abcd art phillip petterson gillian james general insurance spring seminar 19-20 may 2003 scarman...
TRANSCRIPT
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ART
Phillip PettersonGillian James
General Insurance Spring Seminar
19-20 May 2003
Scarman House
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ART
This presentation aims to give an overview of ART, however it does not cover all products that might be considered to fall under the ART heading
The opinions presented are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Benfield Group
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ART
No simple definitions of alternative risk transfer (ART)
Originally methods by which companies financed part of their “insurance” risks
Hard market in the mid 1980’s brought serious shortages in cover & problems with affordability
Consequently financial reinsurance & capital market products developed
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ART
The Art landscape can be divided into the following silos: Alternative Carriers & Alternative products such as:
Alternative Risk Transfer Products (Cat Bonds)
Risk Financing Products (Finite structures) Hybrid Structures (could be a combination of Capital market
and traditional reinsurance such as a cat option)
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ART (Motivators) 1
Regulatory or Accounting drivers Solvency margin Stabilisation of results Regulatory arbitrage Discounting of reserves
Taxation Transfer of taxable profits / losses to a more favoured
environment / company Use of tax favoured status
More effective provision of cover New sources of capacity and diversification
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ART (Motivators) 2
Greater customer focus /alignment May include risks otherwise “uninsurable” Highly customised to client’s specific needs – no standard
solutions Integrated risk management Better alignment of risk transfer to customers financial needs Funding rather than transferring Locking in terms for more than 12 months
Greater security of payment Credit enhancing by utilising reinsurers balance sheet Credit enhancing by substituting reinsurer balance sheet for
cash e.g. Cat Bond
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FinancialRisk
TraditionalRisk
Non-TraditionalInsurable
Traditional View ofMatrix of Operating Risks
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Financial Traditional Non-Traditional
Risks Insurable Risks
Equity Risk Property Risk Price Volatility and Stabilisation
Currency Risk Liability Credit enhancement
Interest Rate Risk Casualty Risk Residual “GAP” risk
Commodity Risk Employee Benefits Lease-End risk
Credit Risk Business Interruption Environmental Risks
Correlation Risk Worker’s Comp Cat Bonds
Investment Risk D & O Performance Risk
Guarantees Aviation Film Finance
Refinancing Risk
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FinancialRisk
TraditionalRisk
Non-TraditionalInsurable
Metamorphic ViewMatrix of Operating Risks
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Alternative carriers
Self insurance (US) Captives Risk retention groups Pools Contingent capital
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Self Insurance
By definition, does not provide risk transfer Commonly used in the US for
Workers compensation General liability Products liability Auto liability Property
US workers compensation and auto liability only self insured as regulated programs
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What Is a Captive?
“Insurance” or “Reinsurance” company Generally owned through a common interest
– which may or may not primarily be engaged in the business of insurance or reinsurance
All or a significant portion of risks written in the “captive” Related to the shareholders Third party risks which shareholders may control
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Definition of industry segments that form captives
Most early captives formed by industrial or manufacturing companies i.e. not insurance or reinsurance companies
Other types of captives were industry groups or associations, rent-a -captives etc
Their bespoke needs are different to the formation of insurance /reinsurance captives by players within the insurance and reinsurance arena!
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The common captive drivers and reasons when captives
make sense
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The principle motivators
The assumption of uninsurable or hard to place risks Additional retentions in a hard market environment The creation of a Special Purpose Reinsurer (SPR)
as a vehicle for capital market proposals such as Cat Bonds, Swaps, Options etc (note Tokio Millennium Re and MS Frontier Re)
The assumption of the so called “Enterprise Risks” Cash flow reasons (usually related to long tail claims) To enhance underwriting capacity or to assist growth
strategy
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The principle motivators
Other benefits: Regulatory arbitrage – the captive is usually able
to take advantage of a more flexible regulatory environment than that of the home domicile, which leads to financial benefits for example the creation of equalisation reserves
Taxation - the captive is able to take advantage of a more generous tax environment which can bring benefits when accumulating reserves for example
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Captives - Tax
Until 1970, use of captives was very tax-efficient
Since then, tax benefits reduced In US premiums to captives with substantial third
party business are tax deductible In most European countries, company must
demonstrate substantial risk transfer Premiums must reflect underwriting risk
But still a number of tax advantages
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The business the captive may write
Catastrophe business – as long as it does not increase the overall correlation
Non-cat risks currently reinsured externally: focus on high reinsurer margins and building balanced retained risk profile
Internal LPTs (loss portfolio transfers) which move past activities to a more beneficial regulatory / tax environment.
Specific gaps in historic risk protection e.g. EMF, RSI, toxic mould, passive smoking
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The business the captive may write
Any mismatches between original coverage and reinsurance where captive might offer DIC (e.g. terrorism?)
PML error and/or reinstatement exhaustion cover Write finite prospective risks or retrospective risks for
example; pharmaceutical liability business Deterioration in guaranteed annuity provisions Own insurances (at least current retentions)
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A summary of “when does a A summary of “when does a Captive make SenseCaptive make Sense?”
Special risk needs Cost control center Tax efficiency desires Regulatory arbitrage Increase efficiency by retaining high-frequency risks Low-risk companies can benefit from their superior
risk profile
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Interesting Captive Facts!
Average premium for direct captives US$223m although the range was from US$1m to US$1.98bn
The median premium income US$316.5m Reinsurance captives average is up from US$107m
to US$ 131m and the range is estimated to be between US$5m to US$550m
The median is US$15.5m It is expected that the direct and reinsurance
premium volumes will increase by 24%
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Risk retention groups
Introduced in the US in 1986 Specialised liability insurance companies Allow US companies to access liability
insurance Mainly professional services and
healthcare (PI, med mal) Premium close to USD 1bn
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Pools
Arrangements between companies to protect against very large risks
Typically organised on a national basis Cover a specific risk class
US workers compensation pools Spanish natural catastrophe pool Nuclear risk pool in Germany UK terrorism pool
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Contingent capital
Used since 1995 Deals worth USD6bn written to date Provide capital after specific event Purchaser has right to sell its securities
At pre-set price, for fixed period after specified event Provides capital when it is most needed Pre-set price is better than post-event market Has been regarded as uncorrelated with other
investments........
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Alternative products
Loss Portfolio Transfers (LPTs) Adverse Development Covers (ADCs) Finite quota share Multi-trigger protections Multi-year spread loss Whole account stop Loss Credit securitisation Insurance securitisation
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Alternative products
Multi year and/or multi class Complement existing (re)insurance to
improve efficiency of risk transfer Expand range of insurable risks
New risk classes Classes with insufficient market data Classes close to business risks and so with
potential moral hazard risks
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Loss Portfolio Transfers (LPTs) Transfer reserves for specific blocks of business But this is reinsurance, not novation
Cedant still ultimately responsible for claim payments So some credit risk remains
Policies usually have limit on maximum recoveries Policies sometimes have additional features:
sub-limits for specific classes, claims etc additional premiums profit share co-insurance
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LPTs
“Net of inuring” - inuring reinsurance deemed fully recoverable
“Gross with benefit of inuring” – protects against any irrecoverable inuring reinsurance
Claims handling may be taken on by reinsurer Or claims handling agreements determine
how cedant will manage claims Potential moral hazard if cedant has ongoing
relationships
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LPTs Cedant
Crystallises future investment income on reserves Removes impact or reserve deterioration
Improves stability in earnings Protects solvency
Retains / enhances credit rating May enable M&A activity
Reinsurer Receives large premium at outset
May regard this as inexpensive capital source Assumes risk of reserve deterioration up to policy limit Has benefit of reserve improvements
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Adverse Development Covers (ADCs)
Protect against reserve deterioration for specific blocks of business
Policies always have limit on maximum recoveries
Policies may have additional features Sub-limits Additional premiums Profit share Co-insurance
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ADCs
Cedant retains claims handling Although reinsurer will impose reporting
requirements Reinsurer may want features to
encourage good behaviour once attachment point is breached Common to see some co-reinsurance or
profit share
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ADCs Cedant
Crystallises future investment income on reserves Retains benefit of reserve improvements, but transfers
deteriorations Improves stability in earnings Protects solvency
Retains / enhances credit rating May enable M&A activity
Reinsurer Assumes risk of reserve deterioration up to policy limit But has no direct benefit from reserve improvements Rarely assumes credit risk on inuring reinsurance
May appear expensive compared to LPTs
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ADC example
Booked reserves £200m Company wants to protect against
reserve deterioration to £300m ADC options
£150m xs £150m £100m xs £200m £75m xs £225m
Cedant pays claims to excess, then reinsurer pays up to limit
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Finite quota share
Quota share with finite ceded loss ratio May also have loss corridor, in which cedant
funds claims Usually has sliding scale ceding commission May be a financing contract Commonly used is the US Purchased to improve solvency position, or for
financing benefits Under increased scrutiny to ensure appropriate
risk transfer
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Finite quota share example
25% QS Claims ceded up to 125% loss ratio Sliding scale commission
Maximum 30%, for loss ratios <= 70% Reduces by 0.5% for each 1% by which
loss ratio exceeds 70% Minimum 15%
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Multi-trigger protections
Multi-trigger – payments for insurance losses are only made if a second event is triggered
Second event often linked to index outside influence of policyholder
Choice of index may cause accounting issues for US companies (FASB 133, embedded derivatives)
Often discussed, rarely achieved!
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Multi-year spread loss
Insurer pays annual premium for specific coverage e.g. multi-peril cat
Premiums less margin credited to experience account balance (EAB)
Claims paid in first instance from EAB When EAB is exhausted, reinsurer pays May be profit or loss shares at end of term Funds transferred or funds withheld
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Multi-year spread loss example 4 year term Annual premium £3.5m
Payable £0.5m 1/1 and £3.0m 15 months later for Y1
Payable in full 1/1 for subsequent years Annual limit £10m, term limit £30m 30% AP payable on the second limit, 50% on third
limit Can be cancelled at 12 months if loss free, with no
further premium payment So clean price is £0.5m p.a.
Accounting benefit for first (total) loss is £6.5m (65%)
Nominal risk transfer is £8m
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Multi-year spread loss
Often purchased for large, infrequent catastrophes Provides cashflow relief, results smoothing following
single major loss, risk transfer in the event of multiple major losses
Typically cheaper than traditional market if contract is loss free
Available where traditional reinsurance is unavailable e.g. for retrocession
Can be purchased to protect a number of classes, for example property, marine and aviation
Accounting treatment may reduce balance sheet benefit
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Stop Loss - Key Features Potential for multi line, whole account coverage Versatile structure allows protection of multiple
trading entities Ability to achieve multi year coverage Significant profit share/loss share incentives to
cement long term relationships Potential for low attachment to achieve discounting
benefits Variable limits, variable attachment points Funds transferred or funds withheld
Scaling of coverage to annual premium volumes
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Example Contracts - FeaturesFeatures scales as a percentage of net premium income
- so can accommodate changes in business volumes
• Attachment point : A - 80% B - 90% C - 100%
• Limit : A - 42.5% B - 32.5% C - 22.5%
• Term Limit : A - 40% B - 30% C - 20%
• Premium : A - 14% B - 9% C - 5%
• Adjustment premiums and refund premiums due annually, reflecting experience
• Profit share 55% of experience account
• Loss share 40% of experience account
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Example Contract - AContract A
2001 2002 2003 2004 all yearsNet, before stop lossNet premium 110 119 123 114 466
Net ultimate claims 108 112 131 137 488Net ultimate loss ratio 98.0% 94.0% 107.0% 120.0% 104.7%
Net, after stop lossNet premium 94 105 101 89 389
Net ultimate claims 88 95 98 92 373Net ultimate loss ratio 93.3% 90.4% 97.5% 103.1% 95.9%
Stop lossattaches at: 80.0% 80.0% 80.0% 80.0%cover 42.5% 42.5% 42.5% 42.5%
annual premium 15 17 17 16 65AP 0 -1 1 3 4
recoveries 20 17 33 46 115Potential profit / loss share 0 2 -4 -6Profit / loss share -8
Net benefit (cost) of stop loss 4 3 11 20 38
Estimated net present value at 5% discount rate
Net benefit (cost) of stop loss -1 -3 3 9 8
Year of account
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Example Contract - BContract B
2001 2002 2003 2004 all yearsNet, before stop lossNet premium 110 119 123 114 466
Net ultimate claims 108 112 131 137 488Net ultimate loss ratio 98.0% 94.0% 107.0% 120.0% 104.7%
Net, after stop lossNet premium 103 114 109 95 421
Net ultimate claims 99 107 110 103 419Net ultimate loss ratio 96.5% 94.1% 101.1% 107.9% 99.6%
Stop lossattaches at: 90.0% 90.0% 90.0% 90.0%cover 32.5% 32.5% 32.5% 32.5%
annual premium 10 11 10 10 41AP -1 -1 1 3 2
recoveries 9 5 21 34 69Potential profit / loss share 2 4 -3 -6Profit / loss share -3
Net benefit (cost) of stop loss 1 0 7 15 24
Estimated net present value at 5% discount rate
Net benefit (cost) of stop loss -2 -3 2 7 3
Year of account
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Example Contract - CContract C
2001 2002 2003 2004 all yearsNet, before stop lossNet premium 110 119 123 114 466
Net ultimate claims 108 112 131 137 488Net ultimate loss ratio 98.0% 94.0% 107.0% 120.0% 104.7%
Net, after stop lossNet premium 109 117 117 102 445
Net ultimate claims 108 112 123 114 457Net ultimate loss ratio 99.2% 95.3% 105.0% 112.4% 102.7%
Stop lossattaches at: 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%cover 22.5% 22.5% 22.5% 22.5%
annual premium 6 6 6 6 23AP -1 -1 0 2 0
recoveries 0 0 9 23 31Potential profit / loss share 3 3 0 -5Profit / loss share 2
Net benefit (cost) of stop loss -1 -2 3 10 10
Estimated net present value at 5% discount rate
Net benefit (cost) of stop loss -2 -2 0 4 -1
Year of account
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Example Contract A - Graphical View
Contract A, 107% net loss ratio
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Year
Loss r
ati
o
Paid loss ratio Attachment Limit + Attachment
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Credit securitisation Credit securitisation structures a portfolio of
credit risks into layers Each layer has its own credit rating
Highest layer may be AAA Lowest is “equity” layer
In event of a default, lowest layer utilised first By 2001 notional principle was USD1,200bn Market has been hit in 2001 / 2002 by
increased default rates IAS phase 1 (2005) – credit risk transfer will
no longer be accounted as (re)insurance
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Insurance securitisation Transfer reinsurance risk into capital markets via a
bond issue Most issues to date are catastrophe or life bonds If the specified risk is triggered, bondholders forfeit
interest and principal on bond to insurer Often achieved by placing reinsurance with special
purpose vehicle (SPV) that then issues bonds Removes credit risk from reinsurance Frictional costs are high Traditional reinsurance often cheaper
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Securitisation – cat bond triggers Trigger may be parametric, modelled loss or
indemnity based Parametric
Based on objective measurable variable Leaves basis risk with cedant Less disclosure about cedant
Modelled loss Based of modelled impact of trigger event on pre-identified
portfolio Leaves some basis risk with cedant Requires substantive disclosure about cedant
Indemnity Based on actual cedant loss No basis risk Required greatest disclosure about cedant
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Accounting complications
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Accounting
To justify treatment as insurance/reinsurance - requires transfer of significant insurance risk
Transfer of significant insurance risk requires both: Reasonable possibility for insurer to suffer significant loss Reasonable possibility of significant range of outcomes
“Significant” - assess in context of: Commercial substance of contract as a whole Range of outcomes reasonably expected in practice (not
full range of possible outcomes) Assessment must be on an NPV basis
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Accounting
Insurance risk - comprises either or both U/w risk - uncertainty of occurrence/amount of loss Timing risk - uncertainty re timing of claim
payments
Not sufficient if insurer only receives a lender’s rate of return under all reasonably possible scenarios
Assessment of contract performed prospectively
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Accounting - US Regime Guidance in FAS 113 - Accounting and reporting for reinsurance of
short-duration and long-duration contracts To qualify as reinsurance:
reinsurer must assume significant insurance risk must be reasonably possible for reinsurer to realise significant loss Timing risk alone is not sufficient (i.e. tougher than UK) Significance of loss assessed on PV of cash flows under the
contract Different accounting treatment for prospective and retroactive
reinsurance EITF 93-6 Accounting for multi-year retrospectively rated contracts.
Deals with: Additional premiums payable by cedant due to loss experience Payments to cedants due to favourable loss experience Changes in contract coverage
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AccountingTreat
as
Yes
No
Significant transfer of
risk
Insurance contract
Financing contract
If there are distinct and separable insurance and financing elements, split into two parts for accounting - bifurcation
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Comparison of deposit and reinsurance accounting
Cedant books Reinsurance Accounting Deposit Accounting
Premium Reinsurance premiumspayable –P&L (B/S forunearned element)
Deposit asset B/S(To extent recoverable)
Recovery Reinsurance recoveries –P&L (and B/S until settled)
Reduce deposit asset B/S
Any expenses (egreinsurer’s return) andincome on contract to P&L
Reinsurer books Premium Premiums receivable- P&L
(B/S for unearned element)Asset (usually cash) andliability – owed to cedant
Claim Claims payable- P&L(liability in B/S until settled)
Reduce liability owed tocedant (when settled)Net return to reinsurerunder contract in P&L
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International Accounting Standards (IAS)
IAS to be used by all European listed companies by 2005
Currently no reporting standard for insurance and insurance contracts are exempt from existing standards
Latest guidance is the Draft Statement of Principals (DSOP)
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IAS – why does it matter to ART?
ART is often about arbitrage between accounting/regulatory/economic effect
IAS will introduce a new accounting basis for valuing insurance assets and liabilities
Existing International standards, say on consolidation, already have an impact (SPV’s)
Treatment of credit protection
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SecuritisationSecuritisation
A brief overview
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The Emergence of Insurance Securitisation has highlighted the
following concerns!
Will Capital Market products be in the long run, superior to conventional reinsurance?
And Could it replace traditional reinsurance?
In BG view it is not an issue of either or, but the concept must be seen as a tool of the risk financing spectrum and therefore it’s use will be determined by client needs.
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Convergence of Insurance Convergence of Insurance and Capital Marketsand Capital Markets
Many of today’s products are hybrids combining insurance risk with capital markets techniques
A modern Broker must not only provide know how over the different traditional insurance lines but also offer capital markets expertise
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Convergence of Insurance and Capital Convergence of Insurance and Capital MarketsMarkets -
available products: Traditional reinsurance Finite Reinsurance Double Trigger Covers ILW’S OTC Cat Swaps Securitisation Exchange traded Cat Options Contingent Capital arrangements
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- Integrated Concept -
Return period or exposure
ART
Retention5
5-15
Financial Re: Spread Loss
Financial Re: Funding / Working Layers
Traditional Reinsurance15-75
75-100
100
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Identify and understand the underlying Identify and understand the underlying objectives driving a need for Securitisation.objectives driving a need for Securitisation.
Capacity creation and or enhancement Arbitraging capacity and or price inefficiencies Profit smoothing by locking in price & capacity Eliminate Counterparty risk Alternative to traditional capacity A non indemnity structure facilitates cash flow Maximisation of shareholder wealth Balance sheet constraints or enhancement Market maker / leader
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Establish any underlying issues with regard to:Establish any underlying issues with regard to:
The public disclosure of information Volume of underwriting information required Accounting, Tax & Regulatory issues. Legal implications (prospectus) Level of risk transfer required Trigger structure and Basis risk Rating Agency considerations Cost considerations Model creation and validation.
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Evaluation of competing products:Evaluation of competing products:
Traditional Reinsurance
(Price ,capacity,period)
Finite structured alternatives
Catastrophe options
Other contingent capital products.
Blended solutions of traditional/options etc.
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A Typical function a broker may perform:
Analysing the risk iro Determining probability of loss for single event risk Determining probability of multiple losses Stress test assumptions Compare estimated loss with credit default models estimate return required for investors (premium).
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Excedance Probability Curve
Portfolio Loss
AnnualProbability
of ExcedenceProbability ofAttachment Expected Loss
to XOL LayerProbability ofExhaustion
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Sample Transaction Pricing
$ 70 C 26.70 % 2.22 % 17.7 % B to BB 600-650
$ 70 B 2.22 % 0.04 % 1.4 % BBB to A 90-150
$ 60 A 0.04 % 0.00 % 0.005% AAA 50-100
$200 Total Total Expected Loss 6.79% 260-315
Nat
iona
lT
ranc
he
Prob
abili
tyA
ttach
ing
Cum
ulat
ive
Prob
abili
ty
Exh
aust
ing
Exp
ecte
d L
oss
Rat
ing
Spre
ad to
L
ibor
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Overview of Risk Assessment
StochasticTechniques
Analytical Models
HazardModule
Vulnerability & DamageModule
FinancialAnalysisModule
WindstormDatabase
Databases
EarthquakeDatabase
Vulnerability & Actual damage
Databases
Type of
Analysis
Input Data
Buildinglocation
information
Values atRisk
Insurance Structure
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Modeling Considerations
Examples: Peril(s) Covered 2003 Hurricane / Windstorm Geographic Region(s) Covered Florida / Germany Total Coverage/Limit $54M (90% of $60M) Type of Trigger Indemnity Losses / Parametric Underlying Portfolio US Hurricane/Country Portfolio Trigger Attachment Point $70M Duration 1 year or multiple years Reset Mechanism Post-event Reset of Terms Rated/Non-rated Rated (Moody’s, Fitch) Instrument Bond / Option
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Modeling Challenges
Feasibility analysis Definition of underlying exposure data Limiting exclusions Catastrophic loss vs background loss Secondary uncertainty and demand surge Timing Reset and drop downs
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Integrating additional resources into the time frame
Rating AgencyReview
(2-6 weeks)
Modelling
(2-6 weeks)
Investor Interface
(2-6 weeks)
Post-AnalysisInvolvement
(ongoing)
Data Audit,Verification,Preparation
(variable)
FeasibilityAnalysis
(3-6 weeks)
OfferingMemorandum
(variable)
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Designing a Suitable Structure
A Reinsurance contract with a Special Purpose Reinsurer (SPR) would be placed
The SPR would hedge itself in the Capital Markets
Evaluate if the risk could be placed with different investors E.g.:- First loss could be placed privately- Second & third losses as part of a rated program
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Designing a possible Transaction Structure
Cedant
SPRCash or Collateral
Financial Instrument(s)
Reinsurance Contract Premium
TrustSwapCounterparty
Floating Return
Investment Income
Funds
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Placement Options Available
Private Placement Market read to verify pricing Determine whether funds required:
Unfunded: SwapOption
- Collateralised by letter of credit
Funded: Insurance Linked Securities Route- Identify potential investors and merchant Banking Partner