abaco shanty town report (preliminary-revised) · the results of the abaco-based shanty towns...
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PRELIMINARY
S H A N T Y T O W N T A S K F O R C E M I N I S T R Y O F L A B O U R
ABACOSHANTYTOWNASSESSMENTREPORT,2018
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TableofContents
INTRODUCTIONANDEXECUTIVESUMMARY................................................................3
ASSESSMENTMETHODOLOGY.....................................................................................4
ABACOFINDINGS:ANIN-DEPTHSHANTYTOWNPROFILE............................................7AGE&SEXOFHOUSEHOLDRESPONDENT............................................................................8LEGALSTATUSOFHOUSEHOLDRESPONDENT......................................................................8ShantyTowncommunitiesinSouthAbacohadthegreatestshare,69.9%,ofrespondentswhoareself-reportedlyundocumented.......................................................................................8OWNERSHIPSTATUSOFDWELLING.....................................................................................8OTHERHOUSEHOLDOCCUPANTS........................................................................................9
OccupantsThatAreMinors....................................................................................................9WORKANDWEEKLYINCOME..............................................................................................9UTILITIES............................................................................................................................10LENGTHOFSTAYINASHANTYTOWN................................................................................11DISABILITYPROFILE...........................................................................................................11
ANNEXI:LegalStatusGraph......................................................................................12
ANNEXII:AssessmentTool........................................................................................13
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INTRODUCTIONANDEXECUTIVESUMMARYJanuary2018markedthegovernment’scommitmenttoadvanceasignificantsocialpolicyreformenvisagedtohumanelyregulateandelevatethelivingconditionsofpersonsresidinginShantyTowns.WiththeapprovalanddirectionoftheCabinetofTheBahamas,MinistryofLabourledamulti-agencySecretariatandTaskForcetoexecutethisreform.Thereformshiftisundergirdedbytheaccentuatedrisksposedtooccupantsofsuchcommunities.Inputsforthereformprocesswillbecomprehensive,includingthefollowingprongs:-
• Acensusandcharacterizationofshantytownresidents–theAssessment;• Inspectionofphysicalstructureswithinshantytowncommunities1;
• Identificationofregulated,mainstreamandaffordablehousingoptionsforrelocationandintegrationofaffectedindividualsandfamilies;
• EngagementwithculturalmediatorsfromHaitianNGOsandFBO;
• DialoguewithinternationalHumanRightsbodiestoensuretheprocessaccordswiththehighestlevelsofdignityandrespectforhumanrights;and
• Legislativereviewforcompliancewithbothinternationalconventionsandlocallaws.TheMinisterofLabourhascommissionedtheconductofanassessmentofallShantyTowncommunitiesintheCommonwealth
ofTheBahamas.ForNewProvidence,thisassessmentwasconductedduringApril,
2018followedbytheassessmentinAbacoduringthemonthsofAugustandSeptember,2018.TheresultsoftheAbaco-basedshantytowns(NorthandSouthAbaco)are
1ThisisparticularlyimportantinlightofthebeliefthatShantyTownstructuresdonotaccord/conformwithbuildingcodes.Suchinfractions“injurethepublicinterest…createsrisktohumansafetybyconstructionofsub-standardhousing,andisdetrimentaltoorderlydevelopmentanduseoftheenvironment”.
ABACO’SKEYFINDINGS• 777–Participatinghouseholds• 84.9%,Responserate• 47years–Averagerespondentage• 3,041–Populationsize.TheMudd
andPeacontribute70.4%tothetotalpopulation
• 632–Minorsattendingschool• 20%-Undocumentedrespondents• 352–Householdshavingasingle
breadwinner• 61.7%-Householdsearningless
than$400perweek• 90.7%-Respondentslivingina
shantytownforatleast12months• 23.2%-Renteddwellings
Shantytowns“breakeveryregulationandlaw[on]safetystandardsinthecountry…Thiscannotcontinue.They[occupantsofShantyTowncommunities]wantbetter”
- T he M ost H on our ab l e P ri me M in i s t e r
H u be r t M i nn i s
BoxA:KeyFindings
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containedinthisreport,withthemainfindingsareoutlinedabove(BoxA).Fromacomparativeperspective,AbaconianShantyTownshaveatleast1,629moreoccupantsthanthoseinNewProvidence.
ASSESSMENTMETHODOLOGYOBJECTIVETofurnishtheMinisterofLabourwithquantitativedataonhouseholds2withinShantyTowns;andhavethatdataguideandadvancetheworkoftheCabinetappointedShantyTownTaskForce(SATF).Theassessmentseekstoobtaindemographicinformationandtoobjectifyselectedvariables–legalstatus,workstatus,income,accesstoutilities,school-agedminorsanddisabledpopulation(seeAnnexI).INCLUSIONCRITERIATobeincludedinthesurvey,thesurveyparticipantmust
1. ResideinoneoftheShantyTowncommunitiesidentifiedinDEHS2013Reportand/orbytheRBPF
2. TheHeadofHousehold(HOH)mustbeatleast18yearsofageEXCLUSIONCRITERIA
1. TheHeadofHouseholdparticipantisundertheageofconsent2. TheHeadofHouseholdisobservedtohaveamentaldisorder,is
developmentally/cognitivelydelayedortobeundertheinfluenceofapsychotropicagent(s)
SAMPLINGFRAMEAconveniencesamplingapproachwillbeused.Asurveyinstrumentconsistsof27questionswhichwillelucidatedefinedcharacteristicsofShantyTowncommunities.A2013ShantyTownReportnotedthattherewere1024households3intheShantyTownsofAbaco.Thesehouseholdsaredispersedoversix(6)siteswithintwoconstituencydistrictsofAbaco–NorthAbacoandSouthAbaco.Thegoalwillbetoassesseveryhousehold/dwelling.However,aresponserateof85%wouldbedeemedacceptable.
2Forthisexercisehouseholdisdefinedasanyandallunitswithanentrance,eventhoseunitsareattachedunderasingleroofstructure.3TheDepartmentofEnvironmentalHealthShantyTownReport(2013)reports730houseswithintheNewProvidence-basedshantytowns.Apopulationgrowthof20%overtheinterveningyearsisassumedbringingthetargetsamplesizefor2018to803houses.ForAbaco,usingthesameassumptionofgrowth,andaccountingfortherecentfires,thetargetnumberofhouseholdswouldbe1,126.
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DISTRICT ShantyTownCommunity HouseholdCount(2013)NorthAbaco SandsBanks
FarmRoadL&H(TreasureCay)LeisureLeeCommunity
SouthAbaco TheMuddThePeaElbowCay(HopeTown)
SURVEYLOGISTICSThepooloffieldenumeratorsweredrawnfromtheDepartmentsofEnvironmentalHealth,SocialServicesandPublicHealthalongwiththearmedforces–giventheirfamiliarityandpriorworkinthesecommunities.Toavoidintimidation,fieldenumeratorswillbeattiredinplainclothingandbeaccompaniedbyaninterpreter.FieldenumeratorswillalsobeprovidedanI.D.badgeasameansofbuildingtrustamonghouseholdrespondents.Enumeratorsandinterpreterswillreceiveaone-daytrainingalongwithorientationandsensitizationtoboththetool(questionnaire)andthecommunity.Enumeratorsandinterpreterswillbepre-assignedtodistrictsasperImage1.
Image1:ReportingLInesandDistributionofEnumerators
SATFSecretariat
MinisterofLabour
Supervisor(NW)
Team5
Team6
Team7
Team8
Supervisor(SW)
Team1
Team2
Team3
Team4
Supervisor(East)
Team9
Team10
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AnecdotallyithasbeenconveyedthattheresidentsofShantyTowncommunitiesarelesslikelytobeinthecommunitiesduringmorninghours.Thesurveylogisticsconsidertheserealities.
• Assessmentadministrationfrequency:Weekendsonly(SaturdaysandSundays)• Totaldaysinthefield:30thJuneto4thSeptember,2018• Assessmenthours:Saturdays(10am–7pm);Sundays(2pmto7pm)and
Weekdays(T&Th5pmto8pm)preferred• Timeneededtoadministereachassessment:40minutes
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ABACOFINDINGS:ANIN-DEPTHSHANTYTOWNPROFILETheassessmentidentified915dwellingstructures/buildings,almostdoublethoseidentifiedinNewProvidence,buta10.6%reductionfromthe2013Report.Theachievedhouseholdresponseratewas85%(84.9%),with138householdsnotparticipatingintheassessment4.
TheMuddisthemostdenselypopulatedShantyTowninAbacofollowedbythePeaandFarmRoadwithpercentagedistributionsof51.4%,19%and15.2%respectively.TheMuddandThePeaaregeographicallysituatedinSouthAbaco,theeconomichuboftheisland.
ShantyTownCommunitiesNorthAbaco
SouthAbaco
SandBanks 79 FarmRoad 139 L&H(TreasureCay) 16 TheMudd 470ThePea 174ElbowCay 37
4Non-participationcaneitherberesultofanarticulatedrefusalorthehouseholdbeingvacantornoonebeinghomeatthetimeoftheassessment’sadministration.
NorthAbaco,234,26%
SouthAbaco,681,74%
AbacoShantyTownStructuresbyElectoralCons?uencies
AGE&SEXOFHOUSEHOLDRESPONDENTThoughtheassessmentsoughttocaptureinformationfromtheheadofhousehold,theconveniencesamplingmethodologyallowedforanyresponsibleadulttobeinterviewed.Ofallrespondents,malesoutnumberedfemalesalmost2:1.Thisfindingmightreflectcertainsub-cultureidiosyncrasiesaswellascertaineconomicandemploymentrealitieswithinShantyTowns.Ofallrespondents,59.7%wereunder50yearsofage,withanaverageageof47.Theagerangespannedfrom18yearsto87years(seeChart1).
Chart1:AgeDistributionofRespondents
LEGALSTATUSOFHOUSEHOLDRESPONDENTApproximately2%(1.9%or15)ofhouseholdrespondentschosenottoanswerthequestiononlegalstatus.IntheNewProvidenceassessment,aminority(6%)ofrespondentswereundocumented.Thiscontrastswiththe20%ofthehouseholdsrespondentsinAbaco’sShantyTownswhoreportedbeingundocumented.Legalstatusfor
theremainingpopulationisillustratedinChart2.Noteworthy,41.1%ofthosereportedworkpermitsasthelegalgroundsforbeinginTheBahamas.
Chart2:LegalStatusofRespondents,alsoatAnnexI
ShantyTowncommunitiesinSouthAbacohadthegreatestshare,69.9%,ofrespondentswhoareself-reportedlyundocumented.Withtheexceptionof‘workpermit’status,nostatisticallysignificantvariationsmanifestedwhenanalyzinglegalstatusbysex.Threehundredandnineteen(319)householdrespondentsholdaworkpermit,73%ofwhomaremales.
OWNERSHIPSTATUSOFDWELLINGInterestingly,anoverwhelmingmajority(76.8%,597)ofhouseholdrespondentsreportedoccupancyviaownershipofthedwellingwhichcontrastswithoccupancyviarentalarrangements(19.9%,155).Theremaininghouseholds(2.8%,22)eitherresponded‘other’orgavenoresponse.Theunderstandingof‘ownership’totherespondentwasnotdeeplyexplored.Meaning,theassessmentdidnotdeterminewhethertherespondentbelievedhe/sheowned
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
17-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+ NotStated
Num
bero
fHou
seho
ldIn
terviewees
AgeDistribu8onofHouseholdIntervieweeswithinAbaconianShantyTowns
126,16%
130,17%
319,41%
28,4%
153,20%
15,2%
LegalStatusofHouseholdRespondents,Abaco
CiDzen
PermanentResident
WorkPermit
SpousalPermit
Undocumented
Notstated
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thelandand/orthestructurebeingoccupied.
OTHERHOUSEHOLDOCCUPANTSAsstatedearlier,777householdrespondentswereinterviewed.Theassessmentobtainedinformationaboutotheroccupantslivinginthehousehold.Collectively,1,260malesand1,004femalesoccupantslivedinhouseholdswiththehouseholdrespondents.TheadditivepopulationforAbaco’sShantyTowntherefore,takingintoaccountboththerespondentsandoccupants,is115%morethanthatofNewProvidence-basedShantyTowns(3,041versus1,410).SeeTable1.
Table1:ShantyTownPopulationInEachCommunity
Toapproximateatotalpopulation,factoringthose138identifieddwellings/householdsthatdidnotparticipateintheassessment,thestatisticallycalculatedmeanhouseholdsizeof3.91wasused.Thisapproachresultsinacalculatednon-respondentpopulationof540.AbestestimatethenofthetotalShantyTownpopulationforAbacostandsat3,581.
OccupantsThatAreMinorsGraph1reflectsdataforthoseoccupantsthatare18yearsoldorless.Almostallfemaleswithinthisagerangeareattendingschool.Thisiscontrastedwithonly74%ofmalesinthisagerangeattendingschools.Onaverage,schoolattendanceamongminorsinAbaconian
ShantyTownsishigher(86.5%)thanforNewProvidence-basedShantyTownminors(61.5%).
Graphic1:MinorBetween0to18Years
WORKANDWEEKLYINCOMESeventy-threepercent(72.8%)ofhouseholdrespondentsareemployed.Chart3detailsfurthertheemploymentprofilewithinAbaco’sShantyTowns.
Chart3:EmploymentStatus
Ofthosewhohadnotengagedinanyworkforthepastsix(6)months(unemployed),half(50%)wereseekingwork.
AllMales AllFemalesSandBanks 70 103 78 251FarmRoad 132 210 182 524L&H 14 24 12 50TheMudd 398 639 521 1558ThePea 142 249 187 578ElbowCay 21 35 24 80
Total 777 1260 1004 3041
OtherOccupantsShantyTowns Respondents
MALES 441 326FEMALES 309 306
132
434
2034102
Self-employed
Workfore
mployer
Une
mployed
Notstated
EmploymentStatusofHouseholdRespondents,Abaco
Status DesirousofSeekingWork
0–18yrs Inschool
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Theunemploymentrate5amonghouseholdrespondentsis15.3%.Lookingatunemploymentthroughthespotlightoflegalstatusrevealsthatundocumentedrespondentscomprisethelargestshareoftheunemployed(Chart4).
Chart4:LinkingUnemploymenttoLegalStatus
Ofnote,allhouseholdrespondentswhowerenotcurrentlyemployed,butwhosoughtwork,hadreceivedajobofferwithinthefour(4)weeksprecedingtheassessment.Indicationwasalsomadeofwhetherornototherhouseholdoccupants,otherthanthemselves,wereemployed.Asanaggregate,45.3%ofShantyTownhouseholdsonlyhaveonepersoninthehouseholdcurrentlyworking(Chart5).
5Theunemploymentrateisthequotientofthenumberofunemployedpersons(peoplelookingforwork)dividedbythelabourforce(peoplelookingandpeopleworking.
Chart5:OtherOccupantsWhoWork
Takingintoaccountbothformalandinformalemploymentandallworkingoccupants,61.7%ofhouseholdsreporttotalweeklyincomeofunder$400.ForNew-Providence-basedShantyTownsthiswas75.6%.HouseholdWeeklyIncome
NumberofHouseholds
Under$400 480$401-$600 177$601-$800 69$801-$1,000 19$1001-$1,200 9Greaterthan$1,201 9Notstated 10
UTILITIESWiththeexceptionofcableservices,thevastmajorityhouseholdsinAbaco’sShantyTownshavebasicutilizes–electricity,indoorinrunningwater,andflushedtoilets(seeTable2).
Table2:UtilitiesComparison
Ci#zen12%
PermanentResident18%
WorkPermit13%
SpousalPermit15%
Undocumented30%
NotStated12%
UnemplymentCorrelatedwithLegalStatus
352
269
94
3011 6 2 2 8
NoOneElse
Works
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NotStated
Num
berofHou
seho
lds
NumberofAddiConalPersonsEmployedintheHousehold
OtherHouseholdOccupantsWhoWork,Abaco
UTILITIES ABACOS.T.HOUSEHOLDS
COMPAREDTON.P.
(PercentagePointDifference)
Runningwater
67.6%(525) -28.4
Flushedtoilet
80.2%(626) +67.2
Cableservices
6.6%(51) -36.4
Electricity 78.6%(611) +31.6
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SimilartoShantyTownsstructuresinNewProvidence,generatorsaretheprimarysource(74%)ofelectricalsupplyforstructuresinAbaco(Chart6).Only11.6%ofthesestructuresreportreceivingtheirelectricalsupplyfromBPL/BEC.ThelegalityoftheBPL/BECconnectionwasnotexplored.
Chart6:ElectricalSourceforHouseholdsWith
Electricity
LENGTHOFSTAYINASHANTYTOWNFifty-two(52.3%)percentofrespondentshavelivedinaShantyTownforatleastoneyear.Eight(8%)haveresidedinaShantyTownforlessthanonemonth.
DISABILITYPROFILETheassessmentrevealedthat46persons(5.9%)livinginAbaco-based
ShantyTowncommunitieshaveadisability.Thisincludesboththehouseholdrespondentandotheroccupants.Thedisabilitiesareasfollows:
• Limb-relateddisability–twenty-six(26)persons
• Sight-relateddisability–four(4)persons
• Hearing-relateddisability–two(2)persons
• Speech-relateddisability–one(1)person
• Mental/cognitive-relateddisability–thirteen(13)persons
11.6
74
12
2
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 ElectricalSouresByPercentage
BPL/BEC DropCord
Unknown
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ANNEXI:LEGALSTATUSGRAPH
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ANNEXII:AssessmentTool
SHANTYTOWNASSESSMENTFORM,2018
IDENTIFYINGNUMBER
POPULATEDBYOBSERVATION02-Elizabeth11-GardenHills20-Carmichael21-GoldenIsles
a2 NameofShantyTown 01.MontgomeryAvenue02.AllenDrive03.CowpenDrive04.FaithAvenueNorth05.GoldenIslesRoad06.LazarettoRoad07.HamsterRoad08.CowpenRoad09.BacardiRoadNorth10.BacardiRoadSouth11.Cool-AirSubdivision(LumumbaLane)
a3 DescriptionofDwelling Colour(predominant)__________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________a4 Housingmaterial 1.Concrete
2.Block/Stone3.Wood4.Stucco5.Aluminium6.Combination(Specify:________________)7.Other
HEADOFHOUSEHOLDQUESTIONS1 Name(Last,First)
2 Whatisyoursex? 1.Female2.Male
3 Whatisyourage?
Location(byconstituency)a1
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4 Whatisyourlegalstatus? 1.Citizen2.Permanentresident3.Workpermit4.Spousalpermit5.Undocumented
5 Whatisyourmaritalstatus? 1.Single2.Married3.Divorced4.Widow/Widower5.Separated
6 Didyoudoanyworkforpayornotforpayinthelastsixmonths?
1.Yes,forSelf2.Yes,forEmployer SKIP TO Q9)3.No
7 Willyoubeseekingormakingyourselfavailableforworkinanestabliishmentorinyourownbusineswithinthenext6months?
1.Yes2.No
8 Ifyouwereofferedajobduringthepast4weekswouldyouhavebeenavailableandabletowork?
1.Yes2.No
9 Howlonghaveyoulivedinashantytown? 1.Lessthanonemonth2.Onemonthbutlessthan3months3.Threemonthsbutlessthan6month4.Sixmonthsbutlessthan12months5.Twelvemonthsormore
10 Typeoftenure? 1.Own2.Rent3.Other
11 Isthererunningwaterinsideyourdwelling?
1.Yes2.No
12 Doesyourdwellinghaveindoorflushedtoilet?
1.Yes2.No
13 Doesyourdwellinghaveelectricity? 1.Yes2.No
14 Whatisyoursourceofelectricity? 1.BPL/BEC2.Generator3.Dropcordconnection4.Unknown
15 Doesyourdwellinghavecable? 1.Yes2.No
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4 Whatisyourlegalstatus? 1.Citizen2.Permanentresident3.Workpermit4.Spousalpermit5.Undocumented
5 Whatisyourmaritalstatus? 1.Single2.Married3.Divorced4.Widow/Widower5.Separated
6 Didyoudoanyworkforpayornotforpayinthelastsixmonths?
1.Yes,forSelf2.Yes,forEmployer SKIP TO Q9)3.No
7 Willyoubeseekingormakingyourselfavailableforworkinanestabliishmentorinyourownbusineswithinthenext6months?
1.Yes2.No
8 Ifyouwereofferedajobduringthepast4weekswouldyouhavebeenavailableandabletowork?
1.Yes2.No
9 Howlonghaveyoulivedinashantytown? 1.Lessthanonemonth2.Onemonthbutlessthan3months3.Threemonthsbutlessthan6month4.Sixmonthsbutlessthan12months5.Twelvemonthsormore
10 Typeoftenure? 1.Own2.Rent3.Other
11 Isthererunningwaterinsideyourdwelling?
1.Yes2.No
12 Doesyourdwellinghaveindoorflushedtoilet?
1.Yes2.No
13 Doesyourdwellinghaveelectricity? 1.Yes2.No
14 Whatisyoursourceofelectricity? 1.BPL/BEC2.Generator3.Dropcordconnection4.Unknown
15 Doesyourdwellinghavecable? 1.Yes2.No
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16 Areyoudisabled? 1.Yes2.No (If'NO'SkipQ.19)
17 Isyourdisability? 1.Physical2.Mental If'Mental'SkiptoQ.19)3.Both
18 Whatisthenatureofyourphysicaldisability?
1.Limb2.Sight3.Hearing4.Speech
19 Totalnumberofmalesinhousehold?
20 Totalnumberofmalesinhouseholdbetweentheages0to18years?
Ofthosemales,howmanyattendschool?[Schoolbeingpublic,privateorhomeschooled.]
21 Totalnumberoffemalesinhousehold?
22 Totalnumberoffemalesinhouseholdbetweentheages0to18years?
Ofthosefemales,howmanyattendschool?[Schoolbeingpublic,privateorhomeschooled.]
23 Howmanypeopleinthehouseholdworkbesideyou?
24 Totalmoney/incomeofallpersonsfromallsourcesinthelastweek?[Formalandinformalincome.Salaries,tipscommission,moniesfromfriends,relatives,partnersetc.]
1.Under$4002.$401-$6003.$601-$8004.$801-$10005.$1001-$12006.Greaterthan$1200
GENERALINFORMATION25 Isanyoneelseinthedwellingdisabled? 1.Yes
2.No
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