflThP Y•Ye

Lfidœ I˙NÙ˙PÙl◊Ls (isotopes) Gufl ˘TVo.

I˙NÙ˙PÙl◊Lfidœ J⁄ Y˚WV˚\ A˚Ud

LXÙUÙ?

11 H21 H31 H

p

n

p

n

p

n◊˙WÙh•Vm •Ÿº¨Vm •¨µVm

˚ahW_≤u ™œß

˙TWiPjß¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u

®˚\´u ÿdLÙp TÙLÿm (75%)

˚ahW_u Bœm. CkRd

˚ahW_≤p 0,015% Uh”˙U

•Ÿº¨Vm I˙NÙ˙PÙl. C˚RÆP

™L‹m œ˚\kR A[˙Y •¨µVm

APe°Ÿs[’. ¡ßŸs[ 99.985%

ÿm NÙRÙWQ Y•YUÙœm. •Ÿh

º¨Vm Bd≥_‡Pu Æ˚]

◊¨k’ E⁄YÙœm L]øo (heavywater) A‘dL⁄ E˚XL∞p TVu

T”jRlT”°\’.J˙W ®˚\ Gi‘m UÙflThP A‘ Gi‘m

˘LÙiP R≤UeL˚[ I˙NÙTÙoLs (isobars)G] A˚ZlTo.

G,LÙ;

40 4018 20Ar, Ca

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ R≤U A‘dL∞p I˙NÙ˙PÙl, I˙NÙTÙo GuTYt˚\d

Li”©•j’ G›’L? P,Q,R,S,T GuT˚Y R≤UeL∞u Ei˚UVÙ] œ±¬”Ls ApX)

14 35 14 36 166 17 7 17 8P, Q, R, S, T


78

∏˙Z Y⁄m AhPY˚Q´¤s[ RLYpL˚[ Bn‹˘Nn’ Æ”ThP Tœß˚V ®Wl◊L.

Li‘dœj R¨VÙR’m, EQW ÿ•VÙR’UÙ] ™Lf£±V A‘dL∞p APe°Ÿs[

£fl ’LsL∞u Gi¶d˚L´¤m LhP˚Ul©¤m Es[ UÙt\˙U R≤UeL∞u Yfl

TÙh•tœd LÙWQUÙ°\’. Sm˚Uf —t\¤m Es[ EXLjßp ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u UÙflTÙ”,

˘TÙ⁄hL∞u £\l©´p◊Ls B°VYt˚\l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnYRtœm ◊¨k’

˘LÙsYRtœm AYt±u A•lT˚P LÙW¶L˚[d œ±jR A±‹ SUdœj ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm.

R≤Um p e nJq˘YÙ⁄ ˘`p≠¤m Es[

GXdWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L

K L M

GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊

........ ........ ........ 2 6 2, 6

........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ......................

........ ........ 10 ........ ........ ........ ......................

........ 11 ........ ........ ........ ........ ......................

........ ........ 12 ........ ........ 2 ......................

AhPY˚Q 6.4

TGXdWÙu ®ÎhWÙu◊˙WÙhPÙu

10P10N

®˚XjR¤dLÙL

®˚XjRu˚U ™L‹m ·•V R≤UeL[Ù]RÙp CYt±tœ SÙ©s R≤UeLs (Noble elements)Gufl ˘TVo. C˚Y A˚]j’m YÙŸdL[Ù˚LVÙp ˙SÙ©s YÙŸdLs Guflm

A˚ZdLlT”°u\]. B´u ÍXd·flL[ÙL˙YÙ, ˙NoU ÍXd·flL[ÙL˙YÙ UÙflm ˙TÙ’

Uh”˙U ©\ R≤U A‘dLs ®˚XjRu˚U˚Vl ˘Tfl°u\]. ˙SÙ©s R≤UeLs

A‘®˚X´˙X˙V ®˚XjRu˚Ud LÙh”m Ti◊ ˘LÙiP˚Y. CYt±u A‘dLfidœ

®˚XjRu˚U Es[ß]Ùp C˚Y ˙Yßl ©˚Ql©tœ EhT”Yßp˚X. AR]Ùp CYt˚\

UkRYÙŸdLs (inert gases) Guflm A˚ZlTo.

˙SÙ©s R≤UeL∞u ®˚XjRu˚Udœ LÙWQm Gu]? SUdœ TÙodLXÙm. EeLfidœj

˘R¨kR £X R≤UeL∞u A‘ Gi˚Qd Li”©•j’ AYt±u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul˚T

AhPY˚Q´p G›ßl TÙodL‹m. AjR≤Um APe°V £X ˙NoUeL∞u ˘TVoL˚[ G›’L..

R≤UeLs Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ˙Nok’ ˙NoUeLs

˙RÙufl°u\]. R≤UeLfim ˙NoUeLfim C˚Qk’

E⁄YÙœm LX˚YLs Sm˚Uf —t±¤m LÙQlT”m GpXÙ

˘TÙ⁄hL∞¤m APe°Ÿs[]. ™Lf£X R≤UeLs Uh”˙U

©\ R≤UeLfiPu ˙Yßl ©˚Ql©tœ EhTPÙR˚Y.

BYojR] AhPY˚Q´u L˚P£j ˘RÙœß´¤s[

R≤UeLs CqY˚L˚Vf NÙokR˚Y Bœm. A˚Y VÙ˚Y?

AYt˚\ G›R‹m.

®˚XjRu˚UŸm Bt\¤m

J⁄ UiPXjßu (system) ®˚XjRu˚U ARu

Bt\¤Pu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙiP’. Bt\p

AßL¨dœm˙TÙ’ ®˚XjRu˚U œ˚\°\’. AR]Ùp

Bt\˚X CVu\ œ˚\j’ ®˚XjRu˚U˚V A˚PV

Jq˘YÙ⁄ UiPXÿm ÿVt£d°u\]. CRtœ

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YØÿ˚\ L˚[ A’˙Y Ro‹ NnŸm.

EVWUÙ] TÙ⁄s Bt\˚Xd œ˚\j’ ®˚XjRu˚U

A˚PV R]’ EVWj˚Rd œ˚\lTRtLÙ] Ru˚U˚V

˘Y∞lT”j’m.

TPm 7.1

TPm 7.2

77777


80

R≤Um A‘ Gi GXdhWÙu

LhP˚Ul◊

˘TÙ’YÙL

˙NoUeLs

E⁄YÙYßp˚X

He 2 2

Ne 10 2, 8

Ar 18 2, 8, 8

Kr 36 2, 8, 18, 8

Xe 54 2, 8, 18, 18, 8

Rn 86 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8

©\ R≤UeL∞≠⁄k’ UÙflThPRÙL CYt±u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul©p (Õ≠Vm øeLXÙL)

LÙQlT”m £\l◊ CVp◊Ls VÙ˚Y?

®˚XjRu˚U˚V GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊Pu ˘RÙPo◊T”j’m˙TÙ’ °˚Pdœm ÿ•‹

Gu]?

Õ≠Vjßp? ARu ˙TÙo UÙß¨˚V Y˚Wk’ Bn‹ ˘Nn’TÙo? Õ≠Vjßu

®˚XjRu˚U˚V GqYÙfl Æ[dLXÙm?

˙SÙ©s R≤UeL∞p ™L‹m £±V A‘YÙ] Õ≠Vjßtœ J⁄ `p Uh”˙U Es[’. Ju\Ùm

˘`p≠p EhT”jRd·•V GXdhWÙuL∞u AßL Gi¶d˚L 2 Bœm. AR]Ùp Õ≠Vj˚Rl

˘TÙfljR Uh•p 2 GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ ®˚XjRu˚U E˚PVRÙœm.

˙YßÆ˚]Ls YÙ´XÙL ®˚XjRu˚U˘LÙiP ˙NoUeLs E⁄YÙYRtœf £X G”j’d

LÙh”L˚[l TÙodLXÙm.

˘Ud…µVm + Bd≥_u ˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^”

GqYÙfl G] ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.

˙SÙ©s R≤UeL∞u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ AhPY˚Q´p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

AhPY˚Q 7.1

AhPY˚Q 7.2

R≤Um A‘Gi GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ ˘R¨kR ˙NoUeLs

81


®˚XjRu˚U ®˚XjRu˚U ®˚XjRu˚U ®˚XjRu˚U

A˚PŸm ÿu◊ A˚PkR ©u◊ A˚PŸm ÿu◊ A˚PkR ©u◊

GXdhWÙuL∞u

Gi¶d˚L

◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u

Gi¶d˚L

™u˙]t\m

˘Ud…µVm Bd≥_u

˘Ud…µVm A‘‹m Bd≥_u A‘‹m ™u˙]t\™pXÙR˚YVÙœm. ARu LÙWQm

Gu]? CWi” A‘dL∞u ˙TÙo UÙß¨˚V AhPY˚QŸPu Kl¿” ˘NnL.

˘Ud…µVÿm Bd≥_‡m ®˚XjRu˚U A˚PV ˙Ut˘LÙiP YØÿ˚\ VÙ’?

GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul©p HtThP UÙt\eLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jß G›ßl TÙodL‹m.

˘Ud…µVm (Mg)Bd≥_u (O)

˘Ud…µVm ®˚XjRu˚U A˚PkR ˙TÙ’ ARu ™u˙]t\jßp UÙt\m HtThPRÙ?

Bd≥_≤p?

AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.

Ti◊Ls ˘Ud…µVm (Mg) Bd≥_u (O)

◊˙WÙhPÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L

GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L

®ÎhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L

™u˙]t\m

GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊

8 p8 n

Bd≥_u

12 p12 n

˘Ud…µVm

◊ßV ˘TÙ⁄s ˙RÙu±VRÙ?

Al˘TÙ⁄s VÙ’?

Ud…µVm Utflm Bd≥_u B°VYt±u A‘ Gi‘Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV £X Ti◊L˚[

Bn‹ ˘NnL

+ → 12 p12 n

˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^”

8 p8 n

2+ 2---

™u˙]t\ÿs[ A‘dLfidœ AV≤ Gufl˘TVo. Ud…µVm AV≤´u ™u˙]t\m GqY[‹?

˘Ud…µVm AV≤˚Vd œ±l©”m ÿ˚\ VÙ’?

-Bd˚^” AV≤˚Vd œ±l©”m ÿ˚\˚V G›’L?

Mg2+

TPm 7.3

AhPY˚Q 7.4

AhPY˚Q 7.3


82

E⁄YÙœm AV≤Ls :

AV≤L∞u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ :

GpXÙ ˙YßÆ˚]L∞¤m CqYÙfl S˚P˘Tfl°u\RÙ?

GXdhWÙuL˚[d ˘LÙ”dL‹m Htfld ˘LÙs[‹m ÿ•VÙR ÆRjßp ÍXd·flLs

E⁄YÙ°u\ „r®˚X HtT”UÙ?

£X „r®˚XL˚[l TÙodL‹m.

$ CWi” œ˙[Ùü A‘dLs ˙Nok’ œ˙[Ùü ÍXd·fl E⁄YÙ°\’.

$ CWi” Bd≥_u A‘dLs ˙Nok’ Bd≥_u ÍXd·fl E⁄YÙ°\’.

CYt±p œ˙[Ùü ÍXd·fl E⁄YÙœm ÆRj˚R Bn‹ ˘NnV‹m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ˙[Ùü A‘Æ‡˚PV‹m GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊ : ..............................

CWi” œ˙[Ùü A‘dLfidœm ®˚XjRu˚U A˚PVj ˙R˚YVÙ]’ Gu]?

J⁄ œ˙[Ù¨]Ùp Ut˘\Ù⁄ œ˙[Ù¨‡dœ GXdhWÙ˚]d ˘LÙ”dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

AqYÙfl ˘LÙ”jRÙ¤m CWi•tœm ®˚Xj Ru˚U A˚PV ÿ•ŸUÙ?

∏˙Z LÙ”dLlTh”s[]Yt±p Gßo™u˙]t\eLs A⁄°p Y⁄m˙TÙ’ S˚P˘TflY’ Gu]?

N¨VÙ]Yt˚\ ( ) A˚PVÙ[m ˘NnV‹m.

Dodœm

ÆXdœm

DojR˙XÙ ÆXdL˙XÙ ˘NnYßp˚X

˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^” J⁄ ÍXd·fl Gu\ ®˚X´p ®˚X ®tT’ GqYÙfl G]l ◊¨kR’

ApXYÙ?

øeLs C’Y˚W ˘Tt\ L⁄j’dL˚[l TVuT”jß Ud…µVm Bd≥_‡Pu C˚Qk’

Ud…µVm Bd˚^” ˙RÙuflY˚Rd œ±j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p J⁄ œ±l◊ G›’L.

C˙R˙TÙp ˙NÙ•Vm œ˙[Ù˚W” E⁄YÙY˚R GqYÙfl Æ[dLXÙm?

œ˙[Ùü ®˚XjRu˚U ˘Tt\’ GqYÙfl?

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ˙[Ùü A‘‹m T°ok’ ˘LÙiP GXdhWÙuLs GjR˚]?

CqÆRjßp GXdhWÙuL˚[l T°ok’ ˘LÙi” ˘Y∞l◊\˘`p≠p Gh” GXdhPÙu A˚Ul˚T

A˚PY’i”.

R≤Um A‘Gi GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul◊

˙NÙ•Vm (Na)

œ˙[Ùü (Cl)

TPm 7.4

AhPY˚Q 7.5

+17 p18 n

œ˙[Ùü A‘

17 p18 n

œ˙[Ùü A‘

17 p18 n

œ˙[Ùü ÍXd·fl

17 p18 n

83


£X R≤UeL˚[ Bn‹ ˘NnL.

Jq˘YÙu±u GXdhWÙu LhP˚Ul˚T G›ß AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.

˘Y∞l◊\ `p≠¤s[ GXdhWÙ˚]Ÿm C˚Qß\˚]Ÿm RÙPo◊T”jß J⁄ Y˚WV˚\ RVÙo

˘NnL.

˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^” E⁄YÙ] ˙TÙ’ ˘Ud…µVm CZkR GXdhWÙuL∞u

Gi¶d˚L GqY[‹?

Bd≥_‡dœ °˚PjR GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L GqY[‹?

˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^” E⁄YÙ]˙TÙ’ Jq˘YÙu±tœm °˚PjR ™u˙]t\jßtœm

GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœm Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ Gu]?

Bd≥_u ÍXd·±¤s[ LhP˚Ul˚Tl TÙodL‹m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ Bd≥_u A‘‹m T°ok’ ˘LÙiP GXdhWÙuLs GjR˚]?

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt±p Bd≥_u ˘LÙ”j’ ApX’ T°ok’ ˘LÙiP

GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L GqY[‹?

˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^•p : ˘LÙ”jR’ / T°ok’ ˘LÙiP’.

Bd≥_u ÍXd·±p ; ˘LÙ”jR’ / T°ok’ ˘LÙiP’.

F

K

O

Na

8 p8 n

Bd≥_u A‘

+ 8 p8 n

Bd≥_u A‘ Bd≥_u ÍXd·fl

R≤UeLfidœ ˙YßÆ˚]´p D”T”YRtLÙ] ß\u C˚Qß\u

(valency) G]lPT”m. ˙YßÆ˚] S˚P˘Tflm ˙TÙ’ J⁄ R≤Um ˘LÙ”d

L˙YÙ T°ok’ ˘LÙs[˙YÙ ˘NnŸm GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d

˚L´u A•lT˚P´˙X˙V AjR≤Ujßu C˚Qß\u

æoUÙ≤dLlT”°\’.

8 p8 n

8 p8 n

TPm 7.5

AhPY˚Q 7.6

R≤UmA‘Gi

GXdhWÙu

L∞uGi¶d˚L

GXdhWÙu

LhP˚Ul◊

˘Y∞l◊\

˘`p≠¤s[

GXdhWÙu

Ls

˘LÙ”dœm/Htfld

˘LÙsfim/T°ok’˘LÙsfim

GXdhWÙuL∞u

Gi¶d˚L

C˚Q

ß\u

→


84

˘Ud…µVm œ˙[Ù¨‡Pu C˚QŸm ˙TÙ’ ˘Ud…µVm CZdœm GXdhWÙuLs

GjR˚]?

J⁄ œ˙[Ù¨u A‘YÙp GjR˚] GXdhWÙuL˚[l ˘Ttfld˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm?

J⁄ ˘Ud…µVm A‘ GjR˚] œ˙[Ù¨u A‘‹Pu C˚QkRÙp ®˚XjRu˚U

A˚PŸm?

R≤UeL˚[d œ±l©”YRtœ œ±¬”Ls TVuT”°u\] GuT˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi˙PÙm.

AqYÙ\Ù]Ùp R≤U A‘dLs ˙Nok’ E⁄YÙœm ÍXd·flL˚[f —⁄d°

G›’YRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\ VÙ’?

˘Ud…µVÿm œ˙[Ù¨‡m C˚Qk’ E⁄YÙœm Ud…µVm œ˙[Ù˚W˚Pd œ±l©”m

ÿ˚\ VÙ’?

A‘dL∞u œ±¬”m C˚QŸm A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚LŸm TVuT”jß G›R ÿVt£dL‹m.

Ud…µVm œ˙[Ù˚W”

˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q´p

GXdPWÙuL˚[d ˘LÙ”lT’m Htfld

˘LÙsY’UÙ] A‘dLs VÙ˚Y? CqYÙfl

S˚P˘Tflm˙TÙ’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ R≤Ujßu GjR˚]

A‘dLs ˙YßÆ˚]´p D”T”m?

Na m O m

K m F m

CYt±u ˙Yß YÙnlTÙh˚P G›Rÿ•ŸUÙ?

Na m O m ˙NokR’,

Na Æh”d˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi•V GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L :

O Htfld ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi•V GXdhWÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L :

CWi•tœm ®˚XjRu˚U A˚PV, C˚QV ˙Yi•V A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚L

Na :

O :

˙YßYÙnlTÙ”:C’˙TÙu\ ˙Yfl C˚QL˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

£X ˙NoUeL∞u ˙Yß YÙnlTÙh˚Pl TÙodL‹m.

RiΩo ˛ H2O

˚ahW_u œ˙[Ù˚W” ˛ HCl

A˙UÙ≤VÙ ˛ NH3

˙YßYÙnlTÙ” G›’m˙TÙ’ R≤UeL∞u C˚Qß\u GqYÙfl TVuT”jRlTh”s[’

GuT˚Rl TÙol˙TÙUÙ?

˙Yß YÙnlTÙ”

J⁄ R≤Ujß‡˚PV˙YÙ ˙NoUjß

‡˚PV˙YÙ ÍXd·˚\d œ±l©”m

œ±¬”L∞u ˘RÙœl◊ ˙YßYÙn

lTÙ” G]lT”m. J⁄ ÍXd·±p

APe°Ÿs[ R≤U A‘dL∞u

Y˚LŸm Gi¶d˚LŸm ˙YßYÙnl

TÙh•p C⁄k’ A±VXÙm. Jq˘YÙ⁄

R≤Ujß‡˚PV‹m œ±¬”, A‘d

L∞u Gi¶d˚L B°V˚Y ˙YßYÙ

nlTÙh•p œ±l©PlTh•⁄dœm.

85


˙NoUm Tœß ˘TÙ⁄hLs C˚Qß\u ˙YßYÙnlTÙ”

RiΩoH

O

H

Cl

N 3

H

˚ahW_u

œ˙[Ù˚W”

˙Yß YÙnlTÙ” G›’m ÿ˚\

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ˙YßYÙnlTÙh˚Pd LY≤dL‹m.

˘Ud…µVm Bd˚^” ˛ MgO

LÙoTu˚P ˛Bd˚^” ˛ CO2

˘Ud…µVjßu C˚Qß\u ˛ 2

Bd≥_≤u C˚Qß\u ˛ 2

C˚Qß\‡Pu ˘RÙPo◊T”jß G›’m ˙YßYÙnlTÙ”

N¨VÙ] ˙YßYÙnlTÙ”

C˚Qß\ GiL˚[ J⁄ ˘TÙ’Yœ GiQÙp G∞RÙdL

ÿ•Ÿ˘Uu\Ùp AYt˚\ G∞RÙd° ˙Yß YÙnlTÙ”

A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^•u ˙YßYÙnlTÙ” CO2 G]dœ±l©”Y’ Hu G] £kßj’l TÙodL‹m.

LÙoT≤u C˚Qß\u ˛ 4

Bd≥_≤u C˚Qß\u ˛ 2

£X R≤U C˚QLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. A˚Y C˚Qk’ E⁄YÙœm ˙NoUeL∞u

˙Yß YÙnlTh˚P G›’L.

Al - O, Ca - O, C - H, Ca - Cl

£X ÍXd·flL∞u YßYÙnlTÙ”L˚[ SÙm A±k’ LÙi˙PÙUpXYÙ? AYt±u Jq˘YÙ⁄

ÍXd·±¤m Es[ ˘UÙjR A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?

CO2 ÍXd·±¤s[ ˘UÙjR A‘dLs GjR˚]?

LÙoTu A‘Æu Gi¶d˚L :

Bd≥_u A‘Æu Gi¶d˚L :

˘UÙjR A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚L :

AhPY˚Q 7.7

A˙UÙ≤VÙ


86

ÍXd·±¤s[ A‘dL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vl ˘TÙflj’ AYt˚\ KW‘, DW‘, TpX‘

ÍXd·flLs G] Y˚LlT”j’Y’i”. £X R≤U ÍXd·flLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

AYt˚\ ˙U˙X œ±l©hP ÿ˚\´p Y˚L¬” ˘NnV‹m.

C l 2 , N a , O 2 , M g , S 8 , P 4 , H 2 , N 2 , Fe

UkR YÙŸdLs KW‘ ÍXd·flL[Ùœm. CRu LÙWQm Gu] Gufl ·\XÙUÙ?

R≤Um ApX’ NoUjßu J⁄ ÍXd·˚\˙V Yß YÙnlTÙ” œ±lT©”°u\’. AßLlT•VÙ]

ÍXd·flL˚[ œ±l©”m „r®˚XLs YkRÙp?

Ik’ øo ÍXd·flL˚[d œ±l©”m ÿ˚\ 5H2O

˘UÙjR ÍXd·flLs =Jq˘YÙ⁄ R≤Ujß¤m Es[ ˘UÙjR A‘dLs?

H = 5 2 = 10

O = ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt±p ™L‹m AßLUÙ] A‘dLs APe°Ÿs[˚Rd

Li”©•j’ G›’L.

5NH3, 6NaCl, 2MgO, 3Al2O3


87

¡[X˚PŸm J¸ı

J⁄ UjßVÙ] ˙Y˚[. R]’ ÿLjßp Æ›kR J¸ı Ge°⁄k’ Y⁄°\’ Gufl TÙojR Læ_Ù,

R]’ ˙RÙØ YœlT˚\ú ˘Y∞˙V J⁄ ÿLmTÙodœm LiQÙ•ŸPu ®tT˚Rd LiPÙs.

Læ_ÙÆu ÿLjßp Æ›kR J¸ı Ge°⁄k’ YkR’? GqYÙfl YkR’? NUR[ B•˚Vl

TVuT”jß J¸ı˚Vf —Y¨

¤m ÿLjß¤m Æ›mT•f

˘NnŸm ®Lrf£˚V øeLs

A±kß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ? Jo

J∞ E˚\ÆPj˚Rl TVu

T”jß J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf

˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙUÙ? —UÙo

12cm ALXÿm 30cm ø[ÿm

6cm EVWÿm Es[ J⁄

LÙ°R Ah˚Pl˘Th•V

G”dL‹m. CRu GßoTdLe

L∞p LÙ°R Ah˚P˚V

ød°Æh” ARtœl TßXÙL J¸ı LPj’m TÙ≠jæuRÙs (TPm 8.1) Cp LÙi©dLlTh”s[’

˙TÙp) JhP‹m. ˘Th•ú EhTdLjßp NUR[ B•˚V ˚YdL‹m. ˘Th•´‡s Ko G¨Ÿm

F’Tjß˚V ˚Yj’l ˘Th•˚Vl ◊˚LVÙp

®WlT‹m. ˘Th•ú ˙UtTdLj ß¤s[ J⁄

’YÙWjßu YØVÙL ˙XNo PÙof£¤s[

J∞dLßoL˚[d LiQÙ•´p NÙnYÙL

Æ›mT•f ˘NnV‹m. J¸ıú TÙ˚R˚V

EtfllTÙodL‹m.

PÙof£p C⁄k’ NUR[ B•´p Æ›kR Lß˚W GqYÙfl A˚ZdLXÙm.

LiQÙ•´p C⁄k’ ¡[X˚Pk’Y⁄m Lß˚W GqYÙfl A˚ZdLXÙm?

PÙof£‡˚PV‹m LiQÙ•´‡˚PV‹m NÙn‹L˚[ UÙt± Bn‹ ˘Nn’TÙodL‹m.

E]’ Etfl ˙SÙdLp TXuLs VÙ˚Y?

88888 J¸ıú TÙ˚R´p

TPm 8.1

™L ÷i¶V J¸ıdLßoLs TX

˙Nok’ J⁄ 'Lt˚\'VÙL PÙof

£≠⁄k’ ˘Y¸ıY⁄°\’. ™Lf

£±V ’YÙWjßu YØVÙLd ·P

Lt˚\VÙL˙Y J∞ LPk’ Y⁄

°\’. CqYÙfl J¸ı J⁄ Lt˚\

VÙL YkRÙ¤m J¸ıú TÙ˚R

˚Vd œ±l©P Lß˚Wd œ±dœm

J⁄ ˙LÙ” TVuT”jRlT”°\’.

PÙof

NUR[ B•


88

AhPY˚Q˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnR˙TÙ’ EeLfidœd °˚PjR ÿ•‹Ls VÙ˚Y?

T”Lßü TÙ˚R´p UÙt\m HtT”jß]Ùp ¡sLßü TÙ˚R UÙflT”UÙ? Nn’ TÙodL‹m.

EeL[’ NVpTÙ”L∞p C⁄k’ J¸ı ¡[˚Xd œ±j’ øeLs ◊¨k’˘LÙiP L⁄j’dLs

VÙ˚Y?

$ T”Lßo, ¡sLßo, T”◊s∞´p Y˚WVlT”m XmTm C˚Y J˙W R[jßp A˚UŸm.

C˚Y J¸ı ¡[p ÆßL[Ùœm

CkR ÆßLs GpXÙÆR J¸ı¡[p TWl©tœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]RÙœm.

J¸ı Æ›m ◊s∞´p (T”RWÙ]m) J¸ı ¡[X˚PŸm TWl◊dœf NeœjRÙL Y˚Wdœm LÙh•tœ

XmTm Gufl ˘TVo (normal).XmTj’Pu T”Lß⁄m ¡sLß⁄m HtT”j’m ˙LÙQeLfid°˚P´p ˘RÙPo◊ Es[RÙ?

Ko Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. J⁄

Y˚WTPjRÙs, ˙LÙQUÙ≤, NUR[ B•,

ß˚W ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TPjß¤s[’˙TÙX

A˚UdL‹m (TPm 8.2). XmTm Y˚Wk’

˙LÙQUÙ≤ TViT”jß ˙LÙQ

A[‹L˚[d LÙ°Rjßp œ±dL‹m.

LÙ°Rjßu ˙Ut TWl©u YØVÙL ˙XNo

LßoL˚[l Tp˙Yfl ˙LÙQeL∞p

B•ú ¡’ Æ›mT•f ˘NnL. Jq˘YÙ⁄

„r®˚X´¤m ¡[X ˚Pk’ Y⁄m

J¸ıdLßü TÙ˚R˚V Y˚Wk’

T”˙LÙQÿm ¡s˙LÙQÿm A[k’

AhPY˚Q 8˛1 Cp ®Wl◊L.

Y¨˚NT”˙LÙQm (i) ¡s ˙LÙQm (r)

Gi

1

2

3

4

AhPY˚Q 8.2

TPm 8.1


89

TXY˚L B•Ls

C⁄NdLW YÙL]eL∞p ˘TÙ⁄jRl

Th”s[ LiQÙ•´p øeLs ÿLm

TÙojR’iPÙ? ©mTjßu Ru˚U Gu]?

B• NUR[UÙ]RÙ?

J⁄ ◊ßV vºp LWi•´p EeLs

ÿLj˚Rl TÙodL‹m.

Esfim ◊\ÿm ©mTeLs J˙W˙TÙp

˙RÙufl°u\]YÙ?

LWi•´] GkRl TdLm

LÙh£V∞dœm ©mTm C⁄ NdLW

YÙL]d LiQÙ•´p Es[ ©mTj˚Rl ˙TÙufls[’?

LWi•´u C⁄TdLeL∞¤m ©mTeLs UÙflTh”j ˙RÙu\d LÙWQm Gu]?

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙm.

EeL[’ Ts∞ BnYLjß¤s[ B•L˚[ NUR[B•, œÆ B•, œØ B• G]

Y˚LlT”j’L. AYt±u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d Li” ©•j’ AhPY˚Q 8.2 p G›’L.

Y˚[kR TWl◊m J¸ı˚V

¡[X˚PVf˘NnŸm

J¸ı˚V ¡[X˚PVf ˘NnŸm

LiQÙ•´u TWl◊ ˘Y∞˙V Ekß

Es[ A˚UlTÙL C⁄kRÙp A’ œÆ

B• G]‹m, TWl◊ Es˙[ œØkß⁄k

RÙp A’ œØ B• G]‹m A˚ZdLl

T”°\’.

Y¨˚N NUR[ B• œÆ B• œØ B•

AhPY˚Q 8.2

˙LÙ[L B•Ls (Spherical Mirrors)

TPm 8.3

(a) (b) (c)

TPm 8.3 (a) p LÙi©dLl Th”s[’ ˙TÙp J⁄ ©[Ùv•d Tkß≠⁄k’ J⁄ £±V TÙLj˚R

G”dL‹m. ARu Eh◊\jßp J⁄ £±V A¤™≤Vj RÙ˚[l TÙ⁄jß J⁄ ¡[X˚PŸm TWl˚T

E⁄YÙd°]Ùp A˚R GkRY˚L B•VÙLl TVuT”jR ÿ•Ÿm. Tkßu ˘Y∞lTœß˚V

¡[X˚PŸm TWlTÙL UÙt±]Ùp A’ GkR Y˚L B•VÙLf ˘NVpT”m?


90

B• GkRd LÙ[jßu TœßVÙL A˚UkR˙RÙ

AkRd ˙LÙ[jßu ˚UV˙U B•´u Y˚[‹

˚UVm (centre of curvature).B•´u ˚UVl◊s∞dœ B•˚UVm (pole).Gufl ˘TVo.

Y˚[‹ ˚UVj˚RŸm B•˚UVj˚RŸm

C˚Qdœm So˙LÙ” ÿd°V Af— (principalaxis) Bœm.

B• GkRd ˙LÙ[jßu Tœß˙VÙ AkR

˙LÙ[jßu BWjßtœ Y˚[‹ BWm (radiusof curvature) Gufl ˘TVo.

SÙm E⁄YÙd°V B•Ls J⁄

˙LÙ[jßu TÙLm Gufl A±≈o

L[pXYÙ? CqY˚L B•Ls LÙ[L

B•Ls (Spherical mirrors) Bœm.

TPm 8.3 (b), 8.3 (c) GuT]Yt±p

Y˚[‹˚UVm C, B•˚UVm P,ÿd°V Af—, Y˚[‹ BWm ˙TÙu\

Yt˚\ A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m.

œÆVm (Focus)J⁄ œØVÙ•˚Vf „¨V‡dœ ˙SWÙLl ©•dL‹m. (TPm 8.4) „¨V J¸ı˚Vj ß˚W´p Es[ J⁄

◊s∞´p œÆŸmT•f NnL. C’˙TÙufl TXÿ˚\ Bn‹ NnL. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ÿ˚\Ÿm ß˚Wdœm

B•dœm C˚P˙V Es[ ÁWj˚R A[k’ TÙodL‹m. ø LÙ‘m R≤jRu˚U VÙ’? ˘Yœ

˘RÙ˚XÆ¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ©mTeL˚[ C’ ˙TÙufl E⁄YÙdL‹m. ©mTjßtœm B•dœm

C˚P˙V Es[ ÁWj˚R A[k’ TÙodL‹m. ÿu◊ Li”©•jR ÁWj’Pu Jl¿” ˘NnV‹m.

NUR[ B•˚Vl TVuT”jß Bn˚Yf ˘Nn’TÙodL‹m.

TPm 8.4

TPm 8.5(a)

„¨V J¸ı˚VŸm B•˚VŸm TVuT”jß

SPj’m BnÆp B•´≠⁄k’

¡[X˚Pk’ Y⁄m J¸ıdLßoLs

˙SW•VÙLd LiL∞p TPÙRYÙfl LY≤jRp

˙Yi”m.

C F P

(b)

GqYÙfl ˘RÙ˚XÆ¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ©mTeLs ®˚XVÙL Ko CPjßp Æ›°u\]?

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ TPeL˚[d LY≤dL‹m.


91

B•˚UVm ÿRp ÿd°V œÆVmY˚WŸs[ ÁWm

œÆVÁWm (f) Bœm. C’ Y˚[‹ BWjßu (R) TÙßVÙL

C⁄dœm. R = 2f

©mTm ˙RÙtflÆjRp (Image Formation)˘Yœ˘RÙ˚XÆ¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ©mTeLs Gl˙TÙ’m B•´u ÿd°V œÆVjßp

°˚PlTRÙLd LiºoL[pXYÙ? ˘TÙ⁄s B•dœÿu Geœ ˚Yjß⁄kRÙ¤m ©mTm ÿd°V

œÆVjßp ˙RÙuflUÙ?

CFP

J⁄ NUR[B•´¤m œØVÙ•´¤m Yœ˘RÙ˚XÆ≠⁄k’ Y⁄m J¸ıdLßoL∞u TÙ˚R TPjßp

LÙhPlTh”s[].

øeLs LÙ‘m £\l©Vp◊Ls VÙ˚Y?

$ T”LßoLs VÙ‹m C˚QVÙ]˚Y Bœm.

$

J⁄ œØVÙ•´p ÿd°V Af—dœ C˚QVÙL Y⁄m J¸ıdLßoLs ¡[¤dœ©u ÿd°V

Af£¤s[ J⁄ ◊s∞´p œÆ°u\] Gufl LiºoL[pXYÙ? CkRl ◊s∞˙V œØVÙ•´u

ÿd°V œÆVm.

AlT•˘V≤p Yœ RÙ˚XÆ¤s[ TÙ⁄hL∞u ©mTeLs J˙W CPjßp LÙiTRtLÙ]

LÙWQm Gu]?

J⁄ NUR[ B•dœ ÿd°V œÆVm Es[RÙ?

TPm 8.5 Cu A•lT˚P´p EeL[’ Li”©•l◊L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L?

TPjßp ÿd°V Af£¤s[ J⁄ ◊s∞´≠⁄k’ J¸ı ¡[pLßoLs ◊\lTh” Y⁄Y˚Rl

˙TÙufl ˙RÙufl°\RpXYÙ? Cl◊s∞ œÆVÙ•Æu ÿd°V œÆVm Bœm. C’

˘TÙnVÙ]RÙp CRtœl ˘TÙndœÆVm Gufl ˘TVo.

TPm 8.6


92

C F P C F P

L M

N

L

N M

Y˚WTPm Y˚WdLXÙm

J⁄ œØVÙ•dœ ÿu]Ùp Tp˙Yfl CPeL∞p Y˚LlTh”s[ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ©mTm ˙RÙuflm

®˚XL˚[l œ±j’l ◊¨k’˘LÙiºoL[pXÙ?

©mTm ˙RÙuflY˚R SÙm Y˚WTPjßu YÙ´XÙLd œ±l©PXÙm.

J⁄ œØVÙ•´p Æ›m J¸ıdLß⁄m ARu ¡sLß⁄m TPm 8.8˛Cp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

J⁄ NVp Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. œÆVÁWm Li”©•jR œØVÙ• Ju˚\j RÙe°´p TÙ⁄jR‹m.

B•dœ ÿu]Ùp F, 2F (C) B°VYt˚\ A˚PVÙ[lT”jR‹m. J⁄ G¨Ÿm ˘U›œYojß˚V

B•dœ ÿuTdLjß¤s[ Tp˙Yfl CPeL∞p ˚Yj’l ©mTj˚Rj ß˚W´p Æ›mT•f

˘NnV‹m. ©mTjßu C⁄l©Pm, Ru˚ULs B°VYt˚\ AhPY˚Q (8.3) ˛Cp œ±dL‹m.

TPm 8.7

Y¨˚N ˘TÙ⁄∞u C⁄l©Pm ©mTjßu A˚UÆPm ©mTjßu Ru˚ULs

- Gi

1

2

3

4

5

AhPY˚Q 8.3

TPm 8.8 (a) TPm 8.8 (b)

B•˚V ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙi”


93

J¸ı¡[p Æßú A•lT˚P´p TPeL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ EeLs Li”©•l◊L˚[

G›R‹m.

$ B•ú ÿd°V Af—dœ C˚QVÙLf ˘Np¤m J¸ıdLßoLs ¡[X˚Pk’ ÿd°Vd

œÆVm YØVÙLd LPk’ ˘Np°u\].

$

$

$

EeL[’ Li”©•l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p ˙U˙X œ±l©PlTh”s[ H˙R‡m CWi”

LßoL˚[l TVuT”jßl ©mTm ˙RÙuflm Y˚WTPeL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p Y˚Wk’

AhPY˚Q 8.4 I ®Wl◊L. AhPY˚QLs 8.3 , 8.4 I Jl¿” ˘NnL.

(a) ˘TÙ⁄s C dœ AlTÙp

C F P

L

M

N

TPm 8.8 (c) TPm 8.8 (d)

O

B

I

MF PC

TPm 8.9

PC F

L

N

J⁄ YhPjßu ˚UVjß≠⁄k’ ARu YhPl

T¨ßdœ Y˚WVlT”m ˙So˙LÙ”Ls T¨ßdœf

˘NeœjRÙL C⁄dœm.

B Gu\ ◊s∞ú ©mTm M Bœm.

C˚Rl ˙TÙufl ˘TÙ⁄∞u O dœm P dœm C˚P´¤s[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ◊s∞´≠⁄k’m T”Lß⁄m

¡sLß⁄m Y˚WkRÙp IM Gu\ ©mTm ˙RÙuflm.

ir

M


94

TPj˚R EtfllTÙoj’ ©mTjßu Ru˚UL˚[l Th•V≠P‹m.

œÆVÙ•, œØVÙ• CYt±u £\l©Vp◊L˚[Ÿm A˚Y ˙RÙtflÆdœm ©mTeL∞u

Ru˚UL˚[Ÿm Li” ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?

Au\ÙP YÙrÆp TX Y˚LVÙ] B•Ls TVuT”j’m „r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’L.

$ YÙL] Jh”SoLs ©u]Ùp Y⁄m YÙL]e

L˚[j ˘R∞YÙLl TÙodL œÆVÙ•L˚[l

TVuT”j’°u\]o.

$

$

$

O

B

P

M

I FC

œØVÙ•´p RÙuflm ©mTeL∞u CPj˚RŸm Ru˚U˚VŸm LiºoL[pXYÙ? C˚Rl˙TÙufl

œÆB•´p ˙RÙuflm ©mTjßu Ru˚U˚Vd LÙh”m TPm Y˚WL.

TPm 8.10

Y¨˚N B•˚V ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙi” ©mTjßu Ru˚ULs

-Gi ˘TÙ⁄∞u C⁄l©Pm ©mTjßu A˚UÆPm

1 ˘TÙ⁄s C dœ AlTÙp

2 ˘TÙ⁄s C Cp

3 C dœm F dœm C˚P´p

4 F Cp

5 F dœm P dœ™˚P´p

AhPY˚Q 8.4

˙YLm (Speed)

KQjßtœl ◊’j’¶Ls YÙeœYRtLÙLj Rk˚RŸPu SLWjßtœf ˘Nu\ WÙ_˜ TÙojR J⁄LÙh£Ÿm AY]’ U]ßp G›kR Nk˙RLÿm Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

WÙ_˜Æu Nk˙RLj˚Rj æodL EeL[Ùp ÿ•ŸUÙ?

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ „r®˚XL˚[d LY≤dL‹m.

« J⁄ LÙo CWi” U¶ ˙SWjßp 120 °˙XÙ¡hPo ÁWÿm, J⁄ ˙Yu (Van) Íufl U¶˙SWjßp 150 °˙XÙ¡hPo ÁWÿm TV¶d°u\]. CYt±p GRtœ YLm AßLm? GqYÙflLi”©•dLXÙm?

« Jq˘YÙ⁄ YÙL]ÿm J⁄ U¶ ˙SWjßp TV¶jR ˘RÙ˚X˚Yd LQd°”L.

˙YLm ·•V YÙL]m G’ G]d Li”©•dLXÙUpXYÙ?

˙Y˘\Ù⁄ „r®˚X˚Vl TÙol˙TÙm.

« 10 Æ]Ù• ˙SWjßp J⁄ ™ßYi• (cycle) 50 ¡hPo TV¶jRÙp ARu ˙YLm Gu]?

« ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”jR „r®˚XL∞p ˙YLm Li” ©•dL øeLs TVuT”jßV NUuTÙ” G’?

˙YLm =

˙YLjßu AXœ =

CVdLm

''35 kmph''A’

Gu]?

TPm 9.1

9

ÁWjßu AXœ

˙SWjßu AXœ

...................................–––––––––––––––––––...................................


96

« AlT• Gu\Ùp LÙ¨‡˚PV ˙YLjßu AXœ VÙ’?

« ™ßYi•ú ˙YLjßu AXœ VÙ’?

TPm 9.2

˙T⁄kßu ©uTÙLjßp G›RlTh”s[ '35kmph'G˚Rd œ±l©”°\’ G]l ◊¨k’˘LÙiPÙVpXYÙ?

CqYÙfl œ±l©PlT”Y’ Hu GuT’ œ±j’SiToLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

EeLs TÙPNÙ˚Xú A⁄°p C’UÙß¨VÙ] GfN¨d˚Ll TX˚LLs (speed limit)®fljRlTh”s[]YÙ? Aeœ YÙL]eL∞u ˙YLm œ˚\dLlT”°\RÙ? J⁄ ˘NVpßhPm YØLi” ©•dL‹m.

˙TÙdœYWj’ ÆßL˚[d L˚P©•dLÙR YÙL]eL˚[ EeL[Ùp Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUpXYÙ?

˙TÙdœYWj’ ÆßL˚[ ¡fl˙YÙ⁄dœ GßWÙL EeL[Ùp Gu] ˘NnV CV¤m?

∫WÙ] ˙YLm, ∫Wt\ ˙YLm (Uniform Speed and Non Uniform Speed)

0 s 2s 4s 6s 8s 10s

A B C D E F0m 4m 8m 12m 16m 20m

Tp˙Yfl LÙX A[‹L∞p a¨ TVQm ˘NnR ÁWjßu TPm 9.2 Cp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

« A ÿRp B Y˚W a¨ TV¶jR ÁWm GqY[‹? ARtœ G”j’d˘LÙiP LÙXm GqY[‹?

« B ÿRp C Y˚W TV¶jR ÁWm ARtœ G”j’d ˘LÙiP LÙXÿm GqY[‹?

C˚Rl ˙TÙufl Utfl C˚P˙Y˚[L∞p TV¶jR ÁWm ˙YLÿm LQd°P‹m. ø ◊¨k’˘LÙiP’ Gu]?

a¨ NUUÙ] ˙SWeL∞p TV¶jR ÁWm NUUÙ]RpXYÙ? Ceœ a¨ú ˙YLm ∫o˙YLUÙœm.TPm 9.3 I EtfllTÙodL‹m.v.

TPm 9.3

0 s 2s 4s 6s 8s 10s

A B C D E F0m 4m 10m 18m 30m 50m

˙SWjßu A•lT˚P AXœÆ]Ù•. J⁄ Æ]Ù• SWj˚R˙VKo AXœdLÙXm G]d œ±l©”°˙\Ùm.

Ko AXœ ˙SWjßp ˘TÙ⁄sTV¶dœm ÁWm ˙YLm Bœm.

TPjß≠⁄k’ a¨ TV¶jR ÁWÿm ARtœ G”j’d˘LÙiP ˙SWÿm Li”©•j’AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊L.

97


TVQm ˘NnR ÁWm ˙SWm ˙YLm

(Æ]Ù•Ls) (¡hPo / Æ]Ù•)

A →B 4m 2s 2m/s

B →C 6m 2s 3m/s

AhPY˚Q´≠⁄k’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ NUUÙ] LÙX A[Æp a¨ TV¶jR ˘RÙ˚X‹˙YflTh•⁄lT˚Rd LiºoL[pXYÙ? Ceœ a¨´u ˙YLm ∫Wt\ ˙YLUÙœm.

NWÙN¨ ˙YLÿm ˙YLeL∞u NWÙN¨Ÿm(Average Speed and Average of Speeds)

TPj˚R Etfll TÙodL‹m.

TPm 9.4

0 s 2s 4s 8s 14s 18s

A B C D E F0m 4m 8m 10m 24m 36m

A⁄i Yq˙Yfl LÙX A[‹L∞p TV¶jR ÁWm TPm 9.4 Cp LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. TPj˚RlTœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊L.

LÙX C˚P˙Y˚[ TV¶jR ÁWm TV¶dL G”j’d ˙YLm =Æ]Ù•´p ¡hP¨p ˘LÙiP LÙXm

0 - 2 4m 2s4m

2s= 2m/s

2 - 4

4 - 8

8 - 1414 - 18

AhPY˚Q 9.1

Jq˘YÙ⁄ LÙX C˚P˙Y˚[L∞¤m A⁄¶u ˙YLm UÙflTh•⁄lT˚Rd LiºoL[pXYÙ?CqY˚Lf „r®˚XL∞p ˙YLj˚Rd œ±l©”Y’ NWÙN¨ ˙YLjßXÙœm. TVQm ˘NnR˘UÙjR ÁWm, ˙SWjßu A•lT˚P´p A⁄¶u NWÙN¨ ˙YLm LQd°PXÙm.

NWÙN¨ ˙YLm = = ..........................................................

= .............. m/s

AhPY˚Q 9.2

˘RÙ˚X‹

LÙXm

TV¶jR˘UÙjR ÁWm

TVQjßtœ G”j’d˘LÙiP LÙXm

(¡hPo)


98

CPl˘TVof£ (Displacement)

WÙ¶ú ≈h•≠⁄k’ TÙPNÙ˚Xdœf ˘Np¤m TÙ˚RLs TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[].

« NÙ˚X A YØ WÙ¶ TÙPN˚Xdœf ˘Nu\Ùp AYs TV¶jR ÁWm GqY[‹? NÙ˚X BYØVÙLf ˘Nu\Ùp TV¶jR ÁWm GqY[‹?

« WÙ¶ú ≈h•≠⁄k’ (H) TÙPNÙ˚Xdœs[ (S) ™L‹m œfl°V ÁWj˚Rd œ±l©”m˙LÙ” Ju˚\l TPjßp Y˚WdL‹m. ß˚NŸm œ±l©”L?

« NÙ˚X A YØŸm, NÙ˚X B YØŸm TV¶dœm˙TÙ’s[ ÁWjßtœm ≈h•≠⁄k’TÙPNÙ˚Xdœs[ ˙So˙LÙh”j ÁWjßtœm C˚P˙VŸs[ ˙YflTÙ” VÙ’?

« WÙ¶ú ≈h•≠⁄k’ TÙPNÙ˚X A˚Uk’s[ ß˚N G’?

Road - A1.5 km

N

EW

S

Road - B2 km

TPm 9.5

B]Ùp Jq˘YÙ⁄ LÙX C˚P˙Y˚[L∞¤m A⁄¶u ˙YLeL˚[ ˘UÙjRUÙLd LQd°h”,˙YLeL∞u Gi¶d˚L´]Ùp YœjRÙp A⁄¶u ˙YLeL∞u NWÙN¨ °˚Pdœm.

˙YLeL∞u NWÙN¨ =

=........ ........ ........ ........ ........

........+ + + +

=................

= .............

NWÙN¨ ˙YLjßtœm ˙YLeL∞u NWÙN¨dœÿs[ ˙YflTÙh˚P A±k’˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?

HS

˙YLeL∞u ˘UÙjRm˙YLeL∞u Gi¶d˚L

99


LÙü CVdLj˚Rl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊L.

0m 100m 200m 300m 400m 500m

A B C D E F

0 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s

« ˙Yflß˚NL∞p CkR ˙So˙LÙh”l TÙ˚R´p TV¶jRÙp WÙ¶dœl TÙPNÙ˚Xdœf˘NpX CV¤UÙ?

J⁄ œ±l©hP ß˚N´p ˘TÙ⁄s A˚PŸm CPUÙt\jßu A[‹CPl˘TVof£ Bœm.

« J⁄ TÙ⁄s K¨Pjß≠⁄k’ Y˘\Ù⁄ CPjßtœ˙So˙LÙh”l TÙ˚R´p CVdLU˚PkRÙp Al˘TÙ⁄∞u CVdL˘RÙ˚XÆtœm CPl˘TVof£dœ™˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ VÙ’?

« CPl˘TVof£ ß˚N´≠ A[YÙ ApX’ß˚NŸfl A[YÙ?

KhPl TkRVjßp —¥j 200 ¡hPo øsYhPY•Æ¤s[ J⁄ TÙ˚R´p 25 Æ]Ù• ˙SWmK•V ©u]o ’Ye°V CPjßp ¡i”m YkRÙu.

« —¥j TV¶jR ˘RÙ˚X‹ GqY[‹? NWÙN¨ ˙YLm Gu]?

« —¥jßtœ HtThP CPl˘TVof£ GqY[‹?

ß˚N˙YLm (Velocity)

J⁄ LÙo 500 ¡hPo ˙SWÙ] TÙ˚R´p TVQm ˘NnR˚Rd œ±jR RLYpLs TPjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

TPm 9.6

LÙü CPl˘TVof£ G”j’d˘LÙiP ˙SWm J⁄ Æ]Ù•´p¡hP¨p Æ]Ù•´p LÙü CPl ˘TVof£

A → B 100 m ................. .................

A → C ............ ................. .................

A → D ............ ................. .................

A → E ............ ................. .................

A → F ............ ................. .................

AhPY˚Q 9.3

TÜÙQj’Pu ß˚N˚Vf ˙Noj’·flm A[˚YL˚[ ß˚NŸflA[˚YLs (vector quantities) .Guflm ApXÙRYt˚\ ß˚N´≠A[˚YLs (scalar quantities) .Guflm ·flYo


100

$ LÙ⁄dœ J⁄ Æ]Ù•´p HtThP CPl˘TVof£ (CPl˘TVof£ú A[‹) Li”©•jRÙVpXYÙ? C’˙Y LÙü ß˚N˙YLm.

« ß˚N˙YLjßu AX˚Ld Li”©•dL‹m.

« ˙YLjßtœm ß˚N˙YLjßtœÿs[ YflTÙ” Gu]? EeLs Li”©•l◊L˚[ A±ÆVpœ±l˙Th•p G›’L?

« J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ˙YLÿm ß˚N˙YLÿm J˙W ˙TÙXÙœm „r®˚X˚Vd Li”©•?

« ß˚N˙YLj˚Rj ß˚NŸfl A[YÙLd ˘LÙsY’ GR]Ùp?

AhPY˚Q 9.3 ˛Cp Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m ß˚N˙YLm NUUÙ]RpXYÙ? Cjß˚N˙YLm∫ojß˚N˙YLm Gu\±VlT”°\’.

« ∫Wt\ ß˚N˙YLjßtœ Y˚WV˚\ ·\XÙUÙ?

øsYhP Y•Æ¤s[ J⁄TÙ˚R YØVÙL 200 ¡hPo ÁWj˚R 25 Æ]Ù•´p K•, ’YdL CPjßpß⁄m© YkR —¥jßu ß˚N˙YLj˚RŸm, ˙YLj˚RŸm LQd°h”l TÙodL‹m.

ÿ”dLm (Acceleration)

CW´p ®˚XVjßp J⁄ ˘RÙPoYi• Yk’ ®tT˚RŸm, £±’ ˙SWjßtœ©u ◊\lTh”f˘NpY˚RŸm Æ‡ LY≤j’d˘LÙi•⁄kRÙu.

CW´p ®˚XVj˚R YkR˚PŸm˘RÙPoYi•

CW´p ®˚XVjß≠⁄k’ ◊\lTh”f ˘Np¤m˘RÙPoYi•

0 m/s 6 m/s 14 m/s 14 m/s 6 m/s 2 m/s

A B C D E F

0 s 10 s 20 s 30 s 40 s 50 s

« CW´p ®˚XVjßtœ So˙LÙh•p Yk’˘LÙi•⁄dœm RÙPoYi•ú ß˚N˙YLjßpHtT”m UÙt\m Gu]?

« CW´p ®˚XVjß≠⁄k’ ◊\lTh”f ˘Np¤m Yi•ú ß˚N˙YLjßp HtT”m UÙt\mGu]?

œ±l©hP ß˚N´p TVQm ’Yeœm J⁄ RÙPoYi•´p Tp˙Yfl SWeL∞¤s[ ß˚N˙YLmTPjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. TPj˚Rl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.

TPm. 9.8

TPm 9.7

ß˚N˙YLm = CPl˘TVof£

LÙXm

101


« A ÿRp B Y˚W ˘RÙPoYi•´u ß˚N˙YLjßp HtThP UÙt\m GqY[‹?

« J⁄ Æ]Ù•´p HtThP ß˚N˙YLUÙt\m (ß˚N ˙YLUÙt\ ≈Rm) GqY[‹?

ß˚N˙YL UÙt\jßu ≈Rm ÿ”dLm Bœm.

« ÿ”dLm LÙiTRtLÙ] J⁄ NUuTÙ” E⁄YÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

ÿ”dLm =

=

a =v u

t

−

AhPY˚Q 9.4 ≠⁄k’ ÿ”dLjßu ≈Rj˚Rd ◊¨k’˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?

« TPm 9.8 Cp D ´≠⁄k’ E dœj ˘RÙPoYi• TV¶dœm˙TÙ’ ß˚N˙YLm AßL¨jRRÙApX’ œ˚\kRRÙ?

« Cl˘TÙ›’ ß˚N˙YL UÙt\jßu A[˚Yd Li”©•dL‹m.

Cflß ß˚N˙YLm ’YdL ß˚N˙YLj˚RÆPd œ˚\YÙ˚LVÙp D ÿRp E Y˚W´¤m, E ÿRpF Y˚W´¤m ÿ”dLm ˘SLh•q G]d LiºoL[pXYÙ? Ceœ E⁄YÙœm ÿ”dLj˚RGßoÿ”dLm (retardation) G] A˚ZlTo, Gßoÿ”dLm HtT”Y’ W´p®˚XVjß≠⁄k’◊\lT”m ˘RÙPoYi•dLÙ ApX’ W´p®˚XVjßtœ Yk’˙N⁄m ˘RÙPoYi•dLÙ? ARuLÙWQm Gu]?

« 50 m/s ß˚N˙YLjßp TV¶dœm J⁄ TkRVdLÙo ßº˘Wufl ©˙Wd ˘NnVlT”°\’. 20Æ]Ù•Lfidœl©u LÙo CVdLUt\ ®˚X˚V A˚P°\’ Gu\Ùp LÙ¨u Gßoÿ”dLmLÙiL?

’YdL ß˚N˙YLm u ‹m Cflßß˚N˙YLm v Ÿm ß˚N˙YL UÙt\jßtLÙ] LÙXm t Ÿm B]Ùp

ÿ”dLjßu NUuTÙ” Li”©•lTÙVpXYÙ?

AhPY˚Q 9.4

BWmTj ß˚N Cflß ß˚N ß˚N˙YL ß˚N˙YLUÙt\jßtœ

˙YLm ˙YLm UÙt\m G”j’d ˘LÙiP LÙXm

u v v - u (t)

A - B 0 6 m/s 6 m/s 10 s26 m / s

0.6 m / s10s

=

B - C

C - D

D - E 14 6 m/s -8 m/s 10s 8 m / s10s

− = ---

E - F

1 Æ]Ù•´p HtT”mß˚N˙YLUÙt\m/ß˚N˙YL UÙt\

A[‹

ß˚N˙YL UÙt\mLÙXm

Cflß ß˚N˙YLm ...........................................................................................................................................


102

TPm 9.9

ÿ”dLm (a) =

v ua

t

−=

v - u = at

AlT•VÙ]Ùp v = u + at GuT’ J⁄ CVdL NUuTÙPÙœm

« A˚NYt\ ®˚X´≠⁄k’ 5 m/s2 -ÿ”dLj’Pu TV¶dœm J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞tœ 10s ˛dœ©u◊ HtT”m ß˚N˙YLm Li”©•dL‹m?

Íufl ˙YflThP „r®˚XL∞p TÙ◊ ™ßYi•´p TVQm ˘NnR TÙ˚RŸm Jq˘YÙ⁄˙Y˚[´¤m HtThP ß˚N˙YLÿm TPm 9.9 (i), (ii), (iii) GuT]Yt±p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

« TPm (ii) Cp TÙ◊Ætœ ÿ”dLm Es[RÙ? LÙWQm Gu]?

« TPm (iii) Cp TÙ◊Ætœ ÿ”dLm Es[RÙ? ARu LÙWQm Gu]?

« ÿ”dLm APe°V TÙ‹Æu TVQeLs VÙ˚Y?

ß˚N˙YLm J⁄ ß˚NŸfl A[YÙœm. ß˚N˙YLm ∫Wt\ß˚N ˙YLUÙL UÙflY’ Íufl „r®˚XL∞XÙœm.

(1) GiUßl◊ UÙflm˙TÙ’

(2) GiUßl◊ UÙ\ÙUp ß˚N UÙflT”m˙TÙ’

(3) GiUßl◊ ß˚NŸm UÙflT”m˙TÙ’ CmÍufl „r®˚XL∞¤m ÿ”dLm HtT”°\’.

˙So˙LÙh•p 5 m/s ∫WÙ] ß˚N˙YLjßp TV¶d°\’.(i)

A B C D E F2s 4s 6s 8s 10s 12s

5 m

/s

5 m

/s

5 m

/s

5 m

/s

5 m

/s

5 m

/s

(iii)

o 5 m

/s

7 m

/s

9 m

/s

11 m

/s

13 m

/s B

D

C A

(ii)

5 m/s

5 m/s

5 m/s

5 m/s

A B C D E F0s 2s 4s 6s 8s 10s

Cflß ß˚N˙YLm ˛ ’YdL ß˚N˙YLm˙SWm

N

Æ˚N

(a)

(c)

(d)

TPeL˚[d LY≤jæoL[pXYÙ.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ „r®˚XL∞¤m ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœ Gu] ®Lrtjß.

(a)(b)(c) È™´u Dol◊ Æ˚N LÙWQUÙL UÙeLÙn Æ›°\’.

(d)(e)

˘TÙ⁄hLfidœ CPl˘TVof£ HtTPd LÙWQm Gu]?

Æ˚N GuTRu ˘TÙ⁄s Gu]? SiToLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ• EeLs Li”©•l◊L˚[

A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.

TPm 10.1

1 01 01 01 01 0

(b)

S

(e)


104

TPjßp œ±l©PlTh”s[ „r®˚XL∞p ˘RÙPo©u YÙ´XÙL Æ˚N ˘N¤jRlT”m

˘TÙ⁄hLs VÙ˚Y?

˘RÙPoTt\ Æ˚N ˘N¤jRlThP ˘TÙ⁄hLs VÙ˚Y?

˘RÙPo◊ Æ˚Ndœm (Contac force) RÙPoTt\ Æ˚Ndœm (Non contact force) C˚P˙V Es[

˙Ytfl˚ULs VÙ˚Y?

EsÆ˚N, ˘Y∞Æ˚N (Internal Force, External Force)Æ˚N ˘N¤j’m˙TÙ’ Gl˙TÙ’m ˘TÙ⁄hLs CVeœUÙ?

Æ‡ Bh˙PÙ ¨bÙÆp Ts∞d·Pjßtœ ˘Nufl ˘LÙi•⁄kRÙu. ßº˘Wufl YÙL]m ®ufl

ÆhP’. NÙ˚Xdœ A⁄°p ®ufl

˘LÙi•⁄kR J⁄ ST¨Pm Yi•˚Vj

Rs∞ Æ”mT• Kh”]o ·\, AYo

ERÆ˘NnRÙo. Yi• SLWj˘RÙPe

°V’ Al˙TÙ’ Æ‡Ætœ Nk˙RLm

˙RÙu±V’. Bh˙PÙ ¨bÙÆu

C⁄d˚L´p C⁄k’ ˘LÙi˙P

ÿu˙]Ùd°j Rs∞]Ùp YÙL]m

SL⁄UÙ GuT˙R AY]’Nk˙RLm.

Æ‡Æu CkR Nk˙RLjßtLÙ]

Tß˚Xd œ±l©P‹m

J⁄ SÙtLÙ≠´p EeL[’ LÙpLs R˚W´p

˘RÙPÙRYÙfl AUok’ ˘LÙi” SÙtLÙ≠˚V EVojR

ÿVt£dL‹m.

EeLfidœ HtThP A‡TYm Gu]? R˚W´p

®ufl ˘LÙi” SÙtLÙ≠˚V EVojßlTÙodL‹m!

S˚P˘Tt\’ Gu]?

Ju\ÙY’ ˘NVpTÙh•p øeLs ˘N¤jßV Æ˚N,

EsÆ˚NVÙœm.

CWiPÙY’ ˘NVpTÙh•p?

CWi”Æ˚NL∞p ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœ CVdLj˚R

HtT”j’m Æ˚NVÙ’?

Æ‡Æu Nk˙RLjßtLÙ] EeL[’ Æ˚P Gu]?

TPm 10.2

TPm 10.3

105


TPm˛(c)

J⁄ ˙U˚N˚V C⁄Yo ˘Yq˙Yfl

Æ˚N´p Rsfi°u\]o

J⁄ ˙U˚Nú ¡’ Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚N ˘N¤jRlT”Y’ TPm 10.4p LÙhPlTh”s[].

Gk˘RkRf „r®˚XL∞p ˙U˚N CVeœm? LÙWQmGu]?

˙U˚N A˚NYt\ ®˚X´¤s[ „r®˚XLs VÙ˚Y? LÙWQm Gu]?

SÙm J⁄ Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.

J⁄ ˙U˚Nú CWi” Æ∞m◊L∞¤m Jq˘YÙ⁄ Ll©˚Vl ˘TÙ⁄jR‹m. TPjßp LÙh•Ÿs[

T• J⁄ ˘TÙm˚UdLÙü C⁄TdLeL∞¤m LhPlTh”s[ LVflL˚[ Ll©L∞u YØVÙLd

LPjßÆP‹m. L´t±u ÿ˚]L∞p Rh”L˚[j ˘RÙeLÆP‹m. Rh”L∞p NUUÙ]

G˚PdLtLs ˚YdL‹m ˘TÙm˚UdLÙ˚W EtfllTÙodL‹m. LÙo A˚N°u\RÙ? H˙R‡m

J⁄Rh•p G˚P˚V AßL¨j’l TÙodL‹m Cl˘TÙ›’ LÙ⁄dœ Gu] ®Lr°\’?

TPm˛(a)

J⁄ ˙U˚N˚V CWi”˙To ˙Nok’

J⁄TdLjßp C⁄k’ Gßoß˚N´p

Rsfi°u\]o...

D”˘NnŸm Æ˚NŸm D”˘NnVlTPÙR Æ˚NŸm

(Balanced Force, Unbalanced Force)

TPm 10.5

TPm 10.4

TPm˛(b)

J⁄ ˙U˚N˚V CWi”˙To Gßoß˚N´p NU

A[‹ Æ˚NET˙VÙ°j’Rj Rsfi°u\]o


106

Cq CWi” „r®˚XL˚[Ÿm Jl¿” ˘Nn’ Et\fl ˙SÙdLp TXuL˚[ œ±dL‹m.

D” ˘NnŸmÆ˚N ˘NVpThP „r®˚XVÙ’

D”˘NnVl TPÙRÆ˚N ˘NVpThP „r®˚XVÙ’?

LÙ˚W CVdLU˚PVf ˘NnR Æ˚Nú Y˚LVÙ’?

LÙo œ±l©hP ß˚N´p CVeœm ˙TÙ’ G˚Pœ˚\kR Rh•p £±’£±RÙL G˚P˚V AßLl

T”jR‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m LÙü CVdL˙YLj˚R Etfll TÙodL‹m. S˚P ˘Tflm UÙt\m

Gu]? GR]Ùp ?

LÙo CVdLUt\ ®˚X˚V A˚PY’ Gl˙TÙ’?

LÙo Gßoß˚N´p CVdLU˚PVj ’YeœY’ Gl˙TÙ’?

CRtLÙ] LÙWQm Gu]?

EeL[’ Li”©•l◊Ls ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ·tflLfiPu Jj’l˙TÙ°u\]YÙ?

$ CVdLUt\ ®˚X´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ CVeLf˘NnV Æ˚N ˙R˚Y

$ J⁄ œ±l©hP ß˚N´p CVdL ®˚X´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ß˚N˚V UÙt\ Æ˚N ˙R˚Y.

$ CVdL ®˚X´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ˙YLj˚R AßL¨dL‹m œ˚\dL‹m Æ˚N ˙R˚Y

$ J⁄ œ±l©hP ß˚N´p CVeœm ˘TÙ⁄˚[ A˚NYt\ ®˚X´XÙdL Gßo ß˚N´p

Æ˚N ˘N¤jR ˙Yi”m.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt±p D”˘NnŸm Æ˚NŸm D” ˘NnVlTPÙR Æ˚NŸm ˘NVpT”m

„r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•.

$ RiΩo ®Wm©V YÙ∞ °Qt±p C⁄k’ EVojRl

T”°\’.

$ RiΩo ®Wm©V YÙ∞ °Qt±¤s[

RiΩ¨≠⁄k’ EVojß A˚NYt\ ®˚X´p

®fljRlT”°\’.

$ L´fl C›dœm ˙TÙh•´p C⁄ œ›dLfim

L•]UÙL C›j’m LVıfl CVeLÙR ®˚X.

$ J⁄ ™ßYi• R˚W YØVÙL SLoY’.

®ÎhP≤u ÿRp CVdLÆß (Newton's first law of motion)LÙü ÿu C⁄d˚L´p C⁄k’ TVQm ˘NnTY⁄dœ ∫h˘Tph ®fNVm ˙R˚Y GuT˚Rj

˘R¨kß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ? CRu A±ÆVp Rj’Ym Gu]?

K”m ˙T⁄kß≠⁄k’ œßj’ C\eœm J⁄Yo, ˙T⁄kßu CVdL ß˚N´˙X˙V £±’ ˙SWm K•V

©u◊ Uh”˙U ®t°\Ùo.

GRtLÙL AYo CqYÙfl ÿu]Ùp K”°\Ùo?

CqYÙfl AYo KPÆp˚X˘V≤p AY⁄dœ Gu] ®L›m?

EeL[’ Li”©•l◊L˚[l TVuT”jß ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ Æ]ÙdL˚[l TœlTÙn‹

˘NnL.

Æ˚Nú AXœ ®ÎhPu Bœm.

—UÙo 100 °WÙm ®˚\Ÿs[ J⁄

˘TÙ⁄˚[d ˚L´p RÙe° ®flj’

YRtœ ˘N¤jR ˙Yi•V Æ˚N

—UÙo 1 N Bœm.

107


A˚NYt\®˚X´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄˚[ CVdL®˚X A˚PVf ˘NnV Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m?

LÙplTkRÙhPjßp Gß˙W Y⁄m Tk˚R TdLjßp ®tœm SiT‡dœ ˘LÙ”dL Gu]

˘NnV˙Yi”m?

R˚W YØVÙL E⁄i” Y⁄m E˙XÙL E⁄i˚P˚V A˚NYt\ ®˚X´XÙdL Gu]

˘NnV ˙Yi”m?

˘U’YÙL B”m FgN≠u ˙YLj˚R AßL¨dL øeLs Gu] ˘Nn≈oLs?

EeL[’ Li” ©•l◊L∞p C⁄k’ Æ˚N A˚NYt\ ®˚X, TÙ⁄hL∞u CVdL YLm, CVdL

ß˚N ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j ˘RÙPo◊T”jß J⁄ L⁄j’ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

®˚XUm (Inertia)"VÙ˚] EeL˚[l ©u ˘RÙPok’ ÆWh•]Ùp øeLs Y˚[k’ Y˚[k’

KP˙Yi”m.Y]j’˚\ YØLÙh•ú CkR A±‹fljR≠u Ei˚U Gu]? SÙm J⁄ NVpTÙ”

˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. T[T[lTÙ] ˙LWm ˙TÙo•p £X ˙LWm LÙúL˚[ (Carrom coins) Ju\u

¡’ Ju\ÙL A”d° ˚YdL‹m. v•˚WdLWÙp ARu A•´¤s[ LÙ´˚] A•j’j ødL‹m.

Gu] S˚P˘Tt\’?

EeL[’ Etfl ˙SÙdL˚X A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±dL‹m. J⁄

Rm[ü ˙Up J⁄ LÙ°R Ah˚PŸm ARtœ ˙Up J⁄ SÙQVÿm

˚YdL‹m. Ah˚P˚V ÆWXÙp —i•ÆhPÙp SÙQVjßtœ HtT”Y’

Gu]? ARu LÙWQm Gu]?

TPm 10.6

TPm 10.7

A˚NYt\ ®˚X´¤s[ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ApX’ ∫WÙ] ß˚N ˙YLjßp

˙So˙LÙh•p CVe°d ˘LÙi•⁄dLm J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s, ◊\Æ˚N Jufl

ARu ¡’ ˘NVpTPÙR Y˚W A˙R ®˚X´p ˘RÙPok’ C⁄dœm.

C’˙Y ®ÎhP≤u ÿRp CVdLÆß.


108

TPm 10.8

®˚\Ÿm ®˚XUÿm (Mass and Inertia)"œi” G±R≠p" (Putting the shot)TVuT”j’m E˙XÙL ˙LÙ[j˚RŸm

A˙R T⁄U‡s[ ©[Ùv•d Tk˚RŸm

J⁄ NÙnYÙ] R[jßu YØVÙL J˙W

˙SWjßp E⁄h• ÆP‹m. EeL[’

SiTu CkR Tk’L˚[ J˙W ˙SWjßp

R”j’ ®fljRh”m.

CVdL ®˚XUm A˚NYt\ ®˚XUm

$ —Zufl ˘LÙi•⁄dœm ™u

Æ£±˚V ®fljßV ©u]⁄m

A’ £±’ ˙SWm —Zp°\’.

$

$

$ UÙUWjßu °˚[˚Vj ßº˘W]

E¤dœm ˙TÙ’ UÙeLÙn LÙm

˘TÙ•k’ Æ›°\’.

$

$

øeLs ˙T⁄kßp ®ufl ˘LÙi” TVQm ˘Nnß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ? K•d˘LÙi•⁄dœm ˙T⁄k’

ßº˘W] ®tœm ˙TÙ’ ˙T⁄kßp ®tœm TV¶dœ Gu] ®L›m? ARu LÙWQm Gu]?

®fljß˚YdLlTh”s[ ˙T⁄k’ ßº˘W] CVeLj ˘RÙPe°]Ùp? CYt±≠⁄k’ SÙm ˘R¨k’

˘LÙiP˚Y G˚Y?

$ CVdL ®˚X´¤s[ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞tœ ARu CVdL ®˚X´˙X˙V ˘RÙPok’ C⁄dœm

NÙo◊ Ei”. A’˙Y CVdL ®˚XUm

$ CVdL ®˚XUÿm A˚NYt\ ®˚XUÿm ◊¨k’˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞tœ ARu Kn‹®˚X´˙XÙ, ˙So˙LÙh” CVdL

®˚X´˙XÙ ˘RÙPok’ C⁄dœm NÙo˚T ®˚XUm (Inertia)GuTo

˙T⁄k’, ˘RÙPoYi• ˙TÙu\˚Y ®tTRtœ ÿu◊ £Xo œßj’ C\eœY˚Rl

TÙojß⁄d°»oL[pXYÙ? C’ Su˚U TVdLd ·•VRÙ? CjR˚LV ˘NVpLs TX ˙SWeL∞¤m

˘LÙ•V BTj’dLs HtTPd LÙWQUÙ°u\] ApXYÙ? CVdL ®˚XUm Gu\ L⁄j˚R

A•lT˚PVÙd° Cf„r®˚XL˚[ BnL.

EeLs Ts∞d·Pjß¤s[ NÙ˚XlTÙ’LÙl◊f NeLjßp C’ ˙TÙu\ BTj’Lfim AYt˚\j

RÆolTRtLÙ] ÿ˚\Lfim EhT”jRlThP J⁄ L⁄jRWeœ SPjR‹m.

CVdL ®˚XUm, A˚NYt\ ®˚XUm ˙TÙu\˚Y ˘NVpT”m ©\ „r®˚XL˚[ AhPY˚Ql

T”j’L.

109


CWi˚PŸm A˚NYt\ ®˚X´XÙdL ˘N¤jR ˙Yi•V Æ˚N NUUÙL C⁄dœUÙ?

A˚NYt\ ®˚X´¤s[ J⁄ SÙtLÙ≠˚VŸm J⁄ vÂ˚XŸm SLoj’YRtœf ˘N¤jR

˙Yi•V Æ˚N NUUÙ]RÙ?

˙U˙X ·\lTh”s[ „r®˚XL˚[ Jl¿”˘Nn’ TÙ⁄hL∞u ®˚\dœm, ®˚XUjßtœ™˚P˙V

Es[ ˘RÙPo˚Td Li” ©•j’ G›R‹m.

EeLs Li” ©•l◊L˚[l TVuT”jß Y]j’˚\ YØLÙh•´u A±‹fljR≠p Es[

A±ÆVp A•lT˚P˚V Æ[dLÿ•ŸUÙ? ?

A[Ætœ AßLUÙL UÙQYoL˚[ Ht±f ˘Np¤m Ts∞d·P YÙL]eL˚[l

TÙojß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ?

CqY˚L YÙL]eL˚[j ßº˘Wufl ©˙Wd°P ˙SokRÙp Gu] ®L›m?

®˚\˚VŸm CVdL ®˚XUj˚RŸm ˘RÙPo◊T”jß CRtœ Æ[dLU∞dL CV¤UÙ?

EeL[’ —tfll◊\eL∞p CqY˚LVÙ] ÆTj’dL˚[d œ±jR ÆØl◊Qo‹ HtTP A±ÆVp

Uu\jßu ˙UtTÙo˚Y´p Yœl◊Ls SPjR‹m.


110

Ek’Æ˚NŸm A›jRÿm (Thrust and Pressure)

Ek’Æ˚NŸm A›jRÿm

T•j’ ÿ•jR ©u SiToLfiPu Æ˚[VÙPl ◊\lT”m

æ◊˚Y AY]’ RÙn A˚ZjRÙo. " "æ◊, ’¶ NX˚Y

˘NnYRtLÙL YÙe°˚YjR ˙NÙl◊d Lh•´≠⁄k’ J⁄

’i˚P ˘Yh•d ˘LÙi”YÙ'' Gu\Ùp. Æ˚[VÙPl ˙TÙœm

AYNWjßp æ◊ J⁄ LjßVÙp ˙NÙl˚T ’i”T”jRj

’Ye°]Ùu. B]Ùp N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p ’iPÙdL

ÿ•VÆp˚X. Hu Gufl TÙojR˙TÙ’, RÙu ˘NnR RY˚\

EQokRÙu. Ljßú ·o˚UVt\ UflTÙLm ÍXm ˘YhP

ÿVufls[Ùu.

TPm 11.1

C’ ˙TÙu\ A‡TYeLs EeLfidœ HtTh”s[RÙ?

EeL[’ A‡TYeL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L.

$

$

Ljßú ·o˚UVÙ] TœßVÙp ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ G∞RÙL ˘YhP ÿ•Y’ GlT•?

EeL[’ LtT˚]˚V A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L. EeL[’ LtT˚] N¨VÙ]’RÙ]Ù?

GuT˚R A±k’˘LÙs[ SÙm J⁄ Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.

NÙRÙWQ T⁄U‡s[ J⁄ Rh•p —UÙo SÙuœ AeœXm EVWjßp —iQÙm◊j Á˚[ ®WlT‹m

TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[˚Rl TÙufl J⁄ NeLp˚X Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p —iQÙm◊j Á∞u

¡’ ˚YdL‹m. JqYÙ⁄ RP˚YŸm —iQÙm◊j Á∞p ˙RÙtflÆdœm œØú BZj˚Rd

LY≤dL‹m.

1111111111

(a) (b) (c)

111


˘NeLp˚X ˚Ydœm ˙TÙ’ —iQÙm◊jÁ∞p œØ HtTPd LÙWQm Gu]?

˘NeLp≠u G˚P (˘NeLp ˘N¤j’m Æ˚N) ˘NVpT”m ß˚N VÙ’?

—iQÙm◊jÁ∞u ˙UtTWl◊dœf ˘NeœjRÙL ˘NeLp˚Xl TXÆRjßp ˚YjR˙TÙ’m

—iQÙm◊j’∞p ˘NVpT”m ˘UÙjR Æ˚NUÙflYßp˚XVpXYÙ?

Æ˚N ˘NVpT”Y’ J˙W TWlT[‹s[ ˘LÙiP R[jßXÙ?

˘NeLp˚X GkR ÿ˚\´p ˚YjR˙TÙ’ —iQÙm◊j Á∞p ·”Rp BZjßp œØ

˙RÙu±V’?

˘RÙPo◊ TWl◊ œ˚\kR ®˚X´p / ˘RÙPo◊ TWl◊ ·•V ®˚X´p.

˘NeLp˚X GkR ®˚X´p ˚YjR ˙TÙ’ —iQÙm◊j Á∞p œ˚\kR BZjßp œØ

˙RÙu±V’?

˘RÙPo◊ TWl◊ œ˚\kR ˙UtR[jßp / ˘RÙPo◊ TWl◊ ·•V ˙UtR[jßp

œ˚\kR TWl©¤m ·•V TWl©¤m J˙W Æ˚N ˘NVpThP˙TÙ’m œØ´u BZjßp

˙Ytfl˚U LÙQlT”YRtLÙ] LÙWQm Gu]?

Bn‹ ˘NnYRtœl TVuT”jßV ˘NeLp≠u G˚P˚V J⁄ ÆpRWÙ— ÍXm Li”©•j’

RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.

AhPY˚Q˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRÙp ∏rdœ±l©PlTh”s[]Yt±p øeLs ˘Nu\˚PŸm

ÿ•‹ VÙ’? N¨VÙ]˚Rd Li”©•j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L.

J˙W ˘Neœj’ Æ˚N UÙflThP TWlT[‹s[ ˙UtR[eL∞u ¡’ ˘NVpT”m˙TÙ’

$ TWl◊[‹ œ˚\kR ˙UtR[jßu Ko AXœ TWl©p ˘NVpT”m Æ˚N ·”RXÙL

C⁄dœm.

$ TWlT[‹ ·•V UtR[jßu J⁄ AXœ TWl©p NVpT”m Æ˚N œ˚\YÙL C⁄dœm

J⁄ UtR[jßp NVpT”m UÙjR Neœj’ Æ˚Ndœm Ko AXœ TWl©p NVpT”m Neœj’

Æ˚Ndœ™˚P´p ˙YflTÙ” Es[’ G]d LÙi°»oLs ApXYÙ ?

˘RÙPo◊ TWl©u ¡’ ˘NeœjRÙLf ˘NVpT”m ˘UÙjR Æ˚N

Ek’Æ˚N G]lT”m. Ko AXœ TWlT[Æu ¡’ ˘NeœjRÙLf

˘NVpT”m Æ˚N A›jRm G]lT”m.

$ ALXm ·•V TdLm

$ N¨j’˚YdLlThP

TdLm

$ ˘NeœjRÙL

˚YdLlThP TdLm

AhPY˚Q 11.1

—iQÙm◊j ÁfiPu

˙Noj’ ˚YdLlTh•

⁄dœm TdLm

˘RÙPo◊ TWl©u ¡’

˘NVpT”m Æ˚N

˘RÙPo◊

TWl©u

TWlT[‹

Ko AXœ TWl©p

˘NVpThP Æ˚N

A›jRm =

Ek’Æ˚N

TWlT[‹


112

A›jRjßu AXœ N/m2 Bœm. C’ TÙvLp (Pa) Gu\±VlT”°\’.

Au\ÙP YÙrÆp A›jRjßtœm TWlT[Ætœ™˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo˚Tl TVuT”j’m TX

„r®˚XLfii”, AYt˚\d Li”©•j’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’k.

$ ·”Rp G˚P —Uk’ ˘Np¤m YÙL]eL∞u ©u NdLWeLs CWh˚PL[Ùœm.

$

ßWY A›jRm (Liquid pressure)TPj˚Rd LY≤jæoL[pXYÙ? A˚QdLh”L∞p —YoL∞u A•lTÙLm ALXm ·•VRÙLd

LhPlTh”s[’ Hu?

SÙm £X Bn‹L˚[f ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm. J⁄ T‹Po •u≤u A•lTÙLj˚R Uh”m ALt±

Æh” AlTÙLj˚R Ko E˚PkR TÌ]Ùp A˚Pj’d LhP‹m.

•u≤p ˘U’YÙLj RiΩo ®WlT‹m.

RiΩo ®Wl◊m ˙TÙ’ TÌ≤nd HtT”m UÙt\m Gu]?

ARu LÙWQm Gu]?

œ˚\kR A[‹ RiΩo Es[ ˙TÙ’m ·•V A[‹ RiΩo

Es[ ˙TÙ’m TÌu UÙflThP A[Æp ˘T⁄dLU˚PY’

GR]Ùp?

RiΩ¨u BZjßtœm A›jRjßtœ ™˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊

Gu]?

J⁄ ©[Ùv•d PlTÙÆu J⁄ TdLjßp UÙflThP EVWeL∞p Íufl

’˚[L˚[ C”L. ’˚[L˚[d L ÆWpL[Ùp A˚Pj’l ©•dL‹m.

©\œ PlTÙÆp RiΩo ®WlT‹m. ÆWpL˚[ UÙt±j ’˚[L˚[j

ß\k’ TÙodL‹m

øeLs LÙiT’ Gu]? RiΩo TdLeL∞p J›Ld LÙWQm Gu]?

RiΩo AßL Æ˚NŸPu TÙŸm ’˚[ VÙ’?

GkRj ’˚[ YØVÙLl TÙŸm RiΩ⁄dœ Æ˚N œ˚\‹?

J⁄ ©[Ùv•d œl© / •u G”j’ ARu A•lTÙLjß≠⁄k’ NU EVWeL∞p SÙuœ

TdLeL∞¤UÙL SÙuœ ’˚[Ls C”L. ˚L ÆWpL[Ùp ’˚[L˚[ A˚Pj’l ©•jR ©u

Aßp RiΩo ®WlT‹m. ÆWpL˚[ UÙt±lTÙo.

TPm 11.2

TPm 11.3

113


TPjßp LÙQlT”Y’ ˙TÙu\ A‡TYeLs EeLfidœ HtThP’iPÙ?

RiΩ⁄dœs Ír° Es[ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[ ˙U˙X EVoj’m ˙TÙ’ G˚Pœ˚\‹ ˙RÙu\d

LÙWQm Gu]?

SUdœ £X Bn‹Ls ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.

J⁄ •u ApX’ ©[Ùv•d TÙjßWj˚R Suœ A˚PjR©u Cu˘]Ù⁄ TÙjßWjß¤s[

RiΩ¨p ˘U’YÙLj RÙrjßl TÙodL‹m.

ø LÙiT’ Gu]?

TÙjßWj˚R ÍrLf ˘NnR ©u◊ ˚L˚V Æh”Æ”.

ø LÙiT’ Gu]?

B! Gu] —XTm

ø LÙ‘m ˙YflTÙ” VÙ’? ARtLÙ] LÙWQm Gu]?

øeLs SPjßV Bn‹L∞p C⁄k’ EeLfidœd °˚PjR ÿ•‹Ls VÙ˚Y? AYt˚\ A±ÆVp


$ J⁄ ßWYm A’ ˚YdLlTh”s[ TÙjßWjßu A•lTÙLjßp A›jRm ˘N¤j’°\’.

$

ßWY A›jRj˚Rd œ±jR A±‹ TVuT”jRlTh”s[ „r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•j’ A±ÆVp


$ A˚QdLh”L∞u A•lTÙLm ALXUÙL LhPlTh”s[’ Hu?

$

ßWYjß¤s[ J⁄ ◊s∞´p ˘NVpT”m A›jRm Al◊s∞dœ ˙U¤s[ ßWYjßu

EVWj˚Rl ˘TÙfljR’ G]l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?

™R˚Y Æ˚N (Buoyant Force)

K! Gu] L•]m

TPm 11.4

(a) (b)


114

LÙt±p RiΩ¨p

RiΩ¨p Lp≠tœ Ui˘Qi˚Q Ui˘Qi˚Q´p

Lp≠u G˚PP Lp≠u G˚P

HtThP G˚P ´p Lp≠u Lp≠tœ HtThP

œ˚\‹ G˚P G˚P œ˚\‹

RiΩ¨¤m Ui˘Qi˚Q´¤m Lp≠tœ G˚P œ˚\‹ HtThPRÙ? EeL[’

Li”©•l˚Td œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.

J⁄ ßWYjßp J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ÿ›Y’UÙL˙Y, TœßVÙL˙Y Ír°

C⁄dœm ˙TÙ’ Al˘TÙ⁄∞u ¡’ AjßWYm ˙Up ˙SÙd°

˘N¤j’m Æ˚N˚V ™R˚Y Æ˚N (buoyant force) Gu°˙\Ùm.

™R˚Y Æ˚N´u TX]ÙLj ßWYjßp Ír° C⁄dœm J⁄ TÙ⁄fidœ G˚Pœ˚\‹ HtT”°\’

G]l TÙoj˙RÙm?

LÙt±p 10N G˚PŸs[ J⁄ TÙ⁄∞tœj RiΩ¨p G˚P 7N B]Ùp Aßp NVpThP

™R˚Y Æ˚N GqY[‹?

C˚Rl ˙TÙufl J⁄ LÙod / £flWlTo Tk˚Rj RiΩ¨p A›jßj RÙrjßV ©u A˚R

Æh”ÆhPÙp Gu] ®L›m?

EeLs Li”©•l◊dL˚[d œ›YÙL ÆYÙRm ˘Nn’ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’eLs

œ[m Utflm øo ®˚XL∞p Írœm ˙TÙ’ RiΩo EeL˚[ ˙Up ˙SÙd° Ek’YRÙL

EQokß⁄l¿oL[pXYÙ?

EeL[’ A‡TYeL∞u A•lT˚P´p RiΩ¨p Ír°

C⁄dœm J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄fidœ G˚P œ˚\‹ ®LrYRtLÙ]

LÙWQjßtœ Æ[dLm A∞dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

GpXÙ SÙhLfim CqYÙfl J⁄ Æ˚N ˘N¤j’Y’iPÙ? SÙm

BWÙnk’ TÙodLXÙm.

£±V Lp, LiQÙ• ÿL˚Y, Ui˘Qi˘Qn, RiΩo RÙe°,

ÆpRWÙ— ˙TÙu\˚Y RWlTh”s[]. CYt˚\l TVuT”jß J⁄

Bn‹ SPjßj RWlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.

TPm 11.5

AhPY˚Q 11.2

115


°√Pjßp A—jRm ˙NodLlTh”s[’ Gufl Bod°™•v GqYÙfl Li”©•jRÙo?

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u ®˚\dœm ARu T⁄U‡dœm Es[ Æ°Rm

Al˘TÙ⁄∞u APojß Bœm. J⁄ TÙ⁄∞u APojß ®˚XVÙL

C⁄dœm

APojß =-

°.ÿ 287 ÿRp 212 Y˚W YÙrkR J⁄ °˙WdL A±ÆVp

Yp¤]˙W Bod°™ºv. CYo, TX A±ÆVp Li”©•l

◊Ls ÍXm £\lT˚PkRYo.

J⁄ SÙs £\Ùd°Î≥u AWN]Ù] Õ˙WÙ NdLWYojß

°√Pm Jufl ˘NnYRtLÙLf £±’ ReLj˚R J⁄

˘TÙt˘LÙpX≤Pm ˘LÙ”jRÙo. ˘TÙt˘LÙpXu ∏¨Pj˚Rf

˘Nn’ ÿ•j’ WÙ_ÙÆPm JlT˚PjR ˙TÙ’ Aßp ˘Nm◊

˙Noj’ ˙UÙN• ˘NnVlTh”s[˙RÙ Gu\ Nk˙RLm WÙ_ÙÆtœ HtThP’.

°√Pjßtœ d˙L” Æ˚[ÆdLÙUp Aßp ˘Nm◊ ˙NodLlTh”s[RÙ? Gufl

Li” ©•dL WÙ_Ù, °√Pj˚R Bod°™º≥Pm JlT˚PjRÙo.

Bod°™ºv øiP ˙SWm £kßjR ©u◊m ARtLÙ]YØ ÿ˚\˚Vd Li”

©•dL CVXÆp˚X. œ±l©hP Y•Ym Jufl™pXÙR J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u

T⁄U˚]d Li”©•lTRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\ AY⁄dœf £WUUÙL C⁄kR’.

T⁄U˚] A±kß⁄kRÙp APojß˚Vd LÙQXÙm. Ck®˚X´p J⁄ SÙs

R]’ œ∞VX˚\´p Es[ œ∞Vp RÙh•´p AYo Ím°V TÙ’ £±R[‹

RiΩo YØk’ J›œY˚Rd LiPÙo. R]’ T⁄U‡dœ NUUÙ]

RiΩWpXYÙ YØk˙RÙ•V’ Gufl LiP Bod°™º≥tœ J›eLÙ]

Y•Y˚Ul◊ CpXÙR J⁄ TÙ⁄∞u T⁄U˚]dLi”©•lTRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\

°˚PjR’. œ∞VX˚\´p C⁄kR˚RŸm U\k’ AYo Ÿ˙WLÙ Ÿ˙WLÙ (Li”

©•j˙Ru, Li”©•j˙Ru) GuflNj R™hPT•˙V ˘R⁄Æp K•]Ùo.

NU G˚PŸs[ —jRUÙ] J⁄ ReLd Lh•˚VŸm —jRjRu˚U Li”©•dL

˙Yi•V °√Pj˚RŸm TVuT”jß °√Pjßp ˘Nm◊ ˙NodLlTh”s[’ G]

AYo Li” ©•jRÙo.

RWlTh”s[ NUuTÙh˚Pl TV]T”jß EeL[’ Li”©•l◊L˚[ A±ÆVp

œ±l˙Th•p G›’L

Bod°™º^Ùp ˙Yfl TX Bn‹Lfim SPjRlThP].

J⁄ ßWYjßp Ír° C⁄dœm ˘TÙ⁄∞p ßWYm ™R˚YÆ˚N˚Vf ˘N¤j’UpXYÙ?

CkR ™R˚Y Æ˚Ndœm ˘TÙ⁄s CPl˘TVof£ ˘NnŸm Aj ßWYjßu G˚Pdœm

H˙R‡m ˘RÙPo◊s[RÙ?

Bod°™ºv Rj’Ym (Archimedes' principle)øeLs Bod°™º˚^d œ±j’d ˙LsÆlThP’iPÙ?

ßWYjßp J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄fidœ G˚Pœ˚\‹ HtT”°\’ G]d Li˙PÙUpXYÙ?

®˚\

T⁄Uu


116

SÙm Ko Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.

J⁄ÆpRWÙ£u ÍXm J⁄Lp≠u

G˚P˚Vd LÙt±¤m RiΩ¨¤m LÙiL.

RiΩ¨p Lp≠tœ HtThP G˚P

œ˚\˚Yd LÙiL. J⁄ øo ®Wm© YØŸm

_Ù¨p RiΩ˚W ÿ›Y’UÙL ®WlT‹m

Lp˚X J⁄ Ë≠p Lh• _Ù¨p Es[ ø¨p

˘U’YÙLj RÙrjR‹m ˘Y∞˙Vflm

RiΩ˚W ÿu]˙W G˚PLÙQlThP J⁄

LiQÙ• ÿL˚Y´p ˙NL¨dL‹m.

˘Y∞˙V±V RiΩo Utflm LiQÙ•

ÿL˚Y´‡˚PV ˘UÙjR G˚P˚Vd

LÙiL. Lp≠tœl TßXÙL ©\

˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jß BnÆ˚]j

ß⁄mTf ˘Nn’ Li”©•jR A[‹L˚[

AhPY˚Q´p ®WlT‹m.

RiΩ¨p ˘TÙ⁄∞tœ HtThP G˚Pœ˚\‹dœm A’ CPl˘TVof£ ˘NnR RiΩü

G˚Pdœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo˚T, AhPY˚Q˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ·\XÙUÙ?

™R˚Y Æ˚Ndœm CPl ˘TVof£ ˘NnVlThP RiΩü G˚Pdœ™˚P˙VŸs[

˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?

øeLs Li”©•jRj ˘RÙPo◊L˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.

EeLs Li”©•l◊L˚[d ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ·tflPu Jl¿”˘NnL.

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ÿ›˚UVÙL˙YÙ TœßVÙL˙YÙ J⁄ ßWYjßp

Ír° C⁄dœm˙TÙ’ Al˘TÙ⁄∞p ßWYm N¤j’m ™R˚Y

Æ˚N ˘TÙ⁄[Ùp CPl˘TVof£ ˘NnVlT”m AjßWYjßu

G˚Pdœf NUUÙL C⁄dœm.

Lp

C’ Bod°™ºv Rj’Ym Gu\ ˘TV¨p A±VlT”°\’.

TPm 11.6

AhPY˚Q11.3

TuT”jßV

˘TÙ⁄hLs

LÙt±p

˘TÙ⁄∞u

G˚P

(a)

RiΩ¨p

˘TÙ⁄∞u

G˚P

(b)

ÿL Y u

G˚P

(c)

ÿL˚YŸm

˘Y∞˙V±V

RiΩ⁄m

˙NokRG˚P

(d)

RiΩ¨p

˘TÙ⁄fidœ

HtThPG P

œ˚\‹

(a-b)

˘TÙ⁄s

CPl TVof£

˘Nnj

RiΩü

G˚P (d-c)

117


RiΩ¨p RiΩ¨p

™RlT˚Y ÍrœT˚Y

£X TÙ⁄hLs ø¨p ™RdL‹m Yfl £X TÙ⁄hLs ø¨p ÍrL‹m NnYRtLÙ] LÙWQm

Gu]?

RiΩ¨p ™Rdœm J⁄ UWdLh˚P´u G˚P˚Vd LÙt±p ÆpRWÙ— ÍXm LÙiL

UWdLh˚P RiΩ¨p ™Rdœm˙TÙ’s[ G˚P GqY[‹?

È™ ∏r˙SÙd° DojR ©u]⁄m RiΩ¨p UWdLh˚P´u G˚P ÈwVm(Zero) B]’

GR]Ùp?

AlT•˘Vu\Ùp Ceœ ˘NVpT”m Æ˚NLs VÙ˚Y? AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊Ls

Gu]? J⁄ TÙ⁄∞p N¤jRlT”m ™R˚YÆ˚NŸm AR]Ùp CPl˘TVof£ NnVlT”m

ßWYjßu G˚PŸm NUm G] SÙm A±˙YÙUpXYÙ? AlT•˘Vu\Ùp J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s J⁄

ßWYjßp ™Rk’ °PdLj ˙R˚YVÙ] Lh”lTÙ”Ls VÙ˚Y? G] G›ßl TÙodL‹m.

$ ˘TÙ⁄∞u G˚PŸm ™R˚Y Æ˚NŸm NUUÙL C⁄dœm.

$

C’ ™RjRp Æß Gu\ ˘TV¨p A±VlT”°\’.

™RjRp Æßdœ J⁄ Y˚WV˚\ G›ßlTÙo.

C⁄m©]Ùp ˘NnVlThP LlTp ø¨p ™Rd°u\’ B]Ùp, C⁄m◊j ’i” RiΩ¨p

Írœ°\’ Hu?

™RjRp (Floatation)£X TÙ⁄hLs ø¨p ™RlT˚RŸm Yfl £X TÙ⁄hLs

ø¨p ÍrœY˚RŸm SÙm A±˙YÙm. AYt±u Th•Vp

Jufl RVÙ¨j’l TÙ⁄eLs.

TPm 11.7


118

TÙ≠p RiΩo LXdLlT”°\’ Gu\ ◊LÙ˚W øeLs TX ˙Y˚[L∞¤m ˙LhT’iPpXYÙ?

C˚R A±k’ ˘LÙs[ TVuT”j’m L⁄Æú ˘TVo Gu]?

CdL⁄Æ ˘NVpT”Y’ GqYÙfl?

J⁄ ßWYjßp ™Rd°u\ TÙ⁄s CPl TVof£ NnŸm ßWYjßu G˚PŸm TÙ⁄∞u G˚PŸm

NUm GuT˚R øeLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiºoL[pXYÙ?

J˙W ˘TÙ⁄s UÙflThP APojß Es[ ßWYeL∞p ™Rdœm ˙TÙ’ A’ CPl˘TVof£ ˘NnŸm

ßWYjßu A[‹ (T⁄Uu) J˙W UÙß¨ C⁄dœUÙ?

Ko Bn‹ ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙUÙ?

J⁄ A[‹ _Ù•´p RiΩo G”j’ RiΩü UhPj˚Rd œ±dL‹m. RiΩ¨p J⁄ UWdLh˚P

˚Yj’ ¡i”m RiΩo UhPj˚Rdœ±dL‹m. Bn˚Y Ui˘Qi˘Qn˚Vl TVuT”jßŸm

˘Nn’ TÙodL‹m E]dœ °˚PjR RLYpL˚[d œ±j’ ˚YdL‹m.

Bn‹dLÙL øeLs TVuT”jßV ßWYeL∞p

J⁄ ˚ah˙WÙ ¡hPo (ßWYUÙ≤) ˚Yj’l TÙodL‹m

E]’ Etfl˙SÙdL≠u Æ˚[ Gu]?

˚ah˙WÙ ¡hPo RiΩ¨p EVok’m

Ui˘Qi˘Q´p RÙrk’ LÙQlThP˙Ru?

™RjRp Æß˚Vl TVuT”jß EeL[’ Li”©•l◊dL˚[ A±ÆVp

œ±l˙Th•p G›’L .

RiΩü APojß˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” Ut\ ßWYeL∞u APojß˚V ˚ah˙WÙ

¡hPo TVuT”jß Li”©•dLXÙm.

J⁄ TÙ⁄∞u APojßdœm RiΩü APojßdœm Es[

Æ°R˙U ˘TÙ⁄∞u JlTPojß

$ TÙ≠u Án˚U˚V A±V J⁄ XÙd˙PÙ ¡hPo (TÙpUÙ≤) GqYÙfl ’˚Q◊¨°\’ Gufl

Eu]Ùp ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?

$ vhWÙ (E±g—œZÙn), UQp, ˘U›œ ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”jß J⁄ XÙd˙PÙ ¡hPo /

˚ah˙WÙ¡hPo A˚UdL ÿVt£dL‹m.

Y∞UiPX A›jRm (Atmospheric pressure)ßWYeLs A›jRm ˘N¤j’°u\] G]l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiPÙVpXYÙ? YÙŸdLs A›jRm

˘N¤j’°\RÙ? SÙm TÙodLXÙm.

TPm 11.8

ÿh˚P Æ›eœm ·m◊dœ”˚Y

˙YL˚YjR©u◊ ˙Up K” ALt\lThP J⁄ ˙LÙØÿh˚P˚Vd

œflLXÙ] YÙnTœßŸs[ J⁄ ·m◊ œ”˚Ydœs G∞RÙLd

LPjß ÆPÿ•ŸUÙ? ÿVt£j’lTÙo œ”˚Ydœs LPk’

˘NpXÆp˚X Gu\Ùp J⁄ G¨Ÿm LÙ°Rj’i˚Pd

œ”˚Y´‡s ChP ©u◊ ÿh˚P˚V ARu YÙnl Tœß´p

˚Yj’l TÙo. ø LÙiT’ Gu]? LÙWQj˚Rd Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?

TPm 11.9

119


Tm©u YØVÙLjRiΩo ˙U˙X EV⁄YRtLÙ] LÙWQj˚Rd Li”©•dL PÙ¨˘`p≠

TVuT”jßV RLYpLs VÙ˚Y?

$ È™˚Vf —t± LÙtfl UiPXm Jufl LÙQlT”°\’.

$ CkR YÙŸÆu G˚P È™ú UtTWl©p NVpT”°\’.

$ Ko AXœ TWl©p ˘NVpT”m YÙŸÆu G˚P˙V Y∞

UiPX A›jRm

Y∞UiPX A›jRjßu A•lT˚P´p ÿh˚P ·m◊d

œ”˚Ydœs ˘Nu\Ru LÙWQj˚Rd Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?

Y∞UiPX A›jRm ∏r˙SÙd° Uh”UÙ NVpT”°\’.

SÙm Li” ©•dLXÙm

$ J⁄ ©[Ùv•d œl©´p RiΩ˚W ®Wl© CfldLUÙLd œl©˚V A˚PdL‹m. œl©ú

A•lTÙLjßp J⁄ £±V ’˚[ C⁄dL ÷i’˚[ú YØVÙL RiΩo ∏r˙SÙd°

Æ›°u\RÙ? œl©´¤s[ øoUhPjßtœ ˙Up TdLjßp œl©´p J⁄ ÷i’˚[´h”

A˚R A˚Pj’m ß\k’m ˘Nn’TÙo.

øeLs LÙiT’ Gu]? LÙWQm Gu]?

EeLfidœd °˚PjRÿ•‹L˚[ G›ßlTÙodL‹m.

°QflL∞p C⁄k’ RiΩ˚W ˘Y∞˙V G”dL Tm◊Ls TVu

T”j’Y’iPpXYÙ? ÿtLÙX Tm◊Ls ™L G∞V]YÙL C⁄kR]. J⁄

øiPœZÙn ARu J⁄ ÿ˚] °Qt±¤s[ ø¨p Ír° C⁄dœm. Ut˘\Ù⁄

ÿ˚] J⁄ £≠iP⁄Pu (E⁄˚[) C˚QdLlTh•⁄dœm. Tm©tœ J⁄

˚Ll©• Ei” Cd˚Ll©•˚Vj ˘RÙØXÙ∞Ls ˙U¤m ∏›UÙL CVdœYo.

CqYÙfl ˚Ll©•˚V CVdœm˙TÙ’ RiΩo ˙U˙X G›m◊m. CqYÙfl,

RiΩo EVWdLÙWQm Gu]? ˚Ll©•˚V CVdœm ˙TÙ’ £≠iP¨p

˘Yt±Pm E⁄YÙœm. ClTœß˚V SÙd°j RiΩo Up G›m◊m RiΩ˚W

˘Yt±Pj˚R ˙SÙd° EVoj’m Bt\p VÙ’? CVt˚Ldœ ˘Yt±Pjßu

¡’s[ Æ⁄lT™u˚U LÙWQUÙLj RiΩo TÙnk’ Y⁄°\’ GuT˙R

Au˚\V Sm©d˚LVÙL C⁄kR’. CjRÙ≠ SÙh˚Pf NÙokR A±ÆVp

A±OWÙ] PÙ¨˘`p≠ GuTYo CRtœ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\´XÙ]

Æ[dLU∞jRÙo. LÙt±tœ G˚P Ei”G]d Li”©•jR Lƒ≠˙VÙ Æu

∫PWÙL C⁄kRYoRÙu PÙ¨ ˘`p≠

TPm11.10


120

˘Yt±Pm

0.76 -¡hPo

TÙRWNm

TÙRWNm ÿ›Y’m ∏r ˙SÙd° C\eLÙUp EVWjß˙X˙V ®u\Ru LÙWQm Gu]?

CRtœ Y∞UiPX A›jRj’Pu H˙R‡m ˘RÙPo◊ Es[RÙ?

EeL[’ Li”©•l◊dL˚[ A±ÆVp œ±l˙Th•p G›’L

Y∞UiPX A›jRj˚R A[dLl TVuT”m L⁄Æ˙V TÙ˙WÙ¡hPo

$ GYWvh £LWjßu S”lTœß´p J⁄ TÙRWN TÙ˙WÙ¡hP¨p TÙRWN vRmTjßtœ 50 ˘N.¡

EVWÿm. £LWjßu ˙Up C’ 30 ˘N.¡˛m Bœm

CRu LÙWQm Gu]? øeLs F°dœm ÿ•‹L˚[d œ±l©P‹m.

TPm 11.11

Y∞UiPX A›jRj˚R ÿRuÿR≠p A[kRYo

PÙ¨˘`p≠ BYÙo. J⁄ øiP J⁄ ÿ˚]

A˚PdLlThP LiQÙ•d œZÙ˚V ÿ›˚UVÙLl

TÙRWNjRÙp ®WlT‹m. œZÙ´u ß\kR ÿ˚]˚V

Lh˚PÆWXÙp A˚Pj’ ˙Up ∏ZÙLj ß⁄l©

YÙnTœß J⁄ œY˚[´¤s[ TÙRW^jßtœs

C⁄dœUÙfl ˚Yj’ ÆW˚X ALt\ ˙Yi”m.

Cl˙TÙ’ œZÙ´¤s[ TÙRWNUhPm C\eLj

˘RÙPe°V’. £±’ ˙SWm ˘Nu\ ©u◊

∏r˙SÙd°Ÿs[ C\dLm PÙ¨˘`p≠

œY˚[´¤s[ TÙRWNUhPjß≠⁄k’

œZÙ´¤s[ TÙRWjßu EVWj˚R A[k’

TÙojR˙TÙ’ A’ 76 cm N.¡. BL C⁄kR’.

Y∞UiPX A›jRm A[dLXÙUÙ?

a•lt˚p a±Ævp - kerala...1 ˙y[Ùi˚u yÙrd˚lrÙu nÙ ‹m sitolﬁm spjßv l[ltvqj (field...

Documents