aamc mcat test 9 a

5/21/2018 aamc mcat test 9 a

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9R SOLUTIONS FROM AAMC

Physical Sciences

1.1. A solution contains 0.1 M Mg2+(aq), 0.1 M Ca2+(aq), and 0.1 M Sr2+(aq). Allthree ions can be precipitated if hich to reagents are added to the solution!

A ) "eagents 1 and 2#

) "eagents 1 and $

Mg2+ can be precipitated fro% a solution of "eagent 1 onl&. Ca2+ can beprecipitated fro% a solution of reagents $ or ', and Sr2+ can be precipitated fro% asolution of reagents 2, $, or '. All three ions can be precipitated fro% a solutioncontaining "eagent 1 and reagents $ or '. he ions ill precipitate fro% a solutioncontaining reagents 1 and $. hus, # is the best anser.

C) "eagents 2 and $

) "eagents 2 and '

Solution

*uess2. A test tube contains 2 % of 0.1 M Ca2+(aq). A precipitate ill %ost liel&for% if hich of the folloing reagents is added to the tube!

A) 1.0 M -Cl(aq)

# ) 1.0 M a/-(aq)

C) 1.0 M -2S/'(aq)

) 1.0 M a2C/$(aq)

Ca2+ for%s a precipitate hen either "eagent $, a solution of (-')2C2/', or"eagent ', a solution of (-')2C/$, is added to the Ca(/$)2 solution. A precipitateould for% hen a solution of a2C/$ is added. a2C/$, lie (-')2C/$, is asource of C/$2 and its addition ould result in the for%ation of the insoluble CaC/$.

hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess$. he students added "eagent 2 to a test tube containing 0.1 M Ca2+(aq) and0.1 M Sr2+(aq). hich of the folloing procedures ill best enable the students torecoer a fairl& pure sa%ple of SrS/'(s) fro% this %i3ture!

A


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) Alloing the ater to eaporate and collecting the solid that re%ains inthe tube

#) 4ouring the %i3ture through a 5lter, collecting the insoluble substance,

and alloing the ater to eaporate fro% the insoluble substance

hen "eagent 2 is added to the Ca2+ solution, the resulting solution is clear. hen"eagent 2 is added to the Sr2+ solution, a hite precipitate is generated. 6t follosthat after the addition of "eagent 2 to a solution containing Ca2+ and Sr2+, theCa2+ ould re%ain in the solution and the Sr2+ ould precipitate out as SrS/'. 4ureSrS/' could be obtained b& isolating the solid b& 5ltration and alloing the ater toeaporate fro% the solid. hus, # is the best anser.

C) 4ouring the %i3ture through a 5lter, collecting the 5ltrate containing

the soluble substance, then alloing the ater to eaporate fro% the 5ltrate

) Adding "eagent $, pouring the %i3ture through a 5lter, collecting the5ltrate containing the soluble substance, and alloing the ater to eaporate fro%the 5ltrate

Solution

*uess'. he infor%ation in able 1 suggests that hich of the folloing substances hasthe s%allest 7sp!

A) MgS/'

#) MgC2/'

C) CaS/'

) CaC2/'

he s%aller the 7sp of a substance, the loer the solubilit& of the substance. MgS/',MgC2/', and CaS/' all re%ain dissoled, but CaC2/' does not. herefore, CaC2/'has the loest solubilit& and the s%allest 7sp. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess8. A solution contains either Ca2+(aq) or Sr2+(aq). hich of the folloingactions ill best enable the students to identif& the ion in the solution!

A) 4erfor%ing a 9a%e test

#


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) Adding "eagent 1

C) Adding "eagent 2

hen "eagent 2 is added to the Ca2+ solution, the resulting solution is clear. hen

"eagent 2 is added to the Sr2+ solution, a hite precipitate for%s. he students illbe able to deter%ine hich ion is present b& adding "eagent 2. hus, C is the bestanser.

) Adding "eagent $

Solution

*uess:. hich of the folloing graphs best illustrates ho charge accu%ulates on theplates of the capacitor after the sitch is closed!

A )

#)

As ti%e increases, charging %ust increase as ell. ;urther, the charging of acapacitor is an e3ponentiall& decreasing process that %ust reach a constant alueafter a long ti%e. he graph in # %ost clearl& shos this behaior. hus, # is the bestanser.C

)

)

Solution

*uesslectrical force depends on the particle?s charge and the strength of the electric 5elde3perienced b& the particle, not on the particle?s speed. hus, # is the best anser.

C) increase b& a factor of 2.

) increase b& a factor of '.


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Solution*uess@. Maing hich of the folloing changes to a circuit ele%ent ill increase thecapacitance of the capacitor described in the passage!

A

) "eplacing the 800B resistor ith a 280B resistor

#) "eplacing the 10 batter& ith a 20 batter&

C) 6ncreasing the separation of the capacitor plates

) 6ncreasing the area of the capacitor plates

Capacitance C depends on geo%etric factors onl&, and in the case of parallel plates,C is proportional to the plate area and inersel& proportional to the separation

distance of the plates. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uessD. A charged particle ith a %ass of % and a charge of q is inEected %ida&beteen the plates of a capacitor that has a unifor% electric 5eld of >. hat is theacceleration of this particle due to the electric 5eld!

A) >qF%

he force on the charge is q> and force is also %a. Setting q> G %a and soling foracceleration a &ields

hus, A is the best anser.

#) >%Fq

C) %qF>

) >%q

Solution

*uess10. Another capacitor, identical to the original, is added in series to the circuitdescribed in the passage. Co%pared to the original circuit, the equialentcapacitance of the ne circuit is=

A) 1F2 as great.


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hen in series, capacitors C1 and C2 add b& the inerse rule

herefore, if C1 G C2 G C, then

hus, A is the best anser.

#) the sa%e.

C) 2 ti%es as great.

) ' ti%es as great.

Solution

*uess

11. hich of the folloing best describes the %otion of a negatiel& chargedparticle after it has been inEected beteen the plates of a charged, parallelplatecapacitor! (ote= Assu%e that the area beteen the plates is a acuu%.)

A) 6t %oes ith constant speed toard the positie plate.

#) 6t %oes ith constant speed toard the negatie plate.

C) 6t accelerates toard the positie plate.

/pposites attract, so the negatiel& charged particle ill %oe toard the positieplate. #ecause there is a constant force q> on the particle, it ill accelerate toardthe positie plate. hus, C is the best anser.

) 6t accelerates toard the negatie plate.

Solution

*uess12. hat t&pe of inter%olecular interaction can >/- undergo ith ater thatM#> can /!

A) an der aals

#) ipoledipole

C) -&drogen bonding


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he /- group in >/- gies >/- the capabilit& of donating h&drogen bonds toater. M#> is incapable of donating h&drogen bonds to ater. hus, C is the bestanser.

) Coalent bonding

Solution

*uess1$. he for%ation of one %ole of hich o3&genate shon in able 1 releases the%ost energ&!

A) >/-

#) M#>

C ) >#>

) AM>

he for%ation of 1 %ol of AM> gies oH the %ost energ&, :@0 I. hus, is the bestanser.

Solution

*uess1'.

hat are the coeJcients for o3&gen and carbon dio3ide, respectiel&, if the equationshon belo is balanced!

1C-$/C-$(K ) + ! /2(g) L -2/(g) + ! C/2(g)

A) 2 and 1

#) 2 and 2

C) $ and 1

) $ and 2

he si3 h&drogen ato%s in C-$/C-$ on the left side of the equation %ust bebalanced b& giing -2/ on the right side of the equation a coeJcient of $. he tocarbon ato%s in C-$/C-$ on the left side of the equation %ust be balanced b&


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giing C/2 on the right side of the equation a coeJcient of 2. o, the seen o3&genato%s on the right side of the equation %ust be balanced b& giing /2 on the leftside of the equation a coeJcient of $. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess18. hich of the folloing nono3&genated analogs of M#> is %ost liel& to %i%icM#> in its antinoc properties!

A) C'-DSi(C-$)$

#) C'-D(C-$)2

C) C'-DSC-$

#ecause sulfur is in the sa%e group as o3&gen in the periodic table, these ele%entsshare %an& characteristics and it ould be e3pected that replacing the / in M#>ith S ould result in a co%pound that ould %ost liel& %i%ic the antinocproperties of M#>. hus, C is the best anser.

) C'-D4(C-$)2

Solution

*uess1:. he entrop& change for the co%bustion reaction of gasoline is ala&s greaterthan Nero because the=

A) nu%ber of gaseous %olecules in the products ala&s e3ceeds the

nu%ber of gaseous %olecules in the reactants.

>ntrop& is a %easure of disorder. *ases hae higher entropies than liquids, andliquids hae higher entropies than solids. he entrop& of a reaction increases if thenu%ber of %oles of gaseous products e3ceeds the nu%ber of %oles of gaseousreactants. hus, A is the best anser.

#) enthalp& change is ala&s positie.

C) te%perature of the co%bustion is ala&s %ore than 100OC.

) free energ& change is ala&s positie.

Solution

*uess1


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A) M#>

#) >/-

he greater the apor pressure, the greater the rate of eaporation. >/- has thehighest apor pressure at 28PC. hus, # is the best anser.

C) >#>

) AM>

Solution

*uess1@. 6f one %ole of each additie shon in able 1 undergoes co%pleteco%bustion, hich co%pound requires the least a%ount of o3&gen!

A) M#>

#) >/-

he co%pound ith the loest carbontoo3&gen ratio ill require the least a%ountof o3&gen for co%bustion. >/- has onl& to carbon ato%s and one o3&gen ato%.

hus, # is the best anser.

C) >#>

) AM>

Solution

*uess1D. A collection of an unspeci5ed nu%ber of neighboring gas colu%ns, or pipes,can reasonabl& be used to represent the la&er of a star in hich pressure aesoccur because the=

A) har%onic frequencies of a pipe are independent of its dia%eter.


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he passage gies the relationship beteen frequenc& and pipe geo%etr& and shosit being dependent on length onl&. his %aes A correct and # incorrect. C iseli%inated because the elocit& is e3plicitl& gien as a function of gas densit&. isincorrect because gas densit& falls ith height. hus, A is the best anser.

#) har%onic frequencies of a pipe are independent of its length.

C) speed of sound in gas con5ned to a pipe is independent of gas densit&.

) speed of sound propagating upard against grait& decreases ith

height.

Solution

*uess20. As an aid in identif&ing the arious resonant pressureae frequencies in theSun and stars, one can use the fact that=

A) the opplershifted light is easil& recogniNed, being polariNed in a a&

that is characteristic of h&drogen.

#) the opplershifted light stands out, being steadier in intensit& than

the unshifted light e%issions that acco%pan& it.

C) resonant frequencies are ala&s separated b& incre%ents that are

equal to a basic nu%ber %ultiplied b& an integer.

/nl& C is gien as a possibilit& in the passage, na%el&, the quantiNation of theresonant frequencies. his is in fact the basis for the analog& to the pipe. hus, C isthe best anser.

) resonant frequencies in h&drogen gas depend strongl& on its degree of

gas ioniNation, hich, in turn, depends on te%perature.

Solution

*uess21. 6n the neer obserational technique discussed, one %aes use of the factthat=

A) the h&drogen gas in the obsered stellar at%ospheres is co%pletel&

ioniNed.


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#) stellar at%ospheres are open to space, so that pressure and

te%perature are independent of olu%e.

C

) pressure aes in stars propagate upard er& slol&, generall& atabout 1 %Fs.

) light is absorbed or e%itted heneer electrons %oe fro% one energ&

leel to another.

his ite% is fairl& subtle in that onl& is correct based on the passage. he gas is inan e3cited state but not co%pletel& ioniNed, %aing A incorrect. # is entirel&incorrect, and C is true onl& for the gas elocit&, not for the pressure ae elocit&.


Solution

*uess22. he surface te%perature of one of the obsered stars is :000 7. he fractionof its surface h&drogen ato%s haing electrons in energ& leel 2 then increases b&ho %uch for each 1 7 te%perature rise!

A) (:001F8DDD): 1.002, so 2 parts in 1000

#) (:001F:000): 1.001, so 1 part in 1000

he passage states that the population increases ith :. ;or an initial surfacete%perature of :000 7, an increase in 1 7 %ust result in a population increase that isthe ratio of the ne te%perature to the old te%perature raised to the :th poer


C) (2


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#) /3&gen lacs d orbitals.

C

) -2/ has a loer %olecular eight.

) -2/ is %ore olatile.

Solution

*uess2'.

-o do the pressures 4 and 4% co%pare, %easured at the botto% of to identical

containers 5lled to the leels shon in the 5gure ith ater and %ercur&! (ote=ensit& of ater G 1 gFc%$Q densit& of %ercur& G 1' gFc%$.)

A) 4% G 24

#) 4% G


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) 1000 F%2

) 1200 F%2

4ressure is gien b& (densit&) R g R (height) if densit& does not change. his is

appro3i%atel& true for s%all at%ospheric height diHerences, such as 100 %. hepressure diHerence ill be gien b&

(densit&) R g R (change in height)

or (1.2)(10)(100) G 1200 F%2. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess2:. hat is the p- of a .001 M a/- solution!

A

) .001

#) $

C) O red

()

a+(aq) + e L a(s)

2.


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) 1s22s22p:$s2$p'

#) 1s22s22p:$s2$p8

C

) 1s22s22p:$s2$p:

6n aCl, chlorine e3ists as the chloride ion. A chloride ion has 1@ electrons ith theelectron con5guration 1s22s22p:$s2$p:. hus, C is the best anser.

) 1s22s22p:$s2$p''s

Solution

*uess8:. hich of the folloing state%ents could e3plain the frequentl& bluish color of>s!

A) Sodiu% salts are co%%on in the earth?s crust, and sodiu% e%issions

can be quite bright.

#) 6n transparent substances, dispersion eHects are in general greater for

longer aelengths.

C) he ultraiolet radiation is absorbed b& %olecules that then 9uoresce

at &et shorter aelengths.

) he ultraiolet radiation is absorbed b& %olecules that then 9uoresce

at &et longer aelengths.

is ph&sicall& possible (although 9uorescence does not li%it the light to being blue),and so it could e3plain the bluish color of >s. C cannot occur (energ& is notconsered), and options A (sodiu% e%its &ello, not blue) and # (shorteraelengths, not longer, are %ore aHected) are not reasonable. hus, is the bestanser.

Solution

*uess8


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#) the heat is carried on the adancing aefront.

C) the surrounding liquid is subEected to the sa%e co%pressional force.

) conection predo%inates oer other processes in liquids at ordinar&te%peratures.Solution

*uess8@. -eating of the apor bubbles occurs during the co%pression phase of thepassing aes in S because=

A) the heat of aporiNation of ater is high and seres as a barrier to the

eHect.

# ) constructie interference in the ae %otion is greater than at otherti%es.

C) or is being done on the apor bubbles b& forces e3ternal to the% at

that ti%e.

/nl& C %aes ph&sical sense. 6ndeed, the co%pression of the bubble %eans thator is being done on the bubbles, resulting in the apor bubbles absorbing heat astheir olu%e goes don. hus, C is the best anser.

) energ& propagates pri%aril& b& %eans of transerse aes at that

ti%e.

Solution

*uess8D. Ato%ic h&drogen has a characteristic spectral e%ission at a aelength of:.8: V 10< % that %ight contribute to >s. hat color is this characteristic -e%ission!

A) iolet

#) #lue

C) *reen

) "ed


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his requires straightforard noledge of the isible spectru%. he isible spectru%ranges fro% '00 to


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An ion consisting of a central %etal ion and si3 ligands is e3pected to hae anoctahedral geo%etr&. hus, A is the best anser.

#) etrahedral

C ) rigonal bip&ra%idal

) -e3agonal

Solution

*uess:$. Appro3i%atel& ho %uch Al2/$ is required to %ae 100 g of Al!

A) 800 g

# ) 200 g

>quation ' shos that ' %ol Al is produced fro% 2 %ol Al2/$.

100,000 g Al V (1 %ol AlF2< g Al) V (2 %ol Al2/$F' %ol Al) V (102 gF%ol Al2/$) G1@@.D g Al2/$


C) @0 g

) 80 g

Solution

*uess:'. 6n the reaction shon in >quation 1, Al(/-)$ acts as hat ind of acid orbase!

A) eis acid

6n the reaction shon in >quation 1, the Al in Al(/-)$ accepts an electron pair fro%the /- of a/- and is therefore acting as a eis acid. hus, A is the best anser.

#) eis base


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C) #rnsted acid

) #rnsted base

Solution

*uess:8. At hich electrode is alu%inu% produced in a galanic cell and in anelectrol&tic cell!

A) At the anode in both cells

#

) At the cathode in both cells

"eduction of the Al$+ to for% Al(s) occurs at the cathode both in a galanic and in anelectrol&tic cell. hus, # is the best anser.

C) At the anode in the galanic cell and cathode in the electrol&tic cell

) At the cathode in the galanic cell and anode in the electrol&tic cell

Solution

*uess::. 6n the reaction shon in >quation 2, three %oles of Al(/-)$ is che%icall&equialent to hat olu%e of C/2(g) %easured at 1 at% and 0OC!

A) 11.2

#) 1:.@

C) 22.'

) $$.:

6n >quation 2, 2 %ol Al(/-)$ is produced fro% 1 %ol C/2. 6t follos that $ %olAl(/-)$ is produced fro% 1.8 %ol C/2. At 1 at% and 0PC, the olu%e of 1.8 %ol C/2is (22.' F 1 %ol) V 1.8 %ol G $$.: . hus, is the best anser.

Solution


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*uess:


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#) 4arallel ra&s in and out

C) "e9ected ra&s dierging

) ierging ra&s

>ach light ra& ill refract at each surface of the lens and ill increasingl& diergefro% the others because of the shape of each surface, so onl& dierging ra&s canresult. hus, is the best anser.Solution

*uess


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) is absorbed and ree%itted b& the nucleus of the %aterial in theopticall& dense %ediu%.

C) bounces around rando%l& inside of the opticall& dense %ediu% before

e%erging.

) loses a%plitude as it passes through the opticall& dense %ediu%.

Solution

*uess


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Solution

*uess


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folloing e3pressions equals the frictional force ; hen the bloc %oes ith aconstant speed!

A)

# )

C) sin q

) cos q

#ecause the obEect %oes at a constant speed, the net force on the obEect is Nero. 6nthe horiNontal direction the su% of the forces %ust be Nero. his ill occur if thehoriNontal co%ponent of , cos , has the sa%e %agnitude as the frictional force ;.


Solution

*uess


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&re represents]the characteristic icti% of a %aledo%inated societ&^. 6t is further aug%ented b&the passage author?s reference to irginia oolfe?s discussion of ho certain of theolder generic and st&listic for%s of riting are unsuited to o%en and ho the noelas ne enough to be a%enable to o%en?s use.

Solution

*uess@0. he author asserts that the noelist Iean "h&s=

A) reored the character of #ertha in a a& no %ale riter could hae.

he passage author reinforces this point ith the folloing co%%ent= ]here is, 6 feel,no %ale noelist ho could hae piced up the thread of #ertha?s e3istence andturned it into an e%ble%, as Iean "h&s didQ and here alone e note the a& thefe%ale noelist can perceie aspects of e3perience that re%ain (at least in our era)outside the reach of the %ale riter. "eading bac fro% "h&s, e e3perience Iane>&re diHerentl&^.

Solution

*uess@1. he author suggests that #ertha?s i%prison%ent in the upper reaches of

horn5eld=

1. could hae been e3plored equall& ell b& %ale or fe%ale noelists. 2. proided Iean "h&s ith an archet&pal s&%bol of the plight of o%en. $. functioned for Charlotte #ront pri%aril& as a plot deice.

) 66 and 666 onl&

he passage author co%%ents that, according to "h&s?s ie, ]#ertha?s plight is%ore archet&picall& fe%ale than Iane?s, b& far, because Iane is %oing in a fair& taleof sorts in hich ele%ents &ield to her, hereas #ertha has %oed in the real orldof poer^. #ertha also functions as a plot deice and ]is presented as the ele%entthat %ust be eli%inated in order for "ochester and Iane to co%plete their destin&together^. he passage author goes on to suggest that this as deter%ined b& thegenre= ]#ecause Charlotte #ronte as riting a ro%ance, #ertha could beco%ee3pendable^.


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@2. According to the passage, irginia oolf belieed the noel as %ore suitableto o%en riters than as the epic or the poetic pla& because the=

A) noel as a %ore recent and thus %ore 9e3ible genre.

he passage author refers to irginia oolfe?s discussion in A "oo% of /ne?s /n ofthe suitabilit& for o%en of certain sentences ritten b& %en along ith olderliterar& for%s such as the epic and poetic pla&. he author quotes irginia oolfe asfollos= ]ATll the older for%s of literature ere hardened and set b& the ti%e shebeca%e a riter. he noel alone as &oung enough to be soft in her hands^.

@$. 6n order for the process described in paragraph $ to occur, thete%perature of ice cr&stals in a cloud %ust be higher than that of=

) the supercooled droplets.

he author notes that ice cr&stals eaporate the supercooled dropletQ therefore, itlogicall& follos that the ice cr&stals ould need to be ar%er for this process to

occur.

@'. According to the passage, a cloud is for%ed hen=C

) hu%idit& turns a large nu%ber of dust particles into ater droplets.

-igh relatie hu%idit& is a e& factor in cloud for%ation= ]hen the relatiehu%idit& is high, ater apor condenses on %an& particles and begins to for%droplets. . . . An actual cloud %aterialiNes hen hu%idit& reaches a certain criticalalue hich turns %ost of the dust particles into ater droplets^.

@8. /n the sole basis of the passage, one could conclude that it %ight bepossible to reduce the rainfall in a region b&=

#) decreasing the nu%ber of particles in the air.

he a%ount of ater condensing on dust particles in the air and for%ing cloudsaccounts for rain, according to the passage= ]An actual cloud %aterialiNes henhu%idit& reaches a certain critical alue hich turns %ost of the dust particlesinto ater droplets. Znder the right conditions, the cloud droplets co%bine rapidl&into raindrops. . . .^. Another theor& is that large dust nuclei seep up the s%allerones and gro into the siNe of a raindrop= ]A cloud ill produce rain, according tothis theor&, hen it contains suJcient %oisture and a suitable nu%ber of giantnuclei^. According to both theories, it logicall& follos that a decreased nu%ber ofparticles in the air ould decrease the chances for rain.

@:. he passage assertion that salt is largel& responsible for rainfall fro% ar%clouds is based on eidence that=

1. salt particles are spread throughout the at%osphere. 2. the a%ount of salt in rainfall is related to the a%ount of salt carried inland fro%the sea. $. the nu%ber of drops per unit olu%e in rain oer the sea is si%ilar to that of saltparticles in ocean air.

) 6, 66, and 666


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he passage indicates that all three of these conditions e3ist= salt particles arespread throughout the at%osphereQ ]there is a statistical eidence of arelationship beteen the a%ount of salt carried inland fro% the sea and thea%ount of salt in our rainfall^Q and a 5nding indicates that ]the nu%ber of dropsper unit olu%e in rain oer the sea is about the sa%e as the nu%ber of salt

particles in the ocean air^.

@:. hich of the folloing state%ents %ost strongl& challenges the author?sassertions about the a& raindrops are for%ed in clouds at subfreeNingte%peratures!

C) o ice cr&stals are present in the upper regions of clouds at high

altitudes.

According to one theor& proposed b& the author, if ice cr&stals are present, the&absorb the supercooled ater droplets, alloing the% to gro to a large siNe and fallas either sno or rain. #ecause ice cr&stals are a e& to the process described b& this

theor&, an absence of ice cr&stals in the upper regions of clouds at high altitudesould seriousl& challenge this theor&.

@@. Assu%e that a particular inland region in a ar% cli%ate receies a great dealof rain. *ien the infor%ation in the passage, hich of the folloing proposede3planations of this pheno%enon is the >AS plausible!

A) here is er& little ind oer the region.

According to the passage, salt particles act as nuclei that are instru%ental in thefor%ation of raindrops and precipitation. ind is indicated in the passage as beinginstru%ental in carr&ing salt particles oer land. herefore, a lac of ind oer theregion %aes it far less liel& that the rainproducing salt particles ould be carriedinland.

Solution

*uess@D. he passage suggests that the e3a%ple of an eighteenthcentur&

A%erican businessperson ho succeeded in a co%petitie %aret but did/ 5t co%fortabl& into a selfgoerning societ& ould best support theie of=

#) de ocqueille.

6n co%%enting about ho Crecoeur failed to see ]that a purel& econo%icperson ould be as unsuited to a selfgoerning societ& as ould the ranboundsubEect of traditional regi%es^, the author suggests that de ocqueille ]gae a%uch %ore adequate ie^. he author later speci5es ho de ocqueille ieedthe purel& econo%ic %an b& co%%enting that de ocqueille ]appreciated theco%%ercial and entrepreneurial spirit in the Z.S.T . . . but sa it as hainga%biguous and proble%atic i%plications for the future of A%erican freedo%^.

D0. According to the passage, de ocqueille thought that the e& to A%erica?ssuccess as a republic as its=


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) citiNens? %oral and intellectual dispositions.

he author points out that de ocqueille belieed that %ores (%oeurs), the ]habitsof the heart,^ shaped the %ental habits and the %oral and intellectual dispositionthat contributed the %ost to the A%erican character.

D1. he passage suggests that de ocqueille?s anal&sis of A%erica %ight haebeen %ore accurate than Crecoeur?s because de ocqueille possessed=#

) a belief in republican principles.

e ocqueille?s belief in republican principles is underscored b& the author?sdiscussion of ho %ores, %ore than een las or ph&sical circu%stances, contributedto %aintaining the A%erican de%ocratic republic. he author further %aintains thatthis is a fuller, %ore ]adequate ie^ than Crecoeur?s= ]e ocqueilleT added toCrecoeur?s earlier setch a %ore penetrating and co%ple3 understanding of thene societ&, infor%ed b& republican conictions and a deep sensitiit& to the place ofreligion in hu%an life^.

D1. According to passage infor%ation, hich of the folloing factors ould bethe best e3a%ple of the ]%ores^ of hich de ocqueille speas ine%ocrac& in A%erica!

C) "eligious faith

he author notes that de ocqueille as infor%ed b& ]a deep sensitiit& to theplace of religion in hu%an life^. 6t %a& then be reasonable to conclude thatreligious faith %a& be one of the factors infor%ing the %ores that de ocqueillesa as shaping A%erican life and %aintaining it as a de%ocratic republic.

D$. According to the passage, the opti%is% of ;rench >nlighten%ent scholars ascalled into question b&=

1. the econo%ic deelop%ent of A%ericans. 2. the ;rench "eolution and its after%ath. $. conditions in >nglish %ill tons.

C) 66 and 666 onl&

6n discussing de ocqueille?s ies, the author is e3plicit on this point= ];or deocqueille, the opti%is% of the >nlighten%ent had been te%pered b& thee3perience of the ;rench "eolution and its after%ath, and the prophecies of theearl& political econo%ists ere 5nding an alar%ingl& negatie ful5ll%ent in theindustrial infernos of >nglish %ill tons^.

D'. /n the basis of the passage, a co%parison of Crecoeur?s and deocqueille?s ies of A%erica %ight reasonabl& lead to the conclusionthat=

#) de ocqueille as so%ehat %ore pessi%istic than Crecoeur about

A%erica?s future.


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Crecoeur based his opti%is% on the entrepreneurial spirit and self%ade, selfreliant qualities of the A%erican ]>cono%ic #eing,^ hich the author calls ]ane%ancipated, enlightened indiidual con5dentl& directing energies toard theeniron%ent, both natural and social, ai%ing to ring fro% it a co%fortablehappiness^. -oeer, the author points out that Crecoeur could not see hat%an& A%ericans of his ti%e sa, na%el&, ]that a purel& econo%ic person ould be

unsuited to a selfgoerning societ&. . . .^. e ocqueille found reason for pessi%is%here Crecoeur found reason for opti%is%= ]e ocqueilleT appreciated theco%%ercial and entrepreneurial spirit that Crecoeur had e%phasiNed but sa it ashaing a%biguous and proble%atic i%plications for the future of A%erican freedo%^.

D8. hich of the folloing conclusions can Eusti5abl& be dran fro% the passage!

1. Crecoeur belieed that econo%ic adance%ent as lined to indiidual selfinterest. 2. e ocqueille belieed that under%ining A%erican %ores ould threaten thecountr&?s free institutions. $. Crecoeur and de ocqueille both predicted a sift de%ise for the A%ericane3peri%ent.

C) 6 and 66 onl&

he author co%%ents that Crecoeur sa econo%ic ellbeing as ti%ed to therational, selfinterested indiidual. he author quotes Crecoeur as follos= ] -erethe reards of the A%erican?sT industr& follo ith equal steps the progress of hislabourQ his labour is founded on the basis of nature, selfinterestQ can it ant astronger allure%ent?^! he author states that de ocqueille stressed ho A%erican%ores ]had been the e& to the A%ericans? success . . . and that under%iningA%erican %ores as the %ost certain road to under%ining the free institutions of theZnited States^.

D:. According to the passage, the reason the a MoEarra riting s&ste% is thoughtto hae been %ore phonetic than the Ma&an s&ste% is that=

A) feer gl&phs ere used in the a MoEarra riting s&ste%.

he author points out= ]he a MoEarra (/l%ec) language %a& hae feer signs thanMa&a and %a& thus represent an een %ore phonetic, less logographic s&ste%^.

D


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4assage infor%ation %aes no indication that the ANtecs deeloped their onriting s&ste% hereas the author indicates that inscriptions on %onu%entsproided eidence for the si%ilarities beteen Ma&an and ANtec ciiliNations asblood& and arlie societies. 6n this sense, the passage %aes a distinctionbeteen the ANtecs and the Ma&a b& referring onl& to the Ma&a as haing had ariting s&ste%.

DD. According to the passage, the lateClassic Ma&an collapse probabl&occurred during hich of the folloing ti%e periods!

) After A.. D00

he passage notes= ]#ecause %onu%ent caring ceased, as far as e no, afterA.. D0D, e %a& neer hae a reealing record of the collapse of Ma&anciiliNationT. . . ^. *ien this infor%ation, it logicall& follos that the collapse ofMa&an ciiliNation ould hae occurred so%eti%e after A.. D00 or, %orespeci5call&, after A.. D0D.

100. hich of the folloing state%ents, if true, ould best support the ie that

Ma&an ciiliNation as peaceful and conte%platie, gien the recent translations ofMa&an gl&phs discussed in the passage!

A) Ma&an depictions of arfare and iolent rites ere purel& s&%bolic.

he fact that the depiction of arfare and blood& rites as purel& s&%bolic ouldindicate that in actual practice Ma&an ciiliNation found less iolent %eans ofcarr&ing out rituals, %aintaining authorit&, and resoling feuds.

100. he central argu%ent of the passage is that the agrarian %&th=#

) is a senti%ental representation of the role that agriculture pla&ed inA%erican life.

he author discusses ho the agrarian %&th re9ects a senti%ental notion ofA%erican rural life= ]A%ericans ere raised ith a senti%ental attach%ent torural liing thatT represents a ind of ho%age that A%ericans hae paid to thefancied innocence of their origins . he author also notes that this senti%entalie relates to a conception of the &eo%an far%er as a ind of hero horepresents the ideal %an and ideal citiNen. his %&th appeared to A%ericans ]asthe ictor& of a band of e%battled far%ers oer an e%pire . . . thatT see%ed tocon5r% the %oral and ciic superiorit& of the &eo%an, %ade the far%er a s&%bolof the ne nation, and oe the agrarian %&th into its patriotic senti%ents andrepublican idealis%^.

102. he passage suggests that the agrarian %&th originated=

A) in literature.

he author points out= ]6n origin the agrarian %&th as not a popular but aliterar& idea . . .^.

10$. #ased on the passage, the agrarian %&th assu%es that=


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1. &eo%an far%ers are holeso%e and honest. 2. &eo%an far%ers are %orall& superior to %ost citiNens. $. agriculture deseres special treat%ent fro% the goern%ent.

) 6, 66, and 666

6n describing the &eo%an, the author co%%ents= ]he &eo%an . . . as theincarnation of the si%ple, honest, independent, health&, happ& hu%an being.#ecause he lied in close co%%union ith bene5cent nature, his life as belieed tohae a holeso%eness and integrit& i%possible for the depraed populations ofcities^. he author discusses ho the perception that the A%erican "eolutionrepresented ]the ictor& of a band of e%battled far%ers oer an e%pire, see%ed tocon5r% the %oral and ciic superiorit& of the &eo%an, %ade the far%er a s&%bol ofthe ne nation, and oe the agrarian %&th into its patriotic senti%ents andrepublican idealis%^. he author also points out that these qualities conferredspecial status and consideration upon the &eo%an far%er= ]Znstinted praise of thespecial irtues of the far%er and the special alues of rural life as coupled ith theassertion that agriculture, as a calling uniquel& productie and uniquel& i%portant tosociet&, had a special right to the concern and protection of goern%ent^.

Solution

10'. #ased on the passage, the agrarian %&th beca%e part of a %ass creedbecause=

#) far%ers ere credited ith haing pla&ed a %aEor role in the A%erican

ictor& in the "eolutionar& ar.

6n discussing ho the agrarian %&th shifted fro% the upper classes to beco%e part ofthe ]%ass creed^ in the earl& nineteenth centur&, the author co%%ents= ]he rootsof this change %a& be found as far bac as the A%erican "eolution hich,appearing to %an& A%ericans as the ictor& of a band of e%battled far%ers oer ane%pire, see%ed to con5r% the %oral and ciic superiorit& of the &eo%an, %ade thefar%er a s&%bol of the ne nation, and oe the agrarian %&th into its patrioticsenti%ents and republican idealis%^.

108. According to the passage, the agrarian %&th i%plied that &eo%anfar%ers ere=

) happ& and industrious.

he author attributes the happiness of the &eo%an far%er to his holeso%e a& oflife= ]he &eo%an . . . as the incarnation of the si%ple, honest, independent,health&, happ& hu%an being. #ecause he lied in close co%%union ith bene5centnature, his life as belieed to hae a holeso%eness and integrit& i%possible forthe depraed populations of cities^. he author also discusses ho the productiit&of the far%er entitled agriculture to a priileged position in societ& orth& of specialconsideration fro% the goern%ent. >en hen independent far%ers turned toco%%ercial far%ing in the nineteenth centur&, ]tThe& ere a hardoring lot in theold tradition^. #& ]old tradition,^ the author %eans the independent &eo%an far%erof the eighteenth centur&


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10:. hich of the folloing assertions, if true, ould %ost eaen the %ainpoint of the passage!

C) he agrarian %&th pla&ed a part in the thining of onl& a handful of

A%ericans during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

his infor%ation contradicts the author?s assertion that the agrarian %&th ]asclearl& for%ulated and al%ost uniersall& accepted in A%erica during the last half ofthe eighteenth centur&^.

10


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contesting the ground ith another, een stronger idealthe notion of opportunit&,of career, of the self%ade %an^.

110. he passage suggests that the sa%e forces that encouraged theequalitarian the%e in the agrarian %&th led to the=

C ) e%ergence of an unprecedented entrepreneurial Neal.he author states= ]he sa%e forces in A%erican life that had gien to theequalitarian the%e in the agrarian ro%ance its %ost co%pelling appeal had alsounleashed in the nation an entrepreneurial Neal probabl& ithout precedent inhistor&, a rage for business, for pro5ts, for opportunit&, for adance%ent^ (lines


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11'. hich of the folloing passage contentions %ight it be possible to refute b&clear countere3a%ples!

#

) 666 onl&

Concrete eidence refuting this state%ent could be found b& research into thehistorical record, hich could potentiall& reeal that factors other than aggressionere instru%ental in the founding of great nations.

118. So%e research into unconscious %otiation suggests that een apparentl&i%partial thought processes %a& be deepl& selfsering. hat is the releance of thisconsideration to the author?s argu%ent!

A) 6t eaens the distinction dran beteen ]ani%al^ and ]hu%an uses

of intelligence.

/ne of the e& passage argu%ents is that i%partial thought is characteristicall&hu%an and separates hu%an intelligence fro% its selfsering ani%al function.

he 5nding that een i%partial thought processes are selfsering blurs perhapseen eli%inates this distinction.11:. hich of the folloing research 5ndings ould under%ine the

argu%ent about the deelop%ent of colorord s&nesthesia!#

) Colorord s&nesthesia can deelop in literate adults.

According to the passage argu%ent, colorord s&nesthesia deelops hen achild is learning to rite and, thus, ]e%erges during a critical period of %a3i%u%plasticit& in the isual s&ste%, hen it is inoled in learning to lin letters ithsounds and strings of letters ith obEects . A 5nding that s&nesthesia cane%erge in a literate adult ould under%ine the argu%ent that s&nesthesiadeelops during a period of rapid learning and deelop%ent, that is, %a3i%u%plasticit&, in children.

11


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) dangerous predators on the basis of inco%plete isual infor%ation.

6n the absence of a positie identi5cation of a dangerous predator, it logicall&follos that the %ind ould need to be able to associate a certain color ith acertain shape as a arning of the probable presence of a predator. acing thisabilit&, a person ould not liel& respond to inco%plete infor%ation, but onl& to a

positie identi5cation, hich in the case of a predator could be too late.

11D. As the ord is used in the passage, a graphe%e is best described as=

) one of the units of a ritten ord.

he ord as it is used here follos a discussion of ho the s&nesthetic lin ]is notbeteen %eaning and color, or sound and color, but beteen the isual appearanceof the 5rst letter of the ord and color^. he e3a%ple gien is that the ordsphotograph and palladiu% ould eoe the sa%e s&nesthetic e3perience hereas5sh and photograph ould not. herefore, it can be inferred fro% this discussion thatthe ord graphe%e refers to one of the units of a ritten ord, na%el&, the isualele%ent of letters.

120. hich of the folloing pheno%ena is an e3a%ple of s&nesthesia!#

) -earing a loud note hen seeing the ord tru%pet

As e3plained in the passage, s&nesthesia is distinguished b& the abilit& of onesense e3perience to eoe the perception of another sense e3perience. 6n thise3a%ple, the ord tru%pet eoes the actual perception of a loud note.

121. hich of the folloing conclusions about atin is a logical inference fro% thepassage!

C) >t can %ean both een and too.

his inference can be %ade on the basis that the atin phrase >t in Arcadia egoas gra%%aticall& translated as ]>en in Arcad&, there a% 6,^ and that thetranslation as changed in the case of 4oussin?s oure painting to ]6, too, lied inArcad&.^ he author co%%ents= ]hus 4oussin hi%self, hile %aing no erbalchange in the inscription, inites, al%ost co%pels, the beholder to %istranslate itb& relating the ego to a dead person and b& connecting et ith ego instead ofith Arcadia^. hen et is connected ith ego in the later %istranslation, itbeco%es too, and hen it is connected ith Arcadia it beco%es een.

122. Suppose that a painting contained ords ith no apparent releance to thescene depicted. he passage suggests that in discussing this painting, thepassage author ould be %ost liel& to=

C) interpret the ords on the basis of the scene.

hen 4oussin re%oed the death?shead and retained the atin phrase >t in Arcadiaego, the ords originall& attributed to the death?shead, the ieer is forced toattribute the ords to the to%b or the dead person inside the to%b and to%istranslate the atin phraseQ thus, the ieer is forced to interpret the ords on thebasis of the scene.


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12$. #& the end of the eighteenth centur&, the inscription on 4oussin?s secondArcadia painting as translated as ]>en in Arcad&, there a% 6^ onl& in>ngland. 6n conEunction ith passage infor%ation, this fact %ost strongl&i%plies that in co%parison ith other >uropeans, the >nglish ere=

) %ore in9uenced b& the *uercino painting.

"etention of the gra%%atical translation ould indicate that the >nglish ere %orein9uenced b& the *uercino painting because the translation relates directl& to it=]hen read according to the rules of atin gra%%ar (>en in Arcad&, there a% 6?),the phrase had been consistent and easil& intelligible as long as the ords could beattributed to a death?shead and as long as the shepherds ere suddenl& andfrighteningl& interrupted in their al. hese conditions are %anifestl& true of*uercino?s painting . . .^.

12'. Suppose that hen 4oussin?s oure painting is cleaned, a sull isdiscoered on the to%b. his discoer& %eans that the author?s thesis about thispainting=

C ) is less plausible.

he author?s thesis ould be less plausible because the ieer ould then haeto reconsider the possibilit& that the atin phrase could be attributed to thedeath?shead. -oeer, the thesis ould still retain so%e plausibilit& because theshepherds in the later painting ould still be engaged in cal% discussion andpensie conte%plation, rather than directl& engaged ith or accosted b& thedeath?shead as in the earlier paintings. his ould hold out the possibilit& thatthe role of the death?shead has been de%oted fro% an actie pla&er in thepainting to a for%aliNed or st&liNed decoratie obEect, but one that the ieer hasto consider in relation to the inscription.

128. According to the author, hich details of 4oussin?s oure painting support thebelief that it reeals his decision to reEect the %oraliNing tradition in art!

1. A classical to%b 2. A pagan rier god $. A s&%%etrical co%position

#) 666 onl&

he brea ith the %edieal %oraliNing tradition, as described in the passage, can beseen in ho the s&%%etrical arrange%ent of the group of shepherds on either side ofthe to%b eli%inates the %ore dra%atic portra&al of the shepherds entering fro% theleft and being une3pectedl& accosted b& the death?shead= ]6nstead of being checedin their progress b& an une3pected and terrif&ing pheno%enon, the& are absorbed incal% discussion and pensie conte%plation^.

12:. hat is the signi5cance to the passage argu%ent of the infor%ation that theshepherds are alread& at the to%b rather than approaching it!

A) 6t shos that the& are not surprised b& the re%inder of death.


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he author describes the oure painting as follos= ]6nstead of to or threeArcadians approaching fro% the left in a group, e hae four, s&%%etricall& arrangedon either side of a sepulchral %onu%ent. 6nstead of being checed in their progressb& an une3pected and terrif&ing pheno%enon, the& are absorbed in cal% discussionand pensie conte%plation . he author later co%%ents that the& are engaged inconte%plation of %ortalit& rather than being surprised in a dra%atic encounter ith

the death?shead.

12t in Arcadia ego.

12D. As used in the passage, the ter% elegiac is closest in %eaning to=

#) serenel& re9ectie.

he Arcadians in the second 4oussin painting are characteriNed as being ]absorbed incal% discussion and pensie conte%plation^ and engaged in ]a conte%platieabsorption in the idea of %ortalit&^. hese descriptions accord ith the %eaning ofelegiac as a state of ]serenel& re9ectie^ %ourning.

1$0. hat can be inferred fro% the passage about *uercino?s >t inArcadia ego painting!

#) 6t encourages a gra%%atical translation of the phrase.

4assage infor%ation e%phasiNes the ele%ents retained fro% the *uercino painting in4oussin?s 5rst painting. he author then goes on to discuss ho the 5rst paintinginites a gra%%atical translation of the atin phrase >t in Arcadia ego. herefore, itcan be reasonabl& inferred that the *uercino painting si%ilarl& inites a gra%%aticaltranslation because of the si%ilarities beteen it and the 5rst 4oussin painting.

1$1. he author apparentl& thins that societ& toda& plans for the futureb&=


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) e3tending the present situation through piece%eal innoations.

he author states= ]. . . The tendenc& during recent decades has been to li%itplanning to the here and no. he future is i%agined not as a reall& ne enture butas a %ere e3tension of the past^. his co%%ent reinforces an earlier obseration that

hat are called ]adances^ are si%pl& conditioned social re9e3es= ]e hae trainedour social re9e3es for technological adances,? hoeer triial their goals anddeleterious their longrange eHects. . . . The ord progress no %eans Eust %oingon, een though the forard %otion is on a road that leads to disaster or despair^.

1$2. hich of the folloing state%ents, if true, ould %ost eaen the author?sargu%ent about the a& societ& should plan for the future!

A) -aing a goal 5r%l& in %ind decreases the chances of achieing that

goal.

his state%ent, if true ould %ost eaen the author?s argu%ent because theauthor not onl& argues for haing a goal in %ind but haing %ultiple goals, thatis, ]%ultiple %odels of possible futures^ and that these goals %ust ]i%pl& alue

Eudg%ents as to hat is desirable or not, good or bad, and thus ineitabl& giedirection to the social and scienti5c enterprise^.

1$2. hich of the folloing factors is / part of the author?se3planation of the reason that utopian thining is nounfashionable!

) he failure of utopian social e3peri%ents in the nineteenth and earl&

tentieth centuries

he author %aes no reference to the failed social utopias in the nineteenth andearl& tentieth centuries. he reasons the author cites for h& utopias areunfashionable are lac of ]a stable ground of generall& accepted alues to proidethe hard foundation on hich to construct iable social s&ste%s, . . . the acceptanceb& %an& scientists and sociologists of the ie that the orld of science andtechnolog& sets its on arising ends? . . . and aT tired resignation to the i%peratiesof econo%ics and scienti5c technolog& along ith the collapse of the old%etaph&sics^.

1$'. 6%plicit in the author?s ideas about the future and the role of science is thebelief that Eudg%ents about hat is good or bad are=

) an appropriate part of scienti5c planning.

Concerning the need ]to construct %ultiple %odels of possible futures^, the authordiscusses ]causatie anticipations,^ that is, ho %odels of the future beco%e agentsof change. his discussion i%plies the need for science to %ae alue Eudg%entsrather than to si%pl& base the future on hat is possible, and it further i%plies that itis appropriate for science to do so= ]Causatie anticipations diHer fro% predictions inthat the future the& describe %ust not onl& be possible? but also e%bod&considerations of the desirable.? he& i%pl& alue Eudg%ents as to hat is desirableor not, good or bad, and thus ineitabl& gie a direction to the social and scienti5centerprise^.


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1$8. he author e3presses hope that societ& ill i%pose pressure on thescienti5c co%%unit& to create a better future as a result of=

) greater focus on science as an agent of change.

he author argues that b& %eans of ]causatie anticipations,^ the scienti5cco%%unit& ill beco%e an agent of change. he author co%%ents further= ]hesocial fer%ent that is beginning to agitate the co%%unit& of scientists gies hopethat hu%anit& still has a chance to control its destin& b& i%posing a direction on thescienti5c endeaor and, in particular, b& consciousl& planning the scienti5ctechnolog& that ill shape the %odern orld^.

1$:. As used in the passage, teleological %ost nearl& %eans=#

) purposie.

he author uses this ord in the conte3t of discussing ho hat is called]progress^ lacs purpose, hich the author ies as proble%atic= ]e hae

trained our social re9e3es for technological adances,? hoeer triial their goalsand deleterious their longrange eHects. 6nstead of cone&ing a teleologicalqualit&, the ord progress no %eans Eust %oing on, een though the forard%otion is on a road that leads to disaster or despair^.

1$


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) -or%ones

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& the class of substances that ould traelthrough the bloodstrea%, lining the brain ith the digestie tract. is the best

anser because %ost hor%ones trael fro% the endocrine gland in hich the& ereproduced, through the blood, to their target tissue. eurotrans%itters b& de5nitionare released at neural s&napses, although there are che%icals that act both ats&napses and lie hor%ones in the bloodstrea%. herefore, A is not the best anser.igestie enN&%es are found in the digestie tract, but the& do not trael through thebloodstrea%. herefore, # is incorrect. 4rotein receptors interact ith che%ical%essengers but are not the signal the%seles. herefore, C is not the best anser.


Solution

*uess1'1. hich gene ould produce a product that acts predo%inatel& on or in the cellin hich it is s&nthesiNed, ob or db!

A) db because it encodes a hor%one speci5c to fat cells

#) db because it encodes a hor%one receptor

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& hich gene ould produce a product thatacts predo%inantl& on or in the cell in hich it is s&nthesiNed. he gene ob codes forleptin, a peptide hor%one. he gene db codes for the leptin receptor, hich is locatedon the surface of the cell. A is incorrect because it states that the gene product of dbis a hor%one, but the product is actuall& the receptor. # is correct because it statesthat the gene product of db is a hor%one receptor, and hor%one receptors actpredo%inantl& on the cell in hich the& are produced. C is not the best anserbecause hor%ones are secreted fro% the cells in hich the& are produced and %osthor%ones act on distal tissues. is incorrect because ob encodes a hor%one thatould be secreted fro% the fat cells. hus, # is the best anser.

C) ob because it encodes a hor%one

) ob because it encodes a protein speci5c to fat cells

Solution

*uess


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1'2. hich state%ent(s) in the passage lin(s) leptin to eight regulation!

1. '0X of #M6 is deter%ined b& genes. 2. he db gene in %ice in9uences eight. $. he ob gene in %ice in9uences eight.

A) 6 onl&

#) 66 onl&

C) 6 and 666 onl&

) 66 and 666 onl&

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& hich state%ents fro% the passage linleptin to eight regulation, and three options are presented. /ption 6 states that '0Xof #M6 is deter%ined b& genes. Although leptin is a gene product, state%ent 6 doesnot speci5call& lin leptin to eight regulation. /ption 66 states that the gene dbin9uences eight in %ice. #ecause the gene db encodes leptin receptors, andhor%ones e3ert their eHect through the use of receptors, state%ent 66 lins leptinspeci5call& to eight regulation. /ption 666 states that the ob gene in %ice in9uenceseight. #ecause the ob gene codes for leptin, this state%ent lins leptin to eightregulation. /f the ansers proided, onl& lists both options 66 and 666. hus, is thebest anser.

Solution

*uess1'$. hat do both the set point h&pothesis and the settling point h&pothesis seeto e3plain!

A) -o %ultiple, interacting factors deter%ine bod& eight

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& the characteristic that both the set pointand the settling point h&potheses tr& to e3plain. A is correct because bothh&potheses describe %ultiple factors that regulate bod& eight. # is incorrectbecause both h&potheses list %ultiple interacting factors that in9uence bod& eight,not indiidual factors acting independentl&. C is incorrect because onl& the settlingpoint h&pothesis sees to e3plain the eHects of %etabolis% and eniron%enttogether. is not the best anser because both h&potheses discuss the i%portanceof factors in addition to eniron%ent and behaior on bod& eight. hus, A is thebest anser.


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#) -o indiidual factors acting alone in9uence bod& eight

C) -o %etabolis% and the eniron%ent in9uence bod& eight

) -o the eniron%ent and behaior in9uence bod& eight

Solution

*uess1''. hich h&pothesis i%plies that a person can deliberatel& alter his or her onbod& %aintenance eight!

A) he set point h&pothesis because a ther%ostat can be reset

#) he set point h&pothesis because the set point can change ith age

C) he settling point h&pothesis because, ith the correct genot&pe, one?s

%etabolis% %a& allo eight to stabiliNe at a ne leel

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& hich h&pothesis i%plies that a personcan deliberatel& alter his or her on bod& %aintenance eight. A and # are incorrectbecause the set point h&pothesis suggests that the set point cannot be reset throughbehaior %odi5cation. C correctl& states that the settling point h&pothesis allos theset point to be reset through behaior %odi5cation. is incorrect because it statesthat diet and e3ercise cannot reset the set point, hich contradicts the pre%ise of thesettling point h&pothesis. hus, C is the best anser.

) he settling point h&pothesis because diet and e3ercise cannot reset

the set point

Solution

*uess1'8. /ne t&pe of %etabolic feedbac loop that in9uences eight control inolesthe regulation of glucose leels in the blood. hich organ in the digestie s&ste%participates in this regulation b& breaing don gl&cogen!

A) Sto%ach

#) ier


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he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& hich organ in the digestie s&ste%participates in regulation of glucose leels b& breaing don gl&cogen. 6n order toregulate blood glucose leels, gl&cogen is %ade, stored, and broen don in the lier(#), not the sto%ach (A), the pancreas (C), or the s%all intestine (). hus, # is thebest anser.

C) 4ancreas

) S%all intestine

Solution

*uess1':. 6n one stud&, diets of obese and lean subEects ere adEusted so that %e%bersof both populations either gained or lost eight. SubEects ho lost eight used 18Xfeer calories than ould be predicted to %aintain their ne eights. SubEects hogained eight had to eat 18X %ore calories than ould be predicted to %aintaintheir ne eights. hese results best support hich h&pothesis!

A) he set point h&pothesis because the %etabolic changes seen ould

faor a return to the subEect?s original eight

he question presents the results of a stud& and ass the e3a%inee to deter%inehich h&pothesis is supported b& those results. he results indicate that to %aintaintheir ne eights, the people ho had lost eight had to eat 18X feer caloriesthan predicted and the people ho had gained eight had to eat 18X %ore caloriesthan predicted. hese data i%pl& that a person?s eight is geneticall& deter%inedQthe 18X discrepanc& in the caloric consu%ption needed to %aintain a ne eightsuggests that %etabolic changes faor a return to the subEect?s original eight. hisbest supports the set point h&pothesis as described in A. # is incorrect because itstates that %etabolic changes ould not faor a return to the subEect?s originaleight, the opposite of A. Ansers C and are incorrect, because the& argue for thesettling point h&pothesis, hich is not best supported b& the results. hus, A is thebest anser.

#) he set point h&pothesis because the %etabolic changes seen ould

not faor a return to the subEect?s original eight

C) he settling point h&pothesis because the e3peri%ental diet has a

positie eHect on subEects ith a genetic predisposition to obesit&


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) he settling point h&pothesis because the e3peri%ental diet has apositie eHect on subEects ithout a genetic predisposition to obesit&Solution

*uess1'


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) Ancient agnathan a3es are si%ilar to e3isting bird a3es.

he question proposes that a nel& discoered fossiliNed agnathan sull shos a full&ascular connection beteen the h&pothala%us and pituitar&, and then ass thee3a%inee to indicate hich state%ent is supported b& this 5nding. According to thepassage, all ertebrates e3cept the e3isting agnathans hae this ascular connection.

A is incorrect because ancient agnathans possess the portal s&ste% as do higherertebrates and therefore do not possess degenerate a3es. # is correct because thiseidence supports the idea that ancient agnathans are si%ilar to e3isting birds(ertebrates) in haing the ascular connection. C is incorrect because e3istingagnathans, hich lac a functional h&pothala%icpituitar& s&ste%, are not si%ilar tothe ancient agnathans (ertebrates), hich are proposed to hae the s&ste%. isincorrect because %a%%als, b& haing the ascular connection, are %ore si%ilar toancient agnathans than to e3isting agnathans, hich lac the ascular connection.


C

) >3isting agnathan a3es are si%ilar to ancient ertebrate a3es.

) Ma%%als are %ore si%ilar to e3isting agnathans than to ancient

agnathans.

Solution

*uess1'D. hich of the folloing is a negatie feedbac s&ste% inoling the anteriorpituitar&!

A) - suppression of estrogen release

#) - sti%ulation of *n"- release

C) *n"- suppression of estrogen release

) >strogen suppression of - release

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& hich described process is a negatiefeedbac s&ste% inoling the anterior pituitar&. 6n this case, a negatie feedbacs&ste% ould be a regulator& loop in hich a factor acts to suppress its ons&nthesis or actiit&. A is incorrect because - does not suppress the release ofestrogen, and if it did, this ould not be a feedbac %echanis%. # is incorrectbecause - does not sti%ulate *n"- release, and if it did, this ould be an e3a%pleof positie feedbac. C is incorrect because *n"- does not suppress estrogenreleaseQ *n"- sti%ulates estrogen release through a series of steps. is correct forthe folloing reason= - sti%ulates the release of estrogen fro% the oaries. 6n turn,the estrogen acts on the anterior pituitar& gland to donregulate the release of -,


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ulti%atel& causing less estrogen to be released fro% the oaries. his is an e3a%pleof a negatie feedbac loop. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess180. 6n the &ear 2010, a paleontologist proides conincing eidence that e3istingagnathans hae been incorrectl& classi5ed and should belong to an earlier andpreiousl& undescribed ertebrate class. ;ossils of this nel& described class lac apituitar& portal s&ste%. his 5nding suggests that the ne class of ertebrates(including agnathans)=

A) represents a degeneratie state.

# ) represents an ancestral state.

he question ass the e3a%inee to interpret ne h&pothetical eidence. heeidence indicates that agnathans hae been incorrectl& classi5ed and should belongto a preiousl& undescribed ertebrate class. ;ossils of this ne ertebrate class laca pituitar& portal s&ste%, as do e3isting agnathans. his eidence does not suggestthat the ne class represents a degeneratie state because both the ancient and thee3isting %e%bers of the class lac the pituitar& portal s&ste%Q therefore, A isincorrect. he eidence does suggest that the ne class represents an ancestralstate because both the e3isting and the ancient %e%bers of the class lac thepituitar& portal s&ste%Q therefore, # is correct. C is incorrect because thepaleontologist gies eidence, including fossil eidence, that this class represents a%ore ancient and not a nel& deried state. is incorrect because the ne classlacs the portal s&ste%, unlie other classes of ertebrates. hus, # is the bestanser.

C) represents a nel& deried state.

) is si%ilar to other classes of liing ertebrates.

Solution

*uess181. 6n the adult fe%ale rat, c&clical changes in se3 steroids secreted b& thedeeloping follicle sitch to a positie feedbac %echanis% around the ti%e ofoulation. he positie feedbac %echanis% b& hich - secretion is aHected canbest be described as=

A


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) an inhibition of - b& progesterone.

#) an inhibition of - b& *n"-.

C

) a sti%ulation of - b& -.

) a sti%ulation of - b& estrogen.

he question e3plains that c&clical changes in se3 steroids secreted b& thedeeloping follicle sitch to a positie feedbac s&ste% around the ti%e of oulation.

he question then ass the e3a%inee to identif& the positie feedbac %echanis% b&hich - secretion is aHected. 6n this case, a positie feedbac s&ste% ould be aregulator& loop in hich - acts to increase its on s&nthesis or actiit&. A isincorrect because progesterone inhibition of - secretion ould not be a positiefeedbac loop. # is incorrect because *n"- inhibition of - secretion ould not be apositie feedbac loop and *n"- is not a se3 steroid. C is incorrect because -

sti%ulation of - secretion is not feedbac inoling a se3 steroid. is correctbecause estrogen sti%ulation of - secretion is a positie feedbac loop inoling ase3 steroid. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess182. 6n an adult fe%ale %a%%al, a greatl& decreased production of ;S- ill %ostliel& result in a decrease in all of the folloing factors >jC>4=

A) progesterone production.

#) estrogen production.

C) *n"- production.

he question ass the e3a%inee to deter%ine hich of the four eHects ill not occurin response to a greatl& decreased production of ;S-. A and # are incorrect because;S- sti%ulates progesterone and estrogen releaseQ thus, a great decrease in ;S-should also result in a decrease in progesterone and estrogen. C is the best anserbecause *n"- production is not sti%ulated b& ;S-Q in fact, it is inhibited. herefore,*n"- production ould not be e3pected to decrease as ;S- decreases. is incorrectbecause ;ollicle Sti%ulating -or%one sti%ulates follicle %aturationQ therefore, agreat decrease in ;S- should result in a decrease in follicle %aturation as ell. hus,C is the best anser.


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) follicle %aturation.Solution

*uess18$. hich of the folloing is %ost liel& the function of the iceater bath in thepassage!

A) o preent the reaction %i3ture fro% being heated aboe D0OC

#) o preent i%purities fro% eaporating fro% the reaction 9as

C) o aid in the condensation of the distillate

Cooling the distillate reduces the apor pressure and facilitates the condensation ofthe distillate. hus, C is the best anser.

) o aid in the eaporation of the distillate

Solution

*uess18'. hat is the %a3i%u% nu%ber of %oles of c&clohe3ene that can be for%ed b&the reaction in the passage!

A) 0.01

#) 0.1

he %a3i%u% nu%ber of %oles of c&clohe3ene that can be produced is equal to thenu%ber of %oles of c&clohe3anol used. he nu%ber of %oles of c&clohe3anol usedcan be calculated b& diiding the %ass of c&clohe3anol used, hich as 10 g, b& the%olar %ass of c&clohe3anol, 100 gF%ol. hus, # is the best anser.

C) 1.0

) 10.0

Solution


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*uess188. hich of the folloing as the %ost liel& reason for ashing the distillateith aqueous a2C/$!

A) o neutraliNe an& re%aining acid

#ecause a2C/$ is a base, it ill react ith an& -$4/' in the distillate. hus, A is thebest anser.

#) o react ith an& re%aining c&clohe3anol

C) o protonate the carbocation inter%ediate

) o destro& the e3cess %agnesiu% sulfate

Solution

*uess18:. he students ere careful to eep the te%perature of the reaction 9as underD0OC to preent=

A) the unreacted c&clohe3anol fro% distilling.

he students did not ant unreacted c&clohe3anol to be distilled ith the product.hus, A is the best anser.

#) the product c&clohe3ene fro% distilling.

C) the product c&clohe3ene fro% deco%posing.

) rearrange%ent of the carbocation inter%ediate.

Solution

*uess18


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) Steric hindrance

#) /rbital h&bridiNation

C

) -&drogen bonding

C&clohe3anol has stronger inter%olecular forces because it is capable of h&drogenbonding through the /- group and therefore has a higher boiling point. hus, C isthe best anser.

) her%al stabilit&

Solution

*uess18@. he students started ith 0.28 %ol of c&clohe3anol and isolated 21.$ % ofc&clohe3ene. hich of the folloing e3pressions shos the nu%ber of %oles ofc&clohe3ene isolated b& the students!

A) (21.$ V .@11F@2)(100F.28)

#) 21.$F.@11

C) 21.$ V .@11 V @2

) (21.$ V .@11)F@2

he nu%ber of %oles of c&clohe3ene isolated can be calculated b& deter%ining the%ass in gra%s of c&clohe3ene isolated (olu%e V densit&), then conerting to %olesb& diiding b& the %olar %ass=

(21.$ % V 0.@11 gF%)F(@2 gF%ol)


Solution

*uess18D. hich of the folloing organelles is(are) found in both bacterial andeuar&otic cells!

1. 4las%a %e%brane 2. Mitochondrion


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$. >ndoplas%ic reticulu%

A) 6 onl&

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& hich organelles are found in bothbacterial and euar&otic cells. /f the three options listed, onl& the plas%a %e%brane(/ption 6) is found in both t&pes of cellsQ thus, A is correct because it lists /ption 6onl&. he other to options include %itochondrion and endoplas%ic reticulu%, bothof hich are found in euar&otic cells, but not in bacterial cells. #, C, and areincorrect because the& include either the %itochondrion or the endoplas%icreticulu%. hus, A is the best anser.

#) 66 onl&

C ) 6 and 66 onl&

) 6 and 666 onl&

Solution

*uess1:0. >3ponential groth of the bacterial population in ;igure 1 occurs beteenpoints=

1. A and #. 2. # and C. $. C and .

A) 6 onl&

#) 666 onl&

C) 6 and 66 onl&

) 6 and 666 onl&

he question ass the e3a%inee to use a graph in the passage to identif& the ti%epoints beteen hich a bacterial population underent e3ponential groth. /ption 6is the ti%e period beteen A and #, the 5rst phase in hich an e3ponential increaseoccurred in the nu%ber of iable bacteria. /ption 66 is the ti%e period beteen # andC, an inter%ediate phase in hich a considerable decrease occurred in iable cell


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nu%ber after the ad%inistration of an antibiotic. /ption 666 is the ti%e period beteenC and , the second phase in hich an e3ponential increase occurred in the nu%berof iable bacteria. /nl& response properl& lists both ti%e periods during hiche3ponential groth occurred, as indicated b& options 6 and 666. hus, is the bestanser.

Solution

*uess1:1. hich of the folloing co%pounds could contribute to the nitrogenrequire%ent in the groth %ediu%!

A) *lucose

# ) *l&cerol

C) *l&cine

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& hich co%pound in the groth %ediu%could contribute to the nitrogen require%ent of the bacteria. hree of the foursubstances listed, glucose (A), gl&cerol (#), and nhe3anoic acid (), contain onl&carbon, o3&gen, and h&drogen, and therefore cannot contribute nitrogen. /nl& thea%ino acid gl&cine (C) contains nitrogen. hus, C is the best anser.

) n-e3anoic acid

Solution

*uess1:2. 6f antibiotic k acts b& inhibiting translation, its cellular site of action ould%ost liel& be the=

A) nucleus.

#) cell %e%brane.

C) l&soso%es.

) riboso%es.


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he question ass the e3a%inee to deter%ine the site of antibiotic k action, gienthat this antibiotic inhibits translation. A, #, and C are incorrect because translationdoes not occur in the nucleus, on the cell %e%brane, or in the l&soso%es. ranslationoccurs on the riboso%es. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess1:$. he appro3i%ate generation ti%e (doubling ti%e) obsered beteen points Aand # in ;igure 1 is=

A) $0 %in.

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& the appro3i%ate generation ti%e(doubling ti%e) for the bacteria beteen points A and # on the graph in the passage.6n this graph the total cell nu%ber can be %ost precisel& correlated ith ti%e at :and < h. he cell nu%ber as 100,000 at : h and '00,000 at < h. here ere todoublings, 100,000 to 200,000 and 200,000 to '00,000, in the one hour beteenhours : and


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)

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& a se%ilogarith%ic plot of the data used togenerate ;igure 1. A, #, and C are incorrect because the data are still plotted using alinear scale on both a3esQ in A, the plot of cell nu%ber relatie to ti%e is reersedQ in

#, the data are plotted using a bar graph instead of a line graphQ and in C, negatiealues hae been added to the & a3is. is correct because it shos ase%ilogarith%ic plot ith the cell nu%ber plotted on a logarith%ic scale and the ti%eplotted in a linear scale. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess1::.

he aboe graph represents an action potential recorded fro% the cell bod& of aneuron. hat t&pe of ion %oe%ent is causing the depolariNation of the neuronal%e%brane at the ti%e denoted b& the arro!

A) Sodiu% ions are %oing into the neuron don a concentration

gradient.

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& the t&pe of ion %oe%ent that occursduring the rising portion of the action potential shon in the 5gure. At the pointindicated on the graph, sodiu% ions are %oing into the neuron, causing the%e%brane potential to beco%e %ore positie. A is correct in stating that this eHect isbeing caused b& sodiu% ions that are %oing into the neuron don the concentrationgradient at this point. # is incorrect because this eHect is not being caused b& sodiu%ions that are %oing out of the neuron ia actie transport. C and are incorrectbecause the change in potential at the point indicated on the graph is not caused b&%oe%ent of potassiu% ions. hus, A is the best anser.

#) Sodiu% ions are being %oed out of the neuron ia actie transport.

C) 4otassiu% ions are %oing out of the neuron don a concentration

gradient.

) 4otassiu% ions are being %oed into the neuron ia actie transport.

Solution

*uess1:


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Co%pound A

hich of the folloing structures has a con5guration that is identical to that ofCo%pound A!

A)

#)

C)

)

he relatie positions of the four substituents around the chiral carbon ato% are thesa%e in the 5gure in as in Co%pound A. Also, the /- and C//- groups e3tendaa& fro% the ieer, and the h&drogen and C-2/- group e3tend toard theieer both in Co%pound A and in the 5gure in . hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess1:@. Albu%in is the %aEor blood os%oregulator& protein. he %ost liel& eHect of asharp rise in the leel of seru% albu%in is=

A) a drop in blood pressure.

#) an increase in i%%une response.

C) an eu3 of albu%in into the interstitial 9uids.

) an in9u3 of interstitial 9uid into the bloodstrea%.

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& the %ost liel& eHect of a sharp rise in theleel of seru% albu%en, a %aEor blood os%oregulator& protein. A sharp rise inos%oticall& actie albu%in in the seru% ould increase the 9o of interstitial 9uidinto the bloodstrea% and result in an increase in blood pressure, not a decrease.

herefore, A is incorrect, and is correct. # is incorrect because the i%%une


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response does not depend on the leel of seru% albu%en. C is incorrect becausealbu%en ould not nor%all& pass through capillar& alls. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess1:D. he os%otic concentration of plas%a proteins in the enous side of capillarieshelps reduce the a%ount of interstitial 9uid in tissues b& inducing=

A) passie -2/ diHusion along a concentration gradient.

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& h& the os%otic concentrations ofplas%a proteins on the enous side of capillaries helps reduce the a%ount ofinterstitial 9uid. A is correct because it is the passie %oe%ent of ater into thebloodstrea% that ill %ost directl& reduce the a%ount of interstitial 9uid. # and C areincorrect because the eHect of the plas%a proteins is not to induce either passie orfacilitated ion transport. is incorrect because the ater ould not %oe b& actie

transport. hus, A is the best anser.

#) passie ion diHusion along an electroche%ical gradient.

C) facilitated ion transport along an electroche%ical gradient.

) actie -2/ transport %ediated b& an A4 dependent pu%p.

Solution

*uess1


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9o of 9uid out of the capillaries ould slightl& increase, not decrease, the os%oticpressure. hus, A is the best anser.

#

) et 9uid 9o in the direction of interstitial spaces ill decrease.

C) Capillar& os%otic pressure ill increase.

) Capillar& os%otic pressure ill decrease.

Solution

*uess

1


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Solution

*uess1qF%%in) as a function of %olecular eight for to dial&sis %e%branes=Me%brane 1 ith large pores and Me%brane 2 ith s%all pores!

A)

#)

C)

)


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he question ass the e3a%inee to select the graph that best illustrates ho solute5ltration rates ar& as a function of solute %olecular eight for dial&sis %e%branesith large pores (Me%brane 1) and s%all pores (Me%brane 2). As %olecular eightincreases, the rate of 5ltration is e3pected to decrease, as shon in C and . A and #are incorrect because the& sho the rate of 5ltration increasing as the %oleculareight increases. #ecause Me%brane 1 has larger pores than Me%brane 2,

Me%brane 1 is e3pected to allo %ore %olecules to pass at an& gien %oleculareight. is correct because it shos the trend of decreasing 5ltration rate ithincreasing %olecular eight, and it shos that Me%brane 1 (ith larger pores) has ahigher 5ltration rate than Me%brane 2 for an& %olecular eight. hus, is the bestanser.

Solution

*uess1


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) Substance -

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& the co%ponent of t&pe / blood thatreacts ith Zle3 e3tract. Although Zle3 e3tract reacts ith t&pe / blood, it does notreact ith #o%ba& blood t&pe. A person ith #o%ba& blood t&pe does not producean& substance -. A person ith t&pe / blood does produce substance - but lacs the

enN&%es needed to conert substance - into either the A or # antigens. #ecausepeople ith t&pe / blood hae substance - and people ith #o%ba& blood t&pe donot, the e3tract %ost liel& interacts ith substance -, i%pl&ing that # is correct. A isincorrect because a person ith blood t&pe / ould not hae A antigens. C isincorrect because secretor gene products are independent of A#/ blood t&pe. isincorrect because the i allele produces a functionless enN&%e that is unable tocatal&Ne the conersion of substance - and ould therefore not produce an&products. hus, # is the best anser.

C) Secretor gene antigens

) >nN&%e products of the i allele

Solution

*uess1


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Solution

*uess13pression of the h allele inactiates the enN&%es produced b&

6mnbspA and 6mnbsp#.

) >3pression of the h allele suppresses e3pression of the 6 gene.

Solution

*uess1


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incorrect because clu%ping ill occur in at least so%e t&pe A indiiduals. hus, A isthe best anser.

#

) es, but onl& if the donor?s genot&pe is 6mnbspA6mnbspA

C) o, because the er&throc&tes lac the A antigen

) o, because the

Solution

*uess1@0. Co%pound 66 can also be prepared b& treat%ent of 2,$di%eth&l2butanolith=

A) #r2Flight.

#) #r2FCCl'.

C) a#r.

) -#r.

Alcohols can be conerted to al&l bro%ides b& the reaction ith h&drogen bro%ide.reat%ent of 2,$di%eth&l2butanol ith h&drogen bro%ide ould result in thefor%ation of 2bro%o2,$di%eth&lbutane. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess1@1. hich of these c&cloalanes ill undergo free radical bro%ination %ostrapidl&!

A)

#)

A tertiar& free radical is %ore stable than a secondar& free radical, and a secondar&free radical is %ore stable than a pri%ar& free radical. #ecause free radicalbro%ination requires the for%ation of an al&l radical, the reaction that proceeds


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through the %ost stable radical ill tae place %ost rapidl&. Meth&lc&clohe3aneould produce a tertiar& free radical. hus, # is the best anser.

C

)

)

Solution

*uess1@2. According to the gas chro%atographic data in able 1, hat is the co%positionof the reaction %i3ture fro% "eaction 1!

A ) $$X 66 and :


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) 6t ould be for%ed as a pair of diastereo%ers, because the bro%ineradical can approach fro% either side.

) 6t is an opticall& inactie co%pound, because it has no chiral carbon.

Co%pound 66 contains no chiral carbon ato%s and is therefore not opticall& actie.hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess1@'. he 1- M" of Co%pound 66 ould consist of=

A

) to singlets.

#) a doublet and a septet.

C) a singlet, a doublet, and a septet.

he 1- M" spectru% of Co%pound 66 ould contain a singlet due to the %eth&lgroups attached to C2, a doublet due to the %eth&l groups attached to C$, and aseptet due to the h&drogen attached to C$. hus, C is the best anser.

) to singlets, a doublet, and a septet.

Solution

*uess1@


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)

)

Solution

*uess1@@.

A reaction in the citric acid c&cle is shon belo. (he equation is not balanced.)

his reaction ould be described as=

1. o3idationreduction. 2. decarbo3&lation. $. iso%eriNation.

A) 6 onl&

6n this reaction, the alcohol functionalit& is conerted to a etone functionalit& b& ano3idiNing agent. 6t is therefore an o3idationreduction reaction. hus, A is the bestanser.

#) 66 onl&

C) #oth 6 and 66

) #oth 6 and 666

Solution

*uess1@D.

he four 5ecarbon carboh&drates shon belo illustrate principles of carboh&drateno%enclature.


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Another 5ecarbon carboh&drate is 3&lulose. hich of the folloing state%entsappl&(applies) to 3&lulose!

1. 6t is an iso%er of deo3&ribose. 2. 6t is an iso%er of ribose. $. 6t is an iso%er of 3&lose.

A) 6 onl&

#) 66 onl&

C) 6 and 666 onl&

) 66 and 666 onl&

he 5gures in this ite% sho that ribose, ribulose, and 3&lose are all iso%ers ith thesa%e %olecular for%ula, but that deo3&ribose has a diHerent %olecular for%ula. 6t isreasonable therefore to conclude that 3&lulose ould be an iso%er of 3&lose andribose. hus, is the best anser.

Solution

*uess1D0. /ne characteristic co%%on to arteries, eins, and capillaries is the=

A) presence of a la&er of endothelial cells.

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& one characteristic co%%on to arteries,capillaries, and eins. A is correct because all three t&pes of essels possess an innerla&er of endothelial cells. # is incorrect because onl& eins hae ales. C is incorrectbecause onl& certain t&pes of arteries dilate or constrict to regulate blood 9o. isincorrect because the e3change of nutrients ith the surrounding tissues occurs onl&in capillaries. hus, A is the best anser.

#) presence of nu%erous ales that preent the bac9o of blood.

C) abilit& to actiel& dilate or constrict in regulating blood 9o.

) abilit& to suppl& surrounding tissues ith nutrients b& 5ltration and

diHusion.


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Solution

*uess

1D1. issue that is er& actie %etabolicall&, such as seletal %uscle, containslarge nu%bers of=

A) nuclei.

#) fat deposits.

C) blood capillaries.

he question ass the e3a%inee to identif& the feature that is abundant in

%etabolicall& actie tissue. Metabolicall& actie tissue requires a large suppl& ofo3&gen and produces %an& aste products. Such tissue needs a%ple capillar& blood9o to proide o3&gen and to re%oe aste products. As a result, the best anser isC. A (nuclei) is incorrect because although %ature seletal %uscle cells hae %ultiplenuclei, these nuclei result fro% the fusion of indiidual %uscle cells during %uscledeelop%ent, each of hich contributes one nucleus. hus, the total nu%ber ofnuclei in the %uscle itself is no greater than if a %uscle ere co%posed of indiidualcells. # is incorrect because een though fat deposits are useful for longter% energ&storage, %etabolicall& actie seletal %uscle relies pri%aril& on gl&cogen stores thatproide energ& in a %ore easil& utiliNed for%. Anser is incorrect becausel&%phatic essels do not delier %aterials needed for %etabolis%. hus, C is the bestanser.

) l&%phatic essels.

Solution

*uess1D2. he 5nches obsered b& arin on the *alapagos 6slands are an e3a%ple ofadaptie radiation. 6n order to set up conditions that ould produce adaptieradiation, it ould be necessar& to place %e%bers of=

A) one species in one rapidl& changing eniron%ent.

#) one species in seeral diHerent eniron%ents.

he question refers to the 5nches of the *alapagos 6slands as an e3a%ple of adaptieradiation and ass the e3a%inee to identif& the conditions required for adaptieradiation. Adaptie radiation inoles the diergence of one species into %ultiple


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species oer ti%e, hich can occur hen subgroups of the original species areseparated or isolated in diHerent eniron%ents so that these subgroups eoleindependentl& of one another. # is correct because it describes this situation. A is notthe best anser because a single rapidl& changing eniron%ent does not encourageadaptie radiation. "ather, as the eniron%ent changes, the species ould be %oreliel& to collectiel& eole into a single ne species adapted to the ne

eniron%ent. C and are incorrect because adaptie radiation begins ith onespecies, not seeral, regardless of hether the species are si%ilar (C) or unrelated(). hus, # is the best anser.

C) seeral er& si%ilar species in the sa%e eniron%ent.

) seeral unlie species in one eniron%e

aamc mcat test 9 a

Documents

solution of eagent

sr2 solution

ca2 solution

solution of a2c

resulting solution

addition of eagent

solutioncontaining eagent

sr2 ould