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MA Landscape Urbanism Term2 Booklet at Architectural AssociationTRANSCRIPT
AA LANDSCAPE URBANISMTERM 2 BOOKLET
AYUMI NAKAGAWA
00: CONTACT
AA LANDSCAPE URBANISMTERM 2 BOOKLET2013.3.27
AYUMI NAKAGAWA
00: CONTENT
01: INTRODUCTION02: 03: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (1)INDIAN CONTEXT04: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (2)RISK MANEGEMENT05: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (3)VILLAGE LOCATION06: PROPOSAL07: IDENTIFICATION OF CLUSTER08: REVISION OF CLUSTER09: SCENARIO ANALYSIS10: RELOCATION OF INDUSTRY11: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (1)FIRE RESISTANT BUFFER ZONE12:13: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES14:15:16:17: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (3)REFUGE AREA18:19: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (4)ESCAPE ROUTE20:21: NEXT STEP
The site Dahej is located along Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor.89 % of the land use is agriculture in current stage.The site is proposed to become a petrochemical industrial town of more than 60 square kilometers by the year of 2040. There is Master plan proposed by the State Government for the site, and it was analyzed in this project in terms of the flollowing aspects:
a
b
c
1. Indian context2. Risk Management3.Location of Villages
01: INTRODUCTION
d
02: INTRODUCTION
a: Dahej Locationb: Current Stage of Dahejc: Industry in Dahejd: Proposed Master Plan by State Government
Indian Model-diversity-unorganize political structure
Chinese Model-clear hierarchy-top-down structure
Indian Model-diversity-unorganize political structure
Chinese Model-clear hierarchy-top-down structure
Indian Model-diversity-unorganize political structure
Chinese Model-clear hierarchy-top-down structure
Indian Model-diversity-unorganize political structure
Chinese Model-clear hierarchy-top-down structure
03: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (1)INDIAN CONTEXT
1. Indian Context
The implementation of the massive master plan does not address the conflicts and negotia-tions among diverse political groups. Also, it does not provide flexibility for future urbanization to develop with the uncertain pace of industrial development affected by the fluctuation of national politics and global economy.
04: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (2)RISK MANEGEMENT
Summer Wind From Northwest
Winter Wind From Northeast
5km
5km
Industry Residential
Industry Residential
San Juanic, Mexico City, 1984
Formosa Plastics Corporation Illinois, 2004
Phillis Complex 66,Huston, 1989
India’s Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers Co (GNFC), Bharuch,2003 and 2010
E�ective Circle Damage Circle
Exploded Infrastructure
Industry
Residential Open AreaSan Juanic, Mexico City1984
Phillis Complex 66, Huston1989
Formosa Plastic Corporation, Illionis2004
India’s Gujarat Namada ValleyFertiliser Co (GNFC), Bharuch2010
EXPLOSIONLEVEL
ACCIDENT
AREA
DEATHANDINJURED
COST
LEVEL 2
200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m
=10 =100
LEVEL 3
=10 =100
$
=10 Million=100 Thousand
=100 Millon
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $ $$
$$
LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1
1
2
2
2
2 22
2
3
33 3
3
33
0
0
0
5km
2. Risk Management
Since the fire accidents due to gas leak and explosion happen occasionally in petrochemical industries, safety and health issue of the labour and residents has always been the most im-portant issue during the urban development of the petrochemical industrial town. When wind analysis was run on the master plan, it turned out that residential area is located down-wind position of industries throughout the year. It suggests that the plan is vulnerable against fire spreads and air pollution from industries.
San Juanic, Mexico City, 1984
Formosa Plastics Corporation Illinois, 2004
Phillis Complex 66,Huston, 1989
India’s Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers Co (GNFC), Bharuch,2003 and 2010
E�ective Circle Damage Circle
Exploded Infrastructure
Industry
Residential Open AreaSan Juanic, Mexico City1984
Phillis Complex 66, Huston1989
Formosa Plastic Corporation, Illionis2004
India’s Gujarat Namada ValleyFertiliser Co (GNFC), Bharuch2010
EXPLOSIONLEVEL
ACCIDENT
AREA
DEATHANDINJURED
COST
LEVEL 2
200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m
=10 =100
LEVEL 3
=10 =100
$
=10 Million=100 Thousand
=100 Millon
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $ $$
$$
LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1
1
2
2
2
2 22
2
3
33 3
3
33
0
0
0
5km
San Juanic, Mexico City, 1984
Formosa Plastics Corporation Illinois, 2004
Phillis Complex 66,Huston, 1989
India’s Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers Co (GNFC), Bharuch,2003 and 2010
E�ective Circle Damage Circle
Exploded Infrastructure
Industry
Residential Open AreaSan Juanic, Mexico City1984
Phillis Complex 66, Huston1989
Formosa Plastic Corporation, Illionis2004
India’s Gujarat Namada ValleyFertiliser Co (GNFC), Bharuch2010
EXPLOSIONLEVEL
ACCIDENT
AREA
DEATHANDINJURED
COST
LEVEL 2
200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m
=10 =100
LEVEL 3
=10 =100
$
=10 Million=100 Thousand
=100 Millon
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$ $ $$ $ $ $
$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $ $$
$$
LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1
1
2
2
2
2 22
2
3
33 3
3
33
0
0
0
5km
a: Case Study (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Wind Simulaton on Master Plan (Produced by Ada Liu)
(a)
(b)
05: ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN (3)VILLAGE LOCATION
3. Village Location
The proposed master plan is going to relocate 24 villages. (24 village = 750 household =18000 people)Therefore, with the implement of master plan, 18000 people need to leave the land and com-munity where their identity belongs to by 2040. Relocating of massive population in short time range can be the factor for creation of slums.
Proposal
Fire resistance landscape is introduced to the site as a tool to improve the safety of life and properties, as well as the health of the residents of the petrochemical industrial town. At the same time, it challenges the integration of petrochemical industries and urban fabric by creating new urban form and urbanization in the diverse political and uncertain economical context of India.
06: PROPOSAL
village with more than one highway connection
village with one highway and one secondary road conncetion
village with only onw highway connection
village with more than one secondary road connetion
vilalge with only secondary road connectionvillage without highway or secondary road connection
highwaysecondary road
5km
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 4
4
4
2
22
-1
4
2
1
3
3
1
3
11
2
4
2
22
00
3
2
2
3
3
0
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
33
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
00
2
0
2
3
2
2
2
2
11
2
3
3
2
3
1
3
-1
2
1
2
07: IDENTIFICATION OF CLUSTER
(a)
(a)
Existing villages are highlighted to find out their hierarchy according to the connection to highways and sec-ondary roads.Then clusters of villages with certain size and connectivity were formulat-ed in order to make it possible for the villages to remain in their origi-nal location and sustain themselves against industries.Inside each cluster, network path was revised, and then forms were given to clusters. (Criteria: take ad-vantage of existing network and enforce it) After the form was given to each cluster in the same way, the rest of the area was given to industry, and then they were adjusted as a whole to make the alternative plan capable of containing same amount of indus-tries and residential area as master plan.
08: REVISION OF CLUSTER
a: Identification of Cluster (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Revision of Clusterc: Area Comparison between Proposed Plan and Alternative Plan
(b)
(c)
existing
cluster
sample 1
cluster
sample 2
direct minimum combined outline
industry : 294km2residential : 98km2
proposed master plan
industry : 293km2residential : 87km2
alternative plan
existing
cluster
sample 1
cluster
sample 2
direct minimum combined outline
industry : 294km2residential : 98km2
proposed master plan
industry : 293km2residential : 87km2
alternative plan
1
1
1
3
3
33
33
Phrase 1: 2020 Phrase 2: 2030 Phrase 3: 2040
Scenario A: Growth From Exiting Industries
Scenario B: Growth From Two Special Ecnomic Zones
Scenario C: Growth From Highways
09: SCENARIO ANALYSIS
(a)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
111
1111
1
1
1
2
2
222
2
2222
222
2
22
2
00
0
0
0
0
00
00
000
0 0
0
Wind Direction in Summer
Wind Direction in Winter
Level 0 Industry
-oil re�nery-storage-cracker
Level 1 Industry
-large scale petro
Level 2 Industry
-medium scale petro
Level 3 Industry
-engeering-fertilizer
3 333
3
3
33
3
3 3
Sample 1: Sample 2:
Proposed Industry Location Exiting Master Plan
Industry requirescostal line
Phase1: 2020 Phase2: 2030 Phase3: 2040
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
111
1111
1
1
1
2
2
222
2
2222
222
2
22
2
00
0
0
0
0
00
00
000
0 0
0
Wind Direction in Summer
Wind Direction in Winter
Level 0 Industry
-oil re�nery-storage-cracker
Level 1 Industry
-large scale petro
Level 2 Industry
-medium scale petro
Level 3 Industry
-engeering-fertilizer
3 333
3
3
33
3
3 3
Sample 1: Sample 2:
Proposed Industry Location Exiting Master Plan
Industry requirescostal line10: RELOCATION OF INDUSTRY
Three scenarios of industry growth were examined, and one of them was chosen as a base to test the alternative design strategy.Defferent types of industries were located inside the industry bounda-ry from previous step in a way that it minimizes the residential area that sits down-wind location of heavily polluted industry.
a: Scenario Diagram (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Relocation of Industry according to Wind Simulation (Produced by Ada Liu)
(b)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
111
1111
1
1
1
2
2
222
2
2222
222
2
22
2
00
0
0
0
0
00
00
000
0 0
0
Wind Direction in Summer
Wind Direction in Winter
Level 0 Industry
-oil re�nery-storage-cracker
Level 1 Industry
-large scale petro
Level 2 Industry
-medium scale petro
Level 3 Industry
-engeering-fertilizer
3 333
3
3
33
3
3 3
Sample 1: Sample 2:
Proposed Industry Location Exiting Master Plan
Industry requirescostal line
0
3
32
23
1
5km
industry type 0
-oil re�nery-storage-cracker
r= 400m
industry type 1
-large scale petro
r= 300m
industry type 2
-medium scale petro
r=200m
industry type 3
-engeering-fertilizer
r=50m
1
0
0
2
3
3
3
2
2
0
3
1
32
3
3
0
03
13
5km
industry type 0
-oil re�nery-storage-cracker
r= 400m
industry type 1
-large scale petro
r= 300m
industry type 2
-medium scale petro
r=200m
industry type 3
-engeering-fertilizer
r=50m
112
0
0
2
3
2
3
0
3
2
2
0
0
0
3
1
0
3
0
2
3
3
0
03
1
1
3
5km
industry type 0
-oil re�nery-storage-cracker
r= 400m
industry type 1
-large scale petro
r= 300m
industry type 2
-medium scale petro
r=200m
industry type 3
-engeering-fertilizer
r=50m
11: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (1)FIRE RESISTANT BUFFER ZONE
1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone2. Fire Resistant Techniques3. Refuge Area4. Escape Route
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE]
Fire resistant buffer zone provides buffer between industry and residen-tial area.Different industry type is associated with different fire damage circle ra-dius (r1) and explosion circle radius (r2). Thickness of buffers is given as r1-r2.Since the buffer is required to place when industry immigrates into the area, it has potential to work as a negotiation tool between residents and industry.More buffer zone will be implement-ed with the growth of industry.
Phase 1 (2020)
Phase 2 (2030)
Phase 3 (2040)
12: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (1)FIRE RESISTANT BUFFER ZONE
300m given bu�er zone between industry and residential area
center = explosion in industryr = �redamage circle (r1) -explosion circle (r2) = thinkness of bu�er
�re damage circle
explosion circle
r
rr1
r2
industry
residential
industry type 0
-oil re�nery-storage-cracker
r= 400m
industry type 1
-large scale petro
r= 300m
industry type 2
-medium scale petro
r=200m
industry type 3
-engeering-fertilizer
r=50m
00
1
2
3
2
31
300m given bu�er zone between industry and residential area
center = explosion in industryr = �redamage circle (r1) -explosion circle (r2) = thinkness of bu�er
�re damage circle
explosion circle
r
rr1
r2
industry
residential
industry type 0
-oil re�nery-storage-cracker
r= 400m
industry type 1
-large scale petro
r= 300m
industry type 2
-medium scale petro
r=200m
industry type 3
-engeering-fertilizer
r=50m
00
1
2
3
2
31
open space landscaped berm
natural extinction 71.39%
deta : �re extinction factor (Tokyo earthquake �re 1923)
use of open space as a �re resistant scheme in city scale, Tokyo 1700
human factor
uses allowed in bu�er betweenindustry and residential area
commercial and o�ce use
open space and recreation use(greenbelts, parks, play�elds)
plantation
10
20
30open space
wind direction(berm)
plantation
FIRE RESISTANTTECHNIQUE
FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE
open space landscaped berm
natural extinction 71.39%
deta : �re extinction factor (Tokyo earthquake �re 1923)
use of open space as a �re resistant scheme in city scale, Tokyo 1700
human factor
uses allowed in bu�er betweenindustry and residential area
commercial and o�ce use
open space and recreation use(greenbelts, parks, play�elds)
plantation
10
20
30open space
wind direction(berm)
plantation
FIRE RESISTANTTECHNIQUE
FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE
Summer Wind From Northwest
Winter Wind From Northeast
Critical Wind Zone
13: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES
1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone2. Fire Resistant Techniques3. Refuge Area4. Escape Route
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE]
a: Wind Analysis on Alternative Plan (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Catalog of Techniques
Fire resistant technique is combi-nation of open space, landscaped berm and plantation.The technique is applied to fire resist-ant buffer zone and it creates series of open space. (Rest of the area in buffer zone is used as commercial / office.)Then, additional option is applied to the wind critical area. Option includes berm with extra height, plantation, water body and wall.
(a)
for 50 - 400m range bu�erzone to operate as �re resistant landscape,it requires total 120M of open space (composed of series of min 30M open space)where the bu�er includes such features as screening wall, landscaped berms, and/or dense landscaping or water feature, 120M can be reduced
[�re resistant bu�er section]
50M
200M
use of landscaped berms to compensate 120M requirement
60 M x 2 open space
r2(explosion radius)
residential
residential
commercial/o�ce industry
industry
residential commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce industry
residential commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce industry
r2(explosion radius)
r2(explosion radius)
300M
40M x 3 open space
400M
30M x 4 open space
min 7m
[�re resistant bu�er section]
50M
200Muse of landscaped berms to compensate 120M requirement
60 M x 2 open space
r2(explosion radius)
residential commercial/o�ce industry
residential commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce industry
residential commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce commercial/o�ce industry
r2(explosion radius)
r2(explosion radius)
300M
40M x 3 open space
400M
30M x 4 open space
[additional option for wind critical zone]
5.25m min height 7m min height
6m min width
more is better
14: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES
(b)
[fire resistant buffer section] [additional option for wind critical area]
commercial/o�ce
existing village
1km
residential
open space
FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE
�re resistant bu�er zone of sampe cluster phase 1-1: residential growth phase 1-2: connection growth phase 1-3: commercial growth
phase 2-1: residential growth phase 2-2: connection growth phase 2-3: commercial growth
phase 3-1: residential growth phase 3-2: connection growth phase 3-3: commercial growth
2
1
0
3
3
0
1
0
2
31
2
1
1
3
3
2
0 0 000
2
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
2
13
0 0 0 0
3
3
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
3
3
3
0
1
2
3
3
0
3
3
2
1
15: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES
1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone2. Fire Resistant Techniques3. Refuge Area4. Escape Route
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE]
a: Growth of Program Inside Clusterb: Internal Organization Inside Clusterc: Characteristic of Open Space
Residential area will grow along the buffer zone, because immigration of worker for industry into the cluster will be the main factor for the growth. Therefore, new immigrants (work-er) will be attracted to live closer to industry for everyday commute.As a result of residential area grows along buffer, commercial/office grow inside buffer or along main streets.Open area in buffer zone will gain specific character depends on type of surrounding programs.
(a)
(b)
03 0
2
1
0
3
50M
50M
200M
300M
400M
200M
residential commercial/o�ce
commercial/o�ce 2commercial/o�ce 1
industry
residential industry
300M
400M
residential industry
commercial/o�ce 2 commercial/o�ce 3commercia/o�cel 1residential industry
TYPE C[open space between industry and commercial area]
-resting area for workers-strong protection from industry pollution(plantation)-wind protection will provided in this area if it’s in critical wind zone
TYPE B[open space between commercial/o�ce area]
-park, plaza-place for networking-resting area for workers
TYPE D[open space between residential area and industry]
-highest protection from industrial pollution is required-visual barrier-noise barrier-potential for using the slope as recreational public space
TYPE A[open space between residential and commercial area ]
-play ground for children-park-noise barrier-street market
16: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (2)FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUES
(c)
17: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (3)REFUGE AREA
1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone2. Fire Resistant Techniques3. Refuge Area4. Escape Route
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE]
a: Open Space as Refuge Areab: Creaton of Refuge Area
Open space can work as refuge area during accident.Refuge area is going to develop along three different factors: phasing of growth, in between programs, and growth of network path. Combined with open area gained from fire resistant buffer zone, they eventually form refuge area network.
fire origin
fire flow
burned area
open space
(a)
residential
refuge area network
refuge area growth with phase
refuge area growth with program
+ open areain �re resistant bu�er zone
refuge area growth along important road network
commercial 1km
18: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (3)REFUGE AREA
(b)
VillageEscape Route Highway Industry 5km
1
2
3
3
3
00
0
0
0
00
VillageEscape Route Highway Industry 5km
1
2
3
3
3
00
0
0
0
00
1. Fire Resistant Buffer Zone2. Fire Resistant Techniques3. Refuge Area4. Escape Route
[FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE]
a: Escape Route for Residential Area (Produced by Ada Liu)b: Escape Route for Industry (Produced by Ada Liu)c: Connection between Cluster and Escape Route
Escape routes were set in a way that it connects refuge areas, and let people escape outside of this region.At every 15 min,roads to connect each cluster and the escape route were established.
19: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (4)ESCAPE ROUTE
(a)
(b)
5km
5km
20: FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE (4)ESCAPE ROUTE
(c)
15 min walking circle
road to connect escape route and cluster is given at every 15 min walking circle
21: NEXT STEP
[DIRECTON FOR TERM3]
Buffer zone not only increases safety, greenary and public space for the vil-lages and industries, it also functions as a future city boundary and place to generate city identities.
Creating township based on existing villages and infrastructure reduces transportation cost of the industry and labour. At the same time, it cre-ates mix land use, dynamic land-scape and help to reserve agriculture lands.